Hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch - sonographic findings

Background: A 10-year-old spayed bitch with hip dysplasia was referred for periarticular ultrasound evaluation. A poorly marginated structure of mixed echogenicity, predominantly hypoechoic, with heterogeneous echotexture, was identified in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right pelvic limb with increased stiffness, assessed using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, compared to that of the adjacent muscle tissues, and intense vascularization by pulsed Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Guided biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. The objective of this study was to describe B-mode ultrasound, CEUS, and ARFI findings of hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch. Case: A 10-year-old spayed bitch Golden Retriever weighing 36 kg was evaluated for pelvic limb lameness. The patient presented with bilateral pain during hip extension. The primary diagnostic suspicion was degenerative joint disease and secondary hip dysplasia. The patient was referred for imaging evaluation of the hip joints (radiography and ultrasound) under anesthesia. Right lateral and ventrodorsal projections with the pelvic limbs extended were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. In the right pelvic limb, an amorphous hypoechoic structure with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture was observed in the vastus lateralis muscle. In ARFI elastography, it was possible to identify differences in tissue stiffness between healthy and compromised portions. Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation demonstrated an arterial waveform pattern with a peak systolic velocity of 38.8 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity of 6.9 cm/s, pulsatility index of 1.76, and resistive index of 0.82. CEUS study identified a mean peak of 27.26 %, mean time to peak of 39.95 s, and mean transmission time of 49.96 s. The popliteal lymph node was hyperechoic and heterogeneous in B-mode. In ARFI elastography, the average stiffness was 2.52 m/s, and the CEUS obtained an average peak of 19.98%, average time to peak of 17.52 s, and mean transit time of 22.83 s. Doppler assessment revealed no clear vascularization in the lymph node. Thoracic radiography in 3 projections and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary nodules was not observed. On abdominal ultrasound evaluation, it was possible to identify changes in the spleen, which presented with splenomegaly, mixed echogenicity, and heterogeneous echotexture. The animal underwent ultrasound-guided muscle biopsy, which confirmed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the muscle. The bitch was referred for splenectomy and lymphadenectomy of the right popliteal, which confirmed neoplastic involvement of the same neoplasm. Discussion: On B-mode ultrasound, the observed changes were similar to those in a report of hemangiosarcoma in the muscles of the chest wall in dogs, which contributed to the diagnosis. Although it was only one patient, ARFI elastography results suggest that muscle hemangiosarcoma tends to follow the same elastographic characteristics as malignant lesions in other tissues. Additionally, the popliteal lymph node had a stiffness suggestive of malignancy (mean 2.52 m/s) because it presented a similar result and greater elasticity of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in bitches (>2.5 m/s) and women (> 1.44 m/s) with breast tumor. With CEUS, it was possible to identify vascularization in the sentinel lymph node that was not visible by pulsed Doppler, and in muscle mass. The findings of this report provided relevant results on muscle hemangiosarcoma in a bitch and demonstrated that the information obtained with the association of imaging methods supported the malignancy criteria described in other studies.

Preliminary mechanical evaluation of two novel veterinary angle-stable-threaded interlocking nail systems / Avaliação mecânica preliminar de dois novos sistemas veterinários de haste intramedular bloqueada em ângulo estável roscada

The interlocking nail represents an excellent option as a surgical approach to treat fractures in long bones in veterinary medicine. However, failures were reported mainly due to a slack present in the interface of the rod with the screws. The present study tested and mechanically compare axial compression loads of two novel models of stable angle interlocking nails with threaded holes. Among the two models, one was uniplanar and the other was multiplanar with orthogonally arranged distal holes. Twenty-one specimens made of polylactic acid were used for the implantation of interlocking nail´s rods, divided into three groups: conventional interlocking nail (G1), novel interlocking nail with a stable angle with holes arranged in a single plane (G2), and novel interlocking nail with a stable angle in two planes, with the penultimate hole at 90 degrees from the others (G3). Biomechanical tests were performed using axial, cyclic, and destructive compression load for comparison between them. All the specimens showed plastic deformation in the screws after destructive tests, in both proximal and distal sides, being highly intense in G1. G2 and G3 of the stable angle rods supported higher loads than G1 in all tests performed (P<0.05). The novel stems did not differ statistically from each other (P>0.05). The initial hypothesis that the novel models would provide increased stability was confirmed; however, no differences were demonstrated between them. The screw locking system on the rods allowed high resistance values in the tests performed, proving to be effective and potentially applicable in real clinical situations.

A haste intramedular bloqueada representa excelente opção para abordagem cirúrgica de fraturas em ossos longos na medicina veterinária. Todavia, falhas decorrentes principalmente de "folga" presente na interface da haste com os parafusos foram relatadas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar e comparar mecanicamente, por cargas de compressão axial, dois novos modelos de haste intramedular bloqueada de ângulo estável com orifícios roscados, sendo uma delas uniplanar e outra multiplanar com orifícios distais dispostos ortogonalmente. Vinte e um corpos de prova confeccionados em ácido polilático (PLA) foram utilizados para implantação das hastes intramedulares bloqueadas, divididos em três grupos: Haste bloqueada convencional (G1); haste bloqueada nova de ângulo estável com orifícios dispostos em único plano (G2); haste bloqueada nova de ângulo estável em dois planos, com o penúltimo orifício em 90 graus dos demais (G3). Utilizou-se ensaios biomecânicos por carga de compressão axial, cíclicos e destrutivos, para comparação entre eles. Todos mostraram deformação plástica nos parafusos após testes destrutivos, tanto proximais como distais, sendo mais intensa no grupo 1. Os grupos 2 e 3 das hastes de ângulo estável suportaram cargas superiores em relação ao G1 em todos os testes realizados (P<0.05). As hastes novas não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (P>0,05). A hipótese inicial de que os novos modelos proporcionariam maior estabilidade foi confirmada, entretanto não foi demonstrada diferenças entre eles. O sistema de bloqueio roscado dos parafusos nas hastes permitiu valores elevados de resistência nos testes realizados, mostrando-se efetivo e, potencialmente aplicável em situações clínicas reais.

Ex vivo biomechanical testing of Funkquist B dorsal laminectomy between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae in dogs / Análise biomecânica ex vivo dos efeitos da laminectomia dorsal Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vertebras cervicais em cães

Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum load for measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P<0.001). The ROM was not influenced by laminectomy, the type of mechanical test (ventral flexion or extension), or its interaction (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the effect of the laminectomy factors (yes or no) and the effect of the mechanical tests for ventral flexion or extension (P<0.05). In conclusion, Funkquist B dorsal cervical laminectomy between C6 and C7 decreases mechanical resistance with a supraphysiological loading force but does not alter the ROM, suggesting that it can be used without additional mechanical stabilization in dogs.

A laminectomia dorsal é realizada com frequência no tratamento de compressões medulares ou estenose do canal vertebral cervical. No entanto, complicações relevantes têm sido descritas em cães. Considerando que ainda não há entendimento completo da necessidade de estabilização cirúrgica complementar após a realização de uma ou múltiplas laminectomias na região cervical, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência e amplitude de movimento (ADM) da coluna cervical submetida à laminectomia Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vértebras em cães. Quarenta e quatro colunas vertebrais cervicais (C2-T1) de cães, com peso médio de 26,2 ± 3,8 kg, foram selecionadas por meio de radiografia e tomografia computadorizada. Quatro grupos experimentais (n = 11) foram estabelecidos de acordo com o teste mecânico realizado: dois grupos controle (flexão e extensão controle) e dois grupos laminectomia (flexão e extensão laminectomia). Os resultados numéricos da carga máxima para medir a resistência e ADM das colunas dos dois grupos de controle e dos dois grupos de laminectomia foram comparados. Os grupos de laminectomia apresentaram menores valores de carga máxima, independentemente do teste mecânico realizado (P < 0,001). A ADM não foi influenciada pela laminectomia, tipo de teste mecânico (flexão ou extensão ventral) ou sua interação (P < 0,05). Não houve interação entre o efeito do fator de laminectomia, sim ou não, ou o efeito do teste mecânico na flexão ou extensão ventral (P < 0,05). A laminectomia cervical dorsal Funkquist B entre C6 e C7 diminui a resistência mecânica com uma força de carga suprafisiológica, mas não altera a ADM, sugerindo que pode ser usada sem estabilização mecânica adicional em cães.

Topical application of gentamicin or cephalothin in the healing of surgical wounds in dogs / Aplicação tópica de gentamicina ou cefalotina na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas em cães

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of local administration of gentamicin or cephalothin on the healing of surgical wounds in dogs. Thirty healthy dogs were submitted to surgical castration. They were divided into 2 groups of 15 animals. After the surgical procedure, two 0.6 cm circular cutaneous wounds were made in the abdominal region. Group 1 received 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline in one wound and 0.1 ml of gentamicin (40 mg / ml) in the other wound; and group 2 received 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline and 0.1 ml of cephalothin (200 mg / ml); respectively. All wounds were sutured and assessed macroscopically 1, 3 and 10 days after the operation. On day 10, an incisional biopsy was performed for histopathological evaluation. All analyzes of macroscopic variables did not show significant differences between groups (P <0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for microscopic evaluation of collagenization, vascularization, edema and inflammatory cells (P <0.05). Thus, the topical use of the tested antibiotics does not influence skin healing in dogs.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da administração local de gentamicina ou cefalotina na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas em cães. Trinta cães saudáveis foram submetidos à cirurgia de castração. Eles foram divididos em 2 grupos de 15 animais. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, foram feitas duas feridas cutâneas circulares de 0,6 cm na região abdominal. O grupo 1 recebeu 0,1 ml de soro fisiológico 0,9% em uma ferida e 0,1 ml de gentamicina (40 mg/ml) na outra ferida; e o grupo 2 recebeu 0,1 ml de soro fisiológico 0,9% e 0,1 ml de cefalotina (200 mg/ml); respectivamente. Todas as feridas foram suturadas e avaliadas macroscopicamente 1, 3 e 10 dias após a operação. No dia 10, foi realizada biópsia incisional para avaliação histopatológica. Todas as análises das variáveis macroscópicas não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos (P<0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos para avaliação microscópica da colagenização, vascularização, edema e células inflamatórias (P<0,05). Assim, o uso tópico dos antibióticos testados não influencia na cicatrização da pele em cães.

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...(AU)

Lateral and medial musculatures of pelvic limbs in dogs - normal ultrasonographic anatomy

Background: Pelvic limb claudication is a common problem in dogs. However, determining the location of the lesion can be challenging. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identifying and evaluating muscle injuries. Ultrasonographic evaluation is frequently performed to identify muscle injuries. Although some muscle changes have already been described as ultrasonography findings in veterinary studies, little is known about the standardization of these muscle structures, especially in hip muscles. The objective of this study was to describe the normal ultrasound anatomy of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limb and establish an unprecedented protocol for the evaluation of these structures. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 4 lateral and 4 medial musculatures of the pelvic limb of dogs were evaluated using ultrasound. An initial ex vivo study (1st phase) was performed to delineate anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The 2nd experimental phase proceeded with the application of in vivo scanning. The same operator performed all anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectineus, gracilis, adductor, and rectus femoris muscles were evaluated in longitudinal and transverse planes. Ten paired hips from 5 cadavers consisting of 3 females (60%) and 2 males (40%) were evaluated during the exvivo phase. The average age and weight of the dogs were 3.6 ± 0.87 years and 21.9 ± 5.2 kg, respectively. The invivo study included 4 females (40%) and 6 males (60%), for a total of 10 healthy animals consisting of 20 hips; the mean weight was 30.11 ± 7.45 kg and the average age was 4.5 ± 2.75 years. All muscles maintained the same ultrasound pattern when compared with each other and between different groups in the invivo study. The longitudinal section presented a hypoechoic structure permeated by thin hyperechoic longitudinal striations. The hypoechoic aspect was maintained, with striae identified as hyperechogenic points in the cross-sectional view. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation with a high-frequency transducer has facilitated the identification of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limbs of medium and large dogs exvivo and invivo. This approach is an effective and safe way to access these muscles, and aids in the establishment of an unprecedented protocol for ultrasound evaluation of this region. Understanding the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is essential to identify muscle injuries such as contractures, tumors, ruptures, and stretch, which can lead to loss of muscle echogenicity and echotexture. Furthermore, ultrasound standardization reduces inter-observer error, facilitates technique reproducibility, assists in a more assertive assessment, and directs the patient's most appropriate therapy. In addition, anatomical dissection with the aid of acoustic gel injection into the evaluated musculature is essential to guide the examination because it allows the confirmation of the structures. In this study, the ultrasound scans of 6 fundamental muscles (gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor, pectineus, and rectus femoris) for hip mobility and 2 knee muscles (sartorius and vastus lateralis) were standardized. Exvivo evaluations facilitated the application of invivo techniques, and no difficulties were found during these evaluations.

Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs: an ex vivo comparative study of knee's surrounding structures protection methods

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament failure is one of the leading causes of pelvic limb lameness in dogs and one of the most recommended treatments is tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. However, this procedure may lead to some complications as fractures of the fibula, laceration in varying degrees of the popliteal vasculature and its branches, neuropraxia, neurotmeses, among others. The goals of this study were to compare the effectiveness of 8 methods used during TPLO, to prevent damage to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, tibial and fibular nerve (surgical compresses, specific surgical retractors I and II and an osteotomy technique variation). Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 40 canine cadavers weighing 25.9 ± 3.7 kg were submitted to TPLO. Animals were previously prepared with 1: 4 barium red latex solution, to provide radiopacity of arteries surrounding the knee (n = 80). TPLO was performed using 8 methods to protect the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves. Each method was used in one of the knees of 5 animals. The contralateral knee was maintained as a control (without protection). The knees were radiographed in orthogonal projections before and after the osteotomies and then anatomically dissected. The evaluated structures were photographed, and the images sent to four blind evaluators (visual macroscopy) to classify the possible injuries. The highest incidence of injuries was identified when protection methods were used. However, this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). No significant differences regarding efficacy were found between all 8 protection methods. Discussion: In this study, the total incidence of injuries following TPLO was 20% was much higher than that presented in the literature which indicates when considering only intraoperative injuries. The dogs cadavers tissue resistance and stiffened latex may have predisposed the osteotomy injury, as soft tissues with greater flexibility are less susceptible to trauma caused by the oscillatory saw. When compared to others cadaveric studies that also evaluated the efficacy of surgical dressings to protect the cranial tibial artery, during TPLO, we also find a higher incidence of damage. Maybe the limb's position was responsible for this difference, once in the after mentioned researches the limb was positioned suspended to simulate a dorsal decubitus position and we choose the limb position with the lateral face resting on the surface of the operating table, and this may have provided extra pressure from the structures towards the osteotomy saw, increasing the occurrence of those damages. Although the present study did not reveal a significant difference for the use of protection methods, we believe that the dimensions of the compresses used herein may have contributed to a higher incidence of injuries. They probably increased the tissue trauma needed for their allocation and led to a lower positioning accuracy for the isolation of these structures. Maybe for the same reason, the specific type II surgical retractor was the only shield that, observationally, did not increase the occurrence of injuries, once less dissection was required to allocate it. The difference in geometric dimensions between the retractors may justify the superiority of the retractor II, since it allows a more careful and apparently less traumatic allocation. Performing TPLO without adopting these protection methods did not lead to a higher risk of injury to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves.

Percutaneous application of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell in dogs submitted to minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the tibia

Purpose To evaluate clinical outcome following minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) associated with percutaneous transplantation of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) at the tibial fracture site in dogs. Methods Thirty-six dogs presenting with nonarticular complete tibial fracture were included in this study. All fractures were treated by the same MIPO technique. The animals were divided in group 1 (n = 20) received a percutaneous application of 3 × 106 AD-MSC at the fracture site and group 2 (n = 16) did not receive any adjuvant treatment. Postoperative radiographic examinations were made at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Results Fifty-eight percent of the patients were classified as skeletally immature. The median weight of the animals was 18.8 kg. The mean radiographic union time differed statistically between the AD-MSC group (28.5 days) and the control group (70.3 days). Sixty percent of dogs in group 1 and 56.25% of the group 2 were considered immature. Conclusions The use of allogeneic AD-MSC cell therapy and MIPO is a safe, viable and effective technique for promoting bone healing in nonarticular tibial fractures in dogs.(AU)

Canal flare index evaluation for different dog breeds / Avaliação do canal flare index femoral de diferentes raças de cães

This study determined the canal flare index (CFI) of four dog breeds using two distinct femoral regions as a reference. Thirty-five radiographs of the hip joints of Golden Retrievers (GRG), German Shepherds (GSG), Labrador Retrievers (LRG), and Rottweilers (RG) of both sexes were used. Seventy experimental units were submitted to CFI calculation. Objective (CFIob) and subjective (CFIsub) values of the CFI of each experimental unit were determined according to the anatomical reference used for the calculation. A significant difference in the CFIob between the Golden Retriever and German Shepherd breeds (1.68 ± 0.16 and 1.49 ± 0.08), and in the CFIsub between Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Rottweiler breeds (2.09 ± 0.31, 1.86 ± 0.11, and 1.84 ± 0.18) was reported. The subjective form of measurement showed higher values than the objective form (GRG: 2.09 ± 0.31; GSG: 1.86 ± 0.11; LRG: 2.07 ± 0.12; RG: 1.84 ± 0.18). The CFI values of each breed were similar, suggesting a certain racial pattern. A significant difference in the interobserver assessment for both CFIsub and CFIob, in all races was observed. The CFI analysis identified morphological patterns of the proximal femur in the different races. Results indicated the need for standardization of the anatomical references used to calculate the CFI because there were statistical differences among the measurements among the observers.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar o canal flare index (CFI) de quatro raças específicas de cães, utilizando-se duas regiões femorais distintas como referência. Foram analisadas 35 radiografias de articulações coxofemorais de cães das raças Golden Retriever (GGR), Pastor Alemão (GPA), Labrador Retriever (GLR) e Rottweiler (GR), de ambos os sexos, configurando 70 unidades experimentais submetidas ao cálculo do CFI. Determinaram-se os valores objetivo (CFIob) e subjetivo (CFIsub) do CFI de cada unidade experimental de acordo com a referência anatômica utilizada para o cálculo. Houve diferença significativa do CFIob entre as raças Golden Retriever e Pastor Alemão (1,68 ± 0,16 e 1,49 ± 0,08), e do CFIsub entre as raças Golden Retriever, Pastor Alemão e Rottweiler (2,09 ± 0,31, 1,86 ± 0,11 e 1,84 ± 0,18). A forma subjetiva de mensuração apresentou valores maiores que a forma objetiva (GGR: 2,09 ± 0,31; GPA: 1,86 ± 0,11; GLR: 2,07 ± 0,12; GR: 1,84 ± 0,18). Os valores de CFI de cada raça se apresentaram similares, sugerindo haver determinado padrão racial. Houve diferença significativa na avaliação interobservadores, tanto do CFIsub quanto CFIob, em todas as raças. A análise do CFI identificou padrões morfológicos do fêmur proximal nas diferentes raças. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de padronização dos referenciais anatômicos utilizados para o cálculo do CFI, uma vez que houve relevância estatística entre as diferentes mensurações entre os observadores.(AU)

Bone alignment after minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the tibia in dogs / Avaliação do alinhamento ósseo após osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa de tíbia em cães

This study assessed radiographically changes in tibial alignment in the frontal and sagittal planes in dogs that underwent minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) without the aid of image intensifiers. Radiographs of dogs with complete non-articular tibial fractures submitted to MIPO were included and evaluated, without the aid of a transoperative image intensifier and / or an association of implants. The tibial mechanical angles (mMPTA, mMDTA, mCaPTA and mCrDTA) were measured by three evaluators. The data obtained were compared with results from previously published studies. Twenty-seven animals were included in the study. The mean and standard deviation of the angular changes were as follows: mMPTA, 2.54° ± 3.10 (-1.1º to 8.7º); mMDTA, 0.03º ± 0.16 (-3.44º to 0.79º); mCaPTA, 37º ± 4.29 (-6.23º to 14.87º); and mCrDTA, 8.25° ± 5.53 (-0.2º to 17.28º). There was a negative correlation between “mCaPTA” and “mCrDTA”. MIPO of the tibia without using image intensifiers and implant association can potentially cause angular changes, which can lead to clinically relevant deformities after bone healing.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar radiograficamente as alterações no alinhamento da tíbia nos planos frontal e sagital em cães submetidos à osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa (MIPO) sem o auxílio de intensificadores de imagem. Foram incluídas e avaliadas radiografias de cães com fraturas completas da tíbia não articulares submetidos a MIPO, sem o auxílio de intensificador de imagem transoperatório e/ou associação de implantes. Os ângulos mecânicos tibiais (mMPTA, mMDTA, mCaPTA e mCrDTA) foram mensurados por três avaliadores. Os dados obtidos pela média de todas as avaliações foram comparados com resultados de estudos previamente publicados. Vinte e sete animais foram incluídos no estudo. A média e desvio padrão das alterações angulares foram os seguintes: mMPTA= 2,54° ± 3,10 (-1,1º a 8,7º); mMDTA= 0,03º ± 0,16 (-3,44º a 0,79º); mCaPTA= 37º ± 4,29 (-6,23º a 14,87º); e mCrDTA= 8,25° ± 5,53 (-0,2º a 17,28º). Houve uma correlação negativa entre “mCaPTA” e “mCrDTA”. A realização de MIPO em tíbia sem o uso de intensificadores de imagem e associação de implantes pode causar alterações angulares, o que pode levar a deformidades clinicamente relevantes após a cicatrização óssea.

Comparison of intraoperative nociception and postoperative acute pain after traditional or minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique. Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery begins (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analysis was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P > 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG < MIG; P < 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG < TG; P < 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG < MIG) (P < 0.05). Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons non-proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster with less surgical trauma.(AU)

Correlation of serum acute-phase proteins with bone repair in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted to partial radio ostectomy / Correlação do proteinograma sérico com a reparação óssea em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos à ostectomia parcial do rádio

Bone trauma triggers an acute inflammatory response, which can alter the serum concentration of acute-phase proteins (PFA). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PFA measurement as a laboratory biomarker for inflammation related to bone regeneration. A partial ostectomy of the right radius was performed on 22 young male rabbits. The complete blood count, albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, and transferrin levels were recorded and correlated with the radiographic evolution of bone healing. Statistically the best correlations with the inflammatory process and radiological findings were reported with haptoglobin and transferrin compared to the other measured PFAs. Haptoglobin and transferrin showed a maximum peak 24 and 36 hours after surgery, respectively. Transferrin displayed signs of decrease in the first 6 hours after surgery, in advance of the leukocyte response. The measurement of acute-phase proteins proved to be viable, considering the conditions in which the present study was carried out. Among all variables studied, haptoglobin and transferrin showed best correlation with the inflammatory process of bone healing. Additional studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of acute-phase proteins as predictors of complications in the treatment of fractures.(AU)

Os traumas ósseos desencadeiam resposta inflamatória aguda e consequentemente alteram a concentração sérica das proteínas de fase aguda (PFA), podendo essas representarem um parâmetro para avaliação da evolução do processo inflamatório relacionado à cicatrização óssea, assim como complicações. Objetivou-se avaliar a inter-relação da mensuração de PFAs com a repação óssea em coelhos submetidos à ostectomia parcial do rádio. Foram utilizados 22 coelhos, machos, jovens (160 a 180 dias) e peso médio (3,8 ± 0,3). Para acompanhamento da evolução do processo inflamatório foram realizados hemograma completo e mensuração de albumina, ceruloplasmina, haptoglobina, proteína C reativa e transferrina, além do acompanhamento radiológico. Foi observado a melhor correlação da haptoglobina e da transferrina junto ao processo inflamatório e achados radiológicos frente às demais PFAs mensuradas. A haptoglobina apresentou pico máximo 24 horas do pós-operatório e a transferrina após 36 horas, entretanto, essa última já mostrou indícios de diminuição nas primeiras 6 horas do pós-cirúrgico, antecipadamente à resposta leucocitária. Nas condições em que o presente estudo foi realizado, a mensuração das proteínas de fase aguda mostrou-se factível. Das proteínas estudadas, a haptoglobina e transferrina foram as que mostraram maior correlação com o processo inflamatório da cicatrização óssea. Estudos adicionais são necessários para determinar a sensibilidade das proteínas de fase aguda como previsores de complicações do tratamento das fraturas.(AU)

Bone alignment after minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the tibia in dogs / Avaliação do alinhamento ósseo após osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa de tíbia em cães

This study assessed radiographically changes in tibial alignment in the frontal and sagittal planes in dogs that underwent minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) without the aid of image intensifiers. Radiographs of dogs with complete non-articular tibial fractures submitted to MIPO were included and evaluated, without the aid of a transoperative image intensifier and / or an association of implants. The tibial mechanical angles (mMPTA, mMDTA, mCaPTA and mCrDTA) were measured by three evaluators. The data obtained were compared with results from previously published studies. Twenty-seven animals were included in the study. The mean and standard deviation of the angular changes were as follows: mMPTA, 2.54° ± 3.10 (-1.1º to 8.7º); mMDTA, 0.03º ± 0.16 (-3.44º to 0.79º); mCaPTA, 37º ± 4.29 (-6.23º to 14.87º); and mCrDTA, 8.25° ± 5.53 (-0.2º to 17.28º). There was a negative correlation between “mCaPTA” and “mCrDTA”. MIPO of the tibia without using image intensifiers and implant association can potentially cause angular changes, which can lead to clinically relevant deformities after bone healing.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar radiograficamente as alterações no alinhamento da tíbia nos planos frontal e sagital em cães submetidos à osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa (MIPO) sem o auxílio de intensificadores de imagem. Foram incluídas e avaliadas radiografias de cães com fraturas completas da tíbia não articulares submetidos a MIPO, sem o auxílio de intensificador de imagem transoperatório e/ou associação de implantes. Os ângulos mecânicos tibiais (mMPTA, mMDTA, mCaPTA e mCrDTA) foram mensurados por três avaliadores. Os dados obtidos pela média de todas as avaliações foram comparados com resultados de estudos previamente publicados. Vinte e sete animais foram incluídos no estudo. A média e desvio padrão das alterações angulares foram os seguintes: mMPTA= 2,54° ± 3,10 (-1,1º a 8,7º); mMDTA= 0,03º ± 0,16 (-3,44º a 0,79º); mCaPTA= 37º ± 4,29 (-6,23º a 14,87º); e mCrDTA= 8,25° ± 5,53 (-0,2º a 17,28º). Houve uma correlação negativa entre “mCaPTA” e “mCrDTA”. A realização de MIPO em tíbia sem o uso de intensificadores de imagem e associação de implantes pode causar alterações angulares, o que pode levar a deformidades clinicamente relevantes após a cicatrização óssea.(AU)

Capital femoral physeal dysplasia in cats submited to ostectomy of the femoral head and neck / Displasia femoral capital em felinos submetidos a ostectomia da cabeça e colo femoral

This report described pathological fracture of the femoral head (physeal dysplasia) in four male cats (three mixed breed and one Bengal), with an average age of 16 months, treated by an ostectomy of the femoral head and neck. Three cats were neutered and one entire. All presented with mild intermittent lameness in the pelvic limbs. Displacement of the femoral epiphysis and resorption of the femoral neck were present and excision of the femoral head and remaining neck was performed in all cases. Hstological examination showed mild foci of compaction and trabecular fibrosis with deposition of fibrous connective tissue, permeated by granulation tissues, consistent with the original diagosis. Limb function improved in all patients from 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. Diagnosis of physeal dysplasia is challenging and treatment is different from acute traumatic fractures. Femoral head and neck excision was considered a good alternative in these patients.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve a fratura patológica da cabeça do femur (displasia fiseal) em quatro machos (três raças mistas e um Bengal), com idade média de 16 meses, que foram tratados com ostectomia da cabeça e colo femorais. Três gatos eram castrados e um inteiro. Todos apresentaram leve claudicação intermitente nos membros pélvicos. O deslocamento da epífise femoral e a reabsorção do colo femoral estavam presentes, a excisão da cabeça e colo femoral foi realizada em todos os casos. O exame histológico mostrou focos de compacteção e fibrose trabecular com deposição de tecido conjuntivo fibroso, permeado por tecidos de granulação, consistentes com o suposto diagnóstico. A função dos membros melhorou em todos os paciente entre dois a quatro semanas pós-operatório. O diagnóstico da displasia fiseal pe desafiador e o tratamento é diferente das fraturas traumáticas agudas. A excisão de cabeça e colo femoral é considerada uma boa alternativa nesses pacientes.(AU)

Biomechanical evaluation of a new femoral stem design for total hip replacement in a canine model

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the biomechanical properties of a novel total hip replacement femoral stem. Methods Eight pairs of femurs from dog cadavers were used. The femurs were separated into different groups. A novel femoral stem with a convex proximal portion (Stem B) was biomechanically evaluated and compared to awell-known veterinary collared stem (Stem A). Femoral stems were inserted into the contralateral femurs from the same dog, forming 16 constructs. A flexo-compression load was applied on the axial axis of each sample. Maximum strength, deflection, stiffness, and energy absorption were analysed. Results Group B constructs showed significantly higher values (p ? 0.05) for the variables, except stiffness. The mean maximum strength was 1,347 ± 357 N for Group A and 1,805 ± 123 N for Group B (p ? 0.0069). The mean deflection was5.54 ± 2.63 mm for Group A and 10.03 ± 3.99 mm for Group B (p ? 0.0056). For the energy variable, the force was 6,203 ± 3,488 N/mm for Group A and 12,885 ± 5,056 N/mm for Group B (p ? 0.0054). Stem B had greater maximum strength, deflection, and energy. Conclusions The new stem was effective in neutralizing the impact of axial flexion-compression stresses during biomechanical tests in cadaveric models.

Aplicação intravenosa de metronidazol, ceftriaxona e enrofloxacina em cadelas anestesiadas com isoflurano: repercussão dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios / Intravenous application of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane: impact of hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the...

Topical application of lidocaine or bupivacaine in the healing of surgical wounds in dogs

Purpose: To analyze the anesthetic drugs interference with wound healing when used in the surgical bed. Methods: Macro and microscopic aspects of healing of surgical wounds were evaluated after instillation of topical anesthetics without vasoconstrictor or saline solution 0.9% as control in the transsurgical period. Thirty dogs, males and females were divided into two experimental groups. In both groups, two circular punch lesions of 6 mm diameter were performed in the abdomen. In group 1, lidocaine was instilled in one of the lesions and saline solution in the contralateral lesion. In group 2 the procedure was repeated with the use of bupivacaine. The macroscopic assessment of the lesions was performed on the first, third and tenth postoperative day. The excisional biopsy was performed on the tenth day and the samples were submitted for histopathological examination. Results: The macroscopic analysis had a significant difference between groups. Microscopic analysis was not significant between groups. Conclusions: The topical application of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the surgical wound is feasible and it does not influence skin healing. The benefit of such a practice, which has been the subject of other studies, seems to outweigh the risks.(AU)

Caprine demineralized bone matrix (DBMc) in the repair of non-critical bone defects in rabbit tibias. A new bone xenograft

Purpose To evaluate the use of demineralized bone matrix of caprine origin in experimental bone defects of the tibia in New Zealand rabbits. Methods Fragments of the tibia diaphysis were collected aseptically from clinically healthy goats. The bones were sectioned into 1 cm fragments and stored at -20°C for subsequent hydrochloric acid (HCL) demineralization. A 70 mg portion of DBMc was used to fill the experimental bone defects. Twenty-four female adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into 2 groups: the MG (matrix group, left tibia) and CG (control group, right tibia). Additionally, they were separated into 4 groups with 6 animals, according to the period of analysis (15, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively). Using microCT, volumetric parameters were evaluated: bone volume, relationship between bone volume and total volume, bone surface area, relationship between bone surface area and total volume, number of trabeculae, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation. Results There was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between groups considering bone volume (BV) and bone:total volume (BV/TV), on 15, 30 and 90 days postoperatively. Control group showed a statistically significant superiority (P < 0.05) considering the mean of the variables bone surface (BS), number of trabeculae (Tb.N) and between bone surface and total volume (BS/TV) at 15 and 90 days. Conclusions Caprine demineralized bone matrix was safe and tolerable. No signs of material rejection were seen macroscopically. It is an alternative for the treatment of bone defects when autologous graft is not available or in insufficient quantities.(AU)

Short-term evaluation of an intra-articular technique for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs using nylon or polyester / Avaliação a curto prazo da técnica intra-articular utilizando fio de náilon ou poliéster para correção da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCrLR) is a common condition found in the small animal routine, being correlated to traumas, obesity, genetic factors, and primary osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. Affected animals show articular instability that, if not corrected surgically, may cause secondary OA and loss of limb function. The aim of this study was to compare short-term results of the intra-articular technique for knee stabilization after CCrLR using a surgical button associated with polyester yarn (Group A), the surgical button associated with nylon yarn (Group B), and surgical toggle associated with polyester yarn (Group C). Eighteen dogs presenting CCrLR, weight varying from 5 to 35 kg, and different sex and breed were divided into three groups of six individuals. OA radiographic grade, pre- and post-operative lameness, surgical time, and the macroscopic aspect of cartilage were assessed. The intra-articular technique was performed by passing a suture through two tunnels, drilled in the femoral condyle and tibial crest to stabilize the knee joint. Twelve animals presented a decreased lameness and normal limb function after 15 days. On the other hand, four dogs from Group B presented complications: two dogs had suture rupture after 30 days and other two showed muscular contracture with decreased range of motion, followed by loss of limb function. In Group A, one dog showed...

A Ruptura do Ligamento Cruzado Cranial (RLCCr) é uma afecção comumente vista na clínica de pequenos animais e, nos cães, pode ser decorrente de traumas, obesidade, fatores genéticos e osteoartrite (OA) primária. Todos os casos apresentam instabilidade articular e quando não tratados podem evoluir para OA secundária e perda funcional do membro. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar os resultados, a curto prazo, da técnica intra-articular utilizando o botão cirúrgico associado ao fio de poliéster 5 (Grupo A), botão cirúrgico associado ao fio de náilon 5 (Grupo B), e grampo cirúrgico associado ao fio de poliéster 5 (Grupo C), para a estabilização da articulação do joelho após a RLCCr. Foram utilizados 18 cães com RLCCr, com peso variando entre 5 e 35 kg, com raça e sexo aleatórios. Os cães foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos de 6 indivíduos. Foram avaliados o grau de OA radiográfico, grau de claudicação pré e pós-operatório, o tempo cirúrgico e o aspecto macroscópico da cartilagem. Foi realizada a técnica cirúrgica intra-articular, utilizando-se fio para estabilização através de dois túneis cirúrgicos, um no côndilo lateral do fêmur e outro na crista da tíbia. Doze animais evoluíram de forma favorável, recuperando o apoio normal do membro após 15 dias da cirurgia. Quatro animais do grupo B apresentaram complicações sendo duas rupturas do fio após 30 dias de...