Leaf-chlorophyll level in forage assessed by Dualex, Spad-502 and Nitrogen Nutrition Index / Nível adequado de clorofila foliar em forrageiras avaliado pelo Dualex, Spad- 502 e Índice de Nutrição Nitrogenada

The use of nitrogen in forage foment the animal production system sustainability, increases the yield, the perennial state of pastures, soil structure and agribusiness profits, allowing adjustments on the  management and pastures use. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration is directly associated to chlorophyll amount (Chl). It can be measured by different types of sensors as Dualex 4 Scientific and SPAD-502 which gives instant values corresponding to N and indirect values for nitrogen nutrition (NNI). This work aimed to estimate chlorophyll values from leaf corresponding to SPAD values associated to NNI=1.0 (which indicates the N concentration or critical N not limiting for forage development). The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 4 x 4 setup, with four genotypes of Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) U. brizantha cv. Piata, U. brizantha cv. Marandu, and two interspecific hybrids denominated H69 and H12 and four nitrogen levels (0; 75; 15 0 and 225 mg/dm3 ), provided by urea, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). The soil was a Quartzipsamments containing 9% clay, 90% sand and 1% silt. The evaluations were performed on plants of 52 days after sowing. Chlorophyll amounts were determined by sampling the third medium of the leaf blade from a third of the expanded leaf, from the apical, using the Dualex 4 Scientific and Minolta SPAD 502 and NNI was calculated as

ês.

Effect of tanninipherous plants extracts on hatchability of Haemonchus contortus eggs / Efeito de extratos de plantas taniníferas na eclodibilidade de ovos de Haemonchus contortus

Parasites are resistants to the main existing anthelmintic drugs on the market, so tanninipherous plants could be a sustainable alternative against gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic action of tanninipherous plants extracts on egg hatch assay (EHA) of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). The present research was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science (IZ/APTA/SAA) located in the city of Nova Odessa/São Paulo/Brazil. The leaves of the Fabaceae Peptadenia colubrina, Leucaena pulverulenta, Stylosanthes guianensis and Neonotonia wightii cv. tinaroo were collected at agrostological field at IZ/APTA/SAA, dried at 35C and ground. Their actives were extracted with a solution of acetone:water (70:30), followed by washings with dichloromethane and freeze-dried. The percentages of total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) were calculated and values for TT and CT to P. colubrina was 12.7% and 0.89% respectively, followed by L. pulverulenta (7,5% and 6,9%), S. guianensis (2.4% and 1%) and N. wightii cv. tinaroo (1.1% and 0.09%). The extract concentration used to inhibit eggs hatching was 0.012 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. Data were analyzed by SAS/Probit to determine Lethal Concentration (LC50) with independent variables (dose) transformed by natural logarithms (log-dose). The lowest LC50 was for P. colubrina (0.10 mg/mL), followed by S. guian

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Soil chemical atributtes on brachiaria spp in integrated crop livestock system / Características químicas do solo em pastagens de Brachiaria em sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária

Integrated crop-livestock systems have attracted more interest in the last few years due to their capacity of improving stability and sustainability of agricultural systems when compared to more specialized production ones. The crop-livestock integration is an effective technique, but complex to maintain pasture productivity and its recovery, whose efficiency depends on soil physical management and its chemical fertility. Regarding the soil fertility, the corrective practices generally begin with the liming due to the high acidity of most Brazilian soils and low levels of Ca and Mg in the exchange complex and high Al saturation. In areas of crop-livestock systems, liming corrects the surface acidity potential. However, this practice can leave the subsoil with excess aluminum and lack of calcium, which inhibit root growth and affect the absorption of water and nutrients. The application of gypsum allows the improvement of the subsoil, reducing Al saturation and increasing levels of calcium and sulfur. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the soil chemical properties of a Haplorthox soil in integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Piatã, Brachiaria ruziziensis with gypsum and liming application. This study was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa/SP, a pasture established on a soil with medium texture (61.4% s

ês.

Waste compost effect on macronutrients in haplorthox soil / Efeito de composto de lixo sobre os teores de macronutrientes em um solo haplorthox

Composting is a controlled aerobic process to treat and stabilize organic wastes, transforming them into organic fertilizers. It is environmentally friendly (by treating polluting wastes and recycling nutrients and materials), sanitary (by breaking the cycle of diseases and eliminating vectors) and socially beneficial (by generating jobs and improving crop yields). The use of compost from urban waste (the product obtained by composting the organic part of solid household wastes) can improve soil fertility without harming the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of organic fertilizer (waste compost - WC) on soil macronutrient contents. The experiment was performed at the Animal Nutrition and Pasture Center Instituto de Zootecnia Nova Odessa, SP, between January and June 2013, in a Haplorthox soil (pHCaCl2= 4.9), cultivated with piatagrass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf), without liming. The treatments involved five rates of WC application: 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 Mg ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications, in pottery vessels (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment (original soil) and after cultivation of the grass (60 days after application). The samples were air dried and passed through sieves with 2 mm mesh and analyzed chemically. The macronu

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Nutritional characteristics of two pigeon pea hybrids Liming and phosphated fertilization / Características nutricionais de dois híbridos de Guandu calagem e fertilização fosfatada

The use of legumes in animal production systems can be a sustainable alternative as a protein source in rotational grazing system and/or as a protein bank. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) figure as an example of success of this use on animal nutrition. The development of this species can be limited by the high acidity and low soil phosphorus content. There is a lack of scientific information on the effects of liming and phosphorus fertilization on some nutritional variables of two pigeon pea new hybrids. This study was conducted in pots containing 5 kg of soil in a greenhouse at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. There were studied two pigeon pea hybrids, H1 and H2, and the treatments involved agronomic practices: 1) No liming and without phosphorus (control), 2) Liming (L), 3) Phosphorus fertilization (P) and 4) Liming plus phosphorus. Liming was proposed to increase soil base saturation to 50%, it was used dolomite lime PRNT = 90%, in an amount corresponding to 4.5 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilization (as superphosphate) rate was 60 kg/ha of PO25. The experimental units were allocated according to a complete randomised block design, with five replications. We analyzed the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in pigeon pea shoot at 45 days of age. Statistical analyzes were performed using the software

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Isoflavones hydrolisis and extraction / de Isoflavonas

Isoflavones are found in leguminous species and are used as phytoestrogens widely used by industry for its beneficial effects as estrogens mimicked, antioxidant action and anti-cancer activity. The identification and quantification of isoflavones in plants is a need due to the high demand of industry. Several methods are used for its extraction, using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile). Samples from five legumes species from Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Forage Gene Bank were tested. All seeds received a hydrothermic treatment immersed in pure water at 50C for 12 hours. Seeds were then oven-dryed. In this work we tested the extraction using only the hydrothermic treatment and hyfrothermic treatment allied to methanol extaction protocol. Seeds were grinded and half of the samples were ressuspended in PBS (phosphate Buffer) and the other half were submited to 4 mL of methanol and 1% of acetic acid, soaked for 5 hours, shaked every 15 minutes, at room temperature. The five legume species that we quantify isoflavones by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were: Calopogonium mucunoides, Bauhinia sp., Cajanus cajan, Galactia martii, Leucaena leucocephala. The extraction procedure is a recomendation of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) for isoflavone quantification. Ours results show an increase of extraction using methanol 80% plus acetic acid 1% and was obta

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Leaf-chlorophyll level in forage assessed by Dualex, Spad-502 and Nitrogen Nutrition Index / Nível adequado de clorofila foliar em forrageiras avaliado pelo Dualex, Spad- 502 e Índice de Nutrição Nitrogenada

The use of nitrogen in forage foment the animal production system sustainability, increases the yield, the perennial state of pastures, soil structure and agribusiness profits, allowing adjustments on the  management and pastures use. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration is directly associated to chlorophyll amount (Chl). It can be measured by different types of sensors as Dualex 4 Scientific and SPAD-502 which gives instant values corresponding to N and indirect values for nitrogen nutrition (NNI). This work aimed to estimate chlorophyll values from leaf corresponding to SPAD values associated to NNI=1.0 (which indicates the N concentration or critical N not limiting for forage development). The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 4 x 4 setup, with four genotypes of Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) U. brizantha cv. Piata, U. brizantha cv. Marandu, and two interspecific hybrids denominated H69 and H12 and four nitrogen levels (0; 75; 15 0 and 225 mg/dm3 ), provided by urea, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). The soil was a Quartzipsamments containing 9% clay, 90% sand and 1% silt. The evaluations were performed on plants of 52 days after sowing. Chlorophyll amounts were determined by sampling the third medium of the leaf blade from a third of the expanded leaf, from the apical, using the Dualex 4 Scientific and Minolta SPAD 502 and NNI was calculated as

ês.

Isoflavones hydrolisis and extraction / de Isoflavonas

Isoflavones are found in leguminous species and are used as phytoestrogens widely used by industry for its beneficial effects as estrogens mimicked, antioxidant action and anti-cancer activity. The identification and quantification of isoflavones in plants is a need due to the high demand of industry. Several methods are used for its extraction, using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile). Samples from five legumes species from Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Forage Gene Bank were tested. All seeds received a hydrothermic treatment immersed in pure water at 50C for 12 hours. Seeds were then oven-dryed. In this work we tested the extraction using only the hydrothermic treatment and hyfrothermic treatment allied to methanol extaction protocol. Seeds were grinded and half of the samples were ressuspended in PBS (phosphate Buffer) and the other half were submited to 4 mL of methanol and 1% of acetic acid, soaked for 5 hours, shaked every 15 minutes, at room temperature. The five legume species that we quantify isoflavones by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were: Calopogonium mucunoides, Bauhinia sp., Cajanus cajan, Galactia martii, Leucaena leucocephala. The extraction procedure is a recomendation of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) for isoflavone quantification. Ours results show an increase of extraction using methanol 80% plus acetic acid 1% and was obta

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Nutritional characteristics of two pigeon pea hybrids Liming and phosphated fertilization / Características nutricionais de dois híbridos de Guandu calagem e fertilização fosfatada

The use of legumes in animal production systems can be a sustainable alternative as a protein source in rotational grazing system and/or as a protein bank. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) figure as an example of success of this use on animal nutrition. The development of this species can be limited by the high acidity and low soil phosphorus content. There is a lack of scientific information on the effects of liming and phosphorus fertilization on some nutritional variables of two pigeon pea new hybrids. This study was conducted in pots containing 5 kg of soil in a greenhouse at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. There were studied two pigeon pea hybrids, H1 and H2, and the treatments involved agronomic practices: 1) No liming and without phosphorus (control), 2) Liming (L), 3) Phosphorus fertilization (P) and 4) Liming plus phosphorus. Liming was proposed to increase soil base saturation to 50%, it was used dolomite lime PRNT = 90%, in an amount corresponding to 4.5 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilization (as superphosphate) rate was 60 kg/ha of PO25. The experimental units were allocated according to a complete randomised block design, with five replications. We analyzed the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in pigeon pea shoot at 45 days of age. Statistical analyzes were performed using the software

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Soil chemical atributtes on brachiaria spp in integrated crop livestock system / Características químicas do solo em pastagens de Brachiaria em sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária

Integrated crop-livestock systems have attracted more interest in the last few years due to their capacity of improving stability and sustainability of agricultural systems when compared to more specialized production ones. The crop-livestock integration is an effective technique, but complex to maintain pasture productivity and its recovery, whose efficiency depends on soil physical management and its chemical fertility. Regarding the soil fertility, the corrective practices generally begin with the liming due to the high acidity of most Brazilian soils and low levels of Ca and Mg in the exchange complex and high Al saturation. In areas of crop-livestock systems, liming corrects the surface acidity potential. However, this practice can leave the subsoil with excess aluminum and lack of calcium, which inhibit root growth and affect the absorption of water and nutrients. The application of gypsum allows the improvement of the subsoil, reducing Al saturation and increasing levels of calcium and sulfur. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the soil chemical properties of a Haplorthox soil in integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Piatã, Brachiaria ruziziensis with gypsum and liming application. This study was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa/SP, a pasture established on a soil with medium texture (61.4% s

ês.

Morphological characterization and selection of forage legumes for seed production / Avaliação de caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos em leguminosas forrageiras tropicais visando a produção de sementes

Ninety-six accessions from the genera Calopogonium, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, Macrotyloma, Macroptilium, Neonotonia and Stylosanthes were evaluated, by means of morphological, phenological and agronomic characters, in order to select accessions with high seed production, as well as good vegetative growth, and tolerance to pest and disease attack. The experiment was conducted at the Centro de Forragicultura e Pastagens in Nova Odessa, SP. Each accession was represented by a single plot, without replication. Principal component and cluster analysis were conducted for all accessions, and also for groups of accessions representing one or more genera. Through a character discard method, inflorescence length, pod width, tolerance to pest and disease attack, seed production and floral initiation were characters selected based on their discriminatory power. For each cluster analysis, groups containing the highest yielding accessions, according to seed production, vegetative growth and tolerance to pests and diseases were selected. Therefore, four accessions of C. mucunoides (NO 1194, 1257, 1715, 1824), two of M. axillare (NO 279, 280), five of G. striata (NO 1258, 1626, 1701, 1848, 1871), eight of N. wightii (NO 253, 256, 258, 344, 2282, 2330, 2348, 2349), three of S. capitata (NO 825, 1327, 2366), two of S. macrocephala (NO 2309, 2575), and one of S. guianensis (NO 2313) were i

Foram avaliados 96 acessos referentes aos gêneros Calopogonium, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, Macrotyloma, Macroptilium, Neonotonia e Stylosanthes, através de caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e agronômicos, com o objetivo de selecionar acessos que apresentem alta produção de sementes, além de bom desenvolvimento vegetativo, e tolerância a pragas e doenças. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Forragicultura e Pastagens em Nova Odessa, SP. Cada acesso foi representado por uma única parcela, sem repetição. Foram realizadas análises de componentes principais e agrupamento para todos os acessos e para grupos de acessos representando um ou mais gêneros. Através do descarte de caracteres, foram selecionados os caracteres comprimento da inflorescência, largura da vagem, tolerância a pragas e doenças, produção de sementes e início de florescimento, como de maior poder discriminatório. Para cada análise de agrupamento realizada, foram selecionados os grupos contendo acessos mais produtivos, de acordo com a produção de sementes, desenvolvimento vegetativo e tolerância a pragas e doenças. Foram indicados, portanto, quatro acessos de C. mucunoides (NO 1194, 1257, 1715, 1824), dois de M. axillare (NO 279, 280), cinco de G. striata (NO 1258, 1626, 1701, 1848, 1871), oito de N. wightii (NO 253, 256, 258, 344, 2282, 2330, 2348, 2349), três de S. capitata (NO 825, 1327, 2366), dois d

Morphological characterization and selection of forage legumes for seed production / Avaliação de caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos em leguminosas forrageiras tropicais visando a produção de sementes

Ninety-six accessions from the genera Calopogonium, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, Macrotyloma, Macroptilium, Neonotonia and Stylosanthes were evaluated, by means of morphological, phenological and agronomic characters, in order to select accessions with high seed production, as well as good vegetative growth, and tolerance to pest and disease attack. The experiment was conducted at the Centro de Forragicultura e Pastagens in Nova Odessa, SP. Each accession was represented by a single plot, without replication. Principal component and cluster analysis were conducted for all accessions, and also for groups of accessions representing one or more genera. Through a character discard method, inflorescence length, pod width, tolerance to pest and disease attack, seed production and floral initiation were characters selected based on their discriminatory power. For each cluster analysis, groups containing the highest yielding accessions, according to seed production, vegetative growth and tolerance to pests and diseases were selected. Therefore, four accessions of C. mucunoides (NO 1194, 1257, 1715, 1824), two of M. axillare (NO 279, 280), five of G. striata (NO 1258, 1626, 1701, 1848, 1871), eight of N. wightii (NO 253, 256, 258, 344, 2282, 2330, 2348, 2349), three of S. capitata (NO 825, 1327, 2366), two of S. macrocephala (NO 2309, 2575), and one of S. guianensis (NO 2313) were i

Foram avaliados 96 acessos referentes aos gêneros Calopogonium, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, Macrotyloma, Macroptilium, Neonotonia e Stylosanthes, através de caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e agronômicos, com o objetivo de selecionar acessos que apresentem alta produção de sementes, além de bom desenvolvimento vegetativo, e tolerância a pragas e doenças. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Forragicultura e Pastagens em Nova Odessa, SP. Cada acesso foi representado por uma única parcela, sem repetição. Foram realizadas análises de componentes principais e agrupamento para todos os acessos e para grupos de acessos representando um ou mais gêneros. Através do descarte de caracteres, foram selecionados os caracteres comprimento da inflorescência, largura da vagem, tolerância a pragas e doenças, produção de sementes e início de florescimento, como de maior poder discriminatório. Para cada análise de agrupamento realizada, foram selecionados os grupos contendo acessos mais produtivos, de acordo com a produção de sementes, desenvolvimento vegetativo e tolerância a pragas e doenças. Foram indicados, portanto, quatro acessos de C. mucunoides (NO 1194, 1257, 1715, 1824), dois de M. axillare (NO 279, 280), cinco de G. striata (NO 1258, 1626, 1701, 1848, 1871), oito de N. wightii (NO 253, 256, 258, 344, 2282, 2330, 2348, 2349), três de S. capitata (NO 825, 1327, 2366), dois d

Effect of tanninipherous plants extracts on hatchability of Haemonchus contortus eggs / Efeito de extratos de plantas taniníferas na eclodibilidade de ovos de Haemonchus contortus

Parasites are resistants to the main existing anthelmintic drugs on the market, so tanninipherous plants could be a sustainable alternative against gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic action of tanninipherous plants extracts on egg hatch assay (EHA) of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). The present research was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science (IZ/APTA/SAA) located in the city of Nova Odessa/São Paulo/Brazil. The leaves of the Fabaceae Peptadenia colubrina, Leucaena pulverulenta, Stylosanthes guianensis and Neonotonia wightii cv. tinaroo were collected at agrostological field at IZ/APTA/SAA, dried at 35C and ground. Their actives were extracted with a solution of acetone:water (70:30), followed by washings with dichloromethane and freeze-dried. The percentages of total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) were calculated and values for TT and CT to P. colubrina was 12.7% and 0.89% respectively, followed by L. pulverulenta (7,5% and 6,9%), S. guianensis (2.4% and 1%) and N. wightii cv. tinaroo (1.1% and 0.09%). The extract concentration used to inhibit eggs hatching was 0.012 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. Data were analyzed by SAS/Probit to determine Lethal Concentration (LC50) with independent variables (dose) transformed by natural logarithms (log-dose). The lowest LC50 was for P. colubrina (0.10 mg/mL), followed by S. guian

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Waste compost effect on macronutrients in haplorthox soil / Efeito de composto de lixo sobre os teores de macronutrientes em um solo haplorthox

Composting is a controlled aerobic process to treat and stabilize organic wastes, transforming them into organic fertilizers. It is environmentally friendly (by treating polluting wastes and recycling nutrients and materials), sanitary (by breaking the cycle of diseases and eliminating vectors) and socially beneficial (by generating jobs and improving crop yields). The use of compost from urban waste (the product obtained by composting the organic part of solid household wastes) can improve soil fertility without harming the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of organic fertilizer (waste compost - WC) on soil macronutrient contents. The experiment was performed at the Animal Nutrition and Pasture Center Instituto de Zootecnia Nova Odessa, SP, between January and June 2013, in a Haplorthox soil (pHCaCl2= 4.9), cultivated with piatagrass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf), without liming. The treatments involved five rates of WC application: 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 Mg ha-1, mixed with soil before sowing the grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications, in pottery vessels (3.34 dm3). Soil samples were collected prior to the experiment (original soil) and after cultivation of the grass (60 days after application). The samples were air dried and passed through sieves with 2 mm mesh and analyzed chemically. The macronu

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.