Absceso cerebral múltiple del lóbulo temporal derecho, reporte de un caso / Multiple brain abscess of the right temporary lobe, report of a case

RESUMEN El absceso cerebral es un proceso infeccioso focal del parénquima cerebral. Se inicia con un área localizada de cerebritis y progresa a una colección de pus rodeada por una cápsula bien vascularizada. La mortalidad oscila entre 5 a 15 % de los casos, excepto en la ruptura intraventricular del absceso cerebral, situación en que la mortalidad oscila entre 38 a 84 %, con tasas altas de discapacidad en los sobrevivientes. Se presentó un caso de 47 años, con sintomatología neurológica infecciosa, además de signos neurológicos que demuestran el trastorno funcional del lóbulo temporal no dominante. Se realizaron varios exámenes complementarios y se diagnosticó dos abscesos cerebrales temporales derechos. Fue intervenido neuroquirúrgicamente, su evolución fue satisfactoria con regresión de casi la totalidad de los síntomas prequirúrgicos presentados (AU).

ABSTRACT Brain abscess is a focal infectious process of the brain parenchyma. It begins with a located area of cerebritis and progresses to a pus collection surrounded by a well-vasculirized capsule. Mortality oscillates from 5 % to 15% of the cases, except in the intraventricular rupture of the brain abscess, situation in which mortality oscillates from 38 % to 84 %, with high rates of disability in survivors. The case presented is the case of a patient aged 47 years, with infectious neurologic symptoms besides neurologic signs showing the functional disorder of the non-dominant temporal lobe. Several complementary tests were carried out and two right temporal brain abscesses were diagnosed. The patient underwent a neurosurgery; his evolution was satisfactory with the almost total regression of the symptoms before surgery (AU).

History and Evolution of Epilepsy Surgery

The surgical treatment for epilepsy has a worldwide historical relevance for centuries. There are archaeological reports that date it back to ancient Egypt; however, the year 1886 is considered a landmark in the surgical treatment for epilepsy in theModern Age, when the first surgery for the treatment of focal epileptic events was performed successfully. Since then, innumerable related articles have been published evoluonarily. Over the last centuries, new techniques and technologies provided better understanding, diagnosis and management for this disease. Thus, historical and evolutionary knowledge becomes important to let us better understand the current position of the surgery for epilepsy treatment and control.

Localización preoperatoria de la trepanación inicial en el abordaje retrosigmoideo. Revisión de literatura y aplicación quirúrgica / Preoperative location of the initial trepanation in the retrosigmoid approach. Literature review and surgical application

Objetivo: Evaluar una técnica eficaz y reproducible que permita determinar el sitio de la trepanación inicial en el abordaje retrosigmoideo. Materiales y métodos: Se empleó una muestra de 22 pacientes a fin de analizar la relación de la transición transverso ­ sigmoidea (TTS) con el asterion y la ranura digástrica. Todos los casos contaban con TC de cortes finos (1 mm de espesor). Se subdividieron los pacientes en dos grupos. Grupo 1: pacientes con patologías variables, sin alteraciones estructurales en la fosa posterior. Grupo 2: pacientes en los que se realizó un abordaje retrosigmoideo con planificación prequirúrgica del sitio de trepanación inicial. Discusión: Las referencias óseas (asterion y punto digástrico) pudieron identificarse en la totalidad de las TC 3D analizadas. Se analizaron las distancias empleando un sistema de coordenadas. La TTS se registró en el 78% de los casos anterior e inferior al asterion. En ningún caso se encontró la TTS superior al asterion, la ubicación en sentido inferior varió entre 0 mm y 25,5 mm (media 12,5 mm). En el plano anteroposterior, se registró una distancia entre -6,41 mm y 14,5 mm (media 4,09 mm), demostrando una gran variabilidad individual, comparable con lo descripto en la literatura. En el grupo 2, pudo predecirse de manera precisa la localización de la TTS, exponiendo la misma con la trepanación inicial. Conclusión: Se describe un método sencillo, eficaz, de libre acceso, que permite la ubicación del keyhole en el abordaje retrosigmoideo

Objective: To assess an effective and reproducible technique that allows determining the emplacement of the initial burr-hole in the retrosigmoid approach. Materials and methods: A sample of 22 patients was used to analyze the relation among the transverse - sigmoid transition (TTS), the asterion and the digastric groove. All cases had a thin-slice, 1-mm-thick Computed Tomography (CT). Patients were subdivided into two groups. Group 1: patients with variable pathologies, without structural modification of posterior fossa anatomy. Group 2: patients in which a retrosigmoid approach was performed with preoperative surgical planning of the initial burr-hole. Discussion: Bone references (asterion and digastric point) could be identified in the totality of the analyzed 3D CT. The distances were measured using a coordinate system. TTS was recorded in 78% of the cases inferior and anterior to the asterion. In no case the TTS was found superior to the asterion. It was 0 mm to 25.5 mm (mean 12.5 mm) inferior; and a distance between -6.41mm to 14.5mm (mean 4.09mm) in the anteroposterior plane was recorded, demonstrating a large individual variability. In group 2, the location of the TTS could be accurately predicted, exposing it with the initial burr-hole. Conclusion: A simple, effective and access free method is described, which allows the emplacement of the keyhole in the retrosigmoid approach

Abducens Nerve Palsy as Initial Manifestation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Case Report

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a form of progressive intracranial hemorrhage, typically associated with cases of trauma. The manifestation of this comorbidity with abducens palsy is a rare finding. The present work aims to describe the case of an adult patient with abducens nerve palsy as a manifestation of CSDH. Chronic subdural hematoma is most commonly found in elderly patients, with systemic hypertension as amanifestation. The relation with the sixth cranial nerve is unusual and draws attention to the case reported. In addition, the prognosis is positive, since trepanation and drainage surgery was performed, as it is recommended in the literature.

Coma secundario a síndrome del trefinado / Coma due to syndrome of the trephined

El síndrome del trefinado o craniectomizado abarca manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas a la depresión del flap cutáneo y se distingue del síndrome postraumático por su reversibilidad con el tratamiento reparador del defecto craneano. El coma no es una forma habitual de presentación. Comunicamos un caso de presentación atípica en un hombre de 36 años de edad con antecedente de craniectomía descompresiva, que presentó un cuadro de deterioro neurológico profundo atribuible al síndrome del trefinado, el cual revirtió tras la craneoplastía. En la fisiopatología del síndrome intervienen trastornos cerebrovasculares, metabólicos, hidrodinámicos del líquido cefalorraquídeo e hiperdinamismo de las estructuras encefálicas. El gold standard terapéutico es la craneoplastía. Se requieren estudios de mayor peso estadístico para determinar el tiempo quirúrgico apropiado.

The syndrome of the trephined or craniectomized is commonly referred as neurological manifestations associated to skin flap depression and reversible after craneoplasty, which allows its differentiation from post-traumatic syndrome. We present the case of a male patient, 36 years old, with history of decompressive craniectomy. He evolved with sudden neurological worsening associated to syndrome of the trephined and recovery after craneoplasty. Physiopathology of the syndrome involves cerebrovascular, metabolic and cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamic disturbances as well as parenchymal hyperdynamic mechanisms. Cranioplasty is the gold standard treatment. Still, studies with statistical power are needed to assess correct surgical timing.

Presentation of the trepanned skull labelled MO-90, found in the Avar cemetery on the territory of settlements Ómoravica-Kopláló in Serbia / Presentación de cráneo trepanado etiquetado MO-90, encontrado en el cementerio de Avar en territorio de los asentamientos Ómoravica-Kopláló en Serbia

SUMMARY: The most prominent issues in paleopathology concerning skull lesions are skull trepanation and artificial deformation of the skull. From the very beginnings of this scientific field, these two groups of alterations have been the focus of interest. Since the second half of the 19th century, countless pathologists, surgeons and ethnologist have dealt with this issue. The interest is still great. Nevertheless, numerous questions regarding skull trepanation and artificial deformation are yet to be answered. The first trepanned skull finds were discovered in France and Hungary. The finds in Hungary are interesting because a large number of trepanned skulls were found in a relatively small area. On the skull remains found in the grave discovered in the Òmoravica-Koplaló cemetery and labelled MO-90, left of the Sutura sagittalis there is a hole about 1cm in diameter. There are no pathological lesions along the edge or around the hole.

RESUMEN: Los temas más destacados en la paleopatología con respecto a las lesiones del cráneo son la trepanación y la deformación artificial éste. Desde los comienzos en esta área científica, estos dos grupos de alteraciones han sido el foco de interés. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, un número importante de patólogos, cirujanos y etnologistas se han enfocado e interesado en este tema. Sin embargo, aún existen preguntas y numerosas dudas sobre la trepanación del cráneo y la deformación artificial. Los primeros hallazgos de cráneos trepanados se descubrieron en Francia y Hungría. Los hallazgos en Hungría son interesantes debido a que es un área relativamente pequeña, pero fueron encontrados una gran cantidad de cráneos trepanados. En los restos de cráneos encontrados en la tumba del cementerio Òmoravica-Koplaló y etiquetados como MO-90, a la izquierda de la sutura sagital se observó un foramen de aproximadamente 1 cm de diámetro. No hay lesiones patológicas a lo largo del margen, tampoco alrededor del foramen.

Quistectomía conservadora mediante trepanaciones múltiples: reporte de un caso / Conservative cystectomy by multiple trepanations: report of a case

En la actualidad los procedimientos quirúrgicos han evolucionado con la intención de ser lo más conservadores posible, dando pie a una regeneración fi siológica más rápida y completa. La extirpación de quistes de gran tamaño de los maxilares mediante descompresión y marsupialización ha demostrado obtener excelentes resultados, siendo éste un procedimiento que permite evitar un amplio abordaje quirúrgico, aunque generalmente requiere un segundo tiempo para reconstruir el defecto. La quistectomía conservadora mediante múltiples trepanaciones de acceso, permite la eliminación del cuerpo patológico por completo sin la necesidad de un segundo procedimiento quirúrgico. La excelente cicatrización ósea fi siológica y adecuado reposicionamiento y soporte de tejidos blandos sin necesidad de utilizar membranas, son logrados gracias a los puentes óseos que se mantienen entre las trepanaciones, los cuales brindan soporte además de mantener células osteoprogenitoras. Se presenta caso clínico de enucleación conservadora de quiste periapical de gran tamaño y extracción de canino retenido en paciente masculino de 12 años de edad mediante trepanaciones múltiples (AU)

Nowadays the surgical procedures have evolved aiming to be as conservative as possible, resulting in a faster physiological regeneration. The removal of large maxillary cysts using decompression and marsupialization has proved to have excellent results, is this a procedure that avoids the use of large surgical access, although a second procedure is generally needed to completely remove the lesion. Conservative cystectomy using multiple access trepanations allows the complete elimination of the cyst without the need for a second surgical intervention. Excellent physiological bone healing and adequate soft tissue reposition without the need of grafting material and membrane is achieved thanks to the osseous bridges between the multiple trepanations, which gives support for soft tissue and provides osteoprogenitor cells. A clinical case of conservative enucleation of a large radicular cyst is presented as well as the extraction of a retained canine in a 12-year-old male patient using multiple trepanations (AU)

The number of burr holes and use of a drain do not interfere with surgical results of chronic subdural hematomas / Tratamento cirúrgico do hematoma subdural crônico: o número de trepanações e o uso de dreno subdural não interferem no resultado cirúrgico

ABSTRACT Burr hole evacuation has been the most frequently-used procedure for the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). Objective: To evaluate whether the use of a drain and/or the number of burr holes for treatment of CSDH modifies the rates of recurrence and complications. Methods: A retrospective review of 142 patients operated on because of CSDH, between 2006 and 2015, analyzing recurrence and complications of the use of one or two burr holes with or without the use of a drain. Results: Thirty-seven patients had bilateral CSDH (26%) and 105 (73.9%) patients had unilateral CSDH. Twenty-two (59.4%) patients were given a drain and 15 (40.6%) were not. A total number of recurrences occurred in 22 (15.5%) patients and the total number of complications was in six (4.2%) patients. Mean follow-up time was 7.67 months. Conclusions: The number of burr holes and the use of the drain did not alter the rates of recurrence and complications in the treatment of CSDH.

RESUMO A trepanação é o procedimento mais utilizado para o tratamento de hematomas subdurais crônicos (HSDC). Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de dreno subdural e / ou o número de trepanações para tratamento de HSDC modifica as taxas de recidiva e complicações. Métodos: Uma revisão retrospectiva de 142 pacientes operados por HSDC entre 2006 e 2015 analisando recidiva e complicações usando um ou dois orifícios com ou sem uso de dreno. Resultados: Trinta e sete casos apresentaram HSDC bilaterais (26%) e 105 (73,9%) unilaterais. Em vinte e dois (59,4%) casos houve uso de dreno e em 15 (40,6%) não houve. O número total de recidivas foi de 22 casos (15,5%) e o número total de complicações foi de 6 casos (4,2%). O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 7,67 meses. Conclusões: O número de trepanações e o uso do dreno não alteraram as taxas de recidiva e complicações no tratamento de HSDC.

Evolving story: trepanation and self-trepanation to enhance brain function / Uma história em andamento: trepanação e auto-trepanação para aumentar a função cerebral

ABSTRACT Trepanation has been performed by people interested in enhancing mental power and well-being since the early 1960s. The pioneers and main proponents of the procedure are described here. The phenomenon appeared in Europe after a Dutch former medical student published a psychoactive drug-friendly scroll suggesting trepanation as a form of permanently increasing cerebral blood volume and function. He trepanned himself in 1965. Three of his friends became enthusiasts. They also submitted themselves to the procedure and published films and books describing their experiences. Two of them coauthored papers, in collaboration with Russian researchers, and created institutions to promote discussion on trepanation. One of these institutions organized trips to Central and South America to get the operation done. Dozens of people nowadays look for trepanation as a method of spiritualization and increasing well-being and mental power. The phenomenon has an uncertain future, however, as the main proponents and supporters are aging.

RESUMO Trepanação vem sendo feita por pessoas em busca de aumento da capacidade mental e bem estar desde a década de 1960. Os pioneiros e maiores proponentes do procedimento são aqui descritos. O fenômeno surgiu na Europa estimulado pela publicação de um manuscrito psicodélico e pela auto-trepanação feita por um ex-aluno de Medicina holandês, já falecido. Três amigos se tornaram entusiastas e também se submeteram a trepanação, apresentando o procedimento e descrevendo seus efeitos em livros ou filmes de certa repercussão. Dois deles criaram organizações de difusão e discussão sobre o tema, e uma destas instituições agencia e organiza viagens a países da América Central e do Sul para interessados. Trepanação foi feita até aqui com estes propósitos em dúzias de pessoas. O fenômeno tem, porém, futuro incerto, dado o envelhecimento de seus principais entusiastas.

Síndrome do trefinado: relato de caso / Syndrome of Trephined: A Case Report / Syndrome of Trephined: a case report

Síndrome do trefinado é atualmente uma complicação comum na neurotraumatologia, sendo descrita como uma síndrome na qual ocorre deterioração neurológica acompanhada de sinais e sintomas após a remoção de uma parte considerável de osso do crânio, assim como ocorre na hemicraniectomia. Neste artigo, juntamente com a revisão de literatura, será relatado o caso de um paciente adulto, vítima de acidente automobilístico, com história de traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) grave que foi submetido à craniectomia terapêutica, cursando com a síndrome do trefinado.

"Syndrome of the Trephined" or "Sinking Skin Flap Syndrome" is an usual syndrome in which neurological deterioration occurs following removal of a large skull bone flap (for example, in descompressive craniectomy). In this article, we will report the case of a 24 years old male, victim of an automobile accident with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), which developed the Syndrome of the Trephined.

Cranioplastia externa para a síndrome do trefinado ­ nota técnica / External Cranioplasty for the Syndrome of Trephined ­ Technical Note

A craniectomia descompressiva (CD) é método cirúrgico amplamente utilizado para tratar a hipertensão intracraniana. Entre as complicações decorrentes da CD, a hidrocefalia é uma das mais frequentes, ocorrendo em até 30% dos casos. A implantação de derivação liquórica, necessária emalguns casos de hidrocefalia, resulta em agravamento da depressão do couro cabeludo, que ocorre após CD ­ síndrome do trefinado (ST). A realização de cranioplastia convencional é inviável em algumas situações, como ST com derivação liquórica, que não melhora após ligadura ou aumento de pressão do sistema, ou ST com depressão acentuada do couro cabeludo. Nestes casos, propomos uma nova técnica que foi aplicada em quatro casos e que consiste na confecção de uma prótese temporária com material gessado ou polimetilmetacrilato para se eliminar o efeito da pressão atmosférica. Em todos os casos, houve melhora da ST.

The decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical method widely used to treat intracranial hypertension. Among the complications of CD, hydrocephalus is one of the most frequently occurring in up to 30% of cases. The implantation of CSF shunt, required in some cases of hydrocephalus results in worsening of the scalp depression, which occurs after CD ­ syndrome of trephined (ST). The performance of conventional cranioplasty is impossible in some situations, such as ST with CSF shunt that does not improve after ligation or increment of system pressure or ST with severe depression of the scalp. In these cases, we propose a new technique that has been applied in four cases and consists in molding a temporary prosthesis with cast material or polymethylmetacrilate to eliminate the effect of atmospheric pressure. In all cases, there was improvement in ST.

Protótipo para realização de cranioplastia de baixo custo / Prototype for cranioplasty low cost in postoperative decompressive craniotomy

Objetivo: O presente trabalho propõe uma técnica para realização de cranioplastia com metilmetacrilato em formas pré-moldadas e esterilizadas visando evitar cranioplastia com prototipagem pré-moldada.Método: Conforme rotina apresentada, o flap ósseo realizado para craniotomia descompressiva é armazenado em recipientes com formol e enviado para o serviço de patologia do hospital. Quando realizamos a cranioplastia, utilizamos o flap ósseo armazenado para realização dos moldes que serão utilizados na cranioplastia. Resultado: O resultado estético é muito bom e os índices de complicação e infecção são baixos. Conclusão: Apresenta resultados estéticos semelhantes aos casos de prototipagemcom baixo custo na confecção.

Objective: This paper proposes a technique for cranioplasty with methyl methacrylate and molded into shapes pre-sterilized to avoid aiming cranioplasty with pre molded prototyping. Method: As presented routine bone flap performed to decompressive craniectomy is stored in containers with formalin and sent to the pathology service of the hospital. When we performed the cranioplasty, we used the bone flap stored for realization of molds that will be used in cranioplasty. Result: The aesthetic result is very good and the rates of complication and infection are lo

Asymmetric optic nerve sheath diameter as an outcome factor following cranioplasty in patients harboring the 'syndrome of the trephined' / Assimetria do diametro da bainha do nervo optico como fator prognostico apos cranioplastia em pacientes portadores da 'sindrome do trefinado'

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is gaining an increasing role in the neurosurgical treatment of intractable intracranial hypertension, but not without complications. A rare complication is the “syndrome of the trephined” (ST). It occurs when the forces of gravity overwhelm intracranial pressures, leading the brain to become sunken. Objective To determine the usefulness of asymmetric optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as an outcome factor after cranioplasty. Method We followed-up 5 patients submitted to DC and diagnosed with ST. All were submitted to brain MRI to calculate the ONSD. Results Only two patients presented an asymmetric ONSD, being ONSD larger at the site of craniectomy. Surprisingly these patients had a marked neurological improvement after cranioplasty. They became independent a week after and statistically earlier than others. Conclusion It is presumed that the presence of an asymmetric ONSD in trephined patients is an independent factor of good outcome after cranioplasty. .

A craniectomia descompressiva (CD) tem papel fundamental no tratamento da hipertensão intracraniana refratária, mas não é isenta de complicações. Uma complicação rara é a “síndrome do trefinado” (ST). Ela ocorre quando as forças gravitacionais se sobrepõem à pressão intracraniana. Objetivo Determinar a utilidade do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (DBNO) como fator prognóstico após cranioplastia. Método Foram acompanhados 5 pacientes trefinados portadores da ST. Estes pacientes foram submetidos à ressonância magnética com medida do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (DBNO). Resultados Dois pacientes apresentaram uma assimetria do DBNO, sendo o diâmetro maior do lado craniectomizado. Para nossa surpresa estes evoluíram melhor do que os que apresentavam o DBNO simétrico. Estes pacientes se tornaram independentes uma semana após, e estatisticamente mais cedo do que os outros. Conclusão Há evidências de que a assimetria do DBNO sirva como fator de bom prognóstico após cranioplastia no pacientes portadores da ST. .

Historia del tumi: símbolo de la medicina peruana y del Colegio Médico del Perú / History of the tumi: a symbol of ancient peruvian medicine adopted by the Peruvian College of physicians

El Tumi es un instrumento ceremonial semejante a un cuchillo con mango de forma rectangular o trapezoidal utilizado antiguamente en el Perú Precolombino. En la actualidad es un símbolo que forma parte del logotipo del Colegio Médico del Perú. Anteriormente se creía generalmente que el Tumi era utilizado principalmente para la realización de trepanaciones craneales, pero, posiblemente, su uso principal era para decapitar a los prisioneros de guerra. Nos enteramos de su existencia cuando un tumi se encontró por primera vez en Huaca Las Ventanas (un sitio arqueológico), ubicado en Batán Grande, comunidad de Poma, en Lambayeque, a finales de 1936 por el profesor Julio C. Tello. estos restos proceden desde 700- 1300 d.C.

The tumi (too-mee) is a ceremonial instrument resembling a knife with a rectangular or trapezoid handle used in ancient times in Peru. Now it is a symbol in the logo of the Peruvian Colege of Physicians. It was usually thought that the tumi was mainly used for performing cranial surgery, but possibly its main use was for beheading war prisioners. We learned of its existence when a tumi was first found in Huaca Las Ventanas (an archeological site), located in Batan Grande, Poma community in Lambayeque, at the end of 1936 bye Professor Julio C. Tello. The first tumi was dated somewhere between 700 to 1300 A.D.

Cataratas: antiguo padecimiento / Cataract: an ancient suffering

Desde épocas remotas, la aparición de cataratas, fuecausa frecuente, de la pérdida de visión. Y aunque el ojo,es un órgano delicado, las cataratas fueron abordadas conprocedimientos quirúrgicos desde la antigüedad.Se destacaron investigadores que contribuyeron alconocimiento y progreso de la especialidad, así como alcorrecto tratamiento de las cataratas.El trabajo con una mirada retrospectiva, recuerda algunosfamosos profesionales en el campo de la oftalmología y a tresilustres enfermos: Bach; Haendel y San Martín.

Since far-off times, the appearance of cataracts has beena frequent cause of loss of sight. And although the eye is adelicate organ, cataracts have been approached with surgicalprocedures since very old times.There were distinguished researchers who contributedto the knowledge and progress of the specialty as well as tothe correct treatment of cataracts.This work, with a retrospective look, takes us back to some famous professionals in the field of ophthalmology and three well-known patients:Bach; Haendel and San Martín.

Modified model of sub-critical size cranial defect in the rabbit / Modelo modificado de defecto craneal de tamaño subcrítico de conejo

In medical sciences, any experimental animal model should be reproducible and adequate to the purpose of simulated human physiological response. In bone injury response research, when bone substitutes are in use, it is of primary importance that studied defects fail to heal unless treated with the tissue engineering therapy under study. This failure defines the concept of "critical size defect" (CSD) wich has different limits according to the animal species used and the location of the defect. Although this is a basic concept, when the aim of the study is to investigate the interface Bone-Biomaterial, it is of primary importance to obtain as much contact area as possible. In order to do so, we propose a modified surgical approach to the classical bi-parietal round sub-critical defect model in rabbit vault.

En las ciencias médicas, cualquier modelo animal de experimentación debe ser reproducible y ajustado al propósito de simular la respuesta fisiológica humana. En la investigación de la respuesta a la lesión ósea, cuando son utilizados sustitutos óseos, es de gran importancia el estudio de defectos que no logran sanar, a menos que sean tratados con terapia de ingeniería de tejidos. Este fracaso define el concepto de "defecto de tamaño crítico" (CDS) el cual tiene límites diferentes según la especie animal utilizada y la ubicación del defecto. Aunque se trata de un concepto básico, cuando el objetivo del estudio es investigar la interfaz hueso-biomaterial, es de primordial importancia obtener la máxima superficie de contacto que sea posible. Para ello, se propone una modificación en el enfoque quirúrgico del modelo clásico de defecto de tamaño subcrítico biparietal en la bóveda de conejo.

Tratamiento del hematoma subdural crónico mediante un trépano / Treatment of chronic subdural hematoma through a burr hole

Introducción: El hematoma subdural crónico frecuentemente tiene como antecedente un traumatismo craneoencefálico; su incidencia es de cinco por cada 100 mil personas mayores de 70 años. El objetivo es presentar la experiencia con la evacuación del hematoma a través de un trépano, con irrigación y colocación de un sistema de drenaje por aspiración de circuito cerrado, bajo anestesia local. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se revisaron los expedientes clínicos y radiológicos de pacientes adultos atendidos por hematoma subdural crónico entre 1999 y 2008, con diagnóstico corroborado mediante tomografía axial computarizada, sometidos a drenaje y a quienes se les realizó la técnica descrita. Resultados: Fueron operados 17 pacientes, con edad promedio de 72 años, todos del sexo masculino y con antecedente traumático, 14 sufrieron caída y tres agresión. El tiempo promedio entre el traumatismo y el inicio de los síntomas fue de seis semanas. De acuerdo con la escala de Markwalder, al ingreso 65% se encontraba en grado I, 29% en grado II y 6% en grado III. En la tomografía axial computarizada los hematomas fueron hipodensos y unilaterales en su mayoría. En cuanto al efecto de masa, según la escala de Gordon-Firing, 82% estuvo comprendido en los grados II y III. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del hematoma subdural crónico mediante un orificio de trépano, irrigación y colocación de sistema de drenaje por aspiración de circuito cerrado, bajo anestesia local, es un procedimiento sencillo, seguro y eficaz.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is usually a cranial encephalic trauma present in 1/100,000 cases in subjects >70 years old. We undertook this study to report the experience obtained in the treatment of CSH using the technique of evacuation of the hematoma through a burr hole, irrigation and closed system drainage under local anesthesia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and descriptive study from 1999 to 2008. Files of clinical and radiological diagnoses of adult patients with CSH were reviewed and corroborated with computed axial tomography (CAT) and who were subjected to drainage of the CSH. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were surgically intervened (average age: 72 years). All patients were male and there was a history of trauma in all. Three of the 17 patients had been subjected to an aggression. The average time between injury and symptom onset was 6 weeks. According to the scale of Markwalder, 65% were classified as grade I, 29% as grade II and 6% as grade III. According to CAT, most of the bruises were hypodense and unilateral. As to the effect of the mass according to the scale of Gordon-Firing, 82% were classified as grades II and III. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of CSH through a burr hole, irrigation and closed system drainage under local anesthesia is simple, safe and effective.