Natural association between bovine leukemia virus and reproductive infectious diseases

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a widespread infectious disease caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which results in immune system dysfunction. The resulting immunosuppression may lead to an increased prevalence of other diseases. Dairy cows infected have altered immune function associated with decreased milk production and shortened lifespan and decreased immune response to immunization. BLV infection, however, is often asymptomatic, so any connection between subclinical infection and common reproductive diseases remains unknown. This study aimed to describe the relationship between naturally occurring subclinical BLV and infectious reproductive diseases seroconversion in the field. Materials, Methods & Results: The diseases investigated included Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), Bovine alfaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), Chlamydiosis, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and Neosporosis in dairy cattle. Six hundred fifty-five sera samples from the northern and south-central regions of Uruguay, from asymptomatic female Holstein and Holstein crosses without a history of vaccination against reproductive diseases were processed using reference diagnostic methods (Seronautalization, ELISA, MAT, Rose Bengal Plate test). The seroprevalence of BLV was 20.0%. Seroprevalence of reproductive diseases BVD, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 were 99.3%, 41.2% and 27.3% of the populations, respectively, and the total seroprevalence of Leptospirosis, bovine Neospora caninum and Chlamydiosis were 19.8%, 29.8% and 33.0% respectively. The results revealed positive associations between naturally contracted BLV and the presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 (P = 0.002), as well as between naturally contracted BLV and presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. (P = 0.028). Discussion: BLV infection can impact innate and adaptive immune system cells and alter the proper functioning of uninfected cells. BLV infection may also induce changes in the complex balance of cytokine expression, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death in T- and B-lymphocytes, which is critical for immune competence and effective response to infectious challenges. The progression of BLV infection has a substantial effect on host defense mechanisms. Indeed, lowmagnitude serologic responses to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and a J5 Escherichia coli vaccine have been observed. These results are supported by recent trial studies showing a reduced immune response to vaccination against BoHV-1 and Leptospira spp. in asymptomatic animals infected with BLV. These are 2 of the most prevalent infectious reproductive diseases in cattle worldwide, and our results provide evidence that a link between BLV and susceptibility to these diseases may exist. Although there is evidence of the co-occurrence of these diseases, it remains unknown whether there is a direct or indirect effect of BLV on infertility, embryonic loss, or abortion. Another possibility is that natural infection with these reproductive pathogens (BoHV-1, Leptospira, or others) promotes BLV expression, negatively affecting the farms where these pathogens are endemic. Considering the high seroprevalence of BLV in dairy herds in North and South America where the infection is endemic, it was explored BLV's role as an immunosuppressant by quantifying its co-occurrence with diseases that affect reproductive performance in breeding herds. Future work should clarify the role of BLV and the co-occurring pathogens in causing infertility or abortions.

Tratamento de tromboembolismo e preparo para implantação de prótese osteointegrada com oxigenioterapia hiperbárica em uma gata / Treatment of tromboembolism and preparation for an osseointegrated prothesis fixation with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a kitten

Background: Ischemic neuromyopathy is the most common reason for amputation in cats. In veterinary medicine, the use of prosthetic limbs is not widespread; therefore, in most cases total limb amputation is indicated. However, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an alternative with several benefits for the treatment of vascular disorders with reperfusion, ischemia, and infection. Therefore, this study aimed to report the positive effects of HBOT on the treatment of ischemic neuromyopathy secondary to arterial thromboembolism on the patient's clinical improvement, and on the preparation of the patient for insertion of an osseointegrated prosthesis. Case: A 6-month-old mixed-breed kitten returned for treatment after undergoing surgery seven days earlier for reduction of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, during which it suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest. The patient presented with acute pelvic limb paralysis with 24-h evolution, absent femoral pulse, plantar cushions and dorsal part of the limbs cold and pale. After supportive therapy and diagnosis of aortic thromboembolism by arterial Doppler, the patient started adjunctive treatment with HBOT from the first day of hospitalization. Sessions took place in an exclusive hyperbaric chamber for animals and lasted 60 min at a pressure of 2.5 absolute atmospheres and 100% oxygen, initially every 12 h. However, during the first 5 days of hospitalization, the distal region of both pelvic limbs began to show tissue devitalization and edema, and hematologic parameters showed changes on the 7th day. The right pelvic limb (RPL) showed more involvement of superficial tissues, extending to the tarsometatarsal joint region. After 8 days of hospitalization, the devitalized tissue was debrided. The RPL had an extensive devitalized area with exposed bone in the phalanges and necrosis in the pads. The left pelvic limb (LPL) suffered minor complications, with involvement of the phalangeal region. After 12 days, with HBOT every 48 h, exuberant granulation tissue was observed. After 17 days, the patient was discharged, and HBOT sessions were performed weekly. Gangrene of the midfoot and lack of proprioception were observed in RPL, while LPL showed bone divulsion of the 1st, 3rd, and 4th phalanges. Because of the poor prognosis for limb viability, the RPL was partially amputated, and a self-threaded intraosseous prosthesis was inserted. Discussion: The cardiorespiratory arrest that occurred during the surgical procedure to reduce the diaphragmatic hernia without thromboprophylaxis may have contributed to the peripheral ischemia. HBOT was proposed for the adjuvant treatment of ischemic injury because it is especially indicated for cases of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The main hematological parameters were evaluated at an average interval of 7 days. While the platelet count and hematocrit increased, the leukocytosis decreased. This demonstrates the benefit of oxygen therapy in the reported patient. The use of HBOT in orthopedic injuries is known to result mainly in stimulation of osteoblasts, promoting osseointegration of the prosthesis. We conclude that the adjuvant treatment with HBOT helped to preserve a large segment of both pelvic limbs, prevent the progression of necrosis, and provide a healthy bed for fixation of an osseointegrated prosthesis in the RPL, resulting in clinical improvement of the patient.

New species of Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitizing the urinary bladder of a freshwater turtle in Brazil / Nova espécie de Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitando a bexiga urinária de uma tartaruga de água doce no Brasil

Trachemys dorbigni is the most abundant freshwater turtle species in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Chelonians are known to host a wide variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, hemoparasites and helminths. Among these, nine genera of polystomatid flatworms (Monogenoidea; Polystomatidae) infect freshwater turtles: Apaloneotrema, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema, Manotrema, Pleurodirotrema, Polystomoidella, Polystomoides, Uropolystomoides and Uteropolystomoides. However, little is known about the biology of these parasites in the Neotropical Realm. Through investigative cystoscopy, specimens of Polystomatidae were located inside the urinary bladder of the host T. dorbigni. Retrieved specimens were fixed and stained whole mounts prepared for taxonomic identification. In the present paper, a new species of Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitizing the urinary bladder of a freshwater turtle of the species T. dorbigni in Brazil is described. Polystomoides santamariensis n. sp. differs from the congeneric species on the length of the genital spines, which are longer. Given the enormous diversity of freshwater turtles around the world, it is likely that a large number of chelonian polystomatids are still unknown.(AU)

Trachemys dorbigni é a espécie de tartaruga de água doce mais abundante do Rio Grande do Sul, no Sul do Brasil. Sabe-se que os quelônios são hospedeiros de uma grande variedade de patógenos, incluindo vírus, bactérias, hemoparasitos e helmintos. Dentre estes, oito gêneros de Polystomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea) infectam tartarugas de água doce: Apaloneotrema, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema, Manotrema, Pleurodirotrema, Polystomoidella, Polystomoides, Uropolystomoides e Uteropolystomoides. No entanto, pouco ainda se sabe sobre a biologia destes parasitos na Região Neotropical. Durante uma citoscopia investigativa, foram observados espécimes de Polystomatidae localizados no interior da bexiga urinária de T. dorbigni. Os espécimes coletados foram fixados e corados para identificação taxonômica. No presente artigo, uma nova espécie de Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitando a bexiga urinária de tartaruga de água doce da espécie T. dorbigni no Brasil é descrita. Polystomoides santamariensis n. sp. difere das demais espécies no tamanho dos espinhos genitais, que são maiores. Devido a enorme diversidade de tartarugas de água doce ao redor do mundo, é provável que um grande número de polistomatídeos de quelônios ainda seja desconhecido.(AU)

Biliary peritonitis in a dog after perforation of the gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a common complication and occurs in at least one third of human patients undergoing LC. This is attributed to the fragility of the gallbladder wall associated with mucocele and cholecystitis, in addition to the need for repetitive gripping and traction of the gallbladder during its manipulation with laparoscopic instruments. As complications from this event are rare in human patients, conversion to laparotomy is not routinely indicated and the adverse consequences of bile spillage are minimized by abundant irrigation of the peritoneal cavity and adequate antimicrobial therapy. On the other hand, there is little information regarding the outcome of laparoscopic management of this complication in laparoscopic cholecystectomies in dogs, particularly since most surgeons indicate conversion in these cases. Thus, we describe a case of biliary peritonitis that developed in a dog after laparoscopic management of iatrogenic perforation of the gallbladder during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in a case of gallbladder mucocele. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of biliary peritonitis following laparoscopic management of iatrogenic gallbladder perforation during LC in dogs. Case: A 14-year-old Poodle was referred for clinical evaluation with selective appetite, recurrent episodes of hyporexia, and abdominal discomfort. Ultrasound findings characterized chronic liver disease and gallbladder mucocele. The patient was referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, during which the gallbladder was iatrogenically perforated, with extravasation of a large volume of bile content. This complication was managed by copious abdominal irrigation via laparoscopic access and antimicrobial therapy. On the second postoperative day, the patient started to present apathy, hyporexia, emesis, and jaundice. The patient remained hospitalized in the intensive care unit for stabilization and monitoring through hematological examinations and serial abdominal ultrasound. Due to progressive worsening of the clinical picture, an exploratory laparotomy was performed ten days after the initial surgical procedure. This examination showed multiple adhesions and the presence of bile residues adhered to numerous points on the peritoneal surface and pancreas. Despite the intensive treatment instituted, death occurred 10 h after the second surgical procedure. Discussion: The high risk of gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomies correlates with the dissection step or repetitive grasping and traction of the gallbladder with laparoscopic instruments. Conversion is not routinely indicated and laparoscopic management is considered effective in humans. However, in this case, the presence of a large volume of extravasated semisolid bile content and its adherence to the mesothelial surface made it impossible to remove it in its entirety despite the abundant irrigation of the abdominal cavity, resulting in a picture of biliary peritonitis in the postoperative period. In view of the reported negative outcome, the authors encourage the adoption of measures that minimize the risk of gallbladder perforation when performing LC in dogs. These include the use of atraumatic instruments or aspiration of bile content before surgical manipulation. Cases in which such a complication is recorded should be carefully monitored to enable early diagnosis and treatment of biliary peritonitis. Furthermore, conversion should be considered when there is extravasation of large volumes of bile, particularly in the presence of gallbladder mucocele, until future studies establish the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic management of this complication.

Celioscopy and partial salpingectomy in a pregnant bitch / Celioscopia e salpingectomia parcial em fêmea canina gestante

This case report presents a celioscopy procedure followed by partial salpingectomy (PS) in a pregnant bitch referred to elective video assisted ovariohysterectomy. Through celioscopy it was visualized the embryonic vesicles and PS was performed after conversion to minioceliotomy. The puppies were born by eutocic delivery without clinical alterations. The case suggested that short and regular pneumoperitoneum is not deleterious to dog fetus and video surgery could be used in pregnant bitches. PS allows the fetus development and promotes bitch neutering.

Este trabalho relata um caso de celioscopia seguido de salpingectomia parcial (SP) em fêmea canina gestante encaminhada à ovariohisterectomia eletiva videoassistida. Por celioscopia foram identificadas vesículas gestacionais e a SP foi aplicada após conversão para miniceliotomia. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas nos filhotes, os quais nasceram por parto eutócico. Sugere-se que o pneumoperitônio regular por tempo reduzido não seja deletério para fetos caninos e a videocirurgia pode ser aplicada em caninos gestantes. A SP permite a continuidade do desenvolvimento fetal e a esterilização de fêmeas caninas.

Liming and macronutrient on early growth of Eucalyptus benthamii / Calcário e macronutrientes no crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus benthamii

Macronutrient suppression is one way to identify which chemical elements is the most important in the early development of seedlings of forest species. This study evaluated the initial growth of Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings through morphological and physiological variables, submitted to doses of N, P and K, and liming. The experimental design to install the experiment was completely randomized, with a 2x9 factorial scheme, in which levels of factor “A” referred to absence and presence of liming and levels of factor “B”, to the different treatments of NPK. Morphological variables of SD (stem diameter) and H (height) and the physiological variables of A (photosynthesis), E (transpiration), gs (stomatal conductance), Ci/Ca (relationship between intercellular and atmospheric CO2 concentration) and WUE (water use efficiency) were measured. For morphological variables, the absence of N directly affected the means and there was a direct relationship between increase of the dose and increase of SD and H. There was a positive relationship of P mainly in relation to shoot dry matter content (SDMC) and root dry matter content (RDMC). For the physiological variables, there was no direct response with the doses of N or P, with K being the element that most influenced the variables, especially when limestone was applied, resulting in higher averages for photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. With the purpose of meeting the morphological and physiological demands, the recommendation for cultivation of Eucalyptus benthamii under the conditions of this study is the doses 150-200-150, without liming application.

A supressão dos macronutrientes é uma das maneiras de identificar qual ou quais dos elementos químicos é o mais importante no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de espécies florestais. O estudo objetivou avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii por meio de variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas, submetidas a doses de N, P e K, e calagem. O delineamento experimental para instalação do experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x9, em que os níveis do fator “A” se referiram a ausência e a presença de calagem e os níveis do fator “B” aos diferentes tratamentos de NPK. Variáveis morfológicas de DAC (diâmetro a altura do colo) e H (altura) e as variáveis fisiológicas de A (fotossíntese), E (transpiração), gs (condutância estomática), Ci/Ca (relação entre a concentração intercelular e atmosférica de CO2) e WUE (eficiência no uso da água) foram determinadas. Para as variáveis morfológicas, a ausência do N afetou diretamente as médias, havendo uma relação direta entre o aumento da dose com o aumento das variáveis. Há uma relação positiva do P principalmente em relação a MSPA e MSPR. Para as variáveis fisiológicas, não houve resposta direta com as doses de N ou P, sendo o K o elemento que mais influenciou as variáveis, principalmente quando o calcário foi aplicado, resultando em maiores médias para fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática. Com o objetivo de atender às demandas morfológicas e fisiológicas, a recomendação para o cultivo de Eucalyptus benthamii nas condições deste estudo é a dose 150-200-150, sem aplicação de calagem.

Liming and macronutrient on early growth of Eucalyptus benthamii / Calcário e macronutrientes no crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus benthamii

ABSTRACT: Macronutrient suppression is one way to identify which chemical elements is the most important in the early development of seedlings of forest species. This study evaluated the initial growth of Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings through morphological and physiological variables, submitted to doses of N, P and K, and liming. The experimental design to install the experiment was completely randomized, with a 2x9 factorial scheme, in which levels of factor "A" referred to absence and presence of liming and levels of factor "B", to the different treatments of NPK. Morphological variables of SD (stem diameter) and H (height) and the physiological variables of A (photosynthesis), E (transpiration), gs (stomatal conductance), Ci/Ca (relationship between intercellular and atmospheric CO2 concentration) and WUE (water use efficiency) were measured. For morphological variables, the absence of N directly affected the means and there was a direct relationship between increase of the dose and increase of SD and H. There was a positive relationship of P mainly in relation to shoot dry matter content (SDMC) and root dry matter content (RDMC). For the physiological variables, there was no direct response with the doses of N or P, with K being the element that most influenced the variables, especially when limestone was applied, resulting in higher averages for photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. With the purpose of meeting the morphological and physiological demands, the recommendation for cultivation of Eucalyptus benthamii under the conditions of this study is the doses 150-200-150, without liming application.

RESUMO: A supressão dos macronutrientes é uma das maneiras de identificar qual ou quais dos elementos químicos é o mais importante no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de espécies florestais. O estudo objetivou avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii por meio de variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas, submetidas a doses de N, P e K, e calagem. O delineamento experimental para instalação do experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x9, em que os níveis do fator "A" se referiram a ausência e a presença de calagem e os níveis do fator "B" aos diferentes tratamentos de NPK. Variáveis morfológicas de DAC (diâmetro a altura do colo) e H (altura) e as variáveis fisiológicas de A (fotossíntese), E (transpiração), gs (condutância estomática), Ci/Ca (relação entre a concentração intercelular e atmosférica de CO2) e WUE (eficiência no uso da água) foram determinadas. Para as variáveis morfológicas, a ausência do N afetou diretamente as médias, havendo uma relação direta entre o aumento da dose com o aumento das variáveis. Há uma relação positiva do P principalmente em relação a MSPA e MSPR. Para as variáveis fisiológicas, não houve resposta direta com as doses de N ou P, sendo o K o elemento que mais influenciou as variáveis, principalmente quando o calcário foi aplicado, resultando em maiores médias para fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática. Com o objetivo de atender às demandas morfológicas e fisiológicas, a recomendação para o cultivo de Eucalyptus benthamii nas condições deste estudo é a dose 150-200-150, sem aplicação de calagem.

Liming and macronutrient on early growth of Eucalyptus benthamii / Calcário e macronutrientes no crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus benthamii

Macronutrient suppression is one way to identify which chemical elements is the most important in the early development of seedlings of forest species. This study evaluated the initial growth of Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings through morphological and physiological variables, submitted to doses of N, P and K, and liming. The experimental design to install the experiment was completely randomized, with a 2x9 factorial scheme, in which levels of factor “A” referred to absence and presence of liming and levels of factor “B”, to the different treatments of NPK. Morphological variables of SD (stem diameter) and H (height) and the physiological variables of A (photosynthesis), E (transpiration), gs (stomatal conductance), Ci/Ca (relationship between intercellular and atmospheric CO2 concentration) and WUE (water use efficiency) were measured. For morphological variables, the absence of N directly affected the means and there was a direct relationship between increase of the dose and increase of SD and H. There was a positive relationship of P mainly in relation to shoot dry matter content (SDMC) and root dry matter content (RDMC). For the physiological variables, there was no direct response with the doses of N or P, with K being the element that most influenced the variables, especially when limestone was applied, resulting in higher averages for photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. With the purpose of meeting the morphological and physiological demands, the recommendation for cultivation of Eucalyptus benthamii under the conditions of this study is the doses 150-200-150, without liming application.(AU)

A supressão dos macronutrientes é uma das maneiras de identificar qual ou quais dos elementos químicos é o mais importante no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de espécies florestais. O estudo objetivou avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii por meio de variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas, submetidas a doses de N, P e K, e calagem. O delineamento experimental para instalação do experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x9, em que os níveis do fator “A” se referiram a ausência e a presença de calagem e os níveis do fator “B” aos diferentes tratamentos de NPK. Variáveis morfológicas de DAC (diâmetro a altura do colo) e H (altura) e as variáveis fisiológicas de A (fotossíntese), E (transpiração), gs (condutância estomática), Ci/Ca (relação entre a concentração intercelular e atmosférica de CO2) e WUE (eficiência no uso da água) foram determinadas. Para as variáveis morfológicas, a ausência do N afetou diretamente as médias, havendo uma relação direta entre o aumento da dose com o aumento das variáveis. Há uma relação positiva do P principalmente em relação a MSPA e MSPR. Para as variáveis fisiológicas, não houve resposta direta com as doses de N ou P, sendo o K o elemento que mais influenciou as variáveis, principalmente quando o calcário foi aplicado, resultando em maiores médias para fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática. Com o objetivo de atender às demandas morfológicas e fisiológicas, a recomendação para o cultivo de Eucalyptus benthamii nas condições deste estudo é a dose 150-200-150, sem aplicação de calagem.(AU)

Celioscopy and partial salpingectomy in a pregnant bitch / Celioscopia e salpingectomia parcial em fêmea canina gestante

This case report presents a celioscopy procedure followed by partial salpingectomy (PS) in a pregnant bitch referred to elective video assisted ovariohysterectomy. Through celioscopy it was visualized the embryonic vesicles and PS was performed after conversion to minioceliotomy. The puppies were born by eutocic delivery without clinical alterations. The case suggested that short and regular pneumoperitoneum is not deleterious to dog fetus and video surgery could be used in pregnant bitches. PS allows the fetus development and promotes bitch neutering.(AU)

Este trabalho relata um caso de celioscopia seguido de salpingectomia parcial (SP) em fêmea canina gestante encaminhada à ovariohisterectomia eletiva videoassistida. Por celioscopia foram identificadas vesículas gestacionais e a SP foi aplicada após conversão para miniceliotomia. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas nos filhotes, os quais nasceram por parto eutócico. Sugere-se que o pneumoperitônio regular por tempo reduzido não seja deletério para fetos caninos e a videocirurgia pode ser aplicada em caninos gestantes. A SP permite a continuidade do desenvolvimento fetal e a esterilização de fêmeas caninas.(AU)

Induction of accessory corpus luteum in goats and sheep: From physiological basis to reproductive effects / Indução de corpo lúteo acessório em caprinos e ovinos: Das bases fisiológicas aos efeitos reprodutivos

A identificação das ondas foliculares ovarianas e de seu padrão hormonal revelou que os folículos ovarianos dominantes da onda ovulatória (FDOO) crescem em ambiente hormonal com predominância crescente de estradiol, diferentemente daqueles da primeira (FDPO) e das ondas foliculares intermediárias (FDOI), que crescem sob forte impacto da progesterona (P4). O hormônio luteinizante (LH) é considerado o hormônio gonadotrófico decisivo para direcionar se um folículo dominante ovulará (↑ LH) ou não (↓ LH). Estratégias foram desenvolvidas para aumentar o LH endógeno (administração de GnRH) ou fornecer LH exógeno de origem suína (pLH) ou, ainda, gonadotrofinas semelhantes ao LH, como gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG). Estas medidas são capazes de disponibilizar LH para maturação final, ovulação e/ou luteinização de FDPO ou FDOI, formando corpos lúteos acessórios (CLa). Como consequência, a P4 aumenta e favorece o estabelecimento da gestação, sobretudo em condições em que a P4 for o fator limitante para a implantação e manutenção embrionária. Em ovelhas e cabras, em diferentes estudos, a hCG foi administrada de cinco a sete dias após o início do estro e revelou que o FDPO responde positivamente à administração de hCG, formando CLa e/ou promovendo a hipertrofia do CL formado originalmente, aumentando a área luteal. O incremento da P4 normalmente acompanha o aumento de área do tecido luteal. Como efeito final e mais desejável, a gestação e o nascimento de cordeiros/cabritos também aumentam. Esses conceitos serão discutidos na presente revisão sobre indução de CLa em ovinos e caprinos.

The identification of ovarian follicular waves and associated hormonal milieux has revealed that dominant follicles of the ovulatory wave (OWDF) grow in a hormonal environment where there is an increasing predominance of estradiol, unlike first-wave dominant follicles (FWDF) and intermediatewave dominant follicles (IWDF), which grow under increasing progesterone (P4) concentrations. The luteinizing hormone (LH) is considered the decisive gonadotropic hormone to direct whether a dominant follicle will (↑ LH) or will not (↓ LH) ovulate. Based on this, strategies have been developed to either increase endogenous LH (GnRH administration) or provide exogenous LH of porcine origin (pLH) or LH-like gonadotropins, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Such strategies are able to provide LH for final maturation, ovulation, and/or luteinization of the FWDF or IWDF, forming accessory corpora lutea (aCL). As a consequence, P4 increases and favors the establishment of pregnancy, particularly when P4 is the limiting factor for the success of the conceptus implantation and maintenance. In sheep and goats, previous studies have administered hCG five to seven days after the onset of estrus and revealed that FWDF positively respond to hCG administration by either forming aCLs and/or promoting hypertrofia of the original CL which, in turn, increases its luteal tissue area. Normally, P4 synthesis increases along with the increase in luteal tissue area. As a final and most desirable outcome, pregnancy and the birth of lambs/kids also increase. These concepts will be discussed in this review, focusing on aCL induction in sheep and goats.

Dipyrone, scopolamine, and meloxicam for conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in female dogs / Dipirona, escopolamina e meloxicam após ovário-histerectomia convencional ou videoassistida por dois portais em fêmeas caninas

For ethical and organic reasons, surgical and analgesic techniques that minimize and adequately control pain should be studied. Ovariohysterectomy is the most common surgical technique in veterinary medicine and is performed in female dogs for elective or therapeutic purposes. Both conventional and minimally invasive surgical techniques are used in veterinary medicine; however, the minimally invasive laparoscopic technique is considered superior to the conventional technique because it is associated with a less painful and faster post-operative recovery. However, for various reasons, the laparoscopic technique is not yet widely used in veterinary medicine, and the conventional ovariohysterectomy is still the most common. The aim of this study, therefore, was to validate the efficacy of the combination of dipyrone, scopolamine, and meloxicam after conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomies in female dogs. Additionally, this study sought to assess recovery after the two surgical modalities while receiving the same analgesic protocol. Fourteen healthy adult female dogs were spayed and then evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale, the Melbourne Scale, and the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale for 72 hours after surgery. The analgesic protocol was efficient for pain control after both techniques, with minimal differences between the groups.

Devido a razões éticas e orgânicas, técnicas cirúrgicas e analgésicas que minimizam e controlam adequadamente a dor devem estudadas. A ovário-histerectomia é a técnica cirúrgica mais realizada em medicina veterinária, seja aplicada com fins eletivos ou terapêuticos. As técnicas cirúrgicas convencionais e minimamente invasivas são utilizadas em medicina veterinária, e as laparoscópicas são consideradas superiores, pois promovem menor dor e mais rápida recuperação pós-operatória. Embora esta modalidade cirúrgica seja considerada superior, por diferentes razões ainda não é tão difundida na medicina veterinária, sendo a técnica convencional de ovário-histerectomia a mais utilizada em cadelas. Por estas razões, o objetivo deste estudo foi validar a eficácia do protocolo dipirona, escopolamina e meloxicam em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia convencional ou videoassistida por dois portais, assim como avaliar a recuperação dos animais submetidos a duas modalidades cirúrgicas junto ao referido protocolo analgésico. Assim, 14 cadelas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a ovário-histerectomia e avaliadas por meio da Escala Visual Analógica, Escala de Melbourne e Forma reduzida da Escala Composta de Glasgow até 72 horas após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. O protocolo analgésico foi eficiente para controle da dor nos animais submetidos a ambas as técnicas cirúrgicas, e mínimas diferenças foram observadas entre os grupos.

Metamizol and scopolamine for conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Background: Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is one of the most applied techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Despite some analgesic protocols being used after this procedure in order to control post operatory pain, there is a lack of knowledge of the efficacy after conventional and two port laparoscopic-assisted techniques in dog female. Although the combined formulation of metamizol and scopolamine is used, there is no knowledge about the efficacy and collateral effects in a 6 h regimen after OVH. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of metamizol and scopolamine to analgesia after two techniques of OVH in dog female. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adults and healthy dog female were submitted to OVH, being eight to the conventional procedure and seven to video assisted technic with two ports. The patients received a combination of metamizol and scopolamine, 6-6 h during 48 h and were evaluated before surgery, 60 min after extubation and on 1 h interval during the f irst 8 h, and at 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after surgery. For this, the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and the short-form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) were applied by three evaluators blinded to surgical technic. Glucoses measurement was realized at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. Analgesic rescue was not necessary for any animal. Punctuation of UMPS in GC decreases at 8 h and at 5 h, and to GV at 12 and 24 h. Difference between groups happened at 3 h with larger average to GV; at 48 h the punctuation in GC was lager. Considering CMPS-SF to CG, higher average was observed at 1 h and decreased at 2, 3, 8 and 18. At GV highest average points was verified at 1, 2 and 3 h and decreased at 5, 8 and 18 h. Correlation was strong and positive between each two evaluators. Animals of both groups had increased average...

Dipyrone, scopolamine, and meloxicam for conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in female dogs / Dipirona, escopolamina e meloxicam após ovário-histerectomia convencional ou videoassistida por dois portais em fêmeas caninas

For ethical and organic reasons, surgical and analgesic techniques that minimize and adequately control pain should be studied. Ovariohysterectomy is the most common surgical technique in veterinary medicine and is performed in female dogs for elective or therapeutic purposes. Both conventional and minimally invasive surgical techniques are used in veterinary medicine; however, the minimally invasive laparoscopic technique is considered superior to the conventional technique because it is associated with a less painful and faster post-operative recovery. However, for various reasons, the laparoscopic technique is not yet widely used in veterinary medicine, and the conventional ovariohysterectomy is still the most common. The aim of this study, therefore, was to validate the efficacy of the combination of dipyrone, scopolamine, and meloxicam after conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomies in female dogs. Additionally, this study sought to assess recovery after the two surgical modalities while receiving the same analgesic protocol. Fourteen healthy adult female dogs were spayed and then evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale, the Melbourne Scale, and the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale for 72 hours after surgery. The analgesic protocol was efficient for pain control after both techniques, with minimal differences between the groups.(AU)

Devido a razões éticas e orgânicas, técnicas cirúrgicas e analgésicas que minimizam e controlam adequadamente a dor devem estudadas. A ovário-histerectomia é a técnica cirúrgica mais realizada em medicina veterinária, seja aplicada com fins eletivos ou terapêuticos. As técnicas cirúrgicas convencionais e minimamente invasivas são utilizadas em medicina veterinária, e as laparoscópicas são consideradas superiores, pois promovem menor dor e mais rápida recuperação pós-operatória. Embora esta modalidade cirúrgica seja considerada superior, por diferentes razões ainda não é tão difundida na medicina veterinária, sendo a técnica convencional de ovário-histerectomia a mais utilizada em cadelas. Por estas razões, o objetivo deste estudo foi validar a eficácia do protocolo dipirona, escopolamina e meloxicam em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia convencional ou videoassistida por dois portais, assim como avaliar a recuperação dos animais submetidos a duas modalidades cirúrgicas junto ao referido protocolo analgésico. Assim, 14 cadelas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a ovário-histerectomia e avaliadas por meio da Escala Visual Analógica, Escala de Melbourne e Forma reduzida da Escala Composta de Glasgow até 72 horas após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. O protocolo analgésico foi eficiente para controle da dor nos animais submetidos a ambas as técnicas cirúrgicas, e mínimas diferenças foram observadas entre os grupos.(AU)

Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS TM) using an umbilical hernial approach for cryptorchidectomy of a degenerated testis in a dog / Aplicação do portal único (SILS TM) por acesso herniário umbilical para criptorquidectomia de testículo degenerado em cão

SILS TM via an umbilical hernia opening was used in the correction of an abdominal cryptorchidism in a dog. The SILS TM port was inserted through a 2.5 cm skin incision on the umbilical hernia and pneumoperitoneum was established with CO2. A 10mm telescope, 5mm laparoscopic Babcock clamp, and a clamp with combined cutting and coagulation features were used for the dissection and removal of the testicle through the SILS TM port. The treatment proved to be effective, easy, and quick to perform. However, the lack of triangulation between clamps and telescope limited the movement of the instruments, making it more laborious than a multiple-trocar approach. It can be concluded that the use of a SILS TM port through a pre-existing opening of the abdominal wall enables a reduction of the risks associated with multiple incisions; such as injury and manipulation of internal organs, pain, bleeding, and development of new hernias.(AU)

Objetivou-se proceder um tratamento para um caso de criptorquidismo canino, utilizando-se abordagem laparoscópica com portal único SILS TM, por meio de acesso abdominal via abertura de hérnia umbilical. Realizou-se uma incisão de 2,5 cm da pele em cima da hérnia umbilical, por onde introduziu-se trocater SILS TM, seguido do estabelecimento do pneumoperitônio com CO2. Utilizou-se ótica de 10mm, pinça laparoscópica de apreensão tipo Babcock de 5mm e pinça com corte e coagulação simultâneos para liberação e retirada do testículo e do trocater SILS TM, pelo acesso herniário. O tratamento proposto mostrou-se efetivo, de execução relativamente fácil e rápida. Entretanto, a ausência de triangulação entre as pinças e a óptica resultou em maior limitação na movimentação dos instrumentais, em comparação ao procedimento realizado com utilização de múltiplos portais. Pode-se concluir que a utilização do trocater SILS TM em uma falha pré-existente da parede abdominal possibilita significativa redução dos riscos potenciais de múltiplas incisões, como lesão de órgãos internos, manipulação, dor, sangramento e formação de novas hérnias.(AU)

Aboveground biomass production and nutrient accumulation in a five year old Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla plantation / Produção de biomassa aérea e acúmulo de nutrientes em plantação de Eucalyptus grandise e E. urophylla com cinco anos de idade

Nutrient concentrations in tree biomass components may vary with the component considered, age and genetic material and its measurement is important to understand forestry nutrient management. Due to it, above ground biomass production and nutrient accumulation and its potential removal through thinning in two species of five-year-old Eucalyptus with were evaluated in the southern of Brazil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, being 2 species (E. grandis and E. urophylla) and four diametric classes (C1: 3.0 - 8.8; C2: 8.9 - 14.7; C3: 14.8 - 20.6; C4: 20.7 - 26.5 cm). Average annual accumulation of dry matter in both species was of 16.9 Mg ha-¹. Biomass was mainly allocated in the stem (wood and bark). Trees’ canopy (branches and leaves) represent the smallest fractions, with only 14,3% of the total biomass. E. grandis showed highest values of wood and leaf compartments. The highest content of N and K were found in the leaves, with N levels of 33.2 and 30.5 g.Kg-¹ respectively to E. grandis and E. urophylla. Trees bark represent an important Ca and Mg reserve to the development of the plant, with values of 18.02 and 3.24 g.kg-¹ respectively. The average concentration of Ca, N, K, Mg and P in the total biomass of the two species was of 528, 305, 200, 128 and 30 kg ha-¹.

As concentrações de nutrientes nos componentes da biomassa arbórea podem variar em função do componente, da idade da plantação e o material genético, e sua mensuração é importante para entender o manejo florestal de nutrientes do solo. A produção de biomassa da parte aérea, o acúmulo de nutrientes e o seu potencial de remoção em duas espécies de Eucalyptus com cinco anos de idade foram avaliados no sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas espécies (E. grandis e E. urophylla) e quatro classes diamétricas (C1: 3,0 - 8,8; C2: 8,9 - 14,7; C3: 14,8 - 20,6; C4: 20,7 - 26,5 cm). O acúmulo médio anual de matéria seca em ambas as espécies foi de 16,9 Mg ha-¹. A biomassa foi alocada principalmente no caule (madeira e casca). O dossel das árvores (ramos e folhas) representa as menores frações, com apenas 14,3% da biomassa total. E. grandis apresentou maiores valores de madeira e compartimentos foliares. Os maiores teores de N e K foram encontrados nas folhas, com níveis de N de 33,2 e 30,5 g.Kg-¹, respectivamente, para E. grandis e E. urophylla. A casca das árvores representa uma importante reserva de Ca e Mg para o desenvolvimento da planta, com valores de 18,02 e 3,24 g.kg-¹, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de Ca, N, K, Mg e P na biomassa total das duas espécies foram de 528, 305, 200, 128 e 30 kg ha-¹.

Aboveground biomass production and nutrient accumulation in a five year old Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla plantation / Produção de biomassa aérea e acúmulo de nutrientes em plantação de Eucalyptus grandise e E. urophylla com cinco anos de idade

Nutrient concentrations in tree biomass components may vary with the component considered, age and genetic material and its measurement is important to understand forestry nutrient management. Due to it, above ground biomass production and nutrient accumulation and its potential removal through thinning in two species of five-year-old Eucalyptus with were evaluated in the southern of Brazil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, being 2 species (E. grandis and E. urophylla) and four diametric classes (C1: 3.0 - 8.8; C2: 8.9 - 14.7; C3: 14.8 - 20.6; C4: 20.7 - 26.5 cm). Average annual accumulation of dry matter in both species was of 16.9 Mg ha-¹. Biomass was mainly allocated in the stem (wood and bark). Trees canopy (branches and leaves) represent the smallest fractions, with only 14,3% of the total biomass. E. grandis showed highest values of wood and leaf compartments. The highest content of N and K were found in the leaves, with N levels of 33.2 and 30.5 g.Kg-¹ respectively to E. grandis and E. urophylla. Trees bark represent an important Ca and Mg reserve to the development of the plant, with values of 18.02 and 3.24 g.kg-¹ respectively. The average concentration of Ca, N, K, Mg and P in the total biomass of the two species was of 528, 305, 200, 128 and 30 kg ha-¹.(AU)

As concentrações de nutrientes nos componentes da biomassa arbórea podem variar em função do componente, da idade da plantação e o material genético, e sua mensuração é importante para entender o manejo florestal de nutrientes do solo. A produção de biomassa da parte aérea, o acúmulo de nutrientes e o seu potencial de remoção em duas espécies de Eucalyptus com cinco anos de idade foram avaliados no sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas espécies (E. grandis e E. urophylla) e quatro classes diamétricas (C1: 3,0 - 8,8; C2: 8,9 - 14,7; C3: 14,8 - 20,6; C4: 20,7 - 26,5 cm). O acúmulo médio anual de matéria seca em ambas as espécies foi de 16,9 Mg ha-¹. A biomassa foi alocada principalmente no caule (madeira e casca). O dossel das árvores (ramos e folhas) representa as menores frações, com apenas 14,3% da biomassa total. E. grandis apresentou maiores valores de madeira e compartimentos foliares. Os maiores teores de N e K foram encontrados nas folhas, com níveis de N de 33,2 e 30,5 g.Kg-¹, respectivamente, para E. grandis e E. urophylla. A casca das árvores representa uma importante reserva de Ca e Mg para o desenvolvimento da planta, com valores de 18,02 e 3,24 g.kg-¹, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de Ca, N, K, Mg e P na biomassa total das duas espécies foram de 528, 305, 200, 128 e 30 kg ha-¹.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e nutrição de mudas de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsiide Wild. De Wild.) em substratos a base de cama de aviário / Development and nutrition of black wattle seedlings (Acacia mearnsii de Wild. De Wild.) in poultry litter substrate

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento e o estado nutricional de mudas de Acacia mearnsii De Wild., produzidas em quatro diferentes substratos a base de cama de aviário, percentualmente distribuídos em: T1:25CA:50S:25A; T2: 50CA25S25A; T3: 25CA75S e T4: 100SC (CA: cama de aviário; S: solo; A: areia; SC: substrato comercial), em tubetes de 125 cm3 e conduzidos em casa de vegetação / casa de sombra. Os melhores resultados, para as variáveis morfológicas altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, massa seca de raízes e total, foram obtidos em substrato comercial e em misturas de 25% até 50% de cama de aviário com solo argiloso e areia. Os teores de N e Mg (parte aérea e raízes) e de P e K (parte aérea) não foram influenciados pelos substratos. Nas raízes, o P teve maior teor no tratamento com solo argiloso. O K, nas raízes, teve os maiores teores nos substratos com 25% a 50% de cama de aviário e no comercial. Para Ca, os teores na parte aérea foram superiores ao das raízes, principalmente nos substratos com até 50% de cama de aviário. As raízes, para Ca, não se apresentaram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Os substratos testados, em termos gerais, não influenciaram o status nutricional das mudas.(AU)

We evaluated the development and the nutritional status of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. seedlings produced in four organic substrates with poultry litter base, distributed in percentage terms: T1: 25CA:50S:25A; T2: 50CA25S25A; T3: 25CA75S and T4: 100SC (CA: poultry litter; S: soil; A: sand; SC: commercial substrate), in tubes of 125 cm3 conducted in greenhouse / shade area. The best results, to the morphological variables height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry mass of roots and total, were obtained in commercial substrate and in between 25 to 50% of poultry litter with clay soil and sand. The N and Mg contents (shoot and roots) and P and K (shoot) were not influenced by substrates. In the roots, the P content was greater on treatment with biggest proportion of clay soil. The K, in the roots, had the highest levels in substrates composed of 25 to 50% of poultry litter and commercial substrate. For Ca, the contents in shoots were higher than roots, mainly in the substrates with up to 50% of poultry litter. In the roots, the proportion of poultry litter did not influence Ca. The tested substrates, generally, did not influence the nutritional status of the seedlings.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e nutrição de mudas de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsiide Wild. De Wild.) em substratos a base de cama de aviário / Development and nutrition of black wattle seedlings (Acacia mearnsii de Wild. De Wild.) in poultry litter substrate

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento e o estado nutricional de mudas de Acacia mearnsii De Wild., produzidas em quatro diferentes substratos a base de cama de aviário, percentualmente distribuídos em: T1:25CA:50S:25A; T2: 50CA25S25A; T3: 25CA75S e T4: 100SC (CA: cama de aviário; S: solo; A: areia; SC: substrato comercial), em tubetes de 125 cm3 e conduzidos em casa de vegetação / casa de sombra. Os melhores resultados, para as variáveis morfológicas altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, massa seca de raízes e total, foram obtidos em substrato comercial e em misturas de 25% até 50% de cama de aviário com solo argiloso e areia. Os teores de N e Mg (parte aérea e raízes) e de P e K (parte aérea) não foram influenciados pelos substratos. Nas raízes, o P teve maior teor no tratamento com solo argiloso. O K, nas raízes, teve os maiores teores nos substratos com 25% a 50% de cama de aviário e no comercial. Para Ca, os teores na parte aérea foram superiores ao das raízes, principalmente nos substratos com até 50% de cama de aviário. As raízes, para Ca, não se apresentaram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Os substratos testados, em termos gerais, não influenciaram o status nutricional das mudas.

We evaluated the development and the nutritional status of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. seedlings produced in four organic substrates with poultry litter base, distributed in percentage terms: T1: 25CA:50S:25A; T2: 50CA25S25A; T3: 25CA75S and T4: 100SC (CA: poultry litter; S: soil; A: sand; SC: commercial substrate), in tubes of 125 cm3 conducted in greenhouse / shade area. The best results, to the morphological variables height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry mass of roots and total, were obtained in commercial substrate and in between 25 to 50% of poultry litter with clay soil and sand. The N and Mg contents (shoot and roots) and P and K (shoot) were not influenced by substrates. In the roots, the P content was greater on treatment with biggest proportion of clay soil. The K, in the roots, had the highest levels in substrates composed of 25 to 50% of poultry litter and commercial substrate. For Ca, the contents in shoots were higher than roots, mainly in the substrates with up to 50% of poultry litter. In the roots, the proportion of poultry litter did not influence Ca. The tested substrates, generally, did not influence the nutritional status of the seedlings.

Influences of nutrition and metabolism on reproduction of the female ruminant

Beef cows and ewes grazing native pastures are exposed to cycles of undernutrition that reflect the seasonal variations of biomass production. In grazing dairy cows, the physiological undernutrition during early lactation due to increased demands for lactation and low dry matter intake is exacerbated by the need to get sufficient intake from pasture and the extra grazing energy costs. Undernutrition has profound impacts on reproduction by affecting multiple reproductive processes at different levels of the reproductive axis. The objective of this paper is to review the influence of undernutrition on reproductive events of the adult female ruminant, with emphasis on both grassland and mixed rain-fed grazing farming systems. The comparative endocrinology and reproductive biology among ewes, beef and dairy cows may provide a comprehensive knowledge of the metabolic and reproductive adaptation to feed restriction. Understanding the critical underlying physiological mechanisms by which nutrition affects reproduction is the base of focus feeding strategy to improve the reproductive performance of the female ruminant.

Ensaio biomecânico para determinação do diâmetro de barra conectora de polimetilmetacrilato em fixador esquelético externo tipo Ia no úmero de suínos / Biomechanical test to determination the diameter of the polymethylmethacrylate bar in external skeletal fixator type Ia in swine humerusi

Fraturas ósseas podem ser corrigidas com a utilização de fixadores esqueléticos externos (FEE), método de estabilização bastante comum. Para tanto, têm-se utilizado barras conectoras de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) sem critério de diâmetro, as quais podem quebrar, se ficarem muito delgadas, ou ocasionar incômodo, quando muito pesadas e volumosas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar, por meio de ensaio biomecânico de compressão axial e flexão, qual é o diâmetro ideal da barra conectora de PMMA, correlacionado com o diâmetro ósseo para utilização em FEE tipo Ia. Utilizaram-se 24 úmeros para se realizarem medidas de comprimento, diâmetro, circunferência e ensaios biomecânicos. Após, foram confeccionadas barras de 1,5 vezes a média do diâmetro ósseo (grupo I), do mesmo diâmetro ósseo (grupo II) e de 0,5 vezes o diâmetro (grupo III). Com os resultados obtidos ao se compararem os valores dos ossos com os dos grupos II e III, verificou-se que as barras conectoras do grupo II mostraram-se mais resistentes do que o tecido ósseo no ensaio de compressão. No ensaio de flexão, os ossos resistiram mais quando comparados aos grupos II e III, sendo 4,3 vezes mais resistentes do que o grupo III nesse mesmo ensaio mecânico. Os resultados permitem um direcionamento para confecção de barras considerando-se o diâmetro ósseo como referência.(AU)

Bone fractures can be corrected from external skeletal fixators (ESF) in a fairly common internal stabilization method, in which connector bars polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is used. PMMA is used without criterion of diameter, and it can break if it is too thin or too heavy. It can be uncomfortable when bulky. The aim of this study was to test, through biomechanical axial compression and bending which is the ideal connector bar diameter PMMA, correlated to bone diameter for use in type Ia ESF. Twenty-four humerus were used to make measurements of length, diameter, circumference, and biomechanical testing. After the bars confected with 1.5 times the average diameter of the bone (group I), the same diameter (group II) and 0.5 times the diameter of the bone (group III). With the obtained results, using GII and GIII results, it was observed that the connector bars in group II were more resistant than the bones in the compression test. In the bending test, the bones resisted flexion strength when compared to group III and the group II was 4.3 times more resistant than group III in the same mechanical test. The results allow a direction for making bars considering bone diameter as a reference.(AU)