Comparação Dosimétrica entre Técnicas de Planejamento de Radioterapia para Câncer de Mama Esquerda / Dosimetry Comparison of Radiotherapy Planning Techniques for Left Breast Cancer / Comparación Dosimétrica entre Técnicas de Planificación de Radioterapia para el Cáncer de Mama Izquierdo

Introdução: A radioterapia é utilizada no tratamento do câncer de mama. No planejamento radioterápico, há formas de desenvolver o plano de tratamento, como a radioterapia 3D conformacional (3D-CRT), a radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) e a arcoterapia volumétrica modulada (VMAT). Objetivo: Comparar as doses nos órgãos de risco e no volume-alvo de tratamento com as diferentes técnicas de planejamento: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT e VMAT modificada para o tratamento do câncer de mama em um phantom antropomórfico. Método: O plano de tratamento foi realizado no sistema Eclipse™ v.15.6 da Varian a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada adquiridas de phantom. A dose de prescrição estabelecida foi de 45 Gy em 25 frações de 1,8 Gy/dia. Resultados: Sobre a cobertura do volume do alvo planejado (PTV), as técnicas 3D-CRT (FILTRO e field-in-field ­ FIF) demonstram cobertura inferior comparada aos planos de IMRT e VMAT. Já o plano 3D-CRT-FIF apresenta maior homogeneidade comparado ao 3D-CRT-FILTRO. Para o pulmão contralateral, os planos de 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) obtiveram restrições melhores em relação aos demais planos. Sobre a exposição cardíaca, os planos 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) apresentaram maiores benefícios do que as técnicas IMRT, VMAT e VMAT modificada. Conclusão: As técnicas convencionais 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) apresentaram menores doses nos órgãos de risco. Contudo, as técnicas IMRT e VMAT obtiveram melhor homogeneidade e conformidade da dose distribuída no PTV ao comparar as técnicas convencionais.

Introduction: Radiotherapy is utilized to treat breast cancer. For radiotherapy planning, there are several ways to develop the treatment plan, such as 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Objective: To compare the doses to risk organs and treatment target volume with different planning techniques, 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT and modified VMAT for the treatment of breast cancer in an anthropomorphic phantom. Method: The treatment plan was performed in the Eclipse™ v.15.6 system by Varian from CT images acquired from phantom. The established prescription dose was 45 Gy in 25 fractions of 1.8Gy/day. Results: For the planning target volume (PTV) coverage, 3D-CRT techniques (FILTER and field-in-field ­ FIF) showed inferior coverage compared to IMRT and VMAT plans. The 3D-CRT-FIF plan, on the other hand, shows greater homogeneity when compared to 3D-CRT-FILTER. For the contralateral lung, the 3D-CRT plans (FIF, FILTER) have better restrictions when compared with the other plans. On cardiac exposure, the 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) plans showed greater benefits when compared with IMRT, VMAT and Modified VMAT techniques. Conclusion: Conventional 3D-CRT techniques (FIF, FILTER) showed lower doses in organs at risk. However, IMRT and VMAT techniques obtained better homogeneity and conformity of the dose delivered to the PTV when compared to conventional techniques

Introducción: La radioterapia se utiliza en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama. En la planificación de la radioterapia, existen formas de desarrollar el plan de tratamiento, como la radioterapia conformacional 3D (3D-CRT), la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) y la arcoterapia volumétrica modulada (VMAT). Objetivo: Comparar las dosis en órganos de riesgo y en el volumen blanco de tratamiento con diferentes técnicas de planificación: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT y VMAT modificada para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en un fantoma antropomórfico. Método: El plan de tratamiento se realizó en el sistema Eclipse™ v.15.6 de Varian a partir de imágenes de TC adquiridas del fantoma. La dosis de prescripción establecida fue de 45 Gy en 25 fracciones de 1,8Gy/día. Resultados: En cuanto a la cobertura del volumen blanco de planificación (VBP), las técnicas 3D-CRT (filtro - FILTRO y field-in-field ­ FIF) demostraron una cobertura inferior en comparación con los planes IMRT y VMAT. El plan 3D-RCT-FIF mostró mayor homogeneidad en comparación con el 3D-RCT-FILTRO. Para el pulmón contralateral, los planes 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) obtuvieron mejores restricciones en comparación con los otros planes. En la exposición cardiaca, los planes 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) mostraron mayores beneficios en comparación con las técnicas IMRT, VMAT y VMAT modificada. Conclusión: Las técnicas convencionales de 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) mostraron dosis más bajas en los órganos de riesgo. Sin embargo, las técnicas IMRT y VMAT obtuvieron una mejor homogeneidad y conformidad de la dosis distribuida en el VBP en comparación con las técnicas convencionales.

Leak and Scattering Assessment by Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry in a Helical Linear Accelerator / Valoración de Fuga y Dispersión por medio de Dosimetría de Luminiscencia Estimulada Ópticamente (OSL) en un Acelerador Lineal Helicoidal

Radiation absorbed doses to organs outside the radiation therapy treatment beam can be significant and therefore of clinical interest. Two sets of out-of-beam measurements were performed measuring the leak dose and the scattered dose, at 5 points within the accelerator components (accelerator tube and collimator) and at 21 points on the equipment and surroundings based on a positioning scheme. For this purpose, 52 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dosimeters were used in a latest generation helical linear accelerator. Of the 200 cGy fired at a cheese-like phantom, 0.332% of the out-of-beam dose contribution was found to come from the leak and 0.784% was transformed into scattering. For these dose values, estimates of the risk of second tumors in long-term survivors indicate a reduced probability of acquiring a second secondary radiation malignancy, based on information from the 1990 BEIR Committee report.

La dosis absorbida de radiación a órganos fuera del haz de tratamiento de radioterapia puede ser significativa y, por lo tanto, de interés clínico. Se realizaron dos sets de mediciones fuera del haz para determinar la dosis de fuga y la dosis dispersa, en 5 puntos dentro de los componentes del acelerador (tubo de aceleración y colimador) y 21 puntos en el equipo y alrededores basado en un esquema de posicionamiento. Para este fin se utilizaron 52 dosímetros de luminiscencia estimulada ópticamente (OSL, Optically Stimulated Luminescence), en un acelerador lineal helicoidal de última generación. De los 200 cGy disparados a un maniquí tipo queso, se encontró que el 0.332% de la contribución de dosis fuera del haz provenía de la fuga y 0.784% se transforma en dispersión. Para estos valores de dosis, las estimaciones del riesgo de segundos tumores en los supervivientes a largo plazo indican una reducida probabilidad de contraer una segunda malignidad por radiación secundaria, según la información del informe del Comité BEIR de 1990.

Hypofractionated radiotherapy recommendations for localized prostate cancer in Brasil

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Several prospective randomized trials have shown that hypofractionation has the same efficacy and safety as the conventional fractionation in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. There are many benefits of hypofractionation, including a more convenient schedule for the patients and better use of resources, which is especially important in low- and middle-income countries like Brasil. Based on these data, the Brazilian Society of Radiotherapy (Sociedade Brasileira de Radioterapia) organized this consensus to guide and support the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer in Brasil. METHODS: The relevant literature regarding moderate hypofractionation (mHypo) and ultra-hypofractionation (uHypo) was reviewed and discussed by a group of experts from public and private centers of different parts of Brasil. Several key questions concerning clinical indications, outcomes and technological requirements for hypofractionation were discussed and voted. For each question, consensus was reached if there was an agreement of at least 75% of the panel members. RESULTS: The recommendations are described in this article. CONCLUSION: This initiative will assist Brazilian radiation oncologists and medical physicists to safely treat localized prostate cancer patients with hypofractionation.

Radioterapia definitiva en el carcinoma adenoide quístico de la tráquea. A propósito de un caso / Definitive radiotherapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea. A case report

Los carcinomas adenoides quísticos son tumores extremadamente raros, para los cuales la cirugía es el pilar terapéutico; sin embargo, el abordaje quirúrgico puede estar contraindicado en función del tamaño tumoral, el compromiso de estructuras adyacentes o enfermedades concurrentes. En estos casos, la radioterapia externa definitiva puede ofrecer un adecuado control tumoral y alivio de síntomas. El presente reporte de caso describe un paciente con un tumor irregular que rodea la circunferencia de la tráquea, el cual genera disminución de la luz traqueal, en quién se decidió realizar una reducción de volumen de la lesión tumoral con argón plasma, seguido de colocación de un stent en Y (traqueal, bronquial izquierdo y bronquial derecho) y, posteriormente, realizar un tratamiento definitivo con radioterapia externa con técnica de intensidad modulada a dosis de 60 Gy en fraccionamiento de 2 Gy. Tres meses después del tratamiento, el paciente se presenta sin evidencia radiológica de adenopatías en la base del cuello o axila, con un stent endotraqueal permeable, sin estenosis y con una disminución del volumen tumoral, por lo que fue posible el retiro del stent.

Adenoid cystic carcinomas are extremely rare tumors, for which surgery is the mainstay of therapy; however, the surgical approach may be contradictory depending on tumor size, involvement of adjacent structures or concurrent diseases. In these cases, definitive external beam radiation therapy can offer adequate tumor control and symptom relief. The present case report describes a patient with an irregular tumor that surrounds the circumference of the trachea, causing a decrease in the tracheal lumen, in whom it was decided to perform a volume reduction of tumor with argon plasma, followed by placement of a Y-stent (tracheal, left bronchial and right bronchial), and subsequent definitive treatment with external radiotherapy with intensity modulated technique at doses of 60 Gy in 2 Gy fractionation. Three months after treatment, the patient presents without radiological evidence of lymphadenopathy at the base of the neck or axilla, with a patent endotracheal stent, with no stenosis and a decrease in tumor volume, for which the removal of the Stent was feasilble.

Effect of tumor and normal lung volumes on the lung volume-dose parameters of IMRT in non-small-cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of tumor and normal lung volumes on lung volume-dose parameters in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had undergone intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). METHODS: The clinical data of 208 patients with NSCLC who underwent radical IMRT between June 2014 and June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. A regression model curve was used to evaluate the effect of tumor and normal lung volumes on normal lung relative volumes receiving greater than 5 and 20 Gy (V5, V20), on mean lung dose (MLD), and on absolute volumes spared from greater than 5 and 20 Gy (AVS5, AVS20). RESULTS: The V5, V20, and MLD of the bilateral lung were fitted to a quadratic equation curve with the change in tumor volume, which increased initially and then decreased when the tumor volume increased. The V5, V20, and MLD of the lung reached their apex when the tumor volumes were 288.07, 341.69, and 326.83 cm3, respectively. AVS5 and AVS20 decreased in a logarithmic curve with an increase in tumor volume. The V5, V20, and MLD of the small normal lung volume group were all significantly higher than those of the large normal lung volume group (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.002). However, the AVS5 and AVS20 of the small normal lung volume group were all significantly lower than those of the large normal lung volume group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The effects of tumor volume and normal lung volume on dose-volume parameters should be considered. AVS5 is an important supplementary dose limitation parameter for patients whose tumor volume exceeds a certain boundary value (approximately 300 cm3).

Supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de recaída bioquímica en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Global survival and biochemical relapse-free survival in patients with prostate cancer treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) at the National Cancer Institute

Resumen Introducción: En 2018 el cáncer de próstata presentó el segundo lugar en incidencia a nivel mundial. Con el avance en la tecnología y la aparición de la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT), se ha logrado disminuir dosis a tejido sano sin reducir la cobertura del volumen objetivo, permitiendo menor morbilidad asociada por la radioterapia y la posibilidad de escalar la dosis del tratamiento. El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar los resultados en supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de recaída bioquímica en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia (INC) en los paciente diagnosticados con cáncer de próstata tratados con radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT). Materiales y métodos: La revisión retrospectiva incluyó 98 pacientes, mayores de 40 años con cáncer de próstata, sin evidencia de enfermedad metastásica, tratados con IMRT entre 2008 - 2015, independiente de la supresión androgénica. La dosis administrada de radioterapia varió según su riesgo basado en la clasificación D´Amico. Hallazgos: La mediana de edad fue de 68,5 años, dentro de los cuales 16 pacientes (16%) se catalogaron de bajo riesgo, 33 (34 %) de riesgo intermedio y 49 (50 %) de riesgo alto. La dosis media de radioterapia recibida fue de 75,8 Gy. La supervivencia libre de recaída bioquímica a 5 años fue del 78,6 % y la supervivencia global fue 98 %. Conclusión: En pacientes con cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo, la IMRT es una alternativa efectiva y segura, con una supervivencia global a 5 años del 98% y con un adecuado perfil dosimétrico a los órganos a riesgo.

Abstract Background: In 2018, prostate cancer ranked second in incidence worldwide. Advances in technology and the appearance of intensity-modulated radiotherapy, have made it possible to reduce doses to healthy tissue without reducing the coverage of the target volume, thus allowing lower morbidity associated with adiotherapy and the possibility of scaling the treatment dose. The aim of the study was to present the results in overall survival and biochemical relapse-free survival at the Colombian National Cancer Institute (INC) in patients diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cáncer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Material and methods: The retrospective review included 98 patients over 40 years of age with prostate cancer, without evidence of metastatic disease, treated with IMRT between 2008 and 2015 irrespective of androgenic suppression. The administered dose of radiotherapy varied according to their risk based on the D'Amico classification. Results: The median age was 68.5 years, and of the total of 98 patients, 16 (16%) were classified as low risk, 33 (33%) as intermediate risk, and 49 (50%) as high risk. The mean dose of radiation therapy received was 75.8 Gy. Biochemical relapse-free survival at 5 years was 78.6%, and overall survival was 98%. Conclusions: In patients with high-risk prostate cancer, IMRT is an effective and safe alternative, with an overall 5-year survival of 98%, and an adequate dosimetric profile for at-risk organs.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or conformational radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with conventional fractionation for prostate cancer: Is there any clinical difference?

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the treatment outcomes of a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with conventional schedule using IMRT or 3DRT technique. Materials and Methods: Between 2010-2017, 485 men with localized prostate cancer were treated with conventional radiotherapy schedule with a total dose ≥74Gy using IMRT (231) or 3DCRT (254). Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity were retrospectively evaluated according to modified RTOG criteria. The biochemical control was defined by the Phoenix criteria (nadir + 2ng/mL). The comparison between the groups included biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS), overall survival (OS) and late toxicity. Results: With a median follow-up of 51 months (IMRT=49 and 3DRT=51 months), the maximal late GU for >=grade- 2 during the entire period of follow-up was 13.1% in the IMRT and 15.4% in the 3DRT (p=0.85). The maximal late GI ≥ grade- 2 in the IMRT was 10% and in the 3DRT 24% (p=0.0001). The 5-year bRFS for all risk groups with IMRT and 3D-CRT was 87.5% vs. 87.2% (p=0.415). Considering the risk-groups no significant difference for low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups between IMRT (low-95.3%, intermediate-86.2% and high-73%) and 3D-CRT (low-96.4%, intermediate-88.2% and high-76.6%, p=0.448) was observed. No significant differences for OS and DMFS were observed comparing treatment groups. Conclusion: IMRT reduces significantly the risk of late GI severe complication compared with 3D-CRT using conventional fractionation with a total dose ≥74Gy without any differences for bRFS and OS.

Actualización de las indicaciones del uso de la radioterapia de intensidad modulada en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Protocolo clínico informado en la evidencia / Updating the indications for the use of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia. Clinical protocol reported in the evidence

Resumen Antecedentes: La radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) es una técnica avanzada que se usa ampliamente a nivel mundial; sin embargo, su uso adecuado en nuestro país requiere ser revisado. Objetivo: Actualizar un protocolo clínico (PC) basado en evidencia que contiene las indicaciones clínicas para la utilización de la técnica IMRT en el tratamiento de las patologías oncológicas tratadas más frecuentemente en el servicio de oncología radioterápica del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) - Colombia. Métodos: La elaboración de este documento fue realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario empleando un manual nacional para el desarrollo de PC. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura, seguido por la selección de los artículos relevantes y su evaluación utilizando las herramientas apropiadas. La evidencia fue resumida, contextualizada y empleada para generar las recomendaciones mediante un consenso formal tipo RAND/UCLA. Resultados: Se generaron indicaciones para el uso de la IMRT en pacientes con alguno de los siguientes tipos de cáncer: próstata y pene, cabeza y cuello, piel, sistema nervioso central, mama, sarcomas de tejidos blandos, pulmón, gastrointestinal, ginecológico y urgencias oncológicas. Conclusiones: En el periodo 2014 a 2017 ha surgido escasa evidencia sobre el impacto de la IMRT en desenlaces relacionados con la supervivencia y la calidad de vida y por tanto el uso de la IMRT sigue siendo en pacientes seleccionados.

Abstract Background: Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is an advanced technique which has been put into service in several clinical settings around the world; however, its proper use in Colombia requires to be revisited. Aim: To update an evidence-based clinical care protocol (CCP) that contains clinical recommendations for using IMRT in order to treat the most common oncological malignancies seen in the Radiotherapy Unit of the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia. Methods: The elaboration of this CCP was undertaken by a multidisciplinary team who abided by a domestic CCP-development handbook. Briefly, a systematic search of literature was conducted; afterwards, relevant papers were selected and evaluated using appropriate appraisal tools; finally, evidence was summarized, contextualized, and used for generating the recommendations through a formal consensus approach (RAND/UCLA). Results: We established a handful of recommendations for using the IMRT technique in patients with any of the following types of cancer: prostate & penis, head & neck, skin, central nervous system, breast, soft tissue sarcoma, lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic, as well as oncologic emergencies. Conclusions: During the period 2014 - 2017, few evidence has emerged about the impact of IMRT on outcomes related to survival and quality of life; therefore, IMRT use still remains in selected patients.

Cosmesis in patients with breast neoplasia submitted to the hypofractionated radiotherapy with of intensity-modulated beam

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess the cosmetic satisfaction of patients diagnosed with breast cancer submitted to the hypofractionated radiotherapy with IMRT (hIMRT) technique and its correlation with dosimetric data of the radiotherapy planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective cohort study that assessed women with a diagnosis of malignant breast neoplasia submitted to the conservative treatment or radical mastectomy and treated with hIMRT. In the period between August 2007 to December 2014, in a philanthropic / private institution, 170 records were selected. The cosmetic assessment was carried out by means of the Harvard/RTOG/NSABP scale with one-year minimum range after treatment. The collected dosimetric data were: breast / chest wall volume, volume that received 95% (V95%) and 107% (V107%) of the prescribed dose. RESULTS: The volume of the treated breasts ranged from 169 to 2.103 ml (median = 702; IQR: 535 to 914 ml). Median V95% was 86.7% (54.6-96.6%; IQR: 80.0% to 90.6%); eight (5.7%) patients had V95% higher than 95%. Median V107% was 0% (0%-16.3%; IQR: 0.0% to 0.3% and 13); 9.3% patients had V107% higher than 2%. One hundred and thirty-three (78.2%) patients responded to the cosmetic assessment: 99 (74.4%) considered the cosmetic results excellent. Significant associations between cosmetic assessment and breast volume (p=0.875), V95% (p=0.294) e V107% (p=0.301) were not found. CONCLUSION: The cosmetic results showed favorable when using hIMRT, and the lack of correlation with usual the dosimetric data illustrates the capacity of hIMRT to minimize the heterogeneity of the dose in this endpoint, even in voluminous breasts.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a satisfação cosmética de pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer de mama submetidas à radioterapia hipofracionada com técnica IMRT (hIMRT) e sua correlação com dados dosimétricos do planejamento radioterápico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo que avaliou mulheres com diagnóstico de neoplasia maligna de mama submetidas a tratamento conservador ou mastectomia radical e tratadas com hIMRT. No período de agosto de 2007 a dezembro de 2014, em uma instituição filantrópica/particular, foram selecionados 170 prontuários. A avaliação cosmética foi feita por meio da escala de Harvard/RTOG/NSABP com um intervalo mínimo de um ano após o tratamento. Dados dosimétricos coletados foram: volume da mama/plastrão, volume que recebeu 95% (V95%) e 107% (V107%) da dose prescrita. RESULTADOS: O volume das mamas tratadas variou de 169 a 2.103 ml (mediana = 702; IQR: 535 a 914 ml). O V95% mediano foi 86,7% (54,6-96,6%; IQR: 80,0% a 90,6%); oito (5,7%) pacientes tiveram o V95% superior a 95%. O V107% mediano foi 0% (0%-16,3%; IQR: 0,0% a 0,3% e 13); 9,3% pacientes tiveram o V107% superior a 2%. Cento e trinta e três (78,2%) pacientes responderam à avaliação cosmética: 99 (74,4%) consideraram o resultado cosmético excelente. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre a avaliação cosmética e o volume da mama (p=0,875), V95% (p=0,294) e V107% (p=0,301). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados cosméticos mostraram-se favoráveis com o uso de hIMRT, e a ausência de correlação com os dados dosimétricos usuais ilustra a capacidade do hIMRT em minimizar a heterogeneidade da dose neste desfecho, mesmo em mamas volumosas.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) versus 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for head and neck cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: A cost-effectiveness analysis of IMRT compared to 3D-CRT for head and neck cancer patients (HNCPs) was conducted in the Brazilian Public Health System. METHODS: A Markov model was used to simulate radiation therapy-induced dysphagia and xerostomia in HNCPs. Data from the PARSPORT trial and the quality-of-life study were used as parameters. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained were calculated. RESULTS: At 2 years, IMRT was associated with an incremental benefit of 0.16 QALYs gained per person, resulting in an ICER of BRL 31,579 per QALY gained. IMRT was considered cost-effective when using the guideline proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) of three times the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (BRL 72,195). Regarding life expectancy (15 years), the incremental benefit of IMRT was 1.16 QALYs gained per person, with an ICER of BRL 4,341. IMRT was also cost-effective using the WHO definition, which states that the maximum cost is equal to the GDP per capita (BRL 24,065). CONCLUSIONS: IMRT was considered cost-effective from the perspective of the Brazilian public health system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Foi realizada uma análise de custo-efetividade da radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) comparada com a radioterapia conformada para pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: Foi elaborado um modelo de Markov para comparar os custos médicos diretos e os desfechos de saúde relacionados à qualidade de vida do paciente pós-intervenção radioterápica sofrendo de xerostomia e disfagia. Com essa finalidade, foram usados os dados do estudo PARSPORT e parâmetros de qualidade de vida. Os resultados comparativos das estratégias alternativas de tratamento foram medidos pela razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI). O desfecho analisado foi o de anos de vida ajustados à qualidade (QALY). RESULTADOS: Em um horizonte de tempo de dois anos, a IMRT foi associada com um benefício incremental de ganho de 0,16 QALYs por indivíduo, resultando em um RCEI de R$ 31.579 por QALY ganhado. A IMRT foi custo-efetivo, adotando-se o limite máximo de disposição a pagar, proposto pela OMS, de três vezes o PIB per capita nacional, equivalente a R$ 72.195. No horizonte de tempo de 15 anos, o benefício incremental de ganho foi de 1,16 QALYs por indivíduo, com um RCEI de R$ 4.341. A IMRT foi custo-efetivo, adotando-se o limite de disposição a pagar, proposto pela OMS, de uma vez o PIB per capita nacional, equivalente a R$ 24.065. CONCLUSÃO: A IMRT foi considerada um tratamento custo-efetivo na perspectiva do SUS.

Comparación Clínica de radioterapia de intensidad modulada vs. radioterapia 3D en tratamiento neoadyuvante del cáncer de recto localmente avanzado / Clinical comparison of intensity modulated radiotherapy vs. 3D radiotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar ventajas potenciales de la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) vs. la radioterapia 3D (3DRT) en el control loco-regional y la toxicidad aguda en pacientes con cáncer de recto localmente avanzado (CRLA). Se analizaron retrospectivamente 235 pacientes con adenocarcinoma de recto T2/T4 y N0/N1 sometidos a radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante entre febrero de 2010 y agosto de 2015. La modalidad radiante se correlacionó con los resultados clínicos (control local y a distancia) y las tasas de toxicidades agudas urinarias, hematológicas, gastrointestinales (GI) y dérmicas. Ciento cuarenta (59.6%) recibieron IMRT y 95 (40.4%) 3DRT. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 36 meses. Las tasas de recidiva local y metástasis a distancia fueron similares entre IMRT y 3DRT. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en control local (CL) ni en supervivencia global (SG) entre IMRT y 3DRT (p=0.56 y p=0.24, respectivamente), ni en colostomía libre para tumores rectales bajos (p=0.44). IMRT implicó menor toxicidad cutánea (p<0.001), hematológica (p<0.0001), urinaria (p=0.0017), y gastrointestinal (p=0.0006). La incidencia de diarrea grado ≥ 3 fue del 16% entre los pacientes del grupo 3DRT frente al 5% de del grupo IMRT. En el análisis univariado, el estadio clínico T, edad, KPS, y quimioterapia adyuvante se asociaron con mejor SG (todos p<0.05) y la dosis total de radiación se asoció con mejor período libre de enfermedad (p=0.0065) Postulamos que IMRT permitiría un aumento de dosis en forma segura con el potencial de aumentar la tasa de respuestas patológicas completas (RPC), en particular en tumores rectales bajos (AU)

The aim was to compare the advantages of IMRT vs. 3D in loco regional control and acute toxicity in patients with locally advanced rectum cancer. We analyzed retrospectively 235 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma T2/T4 and N0/N1 undergoing chemo radiation between February 2010 and August 2015. The radiant modality was correlated with clinical outcomes (local and systemic control) and rates of acute urinary, hematological, gastrointestinal and dermal toxicities. One hundred and forty patients (59.6%) received IMRT and 95 (40.4%) received 3D. The median follow-up time was 36 months. The rates of local recurrence and distant metastases were similar between IMRT vs. 3D. No statistically significant differences were found in local control or survival between IMRT and 3D (p=0.56 and p =0.24, respectively), nor in free colostomy for low rectal tumors (p= 0.44). IMRT resulted in lower dermal (p<0.001), hematological (p<0.0001), urinary (p=0.0017), and gastrointestinal toxicity (p=0.0006). The incidence of diarrhea grade ≥ 3 was 16% among 3D patients vs. 5% in IMRT. In the univariate analysis, clinical stage T, age, KPS, and adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with better overall survival (all p<0.05) and the total dose of radiation was associated with better disease-free period (p=0.0065). We postulate that IMRT would allow us to increase dose in a safe manner with the potential to increase rate of complete pathological responses, particularly in low rectal tumors (AU)

Cáncer anal: resultados clínicos, toxicidades y supervivencia libre de colostomía comparando técnicas de radioterapia conformada tridimensional versus radioterapia de intensidad modulada / Anal cancer: clinical results, toxicities and colostomy-free survival comparing three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques versus intensity modulated radiotherapy

Las técnicas definitivas de quimio-radioterapia para el cáncer anal, radioterapia tridimensional conformada (3DCRT) o radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) dan excelentes resultados a largo plazo. Evaluamos resultados en centros de radiación basados en la comunidad. Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 281 pacientes tratados con quimio-radioterapia definitiva para carcinoma anal loco-regional, entre 2006 y 2014. El 95% realizó quimioterapia. Se evaluaron datos de toxicidades, progresión de la enfermedad y necesidad de colostomía durante el período de seguimiento. La supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión y colostomía libre se calcularon con métodos de Kaplan-Meier. La edad media fue 63.7 años con seguimiento medio de 60 meses. Ciento sesenta y nueve pacientes recibieron IMRT y 112 recibieron 3DCRT. La dosis total media tumoral fue 54 Gy. El 80% experimentó complicaciones agudas, y el 56% requirió interrupción de tratamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión, supervivencia libre de colostomía ni control local a dos años entre ambos grupos. La IMRT tuvo menos suspensión del tratamiento (48% vs. 65%) (p=0.0261). El grupo IMRT tuvo una reducción significativa de todas las toxicidades agudas ≥3 y gastrointestinales (GI) tardías, en comparación con los tratados con 3DCRT. Esta serie representa una de las mayores comparaciones 3DCRT vs. IMRT para el tratamiento definitivo de cáncer anal. Los resultados a largo plazo no difieren significativamente en función de la técnica de radioterapia (RT). La IMRT reduce todas las toxicidades ≥ grado 3 y la necesidad de interrupción en comparación con 3DCRT (AU)

The definitive techniques of chemo-radiotherapy for anal cancer, 3DCRT or IMRT, give excellent long-term results. We evaluated results in community-based radiation centers. We retrospectively evaluated 281 patients treated with definitive chemo-radiotherapy for locoregional anal carcinoma, between 2006 and 2014. The 95% performed chemotherapy. Toxicity data, progression of the disease, need of colostomy during the follow-up period were evaluated. Global survival (GS), progression free survival (PFS), and free colostomy survival (CFS) were calculated with Kaplan-Meier methods. Mean age was 63.7 years with a mean follow-up of 60 months. One hundred and sixty nine patients received IMRT and 112 received 3DCRT. The total mean tumor dose was 54 Gy. The 80% experienced acute complications, and 56% required treatment interruption. There was no significant difference in GS, PFS, CFS or local control at two years between both groups. The IMRT had less treatment discontinuation (48% vs. 65%) (p = 0.0261). The IMRT group had a significant reduction in all acute toxicities ≥3 and late gastrointestinal, compared with those treated with 3DCRT. This series represents one of the largest 3DCRT vs. IMRT comparisons for the definitive treatment of anal cancer. The long-term results do not differ significantly depending on the RT technique. The IMRT reduces all toxicities ≥ grade 3 and the need for interruption compared to 3DCRT (AU)

Efeito agudo da Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) sobre a hipossalivação induzida pela radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço: um estudo preliminar / Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on hyposalivation induced by radiotherapy in the head and neck region: a preliminary study

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o efeito agudo da eletroestimulação sobre o fluxo salivar de pacientes com hipossalivação. Método Ensaio clínico não controlado que avaliou o efeito de uma única aplicação da Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) sobre o fluxo salivar de 15 pacientes com hipossalivação induzida por radioterapia (RT), utilizada no tratamento de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 56,8 ± 6,46 anos e o gênero masculino foi predominante (73%). A TENS foi programada com 50Hz de frequência, 250μs de largura de pulso e a intensidade foi ajustada ao longo dos 20 minutos conforme máxima tolerância. Os eletrodos foram fixados bilateralmente sobre a região das glândulas salivares. A avaliação do fluxo salivar foi realizada por meio de sialometria estimulada, antes e imediatamente após a aplicação da TENS. Resultados Em 80% dos casos, o tratamento oncológico incluiu quimioterapia. A RT foi aplicada em 80% dos casos na região e orofaringe, com intensidade média de 64,6 ± 7,27 Gy. Após a TENS, o fluxo salivar aumentou significativamente (p = 0,0051), passando de 0,05 (0,00; 0,40) mL/min para 0,10 (0,07;0,40) mL/min. A resposta à TENS foi diretamente correlacionada à intensidade da corrente elétrica tolerada (r = 0,553; p = 0,032) e à dose utilizada na RT (r = -0,514; p = 0,050). Conclusão A TENS aumentou significativamente o fluxo salivar de pacientes com hipossalivação induzida pela RT.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the acute effect of electrostimulation on the salivary flow of patients with hyposalivation. Methods Uncontrolled clinical trial evaluating 15 patients with hyposalivation induced by radiotherapy (RT) used for head and neck cancer treatment. Mean age of the patients was 56.8 ± 6.46 years. Males outnumbered females (73%). Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) was adjusted with 50Hz of frequency and 250μs of pulse width. Intensity was adjusted over a 20-minute period according to maximum tolerance. The electrodes were attached bilaterally on the region of the salivary glands. Evaluation of the salivary flow was performed through sialometry before and immediately after application of TENS. Results The most prevalent region for RT was the oropharynx (80.0% of cases). The mean dose used in RT was 64.6 ± 7.27 Gy. After TENS, salivary flow increased significantly (p = 0.0051) from 0.05 (0.00; 0.40) mL/min to 0.10 (0.07: 0.40) mL/min. The response to TENS was directly correlated with the intensity of the tolerated electric current (r = 0.553; p = 0.032) and the dose used in RT (r = -0.514; p = 0.050). Conclusion TENS was able to increase the salivary flow rate of patients with RT-induced hyposalivation.

Quality of Life after post-prostatectomy intensity modulated radiation therapy to the prostate bed with or without the use of gold fiducial markers for image guidance or higher total radiotherapy doses

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate quality of life (QoL) after post-prostatectomy intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the "adjuvant" setting starting within 4 months of radical prostatectomy for adverse features; and "salvage" setting for a PSA≥0.2ng/mL. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of 130 patients who underwent IMRT to the prostate bed±gold fiducial marker placement for image guidance to 64.8-72.0Gy (median, 70.2Gy) between 2004 and 2013. Higher doses were defined as 70.2-72.0Gy and lower doses were defined as 64.8-68.4Gy. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was given to 4/48 (8%) adjuvant patients and 9/82 (11%) salvage patients. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM), and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26-bowel (EPIC-26-bowel) questionnaires were used to assess urinary, sexual, and bowel QoL, respectively. Results Median follow-up was 46 months. There were better urinary (p=0.03) and sexual (p=0.002) QoL scores with adjuvant IMRT relative to salvage IMRT. The use of prostate bed fiducial markers did not significantly affect urinary, sexual, or bowel QoL (p=0.39, p=0.49, and p=0.40, respectively). Higher total radiotherapy doses did not significantly affect urinary, sexual, or bowel QoL (p=0.21, p=0.61, and p=0.36, respectively). Conclusions There was no significant change in urinary, sexual, and bowel sexual QoL with post-prostatectomy IMRT regardless of whether prostate bed fiducial markers or higher total radiotherapy doses were used. QoL with IMRT in the present study compares favorably with prior reports for three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy.

Reporte de caso: Carcinoma escamocelular de próstata tratado con radioterapia externa técnica IMRT / Case report: Prostate squamous cell carcinoma managed with an external intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique

Resumen La incidencia de carcinoma escamocelular de próstata es del 0,5 al 1% de todas las lesiones neoplásicas de esta glándula. Por su rareza, no existen recomendaciones protocolizadas sobre el manejo de estos pacientes. Se reporta el caso de un paciente tratado en el Instituto con este diagnóstico, así como su desenlace a dos años de seguimiento y la revisión del tema. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino de 79 anos de edad, con diagnóstico de carcinoma escamocelular infiltrante de próstata estadificado como T4NxMx. PSA de 2,64 y Gleason no determinable. Se descartó posible primario de órgano aledaño a la próstata y los estudios de extensión fueron negativos. Fue tratado con radioterapia externa como monoterapia y se utilizó técnica IMRT. Recibió una dosis en pelvis de 46 Gy en fracciones de 2 Gy día (PTV 1), posteriormente refuerzo en próstata y vesículas hasta 56 Gy (PTV 1,1) y en próstata hasta 76 Gy (PTV 1,1,1). A los dos años de seguimiento se documentaron lesiones pulmonares a las cuales se les practicó biopsia y el estudio anatomopatológico fue compatible con carcinoma escamocelular invasivo.

Abstract The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of prostate is between 0.5-1% of all neoplastic lesions of this gland. Due to their rarity, there are no protocolised recommendations on the management of these patients. A report is presented on a patient with this diagnosis treated at our institution, its outcome at two years of follow-up, and a review of the subject. Case report: Male patient, 79 years old, diagnosed with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate. Staged as T4NxMx/IPSA 2.64/Gleason undeterminable. Work up studies were negative, and primaries from nearby organs were ruled out. He was treated with radiotherapy as monotherapy and was scheduled for an intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique, initially to the pelvis at a radiotherapy dose of 46 Gy 2Gy daily (PTV 1), further reinforcing prostate and vesicles up to 56 Gy (1.1 PTV), and finally to 76 Gy to prostate (PTV 1,1,1). With a follow-up of two years, lung lesions were found, which were biopsied and positive for squamous cell carcinoma.

Radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado / Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for the treatment of early and locally advanced head and neck tumors

CONTEXTO: O tumor de cabeça e pescoço é um grupo heterogêneo de doenças incluindo tumores com diversos tipos histológicos, de cavidade oral, faringe, laringe, narinas, seios paranasais, tireoide, glândulas salivares. A radioterapia tem como importante efeito adverso a lesão de estruturas nobres como glândulas submandibulares e parótidas. TECNOLOGIA: Radioterapia por Intensidade Modulada (IMRT). INDICAÇÃO: Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço. PERGUNTA: A técnica de radioterapia por IMRT é mais eficaz e segura do que as modalidades de radioterapia convencional (2D) ou tridimensional (3D)? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: os estudos apresentam baixa qualidade, demonstrando superioridade apenas em relação a xerostomia observada pelo médico. Existe dúvida em relação ao risco de neoplasias secundárias, com provável aumento do risco. A implementação apresenta dificuldades como adaptação do ambiente, treinamento da equipe e maior duração de cada seção. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: elevado valor estimado de RCEI R$ 574.087,00/QALY. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: anual R$ 67.152.510,00 e em 5 anos R$ 335.762.550,00. DISCUSSÃO: As vantagens são incertas, o procedimento é mais longo e existe risco de incremento em neoplasias secundárias, sem impacto favorável em sobrevida. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: A matéria será disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar não favorável. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Ao considerar os riscos e benefícios potenciais da tecnologia, a matéria foi disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação da Conitec não favorável. Após a análise das 138 contribuições recebidas na Consulta Pública, a Conitec deliberou por recomendar a não incorporação da radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros presentes deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a não incorporação de um procedimento específico para radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação n˚174/2015. A recomendação será encaminhada para decisão do Secretário da SCTIE. O representante do CFM se absteve de votar por alegar conflito de interesse com o tema. DECISÃO: Não incorporar de procedimento específico para radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº 7 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (D.O.U.) nº 18, de 27 de janeiro de 2016, pág. 57.(AU)

Xerostomia y radioterapia de cabeza y cuello: actualización / Radiation-induced xerostomia: update

Resumen En la radioterapia de cabeza y cuello las glándulas salivales suelen recibir una dosis elevada de radiación, lo que provoca una disminución progresiva y, a partir de determinada dosis, irreversible de la secreción salival, entre otros efectos. La xerostomía o sensación de boca seca es el efecto secundario más frecuente tras la radioterapia de cabeza y cuello, el cual disminuye la calidad de vida de los pacientes al dificultar funciones como la fonación y la deglución. Dada la complejidad y la temprana aparición de este síntoma, su prevención es la solución más eficaz. Los avances de las últimas décadas tienen un papel imprescindible: la radioterapia de intensidad modulada, la administración de sustancias citoprotectoras y el autotransplante de glándula submandibular parecen limitar en cierta medida el efecto de la radiación y disminuir así la sensación de sequedad bucal.

Abstract Radiation therapy is a key component in the multidisciplinary treatment of head-and-neck malignancies. In these cases, salivary glands are irradiated with high-level doses, which, among other side effects, results in a progressive and irreversible decrease in the salivary output. Radiation-induced xerostomia is the most common side effect of the head and neck region after radiotherapy treatment, and highly impairs the patients' long-term quality of life, threatening physiological functions, essentially speaking and swallowing. Given the complexity and early appearance of this symptom, its prevention is the most effective solution. In the past decades, the development of new radiation delivery techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), along with the administration of radioprotective drugs and autologous submandibular gland transplantation, seem to reduce the dose reaching the salivary glands, which in turn improves the patients' perception of dry mouth.