Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison between pneumoperitoneum and the use of a laparoscopic lift device in dog cadavers / Adrenalectomia laparoscópica: comparação entre o pneumoperitônio e o uso de dispositivo paraliftlaparoscopy em cadáveres de cães

This study evaluated the feasibility of abdominal liftfor laparoscopic adrenalectomy and compared it with the conventional laparoscopic technique using pneumoperitoneum with medicinal CO2 in dog cadavers. The total surgical time (TST), adrenalectomy time (AT), and gland integrity after removal were evaluated. Thirty-eight adrenalectomies were performed in 19 cadavers. Regardless of the antimere, the TST was significantly lower in the CO2 procedures than in the lift laparoscopy procedures (P=0.001). When comparing the techniques between antimeres, the TST was significantly higher on the left side with lift laparoscopy than with CO2 (P=0.015) and similar between the techniques on the right side of the animals (P=0.086). In the comparison of AT, regardless of the execution side, no differences were observed between the techniques (P=0.05). The same was observed when AT was evaluated separately using antimeres (P=0.902). Of the 38 adrenals evaluated, 92.1% were removed in a single block, and 32.29% had a superficial lesion in the capsule. There was no difference between the groups in the removal capacity in a single block (P=0.340) and capsule integrity (P=0.287). Abdominal lift for laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a feasible technique in dog cadavers; however, it requires a longer surgical time than the conventional technique. The traction force used to elevate the abdominal wall must be evaluated.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a exequibilidade da adrenalectomia laparoscópica utilizando dispositivo de elevação da parede abdominal via liftlaparoscopy e comparar com a técnica laparoscópica convencional utilizando pneumoperitônio com CO2 medicinal em cadáveres de cães. Para isso, avaliou-se tempo cirúrgico total (TCT), tempo de adrenalectomia (TA) e integridade das glândulas após remoção. Foram realizadas 38 adrenalectomias em 19 cadáveres. Independentemente do antímero, o TCT foi significativamente menor nos procedimentos com CO2 do que com liftlaparoscopy (P=0,001). Na comparação das técnicas entre antímeros, o TCT foi significativamente maior no lado esquerdo com liftlaparoscopy do que com CO2 (P = 0,015) e semelhante entre as técnicas no lado direito dos animais (P=0,086). Já na comparação do TA, independente do lado de execução, não foram observadas diferenças entre os métodos (P=0,05). O mesmo foi observado quando o TA foi avaliado separadamente por antímero (P=0,902). Das 38 adrenais avaliadas, 92,1% foram removidas em um único bloco e destas, 32,29% apresentaram lesão superficial na cápsula. Não houve diferença entre grupos para capacidade de remoção em um único bloco (P=0,340) e da integridade da cápsula (P=0,287). A adrenalectomia laparoscópica por elevação da parede abdominal é factível de ser realizada em cadáveres de cães, entretanto, demanda maior tempo cirúrgico quando comparada à técnica convencional. Além disso, a força de tração empregada para elevar a parede abdominal necessita ser avaliada.

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada medicamentosa em uma cadela / Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bitch triggered by drugs

Background: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is characterized by an autoimmune response with production of auto-antibodies and destruction of erythrocytes resulting in anemia. Primary IMHA is referred to a condition when the cause is unknown (idiopathic), whereas secondary IMHA involves changes in red blood cells caused by the action of drugs, neoplasms, or infectious diseases. The diagnosis can be made through changes in the blood count, usually of a regenerative character, Coombs test, and autoagglutination test. The present study aimed to report a case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, with emphasis on the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment, in a female dog. Case: A 9-year-old mixed-breed bitch weighing 29.6 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCVUFRGS) with a previous diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele that was unresponsive to clinical treatment. After laboratory tests, cholecystectomy was performed, and the procedure required conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Therapy included administration of amoxicillin, dipyrone, tramadol hydrochloride, and meloxicam. Three days after surgery, the dog presented with apathy, lethargy, hyporexia, and a pale and subicteric mucosa. The patient developed hypochromic macrocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, anisocytosis, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. The result of the autoagglutination test was positive, confirming the diagnosis. All medications were suspended, and immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone was included, with a subsequent switch to prednisolone. After 10 days of treatment, the patient experienced significant improvement, and therapy was discontinued. Discussion: Based on the patient's history, the cause of the IMHA was secondary to drug administration, and it is not possible to distinguish if it was due to one or a combination of drugs, as they were all started and stopped simultaneously. The patient had hypothyroidism, which may have contributed to the production of antibodies against TSH receptors, blocking the hormone's action, thereby causing tissue damage due to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the effect of cytokines. The pale and subicteric mucosa, apathy, weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, and dyspnea resulted from extravascular hemolysis and bilirubin released from erythrocyte rupture with a subsequent decrease in the number of red blood cells, leading to oxygen transport deficiency. The diagnosis is based on the blood count and results of autoagglutination supported by the response to immunosuppressive therapy. Anemia results in increased production and release of precursor cells from the bone marrow, accompanied by reticulocytosis and increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The treatment of IMHA consists of supportive care and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids to ensure suppression of the immune system, preventing response against erythrocytes. Initially, tramadol hydrochloride, dipyrone, and amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate were suspended to interrupt the cause of IMHA, and administration of dexamethasone in an immunosuppressive dose was started. Therefore, it is important to include drug-induced IMHA in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with anemia after using medications. Early diagnosis, initiation of therapy, and adequate care were important factors for the recovery of the animal.

Síndrome gastrointestinal em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Gastrointestinal syndrome in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...

Síndrome gastrointestinal em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Gastrointestinal syndrome in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...(AU)

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animals leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...(AU)

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animal’s leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...

Correção de complicação do uso de sonda nasoesofágica em gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus) / Correction of a complication of the use of a nasoesophageal feeding tube in a Southern Tiger Cat (Leopardus guttulus)

Background: The southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus) is a vulnerable wild felid whose occurrence is restricted to theAtlantic Forest biome of Brazilian South and Southwest regions. Various strategies must be used to improve the conservation of species of felids, including preservation of forests and greater therapeutic support for animals in poor healthcondition. Enteral nutrition through a nasoesophageal tube is an option for patients in poor or critical condition; however,this procedure carries the risk of accidental ingestion of the tube. The objective of this work is to describe a conservativeapproach for the management of ingestion of a linear foreign body in a Leopardus guttulus patient.Case: A young female southern tiger cat was taken for veterinary treatment. The patient had an estimated age of nine weeks,0.846 kg of body weight, and exhibited cachexia, hypothermia, severe dehydration, and apathy. During the examination,blood samples were taken, and initial treatment commenced with fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, and anti-inflammatorytherapy along with administration of analgesics and a gastric protector. Since the patient did not want to eat, it received anasoesophageal feeding tube under mild sedation. The patient was positioned in sternal recumbency, its head was tiltedup, and a no. 6 nasoesophageal tube was ventromedially inserted through the right nostril. The tube was later confirmedto be correctly positioned at the ninth intercostal space by a radiographic study. The feeding tube allowed administrationof drugs and microenteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diet; this minimized handling of the patient, which preserved itswild behavior. After the seventh day of treatment, a piece of the tube was found lying at the bottom of the cage. Sinceingestion of the remainder of the tube by the patient was suspected, it was taken to the diagnostic imaging division. At theultrasonographic exam, the stomach exhibited hypermotility and...

Correção de complicação do uso de sonda nasoesofágica em gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus) / Correction of a complication of the use of a nasoesophageal feeding tube in a Southern Tiger Cat (Leopardus guttulus)

Background: The southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus) is a vulnerable wild felid whose occurrence is restricted to theAtlantic Forest biome of Brazilian South and Southwest regions. Various strategies must be used to improve the conservation of species of felids, including preservation of forests and greater therapeutic support for animals in poor healthcondition. Enteral nutrition through a nasoesophageal tube is an option for patients in poor or critical condition; however,this procedure carries the risk of accidental ingestion of the tube. The objective of this work is to describe a conservativeapproach for the management of ingestion of a linear foreign body in a Leopardus guttulus patient.Case: A young female southern tiger cat was taken for veterinary treatment. The patient had an estimated age of nine weeks,0.846 kg of body weight, and exhibited cachexia, hypothermia, severe dehydration, and apathy. During the examination,blood samples were taken, and initial treatment commenced with fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, and anti-inflammatorytherapy along with administration of analgesics and a gastric protector. Since the patient did not want to eat, it received anasoesophageal feeding tube under mild sedation. The patient was positioned in sternal recumbency, its head was tiltedup, and a no. 6 nasoesophageal tube was ventromedially inserted through the right nostril. The tube was later confirmedto be correctly positioned at the ninth intercostal space by a radiographic study. The feeding tube allowed administrationof drugs and microenteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diet; this minimized handling of the patient, which preserved itswild behavior. After the seventh day of treatment, a piece of the tube was found lying at the bottom of the cage. Sinceingestion of the remainder of the tube by the patient was suspected, it was taken to the diagnostic imaging division. At theultrasonographic exam, the stomach exhibited hypermotility and...(AU)

Pneumotórax fechado em tamanduá mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) / Closed pneumothorax in an injured southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla)

Background: Pneumothorax is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space, either due to trauma or secondary to other conditions. Typically, pneumothorax is correlated with blunt trauma of the pulmonary parenchyma or penetrating trauma of the thoracic cavity, such as on being trampled upon or bitten, respectively. The therapeutic approach of this condition is rarely described in wild animals; therefore, the present study aims to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic method, and therapeutic aproach in a specimen of Tamandua tetradactyla with closed pneumothorax received for emergency care after being hit by a vehicle.Case: A southern tamandua (T. tetradactyla) was received in our hospital after being hit by a vehicle. The patient presented with a state of stupor, nystagmus, a restrictive respiratory pattern, and muffling on auscultation of respiratory and cardiac sounds in the left antimer. Simultaneously with the physical examination, venous access was established, pain control was intravenously performed and oxygen therapy was started. After stabilization, the patient underwent abdominal ultrasound (abdominal-focused assessment with sonography for trauma) and thoracic radiographs. The abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of a small amount of free fluid in the evaluated recesses, i.e., hepatodiaphragmatic, splenorenal, cystocholic, and hepatorenal, suggesting the need for periodic ultrasonographic monitoring associated with the clinical evaluation of the patient because of suspicion of active hemorrhage. The thoracic radiographic image (ventrodorsal recumbency) revealed increased pulmonary opacity due to lobar retraction, marked by an enlarged gap between the pulmonary lobes and thoracic wall, and the formation of a radiolucent area between both structures. The lateral recumbency evidenced the dorsal displacement of the cardiac apex in relation to the sternum.[...]

Pneumotórax fechado em tamanduá mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) / Closed pneumothorax in an injured southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla)

Background: Pneumothorax is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space, either due to trauma or secondary to other conditions. Typically, pneumothorax is correlated with blunt trauma of the pulmonary parenchyma or penetrating trauma of the thoracic cavity, such as on being trampled upon or bitten, respectively. The therapeutic approach of this condition is rarely described in wild animals; therefore, the present study aims to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic method, and therapeutic aproach in a specimen of Tamandua tetradactyla with closed pneumothorax received for emergency care after being hit by a vehicle.Case: A southern tamandua (T. tetradactyla) was received in our hospital after being hit by a vehicle. The patient presented with a state of stupor, nystagmus, a restrictive respiratory pattern, and muffling on auscultation of respiratory and cardiac sounds in the left antimer. Simultaneously with the physical examination, venous access was established, pain control was intravenously performed and oxygen therapy was started. After stabilization, the patient underwent abdominal ultrasound (abdominal-focused assessment with sonography for trauma) and thoracic radiographs. The abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of a small amount of free fluid in the evaluated recesses, i.e., hepatodiaphragmatic, splenorenal, cystocholic, and hepatorenal, suggesting the need for periodic ultrasonographic monitoring associated with the clinical evaluation of the patient because of suspicion of active hemorrhage. The thoracic radiographic image (ventrodorsal recumbency) revealed increased pulmonary opacity due to lobar retraction, marked by an enlarged gap between the pulmonary lobes and thoracic wall, and the formation of a radiolucent area between both structures. The lateral recumbency evidenced the dorsal displacement of the cardiac apex in relation to the sternum.[...](AU)

Nefrectomia total unilateral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) / Total unilateral nephrectomy in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: The loss of natural habitats associated with the development of humanity resulted in the need for longer trips and greater interaction with highways by some animal species. Vehicle collision with animals is one of the main factors of pressure over wild animal populations in Brazil; veterinary surgery can play an important role for the recovery of these patients. The lesions commonly seen in animals hit by vehicles may comprise skin lesions, central nervous system injuries, intrathoracic and intra-abdominal complications, among which renal lesions are included. The aim of this work is to report the use of a total nephrectomy technique in a crab-eating fox. Case: A female, adult, 5-kg crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766) was received for emergency care at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Paraná at Palotina. The patient had been struck by a vehicle at a local highway, was unconscious, and exhibited signs of blood loss such as hypothermia, hypotension, and pale mucous membranes. As the clinical evaluation was performed, the patient was stabilized with pain management, correction of hypovolemia and hypothermia, and oxygen therapy. Blood samples were taken in case of the need for preoperative tests. Subsequently, the animal was submitted to the diagnostic imaging section to investigate possible injuries. No chemical restraint was necessary for the procedures. Radiography examination revealed loss of intra-abdominal contrast, which was confirmed to be free fluid on ultrasound examination. Immediately after imaging examination, the animal was taken to the surgical room for exploratory laparotomy. The surgical incision, which was performed over the linea alba, extended from the xiphoid process to the pubis...

Efeitos sedativos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de midazolam associado ou não ao butorfanol em periquito autraliano (Melopsitacus undulatus) / Sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular administration of midazolamwith or without butorphanol in budgerigards (Melopsitacus undulatus)

Frequentemente o Médico Veterinário é requisitado para realização de diversos procedimentos em aves, os quais geralmente necessitam de sedação ou anestesia geral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos sedativos do midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) associado ou não ao butorfanol (1 mg.kg-1) pelas vias de administração intranasal ou intramuscular. Sete periquitos australianos foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos em delineamento do tipo crossover com 15 dias de intervalo. Foram avaliados os períodos de latência, tempos de decúbito dorsal, tempos de sedação, tempos de recuperação, grau de sedação e qualidade de recuperação. Os resultados paramétricos foram avaliados por análise de variância de uma via seguida por teste de Student-Newman-Keuls e os dados não paramétricos foram submetidos ao teste Kruskal-Wallis ambos com 5% de significância. A técnica intranasal demonstrou melhores graus de sedação, no entanto, concluiu-se que ambos os protocolos e as vias de administração avaliados são seguras e viáveis para sedação em periquito australiano.(AU)

Often veterinarians have attended various species of birds to perform clinical procedures, which require sedation or generalanesthesia. The aim of this study was compare the intranasal or intramuscular sedative effects of midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) withor without butorphanol (1 mg.kg-1). Seven budgerigards (Melopsitacus undulates) were submitted in a crossover design to fourtreatments. The procedures were performed with 15 days washout. Were evaluated the on set time, dorsal recumbency timeduration, total sedation period, total recovery time, sedation degree and recovery quality. The parametric results were analisedby one way ANOVA following Student-Newman-Keuls test and non-parametric datas were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test, bothwith 5% significance. The intranasal technical demonstrates best degrees of sedation, however, this study concluded that bothprotocols and the administration routes are safe and viable for sedation in budgerigards.(AU)

Nefrectomia total unilateral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) / Total unilateral nephrectomy in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: The loss of natural habitats associated with the development of humanity resulted in the need for longer trips and greater interaction with highways by some animal species. Vehicle collision with animals is one of the main factors of pressure over wild animal populations in Brazil; veterinary surgery can play an important role for the recovery of these patients. The lesions commonly seen in animals hit by vehicles may comprise skin lesions, central nervous system injuries, intrathoracic and intra-abdominal complications, among which renal lesions are included. The aim of this work is to report the use of a total nephrectomy technique in a crab-eating fox. Case: A female, adult, 5-kg crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766) was received for emergency care at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Paraná at Palotina. The patient had been struck by a vehicle at a local highway, was unconscious, and exhibited signs of blood loss such as hypothermia, hypotension, and pale mucous membranes. As the clinical evaluation was performed, the patient was stabilized with pain management, correction of hypovolemia and hypothermia, and oxygen therapy. Blood samples were taken in case of the need for preoperative tests. Subsequently, the animal was submitted to the diagnostic imaging section to investigate possible injuries. No chemical restraint was necessary for the procedures. Radiography examination revealed loss of intra-abdominal contrast, which was confirmed to be free fluid on ultrasound examination. Immediately after imaging examination, the animal was taken to the surgical room for exploratory laparotomy. The surgical incision, which was performed over the linea alba, extended from the xiphoid process to the pubis...(AU)

Cistomatose de glândula apócrina em onça-pintada (Panthera onca) / Apocrine cystomatosis in a jaguar (Panthera onca)

A cistomatose de glândula apócrina é uma condição rara e não-neoplásica, que tem sido relatada em cães e gatos, e caracterizada por vários grupos de glândulas sudoríparas dilatadas, cuja distribuição generalizada raramente é observada. Uma fêmea de onça-pintada melânica (Panthera onca), com idade estimada de 16 anos e mantida em cativeiro, apresentou aumento de volume abdominal. Ao exame físico foram observados vários nódulos de consistência macia e flutuante, não aderidos, com tamanho de 2 a 15cm de diâmetro, na região ventral abdominal. Outras massas de menor diâmetro (0,5-1,0cm) estavam presentes na região cervical e no dorso do animal. Estas massas foram removidas em um procedimento cirúrgico. Dentro deste cisto havia conteúdo líquido, inodoro e translúcido. Microscopicamente, observou-se entre a derme média e profunda a formação de múltiplos cistos de tamanho variável. Esses cistos eram revestidos por uma única camada de células predominantemente cubóides. Em alguns focos eram observadas raras projeções papiliformes de epitélio glandular. O citoplasma estava levemente eosinofílico e com raras imagens de decapitação do ápice. O diagnóstico de cistomatose de glândulas apócrinas foi realizado através dos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos.(AU)

Cystomatosis of the apocrine gland is a rare condition reported in dogs and cats. It is a non-neoplastic condition, characterized by several groups of dilated cystic sweat glands. Rarely a more widespread distribution can be observed. A captive female about 16 year-old melanic jaguar (Panthera onca) presented increased abdominal volume. Physical examination showed multiple floating nodular masses ranging from to 2 to 15cm in diameter located in the ventral abdomen. Other masses of smaller diameter (0.5-1.0cm) were present in the cervical region and in the back of the jaguar. These masses were surgically removed. Within this cyst had a odorless translucent content. Microscopically, between the mid and deep dermis there existed multiple cysts of different sizes, coated with a single layer of cuboidal cells. In some foci, there were rare papilliform projections of glandular epithelium. The cytoplasm was slightly eosinophilic with rare images of decapitation of the apex. The diagnostic of apocrine cystomatosis was performed through macroscopic and microscopic findings.(AU)

Cistomatose de glândula apócrina em onça-pintada (Panthera onca) / Apocrine cystomatosis in a jaguar (Panthera onca)

A cistomatose de glândula apócrina é uma condição rara e não-neoplásica, que tem sido relatada em cães e gatos, e caracterizada por vários grupos de glândulas sudoríparas dilatadas, cuja distribuição generalizada raramente é observada. Uma fêmea de onça-pintada melânica (Panthera onca), com idade estimada de 16 anos e mantida em cativeiro, apresentou aumento de volume abdominal. Ao exame físico foram observados vários nódulos de consistência macia e flutuante, não aderidos, com tamanho de 2 a 15cm de diâmetro, na região ventral abdominal. Outras massas de menor diâmetro (0,5-1,0cm) estavam presentes na região cervical e no dorso do animal. Estas massas foram removidas em um procedimento cirúrgico. Dentro deste cisto havia conteúdo líquido, inodoro e translúcido. Microscopicamente, observou-se entre a derme média e profunda a formação de múltiplos cistos de tamanho variável. Esses cistos eram revestidos por uma única camada de células predominantemente cubóides. Em alguns focos eram observadas raras projeções papiliformes de epitélio glandular. O citoplasma estava levemente eosinofílico e com raras imagens de decapitação do ápice. O diagnóstico de cistomatose de glândulas apócrinas foi realizado através dos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos.(AU)

Cystomatosis of the apocrine gland is a rare condition reported in dogs and cats. It is a non-neoplastic condition, characterized by several groups of dilated cystic sweat glands. Rarely a more widespread distribution can be observed. A captive female about 16 year-old melanic jaguar (Panthera onca) presented increased abdominal volume. Physical examination showed multiple floating nodular masses ranging from to 2 to 15cm in diameter located in the ventral abdomen. Other masses of smaller diameter (0.5-1.0cm) were present in the cervical region and in the back of the jaguar. These masses were surgically removed. Within this cyst had a odorless translucent content. Microscopically, between the mid and deep dermis there existed multiple cysts of different sizes, coated with a single layer of cuboidal cells. In some foci, there were rare papilliform projections of glandular epithelium. The cytoplasm was slightly eosinophilic with rare images of decapitation of the apex. The diagnostic of apocrine cystomatosis was performed through macroscopic and microscopic findings.(AU)

Cistomatose de glândula apócrina em onça-pintada (Panthera onca)

ABSTRACT: Cystomatosis of the apocrine gland is a rare condition reported in dogs and cats. It is a non-neoplastic condition, characterized by several groups of dilated cystic sweat glands. Rarely a more widespread distribution can be observed. A captive female about 16 year-old melanic jaguar (Panthera onca) presented increased abdominal volume. Physical examination showed multiple floating nodular masses ranging from to 2 to 15cm in diameter located in the ventral abdomen. Other masses of smaller diameter (0.5-1.0cm) were present in the cervical region and in the back of the jaguar. These masses were surgically removed. Within this cyst had a odorless translucent content. Microscopically, between the mid and deep dermis there existed multiple cysts of different sizes, coated with a single layer of cuboidal cells. In some foci, there were rare papilliform projections of glandular epithelium. The cytoplasm was slightly eosinophilic with rare images of decapitation of the apex. The diagnostic of apocrine cystomatosis was performed through macroscopic and microscopic findings.

RESUMO: A cistomatose de glândula apócrina é uma condição rara e não-neoplásica, que tem sido relatada em cães e gatos, e caracterizada por vários grupos de glândulas sudoríparas dilatadas, cuja distribuição generalizada raramente é observada. Uma fêmea de onça-pintada melânica (Panthera onca), com idade estimada de 16 anos e mantida em cativeiro, apresentou aumento de volume abdominal. Ao exame físico foram observados vários nódulos de consistência macia e flutuante, não aderidos, com tamanho de 2 a 15cm de diâmetro, na região ventral abdominal. Outras massas de menor diâmetro (0,5-1,0cm) estavam presentes na região cervical e no dorso do animal. Estas massas foram removidas em um procedimento cirúrgico. Dentro deste cisto havia conteúdo líquido, inodoro e translúcido. Microscopicamente, observou-se entre a derme média e profunda a formação de múltiplos cistos de tamanho variável. Esses cistos eram revestidos por uma única camada de células predominantemente cubóides. Em alguns focos eram observadas raras projeções papiliformes de epitélio glandular. O citoplasma estava levemente eosinofílico e com raras imagens de decapitação do ápice. O diagnóstico de cistomatose de glândulas apócrinas foi realizado através dos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos.

Anesthetics effects of intranasal or intramuscular association of midazolam and racemic or S+ ketamine in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) / Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular da associação de midazolam e cetamina racêmica ou S+ em periquito australiano (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Intranasal anesthesia in birds is considered a safe, simple and efficient technique. The aim of this study was compare the anesthetic effects of midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) with racemic (R) or S+ (S) ketamine (15 mg.kg-1), administered intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly (IM) in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Eight budgerigars were used in a crossover design with four treatments: INR, INS, IMR and IMS. Onset time, dorsal recumbency time duration, total anesthesia time, total recovery time, sedation degree and recovery quality were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in onset time between INS (40.25±10.55 sec) and IMR (74.32±21.77 sec); between administration vials for dorsal recumbency time, INS (23.93±7.51 min) and INR (28.68±16.13 min), which were different from IMS (60.08 ± 27.37 min) and IMR (74.3±21 min). In total anesthesia time, INS (45.48±17.94 min) and INR (39.24±15.62 min) were different from IMS (75.84±20.20 min) and IMR (20.73±79.4 min). The total recovery time was significantly higher in INS (21.55±18.43 min) compared to IMR (5.1±3.56 min). The results of this study indicated that both administration vials can be used for short time non-invasive procedures and the intranasal vial is preferable for fast procedures

A anestesia intranasal em aves é considerada uma técnica anestésica segura, simples e eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos da associação de midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) e cetamina (15 mg.kg-1) nas formulações racêmica (R) ou S+ (S) administrados pela via intranasal (IN) ou intramuscular (IM) em periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus). Foram utilizados oito periquitos em delineamento do tipo crossover, em quatro tratamentos: INR, INS, IMR e IMS. Foram avaliados os tempos de latência, decúbito dorsal, anestesia e recuperação, grau de sedação e qualidade de recuperação. Foi observada diferença significativa no tempo de latência entre INS (40,25±10,55 seg) e IMR (74,32±21,77 seg); entre as vias de administração para o tempo de decúbito dorsal, INS (23,93±7,51 min) e INR (28,68±16,13 min), diferente de IMS (60,08±27,37 min) e IMR (74,3±21,77 min) e para tempo de anestesia, INS (45,48±17,94 min) e INR (39,24±15,62 min), diferentes de IMS (75,84±20,20 min) e IMR (79,4±20,73 min). O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior em INS (21,55±18,43 min) comparado a IMR (5,1±3,56 min). Pode-se concluir que as duas vias de administração avaliadas podem ser utilizadas em procedimentos de curta duração e não invasivos e a via intranasal é preferível para procedimentos rápidos

Anesthetics effects of intranasal or intramuscular association of midazolam and racemic or S+ ketamine in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) / Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular da associação de midazolam e cetamina racêmica ou S+ em periquito australiano (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Intranasal anesthesia in birds is considered a safe, simple and efficient technique. The aim of this study was compare the anesthetic effects of midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) with racemic (R) or S+ (S) ketamine (15 mg.kg-1), administered intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly (IM) in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Eight budgerigars were used in a crossover design with four treatments: INR, INS, IMR and IMS. Onset time, dorsal recumbency time duration, total anesthesia time, total recovery time, sedation degree and recovery quality were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in onset time between INS (40.25±10.55 sec) and IMR (74.32±21.77 sec); between administration vials for dorsal recumbency time, INS (23.93±7.51 min) and INR (28.68±16.13 min), which were different from IMS (60.08 ± 27.37 min) and IMR (74.3±21 min). In total anesthesia time, INS (45.48±17.94 min) and INR (39.24±15.62 min) were different from IMS (75.84±20.20 min) and IMR (20.73±79.4 min). The total recovery time was significantly higher in INS (21.55±18.43 min) compared to IMR (5.1±3.56 min). The results of this study indicated that both administration vials can be used for short time non-invasive procedures and the intranasal vial is preferable for fast procedures(AU)

A anestesia intranasal em aves é considerada uma técnica anestésica segura, simples e eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos da associação de midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) e cetamina (15 mg.kg-1) nas formulações racêmica (R) ou S+ (S) administrados pela via intranasal (IN) ou intramuscular (IM) em periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus). Foram utilizados oito periquitos em delineamento do tipo crossover, em quatro tratamentos: INR, INS, IMR e IMS. Foram avaliados os tempos de latência, decúbito dorsal, anestesia e recuperação, grau de sedação e qualidade de recuperação. Foi observada diferença significativa no tempo de latência entre INS (40,25±10,55 seg) e IMR (74,32±21,77 seg); entre as vias de administração para o tempo de decúbito dorsal, INS (23,93±7,51 min) e INR (28,68±16,13 min), diferente de IMS (60,08±27,37 min) e IMR (74,3±21,77 min) e para tempo de anestesia, INS (45,48±17,94 min) e INR (39,24±15,62 min), diferentes de IMS (75,84±20,20 min) e IMR (79,4±20,73 min). O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior em INS (21,55±18,43 min) comparado a IMR (5,1±3,56 min). Pode-se concluir que as duas vias de administração avaliadas podem ser utilizadas em procedimentos de curta duração e não invasivos e a via intranasal é preferível para procedimentos rápidos(AU)

EFEITOS ANESTÉSICOS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO INTRANASAL OU INTRAMUSCULAR DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE MIDAZOLAM E CETAMINA RACÊMICA OU S+ EM PERIQUITO AUSTRALIANO (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Abstract Intranasal anesthesia in birds is considered a safe, simple and efficient technique. The aim of this study was compare the anesthetic effects of midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) with racemic (R) or S+ (S) ketamine (15 mg.kg-1), administered intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly (IM) in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Eight budgerigars were used in a crossover design with four treatments: INR, INS, IMR and IMS. Onset time, dorsal recumbency time duration, total anesthesia time, total recovery time, sedation degree and recovery quality were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in onset time between INS (40.25±10.55 sec) and IMR (74.32±21.77 sec); between administration vials for dorsal recumbency time, INS (23.93±7.51 min) and INR (28.68±16.13 min), which were different from IMS (60.08 ± 27.37 min) and IMR (74.3±21 min). In total anesthesia time, INS (45.48±17.94 min) and INR (39.24±15.62 min) were different from IMS (75.84±20.20 min) and IMR (20.73±79.4 min). The total recovery time was significantly higher in INS (21.55±18.43 min) compared to IMR (5.1±3.56 min). The results of this study indicated that both administration vials can be used for short time non-invasive procedures and the intranasal vial is preferable for fast procedures.

Resumo A anestesia intranasal em aves é considerada uma técnica anestésica segura, simples e eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos da associação de midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) e cetamina (15 mg.kg-1) nas formulações racêmica (R) ou S+ (S) administrados pela via intranasal (IN) ou intramuscular (IM) em periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus). Foram utilizados oito periquitos em delineamento do tipo crossover, em quatro tratamentos: INR, INS, IMR e IMS. Foram avaliados os tempos de latência, decúbito dorsal, anestesia e recuperação, grau de sedação e qualidade de recuperação. Foi observada diferença significativa no tempo de latência entre INS (40,25±10,55 seg) e IMR (74,32±21,77 seg); entre as vias de administração para o tempo de decúbito dorsal, INS (23,93±7,51 min) e INR (28,68±16,13 min), diferente de IMS (60,08±27,37 min) e IMR (74,3±21,77 min) e para tempo de anestesia, INS (45,48±17,94 min) e INR (39,24±15,62 min), diferentes de IMS (75,84±20,20 min) e IMR (79,4±20,73 min). O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior em INS (21,55±18,43 min) comparado a IMR (5,1±3,56 min). Pode-se concluir que as duas vias de administração avaliadas podem ser utilizadas em procedimentos de curta duração e não invasivos e a via intranasal é preferível para procedimentos rápidos.

Comparison of methods for determination of nutrient digestibility of a dry kibble diet for ocelots / Comparação de métodos para estimar coeficientes de digestibilidade de uma ração comercial de gatos-domésticos para jaguatiricas

In this experiment, methods of total fecal collection (TFC) and internal markers (acid-insoluble ash - AIA, crude fiber - CF, and acid-detergent fiber - ADF) were compared for determination of the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), and gross energy (GE) of commercial feline dry kibble for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Six adult animals, weighing 12.45±1.37 kg, gradually received experimental kibble in their usual diet until the beginning of the experiment and were submitted to an adaptation period ten days prior to the collection period. CAD obtained by TFC, AIA, CF, and ADF were, respectively, 73.7, 76.83, 62.01, and 46.03% for dry matter; 81.9, 84.8, 75.8, and 63.8% for crude protein; 85, 86.7, 78.5, and 69.1% for ether extract; 78.52, 79.55, 69.11, and 53.04% for nitrogen-free extracts; and 80.5, 82.2, 71.4, and 58.4% for gross energy. The AIA method showed to be efficient in determining coefficients of apparent digestibility and may contribute to investigations on the digestibility of diets for wild felines. In comparison to the items of ocelot's usual diet, the kibble used in this paper provided an adequate nutritional supply with reduced daily costs per animal.(AU)

Neste experimento foram comparados os métodos de coleta total de fezes (CT) e de indicadores internos (cinza insolúvel em ácido - CIA, fibra bruta - FB e fibra em detergente ácido - FDA) na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN) e energia bruta (EB) de uma ração comercial de gatos-domésticos para jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis). Seis animais adultos com peso de 12,45 ± 1,37kg receberam gradativamente a ração experimental na dieta habitual até o início do experimento e foram submetidos a um período de adaptação de 10 dias anteriores ao período de coleta. Os CDA obtidos pela CT, CIA, FB e FDA foram, respectivamente de 73,70; 76,83; 62,01 e 46,03% para matéria seca, 81,9; 84,8; 75,8 e 63,8% para proteína bruta, 85,0; 86,7; 78,5 e 69,1% para extrato etéreo, 78,52; 79,55; 69,11 e 53,04% para extrativo não nitrogenado e de 80,5; 82,2; 71,4 e 58,4% para energia bruta. O método de CIA mostrou-se eficiente na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e pode contribuir com as investigações sobre a digestibilidade em dietas com felídeos selvagens. A ração utilizada permitiu aos animais um adequado aporte nutricional e apresentou menores custos/animal/dia em comparação aos itens que compunham a dieta habitual.(AU)