Evaluation of propanediol and cobalamin metabolism in the intestinal colonization and systemic invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in laying hens / [Avaliação do metabolismo do propanodiol e da cobalamina na colonização intestinal e na infecção sistêmica de Salmonella Enteritidis em poedeiras]

Embora Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) seja capaz de metabolizar 1,2-propanodiol (1,2-Pd), utilizado como fonte de carbono e de energia ao longo de uma rota dependente de vitamina B12, a importância deste composto na infeção de Gallus gallus domesticus por SE permanece desconhecida. No presente estudo, foram construídos um mutante de SE sem os genes pduCDE, que codifica a propanodiol desidratase (Pdu), e outro contendo as deleções no pduCDE e também nos genes cobS e cbiA, responsáveis pela síntese de vitamina B12. Em seguida, avaliou-se a importância do metabolismo do 1,2-Pd em SE para colonização intestinal de infecção sistêmica de poedeiras comerciais. As estirpes mutantes de SE foram capazes de colonizar o intestino, de serem excretadas nas fezes e de invadir o baço e o fígado na mesma intensidade que a estirpe selvagem, o que sugere que os produtos dos genes pduC, pduD, pduE, cobS e cbiA não são essenciais durante infecção por Salmonella Enteritidis nessa espécie.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.

Duplex Real-Time PCR Using Sybr Green I for Quantification and Differential Diagnosis between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium

The incidence of foodborne diseases caused by the genus Salmonella spp. in industrialized countries is often high in epidemiological surveys. Obtaining a rapid diagnostic test for identification of bacteria is crucial in order to rapidly implement control measures to contain bacterial spread, to reduce losses in animal production and to avoid risks from food-borne infections to human health. The aim of this study was to standardize duplex real-time PCR using SYBr Green I for differential and quantitative diagnosis of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. According to the experiment, the melting temperature of 85°C was observed for a 206bp amplified product when S. Enteritidis DNA was added to the reaction. S. Typhimurium DNA showed that the melting temperature of 79°C when observed for a 62bp amplified product. The standard curve showed the high sensitivity of the proposed test, since it was possible to obtain eight quantification points, starting at 108 CFU/mL and ending at 101 CFU/mL. As a result of the present study, a real-time PCR duplex reaction with high sensitivity, specificity and based on the fluorescence of SYBr Green I was standardized. In addition, this methodology aligns low cost to the faster diagnostic result, in relation to other molecular tests, making it attractive for application in routine laboratory analyzes.(AU)

Duplex Real-Time PCR Using Sybr Green I for Quantification and Differential Diagnosis between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium

The incidence of foodborne diseases caused by the genus Salmonella spp. in industrialized countries is often high in epidemiological surveys. Obtaining a rapid diagnostic test for identification of bacteria is crucial in order to rapidly implement control measures to contain bacterial spread, to reduce losses in animal production and to avoid risks from food-borne infections to human health. The aim of this study was to standardize duplex real-time PCR using SYBr Green I for differential and quantitative diagnosis of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. According to the experiment, the melting temperature of 85°C was observed for a 206bp amplified product when S. Enteritidis DNA was added to the reaction. S. Typhimurium DNA showed that the melting temperature of 79°C when observed for a 62bp amplified product. The standard curve showed the high sensitivity of the proposed test, since it was possible to obtain eight quantification points, starting at 108 CFU/mL and ending at 101 CFU/mL. As a result of the present study, a real-time PCR duplex reaction with high sensitivity, specificity and based on the fluorescence of SYBr Green I was standardized. In addition, this methodology aligns low cost to the faster diagnostic result, in relation to other molecular tests, making it attractive for application in routine laboratory analyzes.

Evaluation of Disinfectants Used in Pre-Chilling water Tanks of Poultry Processing Plants

In poultry processing plants, disinfectants are often added to pre-chilling water tanks to reduce microbial contamination. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of five disinfectants (acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the populations of food quality indicator microorganisms and on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence and absence of organic matter. The results showed that chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite did not reduce microbial carcass counts. On the other hand, acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid reduced total and fecal coliform counts. Peracetic acid reduced the number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. All products were effective in reducing SE counts only in the absence of organic matter. Acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid could be candidates for the replacement of sodium hypochlorite (commonly used in Brazil) in pre-chilling tanks.

Experimental coinfection of chicken anemia virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains in broiler chicks

This study aimed at determining the clinical and pathological effects of the coinfection of young SPF chickens with chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine strains. The clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were determined after the experimental coinfection broilers with a CAV genotype 1 vaccine strain given intraperitoneally on the first day of age and a MG F-strain vaccine given intranasally on the 8th day of age. The experimental groups included the negative control (group 1), a group infected with the MG F-strain vaccine (group 2), and a group coinfected with CAV and MG vaccines (group 3). Chicks were examined clinically and post mortem at 23 days of age, and gross and microscopic lesions of the trachea, thymus, and air sacs were compared among treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test). Infections were confirmed by PCR for specific genetic fragments of each agent in the target tissues. Mortality was only observed in chicks on group 3, with two deaths and more severe lesions in the trachea, thymus and air sacs compared with groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.01). Dead chicks presented reduced thymus and spleen size, hemorrhagic trachea with catarrhal exudate and partial obstruction, pericarditis, catarrhal airsacculitis, lungs with liquid and ascites. The surviving chicks in group 3 showed more severe respiratory changes than those in group 2, in addition to thymus and spleen size reduction. Results indicate the adverse effects of the coinfection of young chickens with MG F-strain and CAV genotype 1 vaccines.

Experimental coinfection of chicken anemia virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains in broiler chicks

This study aimed at determining the clinical and pathological effects of the coinfection of young SPF chickens with chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine strains. The clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were determined after the experimental coinfection broilers with a CAV genotype 1 vaccine strain given intraperitoneally on the first day of age and a MG F-strain vaccine given intranasally on the 8th day of age. The experimental groups included the negative control (group 1), a group infected with the MG F-strain vaccine (group 2), and a group coinfected with CAV and MG vaccines (group 3). Chicks were examined clinically and post mortem at 23 days of age, and gross and microscopic lesions of the trachea, thymus, and air sacs were compared among treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test). Infections were confirmed by PCR for specific genetic fragments of each agent in the target tissues. Mortality was only observed in chicks on group 3, with two deaths and more severe lesions in the trachea, thymus and air sacs compared with groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.01). Dead chicks presented reduced thymus and spleen size, hemorrhagic trachea with catarrhal exudate and partial obstruction, pericarditis, catarrhal airsacculitis, lungs with liquid and ascites. The surviving chicks in group 3 showed more severe respiratory changes than those in group 2, in addition to thymus and spleen size reduction. Results indicate the adverse effects of the coinfection of young chickens with MG F-strain and CAV genotype 1 vaccines.(AU)

Evaluation of Disinfectants Used in Pre-Chilling water Tanks of Poultry Processing Plants

In poultry processing plants, disinfectants are often added to pre-chilling water tanks to reduce microbial contamination. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of five disinfectants (acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the populations of food quality indicator microorganisms and on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence and absence of organic matter. The results showed that chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite did not reduce microbial carcass counts. On the other hand, acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid reduced total and fecal coliform counts. Peracetic acid reduced the number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. All products were effective in reducing SE counts only in the absence of organic matter. Acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid could be candidates for the replacement of sodium hypochlorite (commonly used in Brazil) in pre-chilling tanks. (AU)

DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE ACIDENTES POR ANIMAIS PEÇONHENTOS NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO ENTRE OS ANOS DE 2007 E 2012

Os acidentes por animais peçonhentos são de notificação obrigatória, pois suas informações permitem dar subsídios ao controle e prevenção, além da produção e distribuição dos diferentes tipos de soro existentes no país. As notificações são, então, realizadas pelo SINAN quando ocorrem acidentes com serpentes, escorpiões, aranhas, taturanas, lagartas e abelhas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e avaliar a distribuição espacial dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2007 e 2012. Os dados foram obtidos no SINAN, IBGE e CATI. Posteriormente, foram tabulados no Excel® e geoprocessados no MapInfo. Observa-se no mapa grid que os acidentes se concentraram em 15 municípios ao longo das regiões nordeste, leste e sudeste do Estado, tendo uma taxa de incidência de 2,1/1000 habitantes. A alta incidência de casos em municípios populosos como São Paulo, Campinas e Ribeirão Preto, pode ser explicada através do crescimento urbano associado ao desmatamento do habitat natural, acúmulo de lixo, necessidade de abrigo e a busca por alimentos, dos quais atraem principalmente escorpiões, aranhas e serpentes. Olímpia, Araraquara, Piracicaba e Patrocínio Paulista possuem alta produção de cana-de-açúcar, fato que contribui para serem os quatro municípios com maior número de casos, pois os estoques da produção dessas lavouras aproximam os roedores, atraindo as serpen

PERFIL DOS GRADUANDOS DO PRIMEIRO PERÍODO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E VETERINÁRIAS - UNESP, CÂMPUS JABOTICABAL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM OS ANIMAIS DOMÉSTICOS

A medicina veterinária é uma profissão abrangente, fundamental para o desenvolvimento agropecuário, para a melhoria da saúde dos animais e saúde das pessoas. O graduando de medicina veterinária deve conhecer as múltiplas áreas que compõe o campo de trabalho da sua profissão, além da atuação nos diversos setores. Com o objetivo de traçar o perfil dos graduandos do primeiro período de medicina veterinária da UNESP, Câmpus Jaboticabal foi elaborado um questionário a 38 alunos ingressantes na universidade sobre as áreas de maior interesse, a grade horária e disciplinas do curso, e sobre o convívio com os animais domésticos. Dos 38 alunos,92% afirmaram que ingressaram no curso por preferência pessoal e por afinidade aos animais.Das áreas de maior interesse,92% citaram clínica e cirurgia de animais; 39%, pesquisa científica; 32%, manejo e conservação de espécies; 29%, saúde pública veterinária, e 16%, outras áreas. Além disso, 63% dos participantes afirmaram estarem satisfeitos com a grade horária e as disciplinas. Com relação ao convívio com os animais domésticos, 89% disseram possuir animais em casa ou república, 71% afirmaram conviver com os animais dentro de casa, e 32% afirmaram que dormem com algum animal de estimação(83% cães e 17% gatos). Ainda,58% afirmaram se preocupar com a saúde do seu animal e 42% se preocupam com a saúde do animal e com a possibilidade que ele transmita

AVALIAÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO DOS ESTUDANTES DO PRIMEIRO PERÍODO DE MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E VETERINÁRIAS - UNESP, CÂMPUS JABOTICABAL SOBRE O PAPEL DO MÉDICO VETERINÁRIO NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA

A saúde pública veterinária tem a finalidade de proteger e promover a saúde humana. Por meio da Portaria 2488 de outubro de 2011 o médico veterinário foi incluído no grupo de profissionais que podem compor o Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF). No entanto, para que esse profissional atue em sua plenitude é necessário que conheça sua importância para a população, exercitando os conhecimentos em saúde coletiva além de contribuir no processo melhoria da saúde. Com intuito de avaliar o grau de conhecimento dos alunos, foi aplicado um questionário para o primeiro período de medicina veterinária da UNESP Câmpus Jaboticabal, totalizando 38 alunos, com perguntas fechadas abordando conceitos sobre a participação do médico veterinário no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e sua importância na saúde humana, Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e NASF. Logo após, ofereceu-se uma palestra abordando as atividades exercidas pelo médico veterinário na saúde pública veterinária, com a expectativa que os estudantes entrem com a consciência da sua importância neste cenário. Apenas 2%(1) conhecia o significado de ESF e NASF; 5%(2) dos alunos conheciam qual o nível de atenção a ESF e o NASF são classificados. Com relação a participação do médico veterinário no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), antes da palestra 25%(10) responderam ter conhecimento e todos os participantes