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Abstract The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p<0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining species’s survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.

Resumo Foi avaliado o crescimento e sobrevivência de Betta splendens, quando submetidos à dieta formulada e alimento vivo. Foram utilizadas três dietas experimentais e designadas como: dieta formulada (ração); alimento vivo (plâncton) e dieta mista (ração com plâncton). O plâncton pertence ao tanque externo de cultivo. Alta mortalidade foi observada no tratamento com alimento vivo (plâncton) e a mais alta sobrevivência na dieta formulada. No tratamento com dieta mista foram observadas as maiores taxas de crescimento específico, ganho de peso e peso final, sendo significativamente diferentes (p<0,01) dos outros tratamentos. No conteúdo do trato digestório do B. splendens nos tratamentos dieta mista e alimento vivo, as espécies de Rotifera e Bacillariophyceae foram encontradas acima de 78% do total de organismos observados. Lecane sp. foi a espécie de zooplâncton mais ingerida por B. splendens em ambos os tratamentos (dieta mista e alimento vivo) e de fitoplâncton foi Asterionella sp. (dieta mista) e Melosira sp. (alimento vivo). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a dieta formulada (ração) influenciou alguns parâmetros da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais suspensos e pH, e o alimento vivo não foi suficiente para incrementar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de B. splendens. A dieta mista promoveu o maior crescimento do B. splendens possibilitando a sobrevivência de 82% e, o desenvolvimento desta espécie em condições artificiais, beneficiando o manejo do cultivo deste peixe ornamental.

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Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and inclusion levels of babassu meal (BM) in the diet of grower layer pullets in substitution to wheat meal. Digestibility, metabolism and growth trials were conducted. Twelve cecectomized roosters were used in the digestibility assay to determine the coefficients of standardized digestibility of amino acids (CSDAA). The metabolism trial was conducted with 30 adult roosters to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of BM. A growth trial was performed to determine replacement levels of wheat midds by BM diet using 360 six-week-old commercial layer pullets. BM was included at the 0, 75 and 150 g/kg of BM, during grower and development rearing phases, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion were evaluated. BM AMEn was determined as 1,474 kcal/kg, on as-fed basis. The CSDAA determined for BM were below 88% for all AA. The inclusion of BM in the feed of grower layers (7-18 week) significantly decreased feed intake (p 0.05), but significantly improved body weight gain and feedconversion ratio (p 0.05) at 15% inclusion level. Considering the nutritional value and performance results, BM can replace wheat midds in diets of grower layer pullets.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine in methionine- and choline-reduced diets fed to broilers submitted to heat stress. In total, 1,408 male broilers were randomly distributed into eight treatments, according to 2 x 4 (environment x diet) factorial arrangement, with eight replicates of 2 birds each. Birds were reared environmental chambers under controlled temperature (25-26 °C) or cyclic heat-stressing temperature (25-31 °C). The following diets were tested: positive control (PC), formulated to meet broiler nutritional requirements; negative control (NC), with reduced DL-methionine and choline chloride levels; and with two supplementation levels of natural betaine to the negative control diet (NC+NB1 and NC+NB2). Live performance, carcass traits, and intestinal morphometrics were evaluated when broilers were 45 days of age. The results showed that all evaluated parameters were influenced by the interaction between environment and diet, except for breast meat drip loss. The breakdown of the interactions showed that birds fed the PC diet and reared in the controlled environment had greater breast drip loss than those submitted to the cyclic heat-stress environment. Birds submitted to cyclic heat stress and fed the PC diet presented the lowest feed intake. Feed conversion ratio was influenced only by diet. The FCR of broilers fed the NC+NB2 diet was intermediate relative to those fed the PC and NC diets. The addition of betaine in the diet, with 11.18% digestible methionine and 24.73% total choline reductions, did not affect broiler live performance, carcass yield, or intestinal morphometrics.(AU)

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Two experiments were carried out to compare two techniques (amino acid supplementation and dilution) for formulating experimental diets for pre-starter (1 to 8 days) and starter (8 to 22 days) broiler chicks and to estimate digestible lysine requirements using the dose-response method. In each experiment, 1,200 male Cobb 500 chickens were randomly distributed according to a 5x2 factorial arrangement (lysine level x formulation technique) with six replicates of 20 birds each. For the supplemented diet, a basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements, then L-lysine HCl was added to achieve digestible lysine levels of 0.975, 1.082, 1.189, 1.296 and 1.403% in the pre-starter diets and 0.840, 0.932, 1.024, 1.116 and 1.208% in the starter diets. For the diluted diet, a diet high in crude protein (CP) and relatively low in lysine was formulated and to which was added a protein-free diet until lysine levels were similar to those described above for the supplemented diet. The results suggest that the dilution technique favored the performance potential and better met lysine requirements compared with the supplementation technique. Lysine levels required for optimal feed conversion ratio of broilers during the pre-starter and starter phases were estimated at 1.361 and 1.187%, which are equivalent to lysine intake of 0.340 and 0.797 g/day, respectively.(AU)

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Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87,5%; 3,29%; 1,1%; 2,7%; 75,1% e 3.618 kcal/kg de matéria seca, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, fibra bruta, amido e energia bruta, respectivamente. A energia metabolizável aparente corrigida foi determinada em 2.671 kcal/kg, na matéria natural. O mesocarpo de babaçu, pela sua composição com baixo teor de proteína bruta e elevado teor de amido, pode ser classificado como ingrediente energético. A inclusão do mesocarpo na alimentação de frangos de corte afetou negativamente o desempenho das aves na fase inicial de criação.

This study evaluates nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp supplementation in the feeding of broilers. Initially, the chemical composition was determined in order to characterize the ingredient. Then two tests were conducted: the first, to determine the energy values ​​and the second, the optimal supplementation level in the diet. The metabolism trial was conducted using 20 Leghorn cockerels divided into two treatments with five replicates of two birds each. The experiment lasted ten days, five adaptation days and five days for stool collection. Subsequently, 500 one-day-old broiler chicks were used in the growth trial. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of babassu mesocarp supplementation: 0, 3, 6 and 9%. The growth trial lasted 21 days and the responses to feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated. Based on natural matter,[RMVK1] the babassu mesocarp has 87.5%, 3.29%, 1.1%, 2.7%, 75.1% and 3,618 kcal/kg for the variables dry matter, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, starch and gross energy, respectively. The corrected apparent metabolizable energy determined was 2,671 kcal/kg, based on the natural matter. The babassu mesocarp due to its low crude protein content and high starch level can be classified as an energy ingredient. The babassu mesocarp supplemented in the feed of broilers adversely affected the performance of broilers during the initial stages of growth.

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Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87

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Determinaram-se os níveis nutricionais de cálcio (Ca) para aves, machos e fêmeas, da linhagem ISA Label, nas fases inicial (um a 28 dias), crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias). Foram realizados três ensaios, um para cada fase, e, em cada ensaio, 480 aves com idade correspondente à fase de criação foram alojadas em 24 unidades experimentais com áreas de abrigo e de pastejo. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (Ca e sexo), totalizando oito tratamentos com três repetiç ões de 20 aves. Avaliaram-se: ganho de peso (GP); consumo de dieta (CD); conversão alimentar (CA); teores de fósforo (PT), de cálcio (CaT) e de cinzas na tíbia (CT) e resistência à quebra óssea (RQO). Na fase inicial, recomenda-se 1,16 por cento de Ca na dieta, para aves de ambos os sexos, na fase de crescimento, 0,78 e 0,88 por cento de Ca para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, e, na fase final, 0,69 por cento de Ca na dieta para ambos os sexos.

The nutritional calcium (Ca) levels were determined for ISA Label broilers in the starter (1 to 28 days), growing (28 to 56 days), and finishing (56 to 84 days) phases. Three trials were conducted, one for each phase and in each trial, 480 birds with age corresponding to the phase were housed in 24 experimental units with shelter and pasture areas. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement of 4x2 (Ca levels and sex), totaling eight treatments with three replicates of 20 birds. Body weight gain (BWG); feed intake (FI); feed per gain (FG); contents of phosphorus (TP), calcium (TCa) and ash (TA) in tibia; and bone breaking strength (BSB) were evaluated. At the starter phase, 1.16 percent of Ca is recommended in the diet for birds of both sexes. At the growing phase, 0.78 and 0.88 percent of Ca for males and females, respectively, are recommended and at the finishing phase, the level of 0.69 percent of Ca is recommended in diet for both sexes.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes ingredientes fibrosos nas dietas sobre o desempenho, a composição corporal e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu. Foram avaliadas cinco dietas isoproteicas (23 por cento de proteína digestível), isoenergéticas (3250kcal de energia digestível/kg) e isofibrosas (9 por cento de fibra bruta), sendo a principal fonte fibrosa de cada constituída por farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica; esta última em dois níveis de inclusão (30 e 45 por cento). Foram utilizados 300 juvenis de pacu (25,12±0,78 gramas), alojados em 25 aquários (200 litros). Os melhores resultados de crescimento e conversão alimentar foram obtidos com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelo de girassol. As dietas contendo casca de soja e polpa cítrica prejudicaram o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu, e o efeito negativo foi acentuado com o aumento da inclusão de polpa cítrica. Além disto, somente nos peixes alimentados com a dieta com 45 por cento de polpa cítrica foi observada diminuição na densidade de vilosidades por área no epitélio intestinal. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que alguns ingredientes fibrosos podem afetar negativamente o desempenho e as características do epitélio intestinal de juvenis de pacu.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different fiber sources on the performance, corporal composition and intestinal morphometry of pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). This study evaluated five isoproteic (23 percent digestible protein), isoenergetic (3250kcal digestible energy/kg) and isofibrous (9 percent crude fiber) diets, each one containing a fiber source such as soybean meal, soybean hulls, sunflower meal and citric pulp in two levels of inclusion (30 and 45 percent). A total of 300 pacu juveniles (25,12±0,78g) were stocked in 25 experimental aquariums (200 liters) equipped with aeration and heating system. The best growth and feed conversion results were obtained with diets containing soybean meal and sunflower meal. Diets containing soybean hulls and citrus pulp worsened the juvenile pacu performance. Moreover, only the diet containing 45 percent citrus pulp decreased the villous number per area in the intestinal epithelium. From the results we can conclude that some fibrous ingredient may affect juvenile pacu performance, corporal composition and intestinal epithelium characteristics.

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The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of total (TC) or partial (PC) collection excreta methods to determine metabolizable energy in poultry feeds. A number of 180 12- to 21-day-old broilers were distributed into two treatments of six replicates of 10 birds each. A reference-diet was formulated to supply broiler requirements, and the test-diets consisted of 60% of reference diets and 40% of corn or soybean meal. Celite was added at 1% to the diets as a marker. Excreta and diet samples were analyzed for dry matter, energy, nitrogen, and acid-insoluble ash (AIA). AME of corn determined by partial collection (PC) was higher (3544 kcal/kg) as compared to total collection (TC) (3133 kcal/kg). However, no difference were observed for soybean meal (1797 vs. 1821 kcal/kg) between both methods. Marker recovery rates in the excreta were 101, 111, and 96% for the basal-diet, and the test-diets with corn or soybean meal, respectively. This result indicates the importance of marker recovery rate in the excreta to evaluate feed AME and digestibility.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização do extrato de pomelo (Citrus maxima) como aditivo promotor de crescimento em rações para frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 300 pintos de um dia, machos, da linhagem Cobb 500, pesando em média 43,7 ± 0,1 g, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo a unidade experimental composta por 12 aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em um controle negativo (CN), isento de promotor de crescimento, um controle positivo (CP), com adição de 56 ppm de Neomicina; e três níveis de inclusão do extrato de pomelo (EP) no controle negativo: 100 ppm, 150 ppm e 200 ppm. As variáveis avaliadas foram: consumo de ração (GR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), peso das aves aos 7, 21 e 42 dias (P7, P21 e P42, respectivamente) e o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). Os dados de cada variável foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de comparações múltiplas e análises de regressão. Não se observou efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis avaliadas para os períodos de 1 a 7 e 1 a 21 dias. No período total de criação (1 a 42 dias), observou-se que a inclusão de 150 ou 200ppm de EP nas rações proporcionou resultados de GP e CA superiores ao obtido com o CN e semelhantes aos obtidos com o CP. A concentração estimada em 124ppm de EP foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho de frangos de corte.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of extract of grapefruit as a growth promoter in diets for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days. 300 day old chickens Cobb 500, whit initial weight of 43.7 ± 0.1 g were randomly distributed using five treatments and five replications of 12 birds. The treatments consisted in a negative control (NC), exempt from growth promoter, a positive control (PC), with addition of 56 ppm of Neomycin, and three levels of inclusion of extract of grapefruit (EP) in negative control: 100 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm. The variables evaluated were: feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), Feed: gain ratio (FC), body weight (BW) at 7, 21 and 42 days (BW7, BW21 and BW42) and the index of efficiency of production (IPE). The data of each variable were submitted to the ANOVA, multiple comparison and regression analyses. No differences were observed (P>0.05) in the variables evaluated considering the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days, however, in the period from 1 to 42 days the inclusion of 150 or 200ppm of grapefruit extract in diets provided best results of BWG and FC than negative control and similar results those obtained with the use of Neomycin. The concentration of around 124ppm of PE was sufficient to maximize the performance of broilers.

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Foram realizados três experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para aves da linhagem ISA Label, de ambos os sexos, criadas em semiconfinamento durante as fases: inicial (1 a 28 dias), de crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias). Em cada experimento, foram utilizadas 480 aves, alojadas em 24 piquetes, cada um contendo abrigo coberto de 3,13m² e área de pastejo de 72,87m². O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de lisina e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090 e 1,210 por cento na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990 e 1,110 por cento na fase de crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880 e 1,000 por cento na fase final. Foram mensuradas as variáveis de desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. Com base nos resultados de desempenho, recomendam-se 1, 041; 1,006 e 0,760 por cento de lisina digestível em rações para aves ISA Label nas fases inicial, de crescimento e final, respectivamente.

Three assays were carried out to determine digestible lysine requirement for ISA Label, both genders, in free-range system on starter (1 to 28 days), growing (28 to 56 days) e finishing phases (56 to 84 days). A total of 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13m²) and pasture (72.87m²). The experimental design was a completely randomized in factorial arrangement (four levels of lysine and two genders) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.85, 0.97, 1.09, and 1.21 percent for starter; 0.75, 0.87, 0.99, and 1.11 percent for growing; and 0.64, 0.76, 0.88, and 1.00 percent for finishing phases. The analyzed parameters were performance, carcass yield, protein and fat deposition, weight, and protein in the feathers. Based on bird performance the estimated digestible lysine level, was 1.041, 1.006, and 0.760 percent for the starter, growing and finishing phases, respectively.

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Two metabolism assays were carried out to determine corn and soybean meal metabolizable energy when enzymes were added. In the first trial, 35 cockerels per studied feedstuff (corn and soybean meal) were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments of seven replicates of one bird each. The evaluated treatments were: ingredient (corn and soybean meal) with no enzyme addition, with the addition of an enzyme complex (xylanase, amylase, protease - XAP), xylanase, or phytase. Precise feeding method was used to determine true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (TMEn). The use of enzymes did not result in any differences (p>0.05) in soybean meal TMEn, but phytase improved corn TMEn in 2.3% (p=0.004). In the second trial, 280 seven-day-old broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments of five replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of corn with no enzyme addition or with the addition of amylase, xylanase, phytase, XAP complex, XAP+phytase combination, or xylanase/ pectinase/-glucanase complex (XPBG). Corn was supplemented with macro and trace minerals. Total excreta collection was used to determine apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn). Differences were observed (p=0.08) in AMEn and dry matter metabolizability coefficient (p=0.03). The combination of the XAP complex with phytase promoted a 2.11% increase in corn AMEn values, and the remaining enzymes allowed increased between 0.86% and 1.66%.

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The objective of this work was to study growth and body nutrient deposition profiles of male and female Cobb and Ross broilers using Gompertz equations. A total number of 1,920 one- to 56-day-old broilers were used. A randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement (2 strains x 2 sex), with 4 replicates of 120 birds each, was applied. Diets were formulated to supply the nutrient requirements recommended by the genetic companies. A sample of birds was weekly weighed and sacrificed after 24 hours fasting. Carcasses were de-feathered and weighed again. The parameters of the Gompertz equation for body weight and its components (water, ashes, protein, and fat) were estimated. An interaction (p 0.05) between sex and breed was observed for mature weight (Wm) (kg), growth rate (b) (daily) and time at maximum growth rate (t*) (day) of body weight, and body water and ash. Cobb was presented earlier growth and body protein and ash deposition. Ross strain was superior in body water deposition.