Otimização de novos candidatos a fármacos para leishmaniose visceral canina / Optimization of new drug candidates for canine visceral leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose visceral canina se trata de enfermidade infecciosa, zoonótica, de caráter insidioso e multissistêmica. Fatores como a ineficácia dos métodos de controle aplicados sobre os reservatórios caninos (incluindo eutanásia) e a toxicidade dos fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento humano, justificam urgência na busca de novos candidatos a fármacos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial anti-Leishmania de 25 compostos sintéticos derivados do gibilimbol. Destes, quatro apresentaram atividade em amastigotas sem citotoxicidade a células de mamíferos, com o CE50 em amastigotas variando entre 5,1 e 13,5 µM, e dois (LPM-21 e LPM-22) foram submetidos à predição drug-likeness in silico e ensaios de mecanismo de ação em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) infantum. Ambos demonstraram alta absorção gastrointestinal, permeabilidade à barreira hematoencefálica, solubilidade moderada e alta (respectivamente), ausência de moléculas de interferência, e perfil drug-likeness favorável para futuros candidatos a fármacos. Nos ensaios de mecanismo de ação, LPM-21 induziu tardiamente a permeabilização plasmática parasitária (220 minutos), além de ter ocasionado a despolarização da membrana mitocondrial, redução nos níveis de ROS, alcalinização dos acidocalcissomos e importante elevação do Ca2+ intracelular, fatos que sugerem um mecanismo de ação tendo como principal alvo de atuação os acidocalcissomos, resultando no extravasamento do Ca2+ e subsequente despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. O composto LPM-22 não alterou a permeabilidade da membrana plasmática, não atuou sobre o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, induziu a acidificação dos acidocalcissomos, elevação do Ca2+ e redução nos níveis de ROS, podendo sugerir danos à membrana mitocondrial e consequente elevação deste íon. A espectrometria de massas por MALDI-TOF revelou aumento na intensidade dos picos em promastigotas incubadas com LPM-21 e LPM-22. Logo, este trabalho concretiza o potencial anti-Leishmania dos derivados sintéticos do gibilimbol, em especial os compostos LPM-21 e LPM-22, os colocando como futuros candidatos para estudos in vivo. (AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious, zoonotic, insidious and multisystemic disease. Factors such as the ineffectiveness of the control methods applied to canine reservoirs (including euthanasia) and the toxicity of the drugs currently available for human treatment, brings the urgency in search for new drug candidates. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-Leishmania potential of 25 synthetic compounds derived from gibilimbol, a phenolic isolate extracted from the leaves of Piper malacophyllum. Four compounds showed activity in amastigotes without cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, with EC50 in amastigotes ranging between 5.1 and 13.5 µM, and two (LPM-21 and LPM-22) were submitted to the in silico drug-likeness prediction, and mechanism of action assays in Leishmania (L.) infantum promastigotes. Both demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption, permeability to the blood-brain barrier, moderate and high solubility (respectively), and favorable drug-likeness profile for future drug candidates, without revealing PAINS molecules. In the mechanism of action assays, LPM-21 induced parasitic plasmatic permeabilization only at later times (220 minutes), in addition to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, reduction in ROS levels, acidocalcisomes alkalinization and significant increase in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting a mechanism of action targetting acidocalcisomes, resulting in extravasation of Ca2+ and subsequent depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, LPM-22 did not alter the permeability of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in acidification of acidocalcisomes, elevation of Ca2+ and reduction in ROS levels, which may suggest damage to the mitochondrial membrane and consequent calcium elevation. Mass spectrometry by MALDI-TOF revealed an increase in peak intensity in promastigotes incubated with LPM-21 and LPM-22. Finally, this work realizes the anti-Leishmania potential of synthetic gibilimbol derivatives, especially the compounds LPM-21 and LPM-22, placing them as future candidates for in vivo studies. (AU)

Innovation in Pharmaceutical Assistance

Abstract Innovation is the driving force that is able to create and transform products, processes, and organization in the health system. Innovation in the field of pharmaceutical assistance covers a wide spectrum of aspects, from drug discovery to pharmaceutical care, contributing to the improvement in treatments through novel drugs or methods. This work will present the major characteristics of innovation with special emphasis on aspects pertaining to pharmaceutical assistance. The types and models of innovation, as well as the interaction between academia and industry, will be presented with examples of successful products and methods. In addition, the challenges and perspectives for innovation in pharmaceutical assistance will be discussed with a focus on drug discovery.

Desarrollo y validación de técnicas analíticas para la determinación de biomarcadores sanguíneos en ensayos preclínicos. ¿Por qué y para qué? / Development and validation of analytical techniques for the determination of blood biomarkers in preclinical trials. Why and what for?

Resumen El descubrimiento de un nuevo principio activo farmacéutico implica estudios preclínicos, que tienen como objetivo demostrar que es eficaz y seguro para un posterior ensayo en seres humanos. Esto conduce a la necesidad de desarrollar tecnologías que aprovechen las nuevas herramientas analíticas disponi bles dentro de un contexto donde los resultados de las pruebas realizadas, estén plenamente documentados, bajo sistemas de buenas prácticas de laboratorio auditables. En esta revisión se actualizan y describen algunos de los ensayos realizados en la etapa preclínica del desarrollo de un nuevo fármaco y el estado actual de la tecnología analítica empleada para el dosaje de diferentes biomarcadores sanguíneos de interés. Se analizaron los biomarcadores más relevantes, las normativas de validación de las técnicas analíticas empleadas para su determinación y los problemas que se presentan al tratar de aplicarlas.

Abstract New drug discovery involves preclinical studies to demonstrate its effectivity and safety for further tests in humans. This leads to the need to develop technologies that take advantage of the new analytical tools available within a context where the results of the tests carried out are fully documented, under auditable systems of good laboratory practice. This review updates and describes some of the tests carried out in the preclinical stage of the development of a new drug and the current state of the analytical technology used to measure different blood biomarkers of interest. Biomarker parameters were analyzed at the physiological level, considering both the validation regulations of the analytical techniques used for their determination as the problems that arise when trying to apply them, since many of these biomarkers are endogenous compounds in the used matrices.

COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious infection that may break the healthcare system of several countries. Here, we aimed at presenting a critical view of ongoing drug repurposing efforts for COVID-19 as well as discussing opportunities for development of new treatments based on current knowledge of the mechanism of infection and potential targets within. Finally, we also discuss patent protection issues, cost effectiveness and scalability of synthetic routes for some of the most studied repurposing candidates since these are key aspects to meet global demand for COVID-19 treatment.

Terapia antibacteriana: origen y evolución en el tiempo / Antibacterial therapy: origin and evolution in the time

Desde siempre, el ser humano buscó una explicación a los fenómenos y una solución a sus males. El instinto fue quien primero guió al hombre para buscar remedios con los que aliviar sus males lamiendo o limpiando sus heridas. Mediante el método de "ensayo-error", el hombre prehistórico fue encontrando plantas y sustancias minerales que resultaban eficaces. En la Edad Media y el Mundo Moderno, la medicina Hippocrático-galénica tuvo, en relación a la terapéutica, a Dioscórides como el gran referente Con el decurso de los años, científicos como Pasteur, Koch, Cantani, Emmerich, Low, Tiberio, sentaron las bases para que más tarde otros como Freudenreich, Domagk, Fleming, Waksman, entre otros, descubrieran y perfeccionaran la amplia gama de antibióticos que hoy conocemos. A pesar de estos avances, en la actualidad se observan múltiples mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana que ponen en peligro la eficacia antibiótica (AU).

The human beings have always looked for an explanation to the phenomena and a solution to his misfortunes. Firstly the instinct was what guided the man to look for remedies to alleviate his ills licking or cleaning his wounds. By means of the "trial-error" method, the prehistoric man was finding plants and mineral substances that were effective. In the Middle Ages and the Modern World, the Hippocratic-galenic medicine took Dioscorides as the great referent in relation to therapeutic. As the years went by, scientist like Pasteur, Koch, Cantani, Emmerich, Low, Tiberio, set the bases for Freudenreich, Domagk, Fleming, Waksman among others to discover and improve the wide range antibiotics known today. In spite of these advances, multiple mechanisms of bacterial resistance putting in danger antibiotic effectiveness are observed today (AU).

Planejamento, síntese e avaliação biológica de inibidores de falcipaína 2 como candidatos a antimaláricos / Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of falcipain 2 inhibitors as candidates for antimalarials

A malária, doença causada pelo protozoário do gênero Plasmodium, está entre as doenças que mais causam mortes os países subdesenvolvidosn. O hospedeiro é infectado por meio da picada do mosquito do gênero Anopheles, que introduz o parasita durante a hematofagia. As formas mais graves são causadas pelo Plasmodium vivax e o Plasmodium falciparum. As regiões mais afetadas por estas formas são África Subsaariana, Ásia, América Central e Sul. Desde o começo do século XXI, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) busca erradicar a doença, porém o P.falciparum se mostrou resistente aos fármacos antimaláricos existentes, dificultando a eficácia do tratamento. Isto, entre outros fatores, como mortalidade e alto índice de infecção, tornam necessárias novas pesquisas para a descoberta de novos fármacos mais seguros e eficazes contra a malária. Estudos têm mostrado como um alvo promissor para a criação de novos antimaláricos, a cisteína protease falcipaína, a qual se apresenta em três isoformas no parasita, sendo elas, falcipaína 1, 2 e 3. A falcipaína 2 está ligada com a hidrólise da hemoglobina, e seus inibidores vem sendo estudados como alternativas na busca de agentes antimaláricos. Derivados de semicarbazona, tais como o nitrofural e o hidroximetilnitrofural demonstraram atividade inibitória de cisteíno proteases parasitárias. Utilizando estratégias modernas de planejamento de fármacos e por meio da integração entre técnicas computacionais e experimentais, realizou-se o planejamento, síntese e avaliação biológica de compostos derivados dos ditiocarbazatos e tiossemicarbazonas, bioisosteros de semicarbazona, como inibidores da cisteíno protease falcipaína 2, no intuito de obter novos antimaláricos. Aplicaram-se técnicas de modelagem molecular em três séries de compostos (A, B e C), sendo a A e B derivados dos ditiocarbazatos e a C das tiossemicarbazonas. Estes estudos sugerem, três compostos da série A, quatro na série B e três na C com maior potencial para inibição da falcipaína 2. Isso devido aos resultados teóricos indicarem condições favoráveis ao ataque nucleofílico da cisteína 42 catalítica da falcipaína 2 às tiocarbonilass presentes nos compostos planejados. Estes derivados foram sintetizados, analisados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética de 1H e 13C, espectroscopia de IV, ponto de fusão e pureza caracterizando sua formação. Após a obtenção, os compostos foram enviados para ensaios biológicos frente ao parasita P. falciparum. Os compostos testados não apresentaram inibição, porém é sabido que muitos inibidores enzimáticos não são ativos contra o parasita mesmo tendo alta potência contra a enzima, isto devido às barreiras a serem ultrapassadas até chegar ao alvo bioquímico, deste modo faz-se necessário ensaios contra a enzima para validar nossa hipótese

Malaria, a disease caused by the protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, is among the most deadly diseases in poor countries. The host is infected through the bite of the mosquito of the genus ,i>Anopheles, which introduces the parasite during hematophagy. The most severe forms are caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. The regions most affected by these forms are Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Central and South America. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has sought to eradicate the disease, but P. falciparum has been resistant to antimalarial drugs treatment. Among other factors, such as mortality and high infection rates, new research is needed to find new, safer and more effective drugs against malaria. Studies have shown as a promising target for the creation of new antimalarial drugs, the cysteine protease falcipain, which is present in three isoforms in the parasite: falcipain 1, 2 and 3. Falcipain 2 is linked to the hydrolysis of hemoglobin, and its inhibitors have been studied as alternatives in the search for antimalarial agents. Derivatives of semicarbazone such as nitrofural and hydroxymethylnitrofural demonstrated inhibitory activity of parasitic cysteine proteases. Using modern strategies for drug design and the integration of computational and experimental techniques, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of compounds derived from dithiocarbazates and thiossemicarbazones, semicarbazone biosynthesis as inhibitors of cysteine protease falcipain 2 were carried out in order to new antimalarials. Molecular modeling studies were performed in three series of compounds (A, B and C), with A and B being derived from dithiocarbazates and C from thiossemicarbazones. These studies suggest three compounds in the A series, four in the B series, and three in the C group with the greatest potential for inhibition of falcipain 2. This is due to the theoretical results indicating favorable conditions for the nucleophilic attack of the catalytic cysteine of falcipain 2 on thionyls present in the compounds planned. These derivatives were synthesized, analyzed by 1H and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and melting point, characterizing their formation. After being obtained, the compounds were sent for biological assays against the P. falciparum parasite. The compounds tested did not show inhibition, but it is known that many enzyme inhibitors are not active against the parasite even though they have high potency against the enzyme, this is due to the barriers to be overcome until reaching the biochemical target, thus enzyme to validate our hypothesis

Marine drugs for cancer: surfacing biotechnological innovations from the oceans

This review will discuss the contributions of marine natural molecules, a source only recently found to have pharmaceutical prospects, to the development of anticancer drugs. Of the seven clinically utilized compounds with a marine origin, four are used for the treatment of cancer. The development of these drugs has afforded valuable knowledge and crucial insights to meet the most common challenges in this endeavor, such as toxicity and supply. In this context, the development of these compounds will be discussed herein to illustrate, with successful examples provided by cytarabine, trabectedin, eribulin and brentuximab vedotin, the steps involved in this process as well as the scientific advances and technological innovation potential associated with developing a new drug from marine resources.

Second-generation pterocarpanquinones: synthesis and antileishmanial activity

Despite the development of new therapies for leishmaniasis, among the 200 countries or territories reporting to the WHO, 87 were identified as endemic for Tegumentary Leishmaniasis and 75 as endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis. The identification of antileishmanial drug candidates is essential to fill the drug discovery pipeline for leishmaniasis. In the hit molecule LQB-118 selected, the first generation of pterocarpanquinones was effective and safe against experimental visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis via oral delivery. In this paper, we report the synthesis and antileishmanial activity of the second generation of pterocarpanoquinones. Methods: The second generation of pterocarpanquinones 2a-f was prepared through a palladium-catalyzed oxyarylation of dihydronaphtalen and chromens with iodolawsone, easily prepared by iodination of lawsone. The spectrum of antileishmanial activity was evaluated in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. infantum. Toxicity was assessed in peritoneal macrophages and selective index calculated by CC50/IC50. Oxidative stress was measured by intracellular ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in treated cells. Results: In this work, we answered two pertinent questions about the structure of the first-generation pterocarpanquinones: the configuration and positions of rings B (pyran) and C (furan) and the presence of oxygen in the B ring. When rings B and C are exchanged, we noted an improvement of the activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis and promastigotes of L. infantum. As to the oxygen in ring B of the new generation, we observed that the oxygenated compound 2b is approximately twice as active against L. braziliensis promastigotes than its deoxy derivative 2a. Another modification that improved the activity was the addition of the methylenedioxy group. A variation in the susceptibility among species was evident in the clinically relevant form of the parasite, the intracellular amastigote. L. amazonensis was the species most susceptible to novel derivatives, whilst L. infantum was resistant to most of them. The pterocarpanoquinones (2b and 2c) that possess the oxygen atom in ring B showed induction of increased ROS production. Conclusions: The data presented indicate that the pterocarpanoquinones are promising compounds for the development of new leishmanicidal agents.(AU)

Computational drug discovery for the Zika virus

Few Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks had been reported since its first detection in 1947, until the recent epidemics occurred in South America (2014/2015) and expeditiously became a global public health emergency. This arbovirus reached 0.5-1.3 million cases of ZIKV infection in Brazil in 2015 and rapidly spread in new geographic areas such as the Americas. Despite the mild symptoms of the Zika fever, the major concern is related to the related severe neurological disorders, especially microcephaly in newborns. Advances in ZIKV drug discovery have been made recently and constitute promising approaches to ZIKV treatment. In this review, we summarize current computational drug discovery efforts and their applicability to discovery of anti-ZIKV drugs. Lastly, we present successful examples of the use of computational approaches to ZIKV drug discovery.

Strategies towards expansion of chemical space of natural product-based compounds to enable drug discovery

Natural products (NPs) are an excellent source of biologically active molecules that provide many biologically biased features that enable innovative designing of synthetic compounds. NPs are characterized by high content of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms; oxygen; spiro, bridged, and linked systems; and stereogenic centers, with high structural diversity. To date, several approaches have been implemented for mapping and navigating into the chemical space of NPs to explore the different aspects of chemical space. The approaches providing novel opportunities to synthesize NP-inspired compound libraries involve NP-based fragments and ring distortion strategies. These methodologies allow access to areas of chemical space that are less explored, and consequently help to overcome the limitations in the use of NPs in drug discovery, such as lack of accessibility and synthetic intractability. In this review, we describe how NPs have recently been used as a platform for the development of diverse compounds with high structural and stereochemical complexity. In addition, we show developed strategies aiming to reengineer NPs toward the expansion of NP-based chemical space by fragment-based approaches and chemical degradation to yield novel compounds to enable drug discovery

Candidatos a novos agentes tuberculostáticos: planejamento e sí­ntese de inibidores da fosfopanteteí­na adenililtransferase / New antituberculosis agents' candidates: design and synthesis of phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase inhibitors

A tuberculose (TB) é uma das maiores causas de morte por infecção no mundo, sendo que, em 2015, registraram-se 10,4 milhões de novos casos. O agente etiológico da doença, o Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), apresenta altos níveis de resistência frente aos quimioterápicos disponíveis para o tratamento da TB. Além disso, a terapia atual da doença explora poucos alvos essenciais ao Mtb. Neste sentido, explorar novos alvos, essenciais ao crescimento e sobrevivência da micobactéria é de grande interesse e poderia gerar fármacos mais efetivos, eficazes contra cepas resistentes e a forma latente da TB. Para este fim, o presente trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento de inibidores da enzima fosfopanteteína adenililtransferase (PPAT), a qual possui caráter regulatório na via de biossíntese da Coenzima A (CoA) da micobactéria. Inicialmente, propuseram-se 50 estruturas de potenciais inibidores da PPAT de M. tuberculosis (MtPPAT), baseando-se na estrutura de seu substrato, a fosfopanteteína, e na estrutura do sítio ativo da enzima. Em seguida, propuseram-se outros 28 ligantes. A fim de se prever as potenciais complementaridades entre os 78 inibidores propostos e o sítio ativo da MtPPAT, empregou-se a estratégia de docking. Posteriormente, realizaram-se cálculos semi-empíricos, com os complexos dos ligantes que se mostraram mais interessantes nas simulações de docking, a fim de se obter informações sobre a entalpia de interação dos ligantes com o sítio ativo da MtPPAT. A partir dos resultados obtidos nos estudos computacionais, selecionaram-se os inibidores que se mostraram mais promissores. A síntese destes ligantes e a de seus fragmentos foi realizada. Avaliaram-se a atividade microbiológica in vitro, bem como a citotoxicidade dos ligantes sintetizados. Alguns dos compostos sintetizados apresentaram atividade frente às cepas sensíveis e resistentes do Mtb na casa de micromolar. Todos os compostos ativos não foram considerados citotóxicos. A fim de validar o planejamento e o alvo dos possíveis inibidores, verificando a atividade inibitória desses frente à enzima MtPPAT, realizou-se a produção e purificação da enzima. Por fim, realizaram-se ensaios de inibição enzimática frente à MtPPAT, os quais permitiram a identificação dos primeiros inibidores da enzima já descritos, com atividade na casa de micromolar, validando-se o alvo em questão

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death by infection worldwide. In 2015, 10.4 thousand new cases of the disease were registered. The tuberculosis' causing agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis presents high levels of resistance for the available chemotherapy. Thereof, exploit new M. tuberculosis targets is of utmost importance to overcome drug resistant tuberculosis. In this sense, the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) generates scientific interest since it displays a regulatory role in the M. tuberculosis coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was the development of M. tuberculosis PPAT (MtPPAT) inhibitors. Initially, 50 potentially MtPPAT inhibitors were designed based on MtPPAT's substrate and the enzyme's active site. After preliminary results, more 28 compounds were designed. Docking simulations were performed with the 78 compounds synthesized, leading to the prediction of the interaction between the proposed inhibitors and MtPPAT active site. Latelly, semi-empirical calculations were performed with the most promising compounds. These calculations were carried out to obtain information about the enthalpy interactions between compounds and MtPPAT active site. Computational studies led to the selection of the most promising inhibitors. Those compounds and some of their fragments were synthesized, purified, and characterized. The synthesized compounds had their in vitro microbiological activity and cytotoxicity evaluated. Some of the synthesized compounds showed activity against the Mtb sensitive and resistant strains in micromolar range. Besides that, the active compounds were not considered cytotoxic. To validate the potential inhibitors' design and evaluate their capacity to inhibit MtPPAT, the enzyme was produced and purified. MtPPAT inhibitory assays were performed, leading to the first inhibitors of the enzyme, with activity in micromolar range, validating the target

Aplicação de planejamento baseado na estrutura do receptor na busca de inibidores de cisteíno-proteases parasitárias (cruzaína (T. cruzi) e PCB (Leishmanioses) / Structure-based virtual screening in the search of parasitic cysteine-proteases inhibitors

Doenças causadas por agentes infecciosos e parasitários são chamadas negligenciadas por não despertarem interesse das indústrias farmacêuticas para o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. Essas doenças são responsáveis por levar milhões de pessoas à morte todos os anos e afetam principalmente os países pobres e em desenvolvimento. Dentre estas, a doença de Chagas e as leishmanioses, parasitoses causadas por parasitas flagelados pertencentes à família Trypanosomatidae, T. cruzi e Leishmaina sp., respectivamente, se apresentam como um sério problema de saúde pública mundial. Endêmicas em vários países e causando milhões de mortes anualmente, ainda hoje não existem fármacos eficientes e seguros para o tratamento dessas doenças. Este panorama torna eminente a necessidade de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para essas parasitoses. A busca por agentes quimioterápicos envolve a seleção de vias metabólicas essenciais à sobrevivência dos parasitas. Dentre estas, destacamse cisteíno-proteases presentes nesses tripanossomatídeos, deste modo a cruzaína no T. cruzi, e a CPB2.8 na Leishmania mexicana, se mostram como alvos bioquímicos promissores. A disponibilidade de estruturas cristalográficas da cruzaína e do sequenciamento genômico da CPB2.8, nos permite utilizar estratégias de planejamento de fármacos baseado no receptor (SBDD) na identificação de candidatos a fármacos para essas doenças. Entre as técnicas modernas de SBDD utilizadas, a triagem virtual possibilita identificar promissores candidatos a novos fármacos. Assim neste trabalho, obteve-se por meio da técnica de modelagem comparativa o modelo da enzima CPB2.8 de L. mexicana, visto a indisponibilidade da estrutura cristalográfica no Protein Data Bank (PDB). De modo a refinar o modelo construído realizou-se a simulação por dinâmica molecular de 100ns, apresentando estabilização a partir de 80ns. A simulação por dinâmica molecular foi validada por meio do gráfico de Ramachandran, gráfico de raio de giro, RMSD, gráfico de superfície hidrofóbica. Foram calculados os mapas de interação molecular no programa GRID das seguintes proteínas: cruzaína, CPB2.8, catepsina B e catepsina L, e, posteriormente, foi construído um modelo farmacofórico baseado no sítio ativo das enzimas cruzaína e CPB2.8. O modelo farmacofórico da cruzaína foi validado por curva ROC apresentando valor de AUC 61%. A triagem virtual foi realizada para ambas as proteínas e foram obtidos 369 compostos para a cuzaína e 225 compostos para a CPB2.8. Foi realizado o ancoramento molecular desses compostos obtidos pela triagem virtual a fim de diminuir a quantidade de compostos a serem avaliados experimentalmente

Neglected diseases are caused by parasites and infectious agents and affect mainly people in poor areas being prevalent in 149 countries and causing 534,000 deaths per year. Among neglected diseases we can highlight Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis, both have a high rate of morbidity and mortality and both are addressed in this project in the search of new drugs against a NTD. Nowadays, the search for new drugs involves the selection of biological pathways essential for parasite survival, in this class of parasites we can suggest the cysteine proteases, a proteases family present in Trypanosoma cruzi and and Leishmania ssp. In order to obtain a new agent against Neglected Disease in this work was obtained the model of the enzyme CPB2.8 of L. mexicana using the comparative modeling technique, due to the unavailability of the crystallographic structure in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). In order to refine the constructed model was performed the molecular dynamics simulation of 100ns, stabilization was achieved from 80ns. Molecular dynamics simulation was validated using the Ramachandran graph, radius of rotation graph, RMSD, hydrophobic surface area graph. The molecular interaction fields were calculated in the GRID program to cruzain, CPB2.8, cathepsin B and cathepsin L. Based on molecular interaction fields generated pharmacophoric models were constructed using information about the active site of the enzymes cruzain and CPB2.8. The pharmacophoric model of cruzain was validated by ROC curve presenting AUC value of 61%. Virtual screening was performed for both proteins and 369 compounds were obtained for cuzain and 225 compounds for CPB2.8. Docking studies of these compounds was performed in order to decrease the amount of compounds to be evaluated experimentally

Vetorização de compostos 5-nitro-heterocí­clicos com atividade frente a microrganismos multirresistentes. Obtenção de nanopartí­culas carregadas e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana / Vectorization of 5-nitro-heterocyclic compounds with activity against multiresistant microorganisms. Obtaining of loaded nanoparticles and evaluation of antimicrobial activity

Pacientes com queimaduras e outras lesões cutâneas de grande extensão apresentam alta propensão a infecções multirresistentes. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de nanopartículas de quitosana carregadas com composto derivado de 5-nitro-heterocíclico com estrutura análoga à nifuroxazida, N'-((5-nitrofurano-2-il)metileno)-2-benzidrazida (C-H), que apresentou importante atividade frente a diversas cepas de bactérias multirresistentes. Por sua vez, a quitosana é um biopolímero com atividade antimicrobiana, analgésica, regeneradora tecidual e que, mediante contato com exsudato de lesões cutâneas forma filmes hidrogéis protetores no local de aplicação, sendo estas atividades importantes para a prevenção e tratamento de infecções e da exsudação excessiva de lesões de grande extensão. As nanopartículas de quitosana carregadas com o composto (Nps-H) foram obtidas pelo método de gelificação iônica com tripolifosfato de sódio como agente reticulante, variando a concentração de NaCl e polissorbato 80 do sistema, orientada por análise fatorial. As Nps-H obtidas foram caracterizadas por Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) para determinação do tamanho, índice de polidispersão (IPD) e potencial zeta (ζ). A eficiência de encapsulação (EE%) foi determinada por espectrofotometria UV/VIS a 370 nm por método indireto. Entre os experimentos desenvolvidos, aquele que apresentou os melhores resultados resultou em partículas de tamanho médio de 321 d.nm, IPD 0,18, Pζ +37 mV e EE% de 48%. A morfologia e superfície das Nps-H foram analisadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e mostraram que as Nps-H são esféricas e de superfície irregular. A partir da obtenção e caracterização das Nps-H determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) das Nps-H, do composto livre (C-H) e das nanopartículas de quitosana vazias (Nps-Cs) por método colorimétrico e microdiluição frente às cepas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, hVISA e ORSA. As Nps-H apresentaram atividade bastante superior comparando-se ao C-H e as Nps-Cs frente às cepas de S. aureus estudadas. Com vista à preparação de uma formulação farmacêutica estável, partiu-se para a liofilização das Nps-H e com esse objetivo realizou-se análises térmicas das Nps-H por Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) para determinação das temperaturas de transição vítrea e eutética (Tg' e Teut) e análise por criomicroscopia para determinação da temperatura de colapso (Tcol). Amostras de Nps-H com lio/crioprotetores glicina, lactose e sacarose a diferentes concentrações foram liofilizadas a -40 ºC a 100 mTorr. As amostras de Nps-H com lactose e sacarose ambas a 2,5% e 5% demonstraram preservar as características originais das Nps-H após o processo de liofilização. Observou-se, com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho que as Nps-H representam uma promissora alternativa na prevenção e tratamento de pacientes com lesões cutâneas infeccionadas por bactérias multirresistentes e no controle da exsudação excessiva, principalmente por suas atividades terapêuticas em conjunto, diminuindo a mortalidade e morbidade desses quadros

Patients with burns and others extensive skin lesions show high propension to multiresistant infections. In this context, the aim of this project is to obtain chitosan nanoparticles carried with 5-nitro-heterocyclic derivate with structure analogue to nifuroxazide N'-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylene)-2-benzhydrazide, that showed important activity against multiresistant bacteria strains. In its turn, the chitosan is a biopolymer with antimicrobial, analgesic, tecidual regenerator activities and by contact with excessive burns and extensive skin lesions exsudate process, form protective hydrogel films on place of application, being these activities important to infection and excessive exsudate treatment and prevention of extensive burns and lesions. The chitosan nanoparticles carried with compound (Nps-H) were obtained by ionic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as crosslinker agent, varing the NaCl and polysorbate 80 concentrations in the system, oriented by factorial analyze. The Nps-H obtained were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to size determination, polydispersion index (PDI) and zeta potential (ζ-P). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were determined by spectrophotometry UV/VIS at 370 nm by indirect method. Bepolissorbato the experiments developed, the one who showed the best results, resulted in particles with size of 321 d.nm, PDI of 0,18, ζ-P of +37 mV and EE% of 48%. The Nps-H morphology and surface were analyzed by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and showed that Nps-H are spherical and with irregular surface. Starting of Nps-H obtain and characterization were determined the Nps-H, free compound (C-H) and empty chitosan nanoparticles (Nps-Cs) Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) by colorimetric method and microdilution against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, ORSA and hVISA strains. The Nps-H showed the superior activity comparing to C-H and Nps-H against all strains tested. With a view to preparation of stable pharmaceutic formulation, started to Nps-H freeze-drying and with this aim, were realized Nps-H thermal analyzes by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) to determine glass transition and euthetic temperatures (Tg' and Teut) and the cryomicroscopy analyze to determine collapse temperature (Tcol). The Nps-H samples with lyo/cryoprotectants as glycine, lactose and sucrose at different concentrations were lyophilized at -40 ºC at 100 mTorr. The Nps-H samples with lactose and sucrose both at 2,5% and 5% demonstrated to preserve the original Nps-H characteristics after freeze-drying process. Were observed, with the results obtained in this project that Nps-H represent the promising alternative to prevention and treatment of patients with infected skin lesions by multiresitant bacteria and to control of excessive exudate process, mainly by their therapeutic activities combined, decreasing the mortality and morbidity of these cases

From Medicinal Chemistry to Human Health: Current Approaches to Drug Discovery for Cancer and Neglected Tropical Diseases

ABSTRACT Scientific and technological breakthroughs have compelled the current players in drug discovery to increasingly incorporate knowledge-based approaches. This evolving paradigm, which has its roots attached to the recent advances in medicinal chemistry, molecular and structural biology, has unprecedentedly demanded the development of up-to-date computational approaches, such as bio- and chemo-informatics. These tools have been pivotal to catalyzing the ever-increasing amount of data generated by the molecular sciences, and to converting the data into insightful guidelines for use in the research pipeline. As a result, ligand- and structure-based drug design have emerged as key pathways to address the pharmaceutical industry's striking demands for innovation. These approaches depend on a keen integration of experimental and molecular modeling methods to surmount the main challenges faced by drug candidates - in vivo efficacy, pharmacodynamics, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and safety. To that end, the Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional (LQMC) of the Universidade de São Paulo has developed forefront research on highly prevalent and life-threatening neglected tropical diseases and cancer. By taking part in global initiatives for pharmaceutical innovation, the laboratory has contributed to the advance of these critical therapeutic areas through the use of cutting-edge strategies in medicinal chemistry.

Actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica de un extracto de Salvia apiana frente a microorganismos de importancia clínica / Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Salvia apiana against clinically important microorganisms

Debido a la gran problemática mundial de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos, es necesaria la búsqueda continua de nuevas moléculas con características antimicrobianas. Este estudio evaluó el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico de un extracto hexánico proveniente de la raíz de Salvia apiana. Los extractos de salvia a las concentraciones de 27; 13,5; 6,8 y 3,4mg/ml causaron inhibición del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis y Candida albicans. Sin embargo, no presentaron efecto significativo sobre Escherichia coli y Candida tropicalis al compararse con los valores del vehículo en las valoraciones de difusión en pozo. Se demostró que S. apiana tiene un efecto antimicrobiano significativo sobre patógenos de gran importancia clínica, lo que abre el campo para continuar evaluando a esta lamiácea en vistas a su posible empleo en el futuro como un agente terapéutico

Due to the great global concern regarding bacterial resistance to antibiotics, an ongoing search for new molecules having antibacterial activity is necessary. This study evaluated the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of a hexane extract from the root of Salvia apiana. Salvia extracts at concentrations of 27, 13.5, 6.8 and 3.4mg/ml caused growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. However, no significant effect was observed on Escherichia coli and Candida tropicalis in comparison to vehicle. It was here demonstrated for the first time that Salvia apiana has an important antimicrobial effect on human pathogens of great clinical value, thus opening the field to continue the evaluation of this lamiaceous plant for its future use as a therapeutic agent

Health, development and innovation: a contribution of the critical theory of technology to the discussion / Salud, desarrollo e innovación: contribución de la teoría crítica de la tecnología para debatir / Saúde, desenvolvimento e inovação: uma contribuição da teoria crítica da tecnologia ao debate

Abstract: The relationships between health and socioeconomic development are diverse. These relationships find in the health economic complex a privileged ground for expression. The importance of health technologies increased exponentially since the middle of the 20th century, affecting health systems in terms of both, quality of care and economic aspects. In fact, the predominant model of care is based on fragmented, symptomatic therapy practices that encourages the use of products and services and promotes a passive participation of users rather than humanization of care. Overcoming this model requires changes in the health technology standards which, in turn, require changes in the technology standard of society. The critical theory of technology helps to understand the evolution of the industrial civilization. It enriches the discussion by suggesting the health economic complex be more sensibly adjusted to the requirements of comprehensive health care, and to inclusive and sustainable development.

Resumen: Las relaciones entre la salud y el desarrollo socioeconómico son múltiples. Estas relaciones tienen el complejo económico de la salud como el espacio privilegiado de su expresión. La importancia de las tecnologías de salud aumentó exponencialmente desde mediados del siglo XX, con efectos sobre los sistemas de salud, tanto en la calidad de la atención, como en aspectos económicos. En realidad, predomina un modelo de atención caracterizado por prácticas fragmentadas, que enfatizan tratamientos sintomáticos, estimulan el consumismo de productos y servicios, y promueven, en vez de la humanización, una participación pasiva de los usuarios. La superación de ese modelo pasa por el cambio del padrón tecnológico de la salud, que, a su vez, exige la transformación del padrón tecnológico de la sociedad. La teoría crítica de la tecnología ayuda a comprender la evolución de la civilización industrial. Enriquece el debate, sugiriendo una conformación del complejo económico de la salud más sensible a las exigencias de la atención integral a la salud y del desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible.

Resumo: As relações entre a saúde e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico são múltiplas. Essas relações têm o complexo econômico da saúde como o espaço privilegiado de sua expressão. A importância das tecnologias de saúde aumentou exponencialmente desde meados do século XX, com efeitos sobre os sistemas de saúde, tanto em qualidade da atenção, quanto em aspectos econômicos. Na realidade, predomina um modelo de atenção caracterizado por práticas fragmentadas, que enfatizam tratamentos sintomáticos, estimulam o consumismo de produtos e serviços e promovem, ao invés da humanização, uma participação passiva dos usuários. A superação desse modelo passa pela mudança do padrão tecnológico da saúde, que, por sua vez, exige a transformação do padrão tecnológico da sociedade. A teoria crítica da tecnologia ajuda a compreender a evolução da civilização industrial. Enriquece o debate, sugerindo uma conformação do complexo econômico da saúde mais sensível às exigências da atenção integral à saúde e do desenvolvimento inclusivo e sustentável.

Healthcare systems, the State, and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry / Sistemas de salud, Estado e innovación en la industria farmacéutica / Sistemas de atenção à saúde, Estado e inovação na indústria farmacêutica

Abstract: This article discusses the relations between healthcare systems and the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on state support for pharmaceutical innovation. The study highlights the experiences of the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany, developed countries and paradigms of modern health systems (liberal, universal, and corporatist), in addition to Japan, a case of successful catching up. The study also emphasizes the experiences of China, India, and Brazil, large developing countries that have tried different catching up strategies, with diverse histories and profiles in their healthcare systems and pharmaceutical industries. Finally, with a focus on state forms of support for health research, the article addresses the mechanisms for linkage between health systems and the pharmaceutical industry, evaluating the possibilities of Brazil strengthening a virtuous interaction, favoring the expansion and consolidation of the Brazilian health system - universal but segmented ‒ and the affirmation of the innovative national pharmaceutical industry.

Resumen: El artículo discute las relaciones entre los sistemas de salud y la industria farmacéutica, concentrándose en el apoyo del Estado a la innovación farmacéutica. Resalta las trayectorias de los Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y Alemania, países desarrollados, paradigmáticos de los modernos sistemas de salud (liberales, universales y corporativos), además de Japón, un caso de emparejamiento exitoso. También enfatiza las trayectorias de China, India y Brasil, países en desarrollo, extensos, que experimentaron diferentes estrategias de emparejamiento en este ámbito, disponiendo de sistemas de salud e industrias farmacéuticas con trayectorias y perfiles diversos. Finalmente, centrándose en las formas estatales de apoyo a la investigación en salud, se consideran los mecanismos de conexión entre los sistemas de salud y la industria farmacéutica, evaluando las posibilidades, en Brasil, de fortalecer una interacción virtuosa que favorezca la expansión y consolidación del sistema de salud brasileño -universal, pese a estar segmentado-, y la consolidación de la industria farmacéutica nacional innovadora.

Resumo: O artigo discute as relações entre os sistemas de saúde e a indústria farmacêutica, concentrando-se no apoio do Estado à inovação farmacêutica. Salienta as trajetórias dos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Alemanha, países desenvolvidos, paradigmáticos dos modernos sistemas de saúde (liberais, universais e corporativos), além do Japão, um caso de emparelhamento bem-sucedido. Também enfatiza as trajetórias de China, Índia e Brasil, países em desenvolvimento, extensos, que experimentaram diferentes estratégias de emparelhamento, dispondo de sistemas de saúde e indústrias farmacêuticas com trajetórias e perfis diversos. Finalmente, com foco nas formas estatais de apoio à pesquisa em saúde, considera os mecanismos de conexão entre os sistemas de saúde e a indústria farmacêutica, avaliando as possibilidades, no Brasil, de fortalecer uma interação virtuosa que favoreça a expansão e consolidação do sistema de saúde brasileiro - universal, conquanto segmentado ‒ e a afirmação da indústria farmacêutica nacional inovadora.

Windows of opportunities and technological innovation in the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry / Ventanas de oportunidades e innovación tecnológica en la industria brasileña de medicamentos / Janelas de oportunidades e inovação tecnológica na indústria brasileira de medicamentos

Abstract: The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry is heavily dependent on external sources of inputs, capital, and technology. However, the emergence of technological opportunities and the development of biotechnology and the decline of the patent boom and resulting advances by generic drugs have opened windows of opportunities for the local industry. The article examines the Brazilian industry's innovative behavior vis-à-vis these opportunities, showing that although the industry as a whole invests little in innovation, a few large Brazilian companies have expanded their market share and stepped up their investments in research and development, supported by public policies for innovation.

Resumen: La industria farmacéutica brasileña se caracteriza por su gran dependencia de fuentes externas de insumos, capital y tecnología. El surgimiento de oportunidades tecnológicas, asociadas al desarrollo de la biotecnología, y al fin del boom de las patentes -con el consecuente avance de los medicamentos genéricos-, es paralelo a la apertura de ventanas de oportunidad para la industria local. Este artículo examina el comportamiento innovador de la industria brasileña a la luz de esas oportunidades, revelando que, aunque el conjunto de la industria mantenga bajos niveles de inversión en innovación, un pequeño grupo de grandes empresas nacionales está ampliando su participación en el mercado e intensificando sus inversiones en pesquisa y desarollo, apoyados por políticas públicas de innovación.

Resumo: A indústria farmacêutica brasileira caracteriza-se pela grande dependência de fontes externas de insumos, capital e tecnologia. O surgimento de oportunidades tecnológicas, associadas ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e ao fim do boom das patentes com o consequente avanço dos medicamentos genéricos, entretanto, vem abrindo janelas de oportunidades para a indústria local. Este artigo examina o comportamento inovador da indústria brasileira à luz dessas oportunidades, revelando que, embora o conjunto da indústria mantenha baixos níveis de investimentos em inovação, um pequeno grupo de grandes empresas nacionais vem ampliando sua participação no mercado e intensificando seus investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, apoiados por políticas públicas de inovação.

Non-clinical studies required for new drug development - Part I: early in silico and in vitro studies, new target discovery and validation, proof of principles and robustness of animal studies

This review presents a historical overview of drug discovery and the non-clinical stages of the drug development process, from initial target identification and validation, through in silico assays and high throughput screening (HTS), identification of leader molecules and their optimization, the selection of a candidate substance for clinical development, and the use of animal models during the early studies of proof-of-concept (or principle). This report also discusses the relevance of validated and predictive animal models selection, as well as the correct use of animal tests concerning the experimental design, execution and interpretation, which affect the reproducibility, quality and reliability of non-clinical studies necessary to translate to and support clinical studies. Collectively, improving these aspects will certainly contribute to the robustness of both scientific publications and the translation of new substances to clinical development.