Morphological Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Respiratory System and Related Functions Based on AQPs Expression

SUMMARY: A great deal of attention of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing, particularly in relation to haze days. It is that exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants, thereby increasing the complexity of respiratory diseases. Although there are various mechanisms involved to respiratory diseases caused or worsen by cigarette smoking, in which the role of AQPs in the lung with regard to fluid homeostasis still remains elusive. In this paper, we copied the rat models based on smoke generator, and investigated the morphological changes of mucosa and related functions depending on the balance of lining liquid of alveoli via AQPs expression. Compared with normal group, weak labelling of AQP1 and AQP5 protein abundance were clearly detected in the corresponding part of smoke exposure groups compared with normal group. Hence, it is suggested that the contribution of AQPs in the lung is diminished, thereby causing perturbed balancing between resorptive and secretory fluid homeostasis under cigarette smoking.

Cada vez se presta más atención a la contaminación del aire en la salud respiratoria, particularmente, en relación con los días de neblina. En consecuencia la exposición al humo del cigarrillo aumenta la toxicidad de los contaminantes comunes del aire, lo que además aumenta la complejidad de las enfermedades respiratorias. Aunque existen varios mecanismos involucrados en las enfermedades respiratorias causadas o empeoradas por el tabaquismo, en las que el papel de las AQP en el pulmón respecto a la homeostasis de líquidos sigue siendo difícil de alcanzar. En este artículo, copiamos los modelos de rata basados en el generador de humo e investigamos los cambios morfológicos de la mucosa y las funciones relacionadas según el equilibrio del líquido de revestimiento de los alvéolos a través de la expresión de AQP. En comparación con el grupo normal, se detectó claramente un etiquetado débil de la abundancia de proteínas AQP1 y AQP5 en la parte correspondiente de los grupos de exposición al humo en comparación con el grupo control. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la contribución de las AQP en el pulmón está disminuida, provocando así un equilibrio perturbado entre la homeostasis del líquido secretor y de reabsorción bajo el hábito de fumar cigarrillos.

Cigarette Smoking Effect on Microhardness and Flexural Properties of Denture Base Resins

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the tobacco effect on flexural properties and the microhardness of three acrylic resins. Material and Methods: Three resins were tested: two thermo-polymerizable acrylic resins (RMB 20 and BMS 014) and one autopolymerized acrylic resin. The 3-point bending and microhardness tests were carried out with a universal tensile-compression machine and a micro-Vickers hardness tester. The acrylic resin specimens have been exposed for 21 days to cigarette smoke in a smoking room. Their mechanical strength was compared to unexposed samples. Statistical analysis was performed using the data processing software SPSS Statistics 21.0. Results: The flexural properties of the resins were affected by cigarette smoke only in the case of Major Base 20® (drop in strength with p= 0.02; 0.6; 0.7 and in elastic modulus with p= 0.86; 0.74 and 0.85 for Major Base 20®, BMS 014® and Major Repair®). The cigarette smoke affected significantly microhardness for all groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking does not affect the flexural properties of the acrylic resin (BMS 014® and Major Repair® unlike Major Base 20®), but it does reduce the microhardness.

Valoración del grado de pigmentación en dientes acrílicos sometidos a humo del cigarrillo / Assessment of the degree of pigmentation in acrylic teeth subjected to cigarette smoke

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los cambios de color en los dientes acrílicos dependen de varios factores, con el humo de cigarrillo como uno de los principales agentes de igmentación de las prótesis. OBJETIVO. Valorar el grado de pigmentación en dientes acrílicos sometidos al humo del cigarrillo, mediante espectrofotometría digital. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, analítico, de caso y control. Muestra de 60 dientes acrílicos divididos en dos grupos: A (resina acrílica de 3 capas) y B (resina acrílica de 4 capas). Se subdividió en: grupo 1: dientes sometidos a humo de cigarrillo estándar con filtro de carbón; grupo 2: dientes sometidos a humo de cigarrillo estándar sin filtro; y, grupo 3: grupo control. Cada uno de éstos se expuso a 150 cigarrillos, 5 diarios durante 30 días y el grupo control fue mantenido a 37ºC en saliva artificial durante 30 días sin aplicación de humo de cigarrillo. Para la toma de color se empleó espectrofotómetro Vita Easyshade®. Los análisis se realizaron en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y comparaciones de Dunn. RESULTADOS. Se determinó que la pigmentación del grupo B fue mayor a la del grupo A, con una diferencia significativa entre ellos (p< 0,05). No se encontró datos estadísticamente significativos entre cigarrillos (con filtro - sin filtro). CONCLUSIÓN. La exposición al humo de cigarrillo pigmentó los dientes acrílicos de ambas propiedades siendo mayor en los dientes de resina acrílica de 4 capas.

INTRODUCTION. Color changes in acrylic teeth depend on several factors, with cigarette smoke as one of the main agents of denture pigmentation. OBJECTIVE. To assess the degree of pigmentation in acrylic teeth subjected to cigarette smoke, using digital spectrophotometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, analytical, case-control study. Sample of 60 acrylic teeth divided into two groups: A (3-layer acrylic resin) and B (4-layer acrylic resin). It was subdivided into: group 1: teeth subjected to standard cigarette smoke with charcoal filter; group 2: teeth subjected to standard cigarette smoke without filter; and, group 3: control group. Each of these was exposed to 150 cigarettes, 5 daily for 30 days and the control group was maintained at 37ºC in artificial saliva for 30 days without application of cigarette smoke. Vita Easyshade® spectrophotometer was used for color determination. The analyses were performed in the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's comparisons. RESULTS. It was determined that the pigmentation of group B was greater than that of group A, with a significant difference between them (p< 0,05). No statistically significant data was found between cigarettes (filtered - unfiltered). CONCLUSION. Cigarette smoke exposure pigmented acrylic teeth of both properties being higher in 4-layer acrylic resin teeth.

Intercambio desde los cigarrillos convencionales a los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina: revisión sistemática rápida con metaanálisis y aspectos económicos / Switching from cigarettes to electronic nicotine delivery system: rapid systematic review and meta-analysis and economic aspects

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar cómo y en qué medida se produce un intercambio desde los cigarrillos convencionales (CC) a los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática hasta agosto de 2019. El desenlace primario fue la proporción de un intercambio completo o parcial de CC a los SEAN y sus aspectos económicos. Los desenlaces secundarios como medidas de resultado fueron la probabilidad de intercambio y la tendencia en el intercambio por países. Resultados. Se encontraron 3628 referencias y se incluyeron 49 estudios con datos epidemiológicos y económicos. Los estudios económicos sobre la elasticidad cruzada de precios mostraron que los CC son parcialmente intercambiables por SEAN. La mayoría de los estudios reportaron que la prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos se incrementó con el tiempo. Tres estudios reportaron una reducción significativa de los CC consumidos por día entre fumadores duales (convencionales más SEAN) en comparación con los consumidores de CC. El odds ratio ajustado y combinado de dejar los CC entre consumidores de SEAN en comparación con quienes nunca consumieron o lo hicieron en el pasado fue de 1,19 (IC95%: 1,09-1,30; heterogeneidad 0%). Los estudios longitudinales mostraron una creciente prevalencia del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos, principalmente en adolescentes. Se encontró una relación negativa entre el consumo y aumento de precio de CC y electrónicos. Conclusión. La probabilidad de dejar de fumar CC entre consumidores habituales de SEAN se incrementó respecto a los consumidores que nunca o que solían consumir SEAN. Estudios económicos reportaron que los cigarrillos electrónicos son parcialmente intercambiables por los CC.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess how and in what extent the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use substituted the consumption of traditional combustible cigarettes (c-cigarettes, c-cig). Materials and Methods. We performed a systematic review of the literature up to August 2019 in scientific databases. Primary outcomes were proportion of complete or partial substitution of conventional to electronic cigarettes and related economic aspects. Secondary outcomes were odds ratio of substitution and country-wise time trends. Results. We retrieved 3,628 references and included 49 studies, providing economic and epidemiological data. Economic studies of cross-price elasticity showed that combustible cigarettes are partially substitutable for electronic cigarettes. Most studies reported that electronic cigarettes consumption prevalence increased over time. Three studies reported a significant reduction of combustible cigarettes consumed per day among dual users (combustible- plus electronic- cigarettes users) versus combustible-cigarettes users. The pooled adjusted odds ratio of quitting combustible cigarettes among electronic cigarettes users versus never or past electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cig) users was 1.19 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.30; heterogeneity score 0%). Longitudinal studies showed globally a growing prevalence of electronic cigarettes use, mainly in adolescents. A negative relationship between consumption and price increase of electronic and combustible cigarettes was found. Conclusion. The chance of quitting smoking combustible cigarettes among current electronic nicotine delivery systems users was increased with respect to never- or past- electronic nicotine delivery systems users. Economic studies reported that electronic cigarette is partially substitutable for combustible cigarettes.

Uso de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas por estudantes universitários de psicologia / Use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances by psychology students / Uso de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas por estudiantes universitarios de psicología

O consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) cresce em escala global, especialmente entre universitários. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o padrão de uso de álcool e outras SPAs em estudantes universitários. A amostra foi composta por 180 graduandos de Psicologia que preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e instrumentos de rastreamento do uso de SPAs validados para o contexto brasileiro. Os resultados evidenciaram maior prevalência do uso de álcool: 81,7% na vida, 67,6% nos últimos três meses e 55% no padrão binge. Dentre os motivos endossados para o consumo destaca-se o convívio universitário, porém o fator mais valorizado foi o álcool como potencializador do desejo de fumar, seguido de sua percepção como fator gregário em festas/reuniões sociais e como facilitador do enfrentamento de estresse. As pressões da vida universitária geram insegurança e instabilidade que deixam os jovens universitários mais suscetíveis à influência dos pares e à busca de diversão e descontração em ambientes de festas, nas quais o consumo é estimulado e facilitado, o que pode favorecer o beber em quantidade excessiva. Esse padrão de consumo pode se associar a outros comportamentos de risco, como dirigir sob efeito do álcool, manter relações sexuais sem proteção ou envolver-se em distúrbios da ordem pública e infrações à lei. Considerando que os jovens fazem uso em excesso de SPAs sem um suporte social comunitário adequado, é necessário investir em programas de prevenção e políticas públicas guiadas pelas noções de autocuidado, protagonismo e participação ativa na própria reabilitação...(AU)

The consumption of psychoactive substances (SPAs) grows worldwide, especially among university students. This study evaluated the pattern of alcohol use and other SPAs in psychology students. The sample consisted of 180 Psychology undergraduates who filled out a sociodemographic questionnaire and instruments for tracking the use of SPAs validated for the Brazilian context. The results showed a higher prevalence of alcohol use: 81.7% in life, 67.6% in the last three months and 55% following a binge pattern. Among the reasons endorsed for the consumption stand out university conviviality, but the most valued factor was alcohol as a potentiator of the desire to smoke, followed by its perception as a gregarious factor in parties/social gatherings and as a facilitator to cope with stress situations. The pressures of university life create insecurity and instability, which make university students more susceptible to peer influence and the search for fun and relaxation in party environments where drinking is stimulated and facilitated, which may favor binge drinking. This pattern of consumption may be associated to other risk behaviors, such as driving under the influence of alcohol, having unprotected sex, or engaging in public order disturbances and infractions of the law. Considering that these young people make excessive use of SPAs without adequate social and community support, it is necessary to invest in prevention programs and public policies guided by the notions of self-care, protagonism and active participation in self rehabilitation...(AU)

El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) crece a escala global, especialmente entre universitarios. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el patrón de uso de alcohol y otras SPA por estudiantes universitarios. Compusieron la muestra 180 estudiantes de graduación en Psicología, que respondieron a un cuestionario sociodemográfico e instrumentos de rastreo del uso de SPA validados para el contexto nacional. Los resultados evidenciaron mayor prevalencia del uso de alcohol: el 81,7% en la vida, el 67,6% en los últimos tres meses y el 55% en el patrón binge. Entre los motivos endosados para el consumo se destaca la convivencia universitaria, pero el factor más valorado fue el alcohol como potenciador del deseo de fumar, seguido de su percepción como factor gregario en fiestas/reuniones sociales y como facilitador del enfrentamiento de situaciones de estrés. Las presiones de la vida universitaria generan inseguridad e inestabilidad que dejan a los jóvenes universitarios más susceptibles a la influencia de los pares y a la búsqueda de diversión y relajación en fiestas y discotecas donde se estimula y facilita el consumo de alcohol, lo que puede favorecer la costumbre de beber en cantidad excesiva. Ese patrón de consumo puede asociarse a otros comportamientos de riesgo, como conducir bajo el efecto del alcohol, mantener relaciones sexuales sin protección o involucrarse en disturbios del orden público e infracciones a la ley. Considerando que estos jóvenes hacen uso excesivo de SPA sin un soporte social-comunitario adecuado, son necesarios programas de prevención y políticas públicas guiadas por las nociones de autocuidado, protagonismo y participación activa en la propia rehabilitación...(AU)

The effect of cigarette smoking and low-level laser irradiation in rank/rankl/opg expression

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and cigarette smoke on alveolar socket osteoclastogenesis signaling after tooth extraction, in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups with 15 animals each: Control Group (with right maxillary molar extraction - ME), Experimental I (with ME and LLLT), Experimental II (with ME and cigarette smoke) and Experimental III group (with ME, LLLT and cigarette smoke). Euthanasia was performed at 3, 7 and 14 days postoperative. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate expression of Tnfrsf11a (RANK), Tnfsf11 (Rankl) and Tnfrsf11b (OPG). Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test (α=0.05). There was an upregulation of RANK, RANKL and OPG genes over all the time of healing in Exp I group compared to control group. Exp II group showed a decreased expression of all genes over time, whereas Exp III genes expression were higher than Exp II values but lower than Control and Exp I values over time. The results of this study concluded that the LLLT had a positive effect, whereas cigarette smoke had a negative effect on RANK, RANKL and OPG gene expression in bone remodeling process.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da terapia a laser de baixo nível (LLLT) e a fumaça de cigarro na sinalização da osteoclastogênese do alvéolo após extração dentária, em ratos. Sessenta ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos com 15 animais cada: Grupo de controle (com extração do molar superior direito (EM), Experimental I (EM e LLLT), Experimental II (EM e fumaça de cigarro) e Grupo Experimental III (EM, LLLT e fumaça de cigarro). A eutanásia foi realizada aos 3, 7 e 14 dias após a extração. O qRT-PCR foi utilizado para avaliar a expressão de Tnfrsf11a (RANK), Tnfsf11 (RANKL) e Tnfrsf11b (OPG). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística usando two-way ANOVA seguido do teste de Bonferroni (α=0,05). Houve um aumento na expressão dos genes RANK, RANKL e OPG ao longo do tempo de cicatrização no grupo Exp I em comparação com o grupo controle. O grupo Exp II mostrou uma expressão diminuída de todos os genes ao longo do tempo, enquanto a expressão dos genes do grupo Exp III foi superior aos valores observados em Exp II, mas inferiores aos valores do grupo Controle e Exp I ao longo do tempo. Os resultados deste estudo concluíram que o LLLT tem um efeito positivo, enquanto a fumaça de cigarro possui efeito prejudicial na expressão gênica de RANK, RANKL e OPG no processo de remodelação óssea.

Capacidad de agencia de autocuidado y consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería / Self-care agency and cigarette smoking in undergraduate nursing students

El consumo de cigarrillo es un problema de salud pública y gran parte de los fumadores iniciaron su consumo en la juventud. Es importante conocer la relación entre consumo de cigarrillo y la agencia de autocuidado en estudiantes de enfermería, ya que estos serán promotores de estilos de vida saludables. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el consumo de cigarrillo con la capacidad de agencia de autocuidado en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico en estudiantes de enfermería de I-X semestre durante octubre de 2019. Mediante muestreo aleatorio simple estratificado por semestre se escogieron 247 alumnos, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario para clasificación de consumidores de cigarrillo (C4) y la escala de apreciación de la agencia de autocuidado para Colombia; también se midieron variables demográficas y académicas. Se emplearon las pruebas de Chi2 y el coeficiente de Spearman para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: el 60% fueron mujeres, la edad promedio es de 21±3 años y el 55% están entre I-V semestre. El 7%, 64% y 29% presentaron baja, media y buena agencia de autocuidado; el 19% (46 estudiantes) manifestaron fumar. No se encontró correlación entre las puntuaciones de las dos escalas (rho -0,067; p0,296). Conclusiones: no se encontró correlación entre el puntaje de las escalas de agencia de autocuidado y consumo de cigarrillo en los estudiantes evaluados de enfermería. Otras investigaciones deberían probar la misma hipótesis en diferentes poblaciones universitaria, al tiempo que empleen otras herramientas de evaluación de consumo de cigarrillo

Cigarette smoking is a public health problem and many smokers started in youth. It is important to know the relationship between cigarette smoking and the self-care agency in nursing students, due they will be promoters of healthy lifestyles. Objective: To identify the relationship between cigarette smoking and self-care agency capacity in nursing students from a public university in Colombia. Methods: cross-sectional study in nursing students from I to X semester in October 2019. A random sampling stratified by semester was used. The sample size was 247 students; they full the questionnaire for classification of cigarette consumers (C4) and the scale of appreciation of the self-care agency for Colombia; Demographic and academic variables were measured. The Chi2 and Spearman's coefficient tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: 60% were women, the average age was 21 ±3 years, and 55% were between I to V semester. The 7%, 64% and 29% presented low, médium, and good self-care agency; 19% (46 students) reported smoking. No correlation was found between the scores of the two scales (rho -0.067; p0.296). Conclusions: no correlation was found between the score of the self-care agency scale and cigarette consumption in the nursing students. Other researches should test the same hypothesis in different university students and use other tools for evaluating cigarette smoking

Associated factors with the isolated and simultaneous presence of overweight and abdominal obesity in adolescents / Fatores associados à presença isolada e simultânea de excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal em adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with excessive weight (EW), abdominal obesity (AO) and the simultaneous presence of EW and AO in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 583 adolescents (11 to 17 years old) of Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil. EW was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and AO by waist circumference (WC). The independent variables analyzed were gender, age, maternal schooling, balanced diet, physical activity, cigarette use, excessive alcohol use and screen time. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Boys had 58% higher likelihood of having EW (OR 1.58; 95%CI 1.08-2.29; p<0.05). Younger age group (11 to 14 years) was directly associated with higher likelihood of EW (OR 6.07; 95%CI 4.05-9.11; p<0.05). Adolescents whose mothers had higher education had 75% more likelihood of having AO (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.01-3.00; p<0.05). Higher likelihood for EW and AO (OR 1.84; 95%CI 1.01-3.34; p<0.05) was identified in younger adolescents (11 to 14 years). Conclusions: Boys and younger age (11 to 14 years) were associated with a higher likelihood of EW. Adolescents whose mothers studied nine years or more were more likely to have AO. The younger age group (11 to 14 years) was associated with greater chances for the simultaneous presence of EW and AO.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e do estilo de vida associados ao excesso de peso (EP), à obesidade abdominal (OA) e à presença simultânea de EP e OA em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base escolar realizado com 583 adolescentes (11 a 17 anos) da cidade de Criciúma, Santa Catarina. O EP foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e a OA, mediante perímetro da cintura (PC). As variáveis independentes analisadas foram sexo, idade, escolaridade materna, dieta balanceada, atividade física, uso de cigarro, uso de álcool em excesso e tempo de tela. Utilizou-se regressão logística binária para estimar as razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Os meninos tiveram 58% de chances a mais de terem EP (RC 1,58; IC95% 1,08-2,29; p<0,05). Menor faixa etária (11 a 14 anos) foi diretamente associada a maiores chances de EP (RC 6,07; IC95% 4,05-9,11; p<0,05). Adolescentes cujas mães tinham maior escolaridade apresentaram 75% de chances a mais de terem OA (RC 1,75; IC95% 1,01-3,00; p<0,05). Maiores chances para a simultaneidade EP e OA (RC 1,84; IC95% 1,01-3,34; p<0,05) foram identificadas nos adolescentes de menor faixa etária (11 a 14 anos). Conclusões: Meninos e menor faixa etária (11 a 14 anos) estiveram associados a maiores chances para EP. Os adolescentes cujas mães estudaram nove anos ou mais apresentaram maiores chances de terem OA. Menor faixa etária (11 a 14 anos) esteve associada a maiores chances para a presença simultânea de EP e OA.

Campanhas educativas de controle do tabagismo: do vício moral ao estilo de vida saudável / Educational smoking control campaigns: from moral addiction to healthy lifestyle / Campañas educativas de control de fumadores: de la adicción moral al estilo de vida saludable

Este artigo é resultado do trabalho de pesquisa sobre a produção das campanhas antitabagistas de governo e sobre a forma com que foram apropriados pela população. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar como essas campanhas foram pensadas em relação aos princípios de comunicação e saúde pressupostos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. A expectativa foi problematizar a questão numa perspectiva interdisciplinar. Analisamos documentos a partir dos preceitos teóricos e metodológicos da Semiologia dos Discursos Sociais. Concluiu-se que foram criadas campanhas alarmistas, pautadas na imputação do medo e na vigília moral, que acabaram por se distanciar da ideia de uma comunicação em saúde pública dialógica, informativa e participativa.

This article is the result of a research on the use of the concept of aversion in the production of government anti-smoking campaigns and how they were appropriated by the population. Our objective was to evaluate how these campaigns were conceived in relation to the principles of communication and health presupposed by the Unified Health System. The expectation was to problematize the issue from an interdisciplinary perspective. We analyze documents from the theoretical and methodological precepts of Semiology of Social Discourses. It was concluded that alarmist campaigns were created, based on the imputation of fear and on moral vigilance, which eventually distanced these actions from the principles of communication in dialogic, informative and participatory public health.

Este artículo es el resultado del trabajo de investigación sobre la utilización del concepto de aversión en la producción de las campañas antitabaco de gobierno y sobre la forma en que fueron apropiados por la población. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar cómo estas campañas fueron pensadas en relación a los principios de comunicación y salud presupuestados por el Sistema Único de Salud. La expectativa fue problematizar la cuestión desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria. Analizamos documentos a partir de los preceptos teóricos y metodológicos de la Semiología de los Discursos Sociales. Se concluyó que se crearon campañas alarmistas, pautadas en la imputación del miedo y en la vigilia moral, que acabaron por distanciarse de la idea de una comunicación en salud pública dialógica, informativa y participativa.

Carga de enfermedad atribuible al uso de tabaco en Colombia y potenciales beneficios sanitarios y económicos del aumento del precio del cigarrillo mediante impuestos / Disease burden attributable to smoking in Colombia and potential economic and health benefits of price increase through taxes

Resumen Objetivo: estimar la carga de enfermedad asociada al consumo de tabaco en Colombia y evaluar el potencial efecto sanitario y económico del aumento de precio en los cigarrillos mediante impuestos. Materiales y métodos: se diseñó un modelo de simulación de Monte Cario de primer orden que incorporó la historia natural, los costos y la calidad de vida de enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco en adultos. Se estimó el impacto en la prevalencia de tabaquismo y en la recaudación de diferentes escenarios de aumento de precio a través de impuestos. Resultados: en Colombia cada año mueren 32.088 personas como consecuencia del consumo de cigarrillo y pueden atribuírsele los siguientes porcentajes: el 16% de las muertes cardiovasculares, el 13% de las producidas por accidentes cerebrovasculares, el 77% de las muertes ocasionadas por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y el 80% de las muertes por cáncer de pulmón. Las enfermedades relacionadas con el cigarrillo representan un costo directo anual al sistema de salud de más de 4,5 billones de pesos, mientras la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas logra cubrir un 10% de este gasto. Un aumento en el precio de los cigarrillos del 50% podría evitar, en un horizonte de 10 años, más de 45.000 muertes y generar recursos por 8 billones por ahorro en gastos sanitarios y aumento de recaudación. Conclusiones: la carga de enfermedad y el costo para el sistema de salud asociados al consumo de tabaco son muy elevados en Colombia. Un aumento del precio de los cigarrillos a través de los impuestos tendría importantes beneficios tanto sanitarios como económicos.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the burden of disease associated with tobacco consumption in Colombia and to evaluate the potential health and economic effect of the price increase in cigarettes through taxes. Materials and methods: to estimate the burden of disease, a first-order Monte Carlo simulation model was designed that incorporated the natural history, costs and quality of life of diseases related to tobacco consumption in adults. A tax model was designed to calculate the impact on the prevalence of smoking and on the collection of different price increase scenarios. Results: according to the proposed model, it can be estimated that in Colombia 26,464 people die every year as a result of cigarette smoking. 13% of cardiovascular deaths, 13% of those caused by strokes, 77% of deaths caused by chronic lung disease and 81 % of deaths from lung cancer can be attributed to their consumption. The diseases related to cigarettes in Colombia represent a direct annual cost of more than 4 billion pesos, while the tax collection from the sale of cigarettes barely covers 10% of this expense. An increase in the price of cigarettes of 50% could prevent more than 30,000 deaths in ten years and generate resources for 7.9 billion savings in health spending and increased collection. Conclusions: the burden of disease and the cost to the health system associated with tobacco use are very high in Colombia. An increase in the price of cigarettes through taxes would have important health and economic benefits for Colombia.

Caracterización clínico epidemiológica de la osteoartritis en el Cantón Colt / Clinical epidemiological characterization of osteoarthritis in the Canton Colta

Introducción: la osteoartritis es la afección reumática más frecuente y se conceptualiza como una enfermedad crónica y degenerativa en la cual existe una disminución del cartílago articular que ocasiona dolor, rigidez, deformidad, discapacidad y afectación de la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los pacientes. Objetivo: determinar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de la osteoartritis en los pacientes con osteoartritis del cantón Colta. Método: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 475 pacientes con diagnóstico de osteoartritis pertenecientes al cantón Colta. Se realizó revisión de historias clínicas y se aplicó un cuestionario confeccionado exclusivamente para la investigación. Resultados: promedio de edad de edad de 45,51 años con predominio de pacientes femeninas (70,95 por ciento) y de afectación de rodillas (39,37 por ciento) y manos (33,47 por ciento). Elevado por ciento de comorbilidades (57,47 por ciento) con predominio de la hipertensión arterial (30,40 por ciento) y la obesidad (20,88 por ciento). El dolor y las deformidades fueron las manifestaciones clínicas de mayor representatividad con un 91,79 por ciento y 42,36 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusiones: la osteoartritis es una enfermedad degenerativa que no solo se presenta en edades avanzadas, sino que su inicio puede estar en edades mucho menores. Como enfermedad trae asociado un elevado número de comorbilidades donde destacan la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad y el consumo de cigarrillos. El dolor y la deformidad son las manifestaciones clínicas que motivan la asistencia de los pacientes a la consulta médica(AU)

Introduction: osteoarthritis is the most frequent rheumatic disease and is conceptualized as a chronic and degenerative disease in which there is a decrease in joint cartilage that causes pain, stiffness, deformity, disability and affect the perception of quality of life related to health from the patients. Objective: to determine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of osteoarthritis in patients with osteoarthritis of the canton Colta. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study in 475 patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis belonging to the canton Colta. A review of clinical histories was carried out and a questionnaire made exclusively for research was applied. Result: the average age was 45.51 years, with a predominance of female patients (70.95 percent) and of knees (39.37 percent) and hands (33.47 percent). High percentage of comorbidities (57.47 percent) with predominance of arterial hypertension (30.40 percent) and obesity (20.88 percent). Pain and deformities were the most representative clinical manifestations with 91.79 percent and 42.36 percent respectively. Conclusions: osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that not only occurs at advanced ages, but its onset may be at much younger ages. As a disease, it is associated with a high number of comorbidities, including high blood pressure, obesity and cigarette smoking. Pain and deformity are the clinical manifestations that motivate the assistance of patients to medical consultation(AU)

Insomnia and the level of stress among students in Krakow, Poland / Insônia e nível de estresse em estudantes de Cracóvia, Polônia

Abstract Introduction: Stress and insomnia are increasing problems in young people in highly developed countries. They influence both the physical and psychological aspects of life and seem to be related to each other. Various strategies to cope with stress exist and can be used to reduce its level. The main goal of our study was to find a relationship between insomnia, stress, stress-coping strategies and selected social and medical factors among students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2017 among students of seven public Krakow universities, using the Perceived Stress Scale 10, an abbreviated version of the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory (mini-COPE inventory) and the Athens Insomnia Scale. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square, Student's t test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. Results: A total of 264 students aged 22.22±1.5 years were involved in the study. High stress levels occurred in 10% of the respondents. A statistically higher level of stress was revealed in people suffering from chronic diseases (p=0.006) and in cigarette smokers (p=0.004). The most common stress-coping strategies were active coping and planning. Insomnia was present in 19.7% of the students. Insomnia level was correlated with the intensity of perceived stress (p=0.00; r=0.44). Conclusions: According to our study, one tenth of Krakow students perceive a high level of stress, and one fifth of the respondents suffer from insomnia. There is a strong positive correlation between level of insomnia and level of stress. To ensure high quality of life, problems such as stress and insomnia should be taken into consideration by every general practitioner.

Resumo Introdução: Estresse e insônia são problemas cada vez mais presentes em pessoas jovens em países altamente desenvolvidos. Eles influenciam tanto os aspectos físicos quanto os psicológicos da vida e parecem estar relacionados entre si. Várias estratégias de enfrentamento (coping) do estresse existem e podem ser usadas para reduzir seu nível. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre insônia, estresse, estratégias de coping, e certos fatores sociais e médicos em estudantes. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em março de 2017 com estudantes de sete universidades públicas da Cracóvia, na Polônia, utilizando a Escala de Estresse Percebido 10, uma versão abreviada do Inventário para Medir Estratégias de Enfrentamento de Estresse (mini-COPE) e a Athens Insomnia Scale. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado, t de Student e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Um total de 264 estudantes com idade média de 22,22±1,5 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Altos níveis de estresse ocorreram em 10% dos respondentes. Um nível estatisticamente mais alto de estresse foi revelado em pessoas sofrendo de doenças crônicas (p=0,006) e em fumantes (p=0,004). As estratégias de coping mais comuns foram coping ativo e planejamento. A insônia esteve presente em 19,7% dos alunos. O nível de insônia se correlacionou com a intensidade do estresse percebido (p=0,00; r=0,44). Conclusões: De acordo com este estudo, um décimo dos estudantes de Cracóvia percebe um alto nível de estresse, e um quinto dos respondentes sofrem de insônia. Há uma forte correlação positiva entre nível de insônia e nível de estresse. Para garantir alta qualidade de vida, problemas como estresse e insônia devem ser levados em consideração pelo médico generalista.

Tendência de bullying verbal, violência doméstica e envolvimento em brigas com armas entre adolescentes das capitais brasileiras de 2009 a 2015 / Trends in verbal bullying, domestic violence, and involvement in fights with firearms among adolescents in Brazilian state capitals from 2009 to 2015 / Tendencia de bullying verbal, violencia doméstica e implicación en peleas con armas entre adolescentes de las capitales brasileñas de 2009 a 2015

Resumo: Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal de bullying verbal, a violência doméstica e o envolvimento em brigas com armas entre adolescentes, nas capitais brasileiras, entre 2009 e 2015. Fez-se estudo de tendência, com uso de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) realizada em 2009, 2012 e 2015, com escolares do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas nas 26 capitais do país e no Distrito Federal. Analisou-se a ocorrência de violência doméstica e de bullying verbal, bem como o envolvimento em brigas com uso de armas branca e de fogo nos 30 dias anteriores à entrevista. Realizou-se regressão logística ajustada para características sociodemográficas e comportamentais, com análise de cada tipo de violência no Brasil e nas capitais, segundo sexo. As tendências foram espacializadas. Para o conjunto das capitais, houve aumento, entre 2009 e 2015, de 12% (IC95%: 1,11-1,14) para violência doméstica, de 10% (IC95%: 1,08-1,11) para bullying verbal, de 7% (IC95%: 1,05-1,09) para envolvimento em brigas com armas de fogo e de 7% (IC95%: 1,05-1,08) para envolvimento em brigas com arma branca. Em todas as capitais, houve aumento na violência doméstica. Em 96,3%, 70,4% e 62,9% dessas cidades, observou-se aumento de bullying verbal, envolvimento em briga com arma branca e envolvimento em briga com arma de fogo, respectivamente. Nas demais capitais, observou-se tendência estacionária. Identificou-se tendência de aumento das violências na maioria das capitais, evidenciando a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas que contribuam para minimizar esse problema entre os adolescentes.

Abstract: This study analyzes time trends in verbal bullying, domestic violence, and involvement in fights with firearms among adolescents in Brazilian state capitals from 2009 to 2015. The study of trends uses data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) in 2009, 2012, and 2015 among ninth-graders enrolled in public and private schools in the country's 26 state capitals and the Federal District. The analysis focused on domestic violence, verbal bullying, and involvement in fights with cold steel weapons and firearms in the 30 days prior to the interview. Logistic regression was performed, adjusted for sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, with analysis of each type of violence in Brazil and in the capital cities, according to sex. The trends were spatialized. For the capital cities as a whole, from 2009 to 2015 there was an increase of 12% (95%CI: 1.11-1.14) in domestic violence, 10% (95%CI: 1.08-1.11) in verbal bullying, and 7% (95%CI: 1.05-1.09) and 7% (95%CI: 1.05-1.08) in involvement in fights with firearms and cold steel weapons, respectively. Domestic violence increased in all the capital cities. In 96.3%, 70.4%, and 62.9% of the capital cities, respectively, there were increases in verbal bullying and involvement in fights with cold steel weapons and firearms, while there were stationary trends in the other capital cities. There was an upward trend in these forms of violence in the majority of the capital cities, evidencing the need to implement public policies to mitigation the different types of violence among adolescents.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la tendencia temporal de bullying verbal, violencia doméstica e implicación en peleas con armas entre adolescentes en las capitales brasileñas entre 2009 y 2015. Se trata de un estudio de tendencia, usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) realizadas en 2009, 2012 y 2015, con escolares del 9º año de enseñanza fundamental, en escuelas públicas y privadas de las 26 capitales del país y Distrito Federal. Se analizó la ocurrencia de violencia doméstica, de bullying verbal, así como la implicación en peleas con uso de armas blancas y de fuego durante los 30 días anteriores a la entrevista. Se realizó una regresión logística ajustada para características sociodemográficas y comportamentales, con análisis de cada tipo de violencia en Brasil y en las capitales, según el sexo. Las tendencias fueron espacializadas. Para el conjunto de capitales hubo un aumento, entre 2009 y 2015, de un 12% (IC95%: 1,11-1,14) para violencia doméstica, de un 10% (IC95%: 1,08-1,11) para bullying verbal, de un 7% (IC95%: 1,05-1,09) y 7% (IC95%: 1,05-1,08) para implicación en peleas con armas de fuego y blanca, respectivamente. En todas las capitales hubo un aumento de la violencia doméstica. En un 96,3%, 70,4% y 62,9% de las capitales se observó el aumento de bullying verbal, implicación en peleas con armas blancas y de fuego, respectivamente. En las demás capitales, se observó una tendencia estacionaria. Se identificó una tendencia de aumento de la violencia en la mayoría de las capitales, mostrando la necesidad de implementación de políticas públicas que contribuyan a la minimización de los diferentes tipos de violencia entre los adolescentes.

The influence of LLLT applied on applied on calvarial defect in rats under effect of cigarette smoke

Abstract Objective Considering the global public health problem of smoking, which can negatively influence bone tissue repair, the aim of this study is to analyze the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) on calvaria defects created surgically in specimens under the effect of cigarette smoke and analyzed with use of histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry techniques. Methodology Calvaria defects 4.1 mm in diameter were surgically created in the calvaria of 90-day-old rats (n=60) that were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups containing 15 animals each: control group (C), smoking group (S), laser group (L), and smoke associated with laser group (S+L). The animals were subjected to surgery for calvaria defects and underwent PBM, being evaluated at 21, 45, and 60 days post-surgery. The specimens were then processed for histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses. The area of bone neoformation (ABN), percentage of bone neoformation (PBNF), and the remaining distance between the edges of the defects (D) were analyzed histometrically. Quantitative analysis of the TRAP immunolabeled cells was also performed. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in conjunction with Tukey's test to verify the statistical differences between groups (p<0.05). Results The smoking group showed less ABN compared to the other experimental groups in all periods, and it also showed more D at 21 days compared to the remaining groups and at 45 days compared to the laser group. The smoking group showed a lower PNBF compared to the laser group in all experimental periods and compared to smoking combined with LLLT group at 21 days. Conclusions PBM acted on bone biomodulation, thus stimulating new bone formation and compensating for the negative factor of smoking, which can be used as a supportive therapy during bone repair processes.

Adolescentes Libres de Tabaco: Efectividad de una intervención educativa. Estudio antes-después controlado / Smoke-Free Adolescents: Effectiveness of an educational intervention. Controlled, before and after study

El tabaquismo es considerado la principal causa de muerte prevenible en el mundo. La mayoría de los fumadores inician esta adicción durante edades tempranas, especialmente, durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los determinantes de consumo adolescente y evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa en la prevalencia del tabaquismo. Métodos. Estudio antes-después controlado, realizado durante los años 2010-2012 en dos colegios secundarios de la ciudad de La Plata. En ambos, se realizó una encuesta basal seguida de dos mediciones posteriores; en uno de ellos, se implementó una intervención educativa dirigida a jóvenes de 12 y 13 años. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión múltiple para identificar las variables asociadas al tabaquismo y evaluar el impacto de la intervención. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1911 encuestas (Colegio A: 617; Colegio B: 1294). Las variables asociadas al tabaquismo adolescente fueron la tenencia de un hermano fumador (odds ratio -OR- 2,55), madre fumadora (OR 2,32), años de edad (OR 1,92) y el sexo femenino (OR 1,75). El OR ajustado por dichos determinantes para ser fumador actual en el colegio intervención versus el control fue 0,54 (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95%: 0,35-0,83) en el primer año de seguimiento y 0,98 (IC 95%: 0,60-1,61) en el segundo año. Conclusiones. La tenencia de una madre o un hermano fumador, la edad y el sexo femenino se correlacionaron fuertemente con el consumo de cigarrillos. La intervención educativa tuvo un efecto positivo en el primer año de seguimiento, pero luego no se mantuvo.

Smoking is considered the main cause of preventable death worldwide. Most smokers start using tobacco at an early age, especially during adolescence. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of adolescent use of tobacco and assess the impact of an educational intervention on the prevalence of smoking. Methods. Controlled, before and after study conducted between 2010 and 2012 at two secondary schools in the city of La Plata. A baseline survey was administered at both schools followed by two subsequent measurements; an educational intervention aimed at youth aged 12 and 13 years was implemented in one of the schools. Multiple regression models were used to identify the outcome measures associated with smoking and assess the impact of the intervention. Results. A total of 1911 surveys were included (school A: 617; school B: 1294). The outcome measures associated with adolescent smoking were having a sibling who smokes (odds ratio -amp;#91;OR-amp;#93;: 2.55), a mother who smokes (OR: 2.32), age (OR: 1.92), and female sex (OR: 1.75). The OR adjusted for these determinants to be a current smoker at the intervention school versus the control school was 0.54 (95% confidence interval -amp;#91;CI-amp;#93;: 0.35-0.83) in the first year of follow-up and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.60-1.61) in the second year. Conclusions. Having a mother or a sibling who smokes, age, and female sex were strongly correlated to cigarette smoking. The educational intervention had a positive effect in the first year of follow-up, which was not maintained over time.

Action of a deproteinized xenogenic biomaterial in the process of bone repair in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke

Abstract Purpose: To investigate if the inorganic bovine bone matrix changes the bone formation in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Cigarette Clot Group (CCG), which in the inhalation chamber received the smoke of 10 cigarettes, 3 times a day, 10 minutes, for 30 days and had the surgical cavity filled by clot; Cigarette Biomaterial Group (CBG), submitted to the same inhalation technique but with the cavity filled by biomaterial. Results: In CCG there was a significant difference of new bone tissue in the analyzed periods (15 and 45 days), and in 15 days, there was 4.8 ± 0.42 of bone formed and 11.73 ± 0.59 (p <0.05) in 45 days. The CBG also showed a significant difference between the periods of 15 to 45 days, being respectively 6.16 ± 0.30 and 11.60 ± 0.61. However, when the groups were compared, within the same analyzed periods, a significant difference was observed only in the period of 15 days, with the new bone percentage being greater in the CBG. Conclusion: The bone matrix acted as an osteoinductive biomaterial, biocompatible and aided in the repair process, mainly in the initial period of recovery.

Factores asociados a la susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en escolares de 10 y 11 años en Cartagena, Colombia / Factors associated with susceptibility to cigarette consumption in 10 and 11 year old school students from Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los factores asociados a la susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en escolares de 10 y 11 años de sexto grado de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Método Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional transversal, con una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 289 escolares de 10 y 11 años de sexto grado de colegios públicos de Cartagena, Colombia. La información se recolectó a través de la ficha demográfica, la escala de susceptibilidad a la persuasión hacia el consumo, la escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima y la escala Zung de ansiedad, y el inventario de consumo de cigarrillo y actitudes frente al mismo de acuerdo con la Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emtajoven). Resultados Participaron 289 estudiantes, media para la edad 10,9 (DE=0,2); 157 (54,3%) fueron mujeres y 132 (45,7%) fueron hombres. La frecuencia de experimentación con cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida fue 20 (6,9%) y la alta susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo fue 61 (21,1%). Los factores que se asociaron a alta susceptibilidad a la persuasión para consumo de cigarrillo fueron: ser del sexo masculino (OR de 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,1), disfunción familiar (OR: 2,3; IC95%: 1,2-4,2) y haber fumado alguna vez en la vida (OR: 3,4; IC95%: 1,3-8,7). Conclusiones La susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes de sexto grado se asoció al sexo masculino, la disfuncionalidad familiar y haber fumado alguna vez en la vida.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine associated factors to susceptibility to smoking in school students between 10 and 11 years old from Cartagena, Colombia. Method A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with a nonrandom convenience sample of 289 students between 10 and 11 years old of sixth-grade from public schools in Cartagena, Colombia. The information was collected through the demographic profile, the scale of susceptibility to persuasion towards consumption, the family Apgar scale, Rosenberg for self-esteem and Zung anxiety scale, and the smoking use inventory together with the attitudes on it, according to the Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emtajoven). Results 289 students, mean age 10,9 (SD = 0,25) participated, 157 (54,3%) were women and 132 (45,7%) were men. The frequency of cigarette consumption for at least once in their lives was 20 (6,9%), and the high persuasion susceptibility was 61 (21,1%). Factors associated with high persuasion susceptibility to smoking cigarette were: being male (OR: 2,8 and CI 95% 1,6 to 5,1), family dysfunction (OR: 2,3 CI 95% 1,2 to 4.2) and having ever smoked once in life (OR 3,4 CI 95% 1,3 to 8,7). Conclusions Susceptibility to smoking among students of 6th grade is associated with being male, family dysfunction and having ever smoked in life.(AU)

Association between the display of cigarette packs at the point of sale and smoking susceptibility among adolescents in Brazil / Associação entre a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda e susceptibilidade ao tabagismo entre adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT This was a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the association between exposure to tobacco displays at the point of sale and susceptibility to smoking in schoolchildren in the 14- to 17-year age bracket. Of the participating students, 69.0%, 21.3%, and 9.7% were classified as never smokers, experimenters, and smokers, respectively. Of the participants who were classified as being exposed to smoking, 18.9% were susceptible to smoking. Of the participants who were classified as being unexposed to smoking, 12.9% were susceptible to smoking (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.04 -2.35; p = 0.029). Exposure to point-of-sale tobacco displays is associated with smoking susceptibility in Brazilian adolescents.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de verificar a associação entre a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda e a susceptibilidade ao tabagismo, foi realizado um estudo transversal com escolares entre 14 e 17 anos. Destes, 69,0% eram nunca fumantes, 21,3% eram experimentadores, e 9,7% eram fumantes. Entre os escolares expostos a maços de cigarros nos pontos de venda, 18,9% eram susceptíveis ao tabagismo, enquanto entre os estudantes não expostos, 12,9% eram susceptíveis a fumar (OR = 1,56; IC95%: 1,04-2,35; p = 0,029). Conclui-se que a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda está associada à susceptibilidade ao tabagismo entre adolescentes brasileiros.