Saliva crystallization in sheep subjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols

Background: The crystallization of bodily fluids, primarily saliva, has been the subject of study in many species and is asimple alternative to detect estrus because it demands neither a significant financial investment nor qualified professionalsto execute the examination. Fern pattern crystallization has been described in the cervical and nasal mucus, saliva andtear secretion, and in colostrum. Changes in salivary crystallization during the reproduction cycle are related to differenthormonal concentrations in this period. Thus, the present study has evaluated the patterns of saliva crystallization in sheepsubjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols.Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 11 crossbreed Corriedale sheep, which were evaluated during twoexperimental periods (spring and autumn), and that underwent induction and synchronizing estrus protocols. In a randomphase of the estrus cycle (day 0), each sheep was implanted with an intravaginal device (Primer®), impregnated with 0.36g of progesterone for seven days. This device was inserted according to manufacturer’s instructions of the manufacturerand with the assistance of a specific applicator. On the day of device removal (day 7), the animals received 0.0375 mg ofD-Cloprostenol (Prolise®) and 10 mg of Folltropin® extracted from the swine pituitary (NIH-FSH-P1 of Folltropin-V) byintramuscular administration. The saliva was collected at six points during the experimental periods: day 1 (3 days beforeplacement of the implant); day 4 (day of insertion of the implant); day 9 (5 days after the insertion of the implant); day11 (day of removal of the implant and application of hormones); day 12 (24 h after removal of the implant [presumableestrus]); and day 13 (48 h after removal of the implant). Smears containing 10 µL of saliva were observed under an opticallight microscope...

Saliva crystallization in sheep subjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols

Background: The crystallization of bodily fluids, primarily saliva, has been the subject of study in many species and is asimple alternative to detect estrus because it demands neither a significant financial investment nor qualified professionalsto execute the examination. Fern pattern crystallization has been described in the cervical and nasal mucus, saliva andtear secretion, and in colostrum. Changes in salivary crystallization during the reproduction cycle are related to differenthormonal concentrations in this period. Thus, the present study has evaluated the patterns of saliva crystallization in sheepsubjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols.Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 11 crossbreed Corriedale sheep, which were evaluated during twoexperimental periods (spring and autumn), and that underwent induction and synchronizing estrus protocols. In a randomphase of the estrus cycle (day 0), each sheep was implanted with an intravaginal device (Primer®), impregnated with 0.36g of progesterone for seven days. This device was inserted according to manufacturers instructions of the manufacturerand with the assistance of a specific applicator. On the day of device removal (day 7), the animals received 0.0375 mg ofD-Cloprostenol (Prolise®) and 10 mg of Folltropin® extracted from the swine pituitary (NIH-FSH-P1 of Folltropin-V) byintramuscular administration. The saliva was collected at six points during the experimental periods: day 1 (3 days beforeplacement of the implant); day 4 (day of insertion of the implant); day 9 (5 days after the insertion of the implant); day11 (day of removal of the implant and application of hormones); day 12 (24 h after removal of the implant [presumableestrus]); and day 13 (48 h after removal of the implant). Smears containing 10 µL of saliva were observed under an opticallight microscope...(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo dos casos clínicos de ruminantes atendidosno Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS / Retrospective study of clinical cases in ruminants at the UFRGS Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Background: The pillars of animal production are sanity, genetics and nutrition. Sanitary control of the herd is importantto reduce production costs and maintain health. The Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of RioGrande do Sul (UFRGS), located in Porto Alegre - RS, is the place of greatest casuistry of the state, with 20.000 annualattendances, between small and large animals. In view of this scenario, the present study aimed to determine the frequencyand characterize the ruminants attended at HCV, in order to help in the future, in the construction of control and preventionstrategies of diseases found.Materials, Methods & Results: The documents of ruminant care between January 2007 and May 2018 were searched inthe archives of the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of UFRGS. Data on species, race, sex, age and diagnosis were collected.Diagnoses were classified as conclusive and inconclusive and the cases with conclusive diagnosis were classified accordingto etiology: infectious and parasitic diseases, metabolic and nutritional diseases, reproductive and obstetric diseases, toxicdiseases, traumatic diseases. The prevalence of diseases and characteristics of ruminants attended (species, sex, category)was calculated. During the study period, between January 2007 and May 2018, 341 ruminants were attended, with emphasison sheep (42%), goats (39%) and cattle (18%). In addition, a camel with foreign body obstruction, a sambar deer withfracture of the first thoracic vertebra and a buffalo with ruminal impaction were attended. The care profile was mapped,with predominance of females (57%) and adults (59%). Most of the animals did not present a defined breed, but amongthe breeds stands out Texel, of cutting aptitude...

Estudo retrospectivo dos casos clínicos de ruminantes atendidosno Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS / Retrospective study of clinical cases in ruminants at the UFRGS Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Background: The pillars of animal production are sanity, genetics and nutrition. Sanitary control of the herd is importantto reduce production costs and maintain health. The Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of RioGrande do Sul (UFRGS), located in Porto Alegre - RS, is the place of greatest casuistry of the state, with 20.000 annualattendances, between small and large animals. In view of this scenario, the present study aimed to determine the frequencyand characterize the ruminants attended at HCV, in order to help in the future, in the construction of control and preventionstrategies of diseases found.Materials, Methods & Results: The documents of ruminant care between January 2007 and May 2018 were searched inthe archives of the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of UFRGS. Data on species, race, sex, age and diagnosis were collected.Diagnoses were classified as conclusive and inconclusive and the cases with conclusive diagnosis were classified accordingto etiology: infectious and parasitic diseases, metabolic and nutritional diseases, reproductive and obstetric diseases, toxicdiseases, traumatic diseases. The prevalence of diseases and characteristics of ruminants attended (species, sex, category)was calculated. During the study period, between January 2007 and May 2018, 341 ruminants were attended, with emphasison sheep (42%), goats (39%) and cattle (18%). In addition, a camel with foreign body obstruction, a sambar deer withfracture of the first thoracic vertebra and a buffalo with ruminal impaction were attended. The care profile was mapped,with predominance of females (57%) and adults (59%). Most of the animals did not present a defined breed, but amongthe breeds stands out Texel, of cutting aptitude... (AU)

Resistance to monepantel in multiresistant gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul / Resistência ao Monepantel em nematoides gastrintestinais multiresistentes em rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul

The excessive, indiscriminate, and continued use of anthelmintic drugs as control methods favors parasite resistance, and this phenomenon has been reported in Brazil and worldwide. The current status of parasite resistance to anthelmintic drugs in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul was assessed by calculating the EPG count in the stool to estimate the prevalence of resistance to the anthelmintic drugs closantel, levamisole, fenbendazole, monepantel, and moxidectin in seven properties. The animals from each flock were randomly distributed in six groups according to the anthelminthic drug used, as follows: T1, levamisole; T2, fenbendazole; T3, monepantel; T4, moxidectin; T5, closantel; and T6, control. On day zero, fecal samples were collected, and each animal was treated with one anthelminthic drug. Fecal samples were collected again after 14 days to calculate the efficacy of each active principle. Coproculture was performed using a pool of fecal samples from each group on day 0 and 14 to identify the predominant genera and prevalence of helminths. The genera identified in the coprocultures were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, and Teladorsagia. All flocks developed resistance to levamisole, fenbendazole, moxidectin, and closantel. Moreover, resistance to monepantel was found in four of the seven farms. These results demonstrate the critical situation of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul and the need to adopt other integrated control measures in addition to anthelmintic treatment.(AU)

Uso excessivo, indiscriminado e continuado de anti-helmínticos como métodos de controle favorece o desenvolvimento de isolados de parasitos resistentes, fenômeno relatado no Brasil e no mundo. Com o objetivo de verificar a atual situação da resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, foram realizados testes de redução da contagem de OPG nas fezes (TRCOF), a fim de estimar a prevalência de resistência parasitária em sete propriedades utilizando os seguintes anti-helmínticos: closantel, levamisol, fenbendazol, monepantel e moxidectina. Em cada rebanho os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, respeitando a homogeneidade de categorias, em seis grupos, T1 - levamisol, T2 - fenbendazol, T3 - monepantel, T4 - moxidectina, T5 - closantel e T6 - controle. No dia zero foram coletadas amostras de fezes e os animais foram tratados, após 14 dias foi feita nova coleta de fezes para calcular a eficácia de cada princípio ativo. A coprocultura foi realizada através de um pool de fezes de cada grupo no dia 0 e 14 para identificação dos principais gêneros e as suas prevalências. Os gêneros de helmintos identificados nas coproculturas realizadas foram: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum e Teladorsagia. Em todos os rebanhos foi diagnosticada resistência ao levamisol, febendazol, moxidectina e closantel, e, em quatro das sete propriedades foi encontrada resistência ao monepantel. Alerta-se para a situação crítica da resistência anti-helmíntica nos rebanhos gaúchos e a necessidade de se adotarem outras medidas de controle integrado além do tratamento exclusivo com anti-helmíntico.(AU)

Metabolic and ruminal fluid markers of dairy cows supplemented with a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast

Background: In order to reduce the effects of a negative energy balance, some measures have been taken into account in nutritional management during the transition period. The use of yeast, has been a good alternative used to improve the rumen metabolism and helping the adjustment of the microbiotato the new diet. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast on the metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period.Materials, Methods & Results:The experiment was conducted in a semi-extensive system, using 20 Holstein cows, divided equally into a control group (CG) and a supplemented group (SG). The SG received 28 g/animal/day of a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast from 20 ± 2 days pre-calving until early lactation (18 ± 3 days). Serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin and urea were determined at calving, and for three time points during the early postpartum period and three time points during the early lactation period. Regarding energy metabolism, prepartum concentrations of NEFA were higher than the physiological standard in both groups. However, NEFA, albumin and urea decreased during the early postpartum period in the supplemented animals and could be attributed to the yeast in enhancing ruminal microorganisms’ cellulolytic capacity, increasing fibre digestibility and starch utilization.Discussion: The increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) due to the mobilization of fat deposits that happens in the transition period, especially in the postpartum period reflects the cow’s adaptation to the negative energy balance (NEB). The lower concentrations of NEFA observed in the present study could be attributed to the effect of the yeast in enhancing the ruminal microorganisms’ cellulolytic capacity.[...]

Metabolic and ruminal fluid markers of dairy cows supplemented with a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast

Background: In order to reduce the effects of a negative energy balance, some measures have been taken into account in nutritional management during the transition period. The use of yeast, has been a good alternative used to improve the rumen metabolism and helping the adjustment of the microbiotato the new diet. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast on the metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period.Materials, Methods & Results:The experiment was conducted in a semi-extensive system, using 20 Holstein cows, divided equally into a control group (CG) and a supplemented group (SG). The SG received 28 g/animal/day of a combination of yeast culture and hydrolyzed yeast from 20 ± 2 days pre-calving until early lactation (18 ± 3 days). Serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin and urea were determined at calving, and for three time points during the early postpartum period and three time points during the early lactation period. Regarding energy metabolism, prepartum concentrations of NEFA were higher than the physiological standard in both groups. However, NEFA, albumin and urea decreased during the early postpartum period in the supplemented animals and could be attributed to the yeast in enhancing ruminal microorganisms cellulolytic capacity, increasing fibre digestibility and starch utilization.Discussion: The increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) due to the mobilization of fat deposits that happens in the transition period, especially in the postpartum period reflects the cows adaptation to the negative energy balance (NEB). The lower concentrations of NEFA observed in the present study could be attributed to the effect of the yeast in enhancing the ruminal microorganisms cellulolytic capacity.[...](AU)

Lesões associadas à laminite subclínica e exame radiográfico digital em vacas da raça holandês no período transicional / Lesions associated with subclinical laminitis and digital radiographic exam in holstein cows in the transitional period

Subclinical laminitis has been responsible for economic losses in dairy industry; thus, its diagnostic    is very important to prevent negative responses to milk production industry. The aim of this study  was to identify lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period with presence or absence of radiographic signs linked to this disease in Holstein cows. The cows were evaluated during the transition period and categorized into two groups (with and without laminitis) according to the lesions associated with this subclinical disease. The radiological dynamic was performed in two target points during the transition period (prepartum and postpartum), with the objective of determining capsular position possible alterations and third phalanx bone degeneration (F3). There was no effect of the presence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis regarding the position of the third phalanx to the hoof wall (p>0.05). Significant radiographic angular differences (p 0.05) between F3 and the hoof wall were observed between the lateral and medial nails of the same digit, but not within groups (p>0.05). Overall, this study did not show radiographic signs of phalangeal misalignment in the hoof of dairy cows with lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period.

A laminite subclínica é responsável por grandes prejuízos na pecuária leiteira, sendo o seu diagnóstico de grande relevância para evitar reflexos negativos na produção. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar lesões associadas à laminite subclínica no período de transição de vacas da raça Holandês com a ocorrência ou não de sinais radiográficos vinculados a essa enfermidade. As vacas foram avaliadas durante o período de transição e divididas em dois grupos (com e sem sinais de laminite subclínica) de acordo com as lesões associadas a essa enfermidade subclínica. A dinâmica radiológica foi realizada em dois momentos durante o período de transição, com o propósito de determinar possíveis alterações de posicionamento capsular e degeneração óssea da terceira falange (F3). Não foram observados efeitos da presença de lesões associadas à laminite subclínica frente ao posicionamento da terceira falange      à cápsula do casco (p>0,05). Diferenças radiográficas significativas (p 0,05) angulares entre a F3 e      a cápsula do casco foram observadas entre as unhas lateral e medial do mesmo dígito, mas não entre grupos (p>0,05). Assim, neste estudo, vacas leiteiras no período de transição com lesões associadas      à laminite subclínica não apresentaram sinais radiográficos de desalinhamento falangeano ao estojo córneo digital.

Lesões associadas à laminite subclínica e exame radiográfico digital em vacas da raça holandês no período transicional / Lesions associated with subclinical laminitis and digital radiographic exam in holstein cows in the transitional period

Subclinical laminitis has been responsible for economic losses in dairy industry; thus, its diagnostic    is very important to prevent negative responses to milk production industry. The aim of this study  was to identify lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period with presence or absence of radiographic signs linked to this disease in Holstein cows. The cows were evaluated during the transition period and categorized into two groups (with and without laminitis) according to the lesions associated with this subclinical disease. The radiological dynamic was performed in two target points during the transition period (prepartum and postpartum), with the objective of determining capsular position possible alterations and third phalanx bone degeneration (F3). There was no effect of the presence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis regarding the position of the third phalanx to the hoof wall (p>0.05). Significant radiographic angular differences (p 0.05) between F3 and the hoof wall were observed between the lateral and medial nails of the same digit, but not within groups (p>0.05). Overall, this study did not show radiographic signs of phalangeal misalignment in the hoof of dairy cows with lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period.(AU)

A laminite subclínica é responsável por grandes prejuízos na pecuária leiteira, sendo o seu diagnóstico de grande relevância para evitar reflexos negativos na produção. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar lesões associadas à laminite subclínica no período de transição de vacas da raça Holandês com a ocorrência ou não de sinais radiográficos vinculados a essa enfermidade. As vacas foram avaliadas durante o período de transição e divididas em dois grupos (com e sem sinais de laminite subclínica) de acordo com as lesões associadas a essa enfermidade subclínica. A dinâmica radiológica foi realizada em dois momentos durante o período de transição, com o propósito de determinar possíveis alterações de posicionamento capsular e degeneração óssea da terceira falange (F3). Não foram observados efeitos da presença de lesões associadas à laminite subclínica frente ao posicionamento da terceira falange      à cápsula do casco (p>0,05). Diferenças radiográficas significativas (p 0,05) angulares entre a F3 e      a cápsula do casco foram observadas entre as unhas lateral e medial do mesmo dígito, mas não entre grupos (p>0,05). Assim, neste estudo, vacas leiteiras no período de transição com lesões associadas      à laminite subclínica não apresentaram sinais radiográficos de desalinhamento falangeano ao estojo córneo digital.(AU)

LESÕES ASSOCIADAS À LAMINITE SUBCLÍNICA E EXAME RADIOGRÁFICO DIGITAL EM VACAS DA RAÇA HOLANDÊS NO PERÍODO TRANSICIONAL

Abstract Subclinical laminitis has been responsible for economic losses in dairy industry; thus, its diagnostic is very important to prevent negative responses to milk production industry. The aim of this study was to identify lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period with presence or absence of radiographic signs linked to this disease in Holstein cows. The cows were evaluated during the transition period and categorized into two groups (with and without laminitis) according to the lesions associated with this subclinical disease. The radiological dynamic was performed in two target points during the transition period (prepartum and postpartum), with the objective of determining capsular position possible alterations and third phalanx bone degeneration (F3). There was no effect of the presence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis regarding the position of the third phalanx to the hoof wall (p>0.05). Significant radiographic angular differences (p 0.05) between F3 and the hoof wall were observed between the lateral and medial nails of the same digit, but not within groups (p>0.05). Overall, this study did not show radiographic signs of phalangeal misalignment in the hoof of dairy cows with lesions associated with subclinical laminitis during the transition period.

Resumo A laminite subclínica é responsável por grandes prejuízos na pecuária leiteira, sendo o seu diagnóstico de grande relevância para evitar reflexos negativos na produção. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar lesões associadas à laminite subclínica no período de transição de vacas da raça Holandês com a ocorrência ou não de sinais radiográficos vinculados a essa enfermidade. As vacas foram avaliadas durante o período de transição e divididas em dois grupos (com e sem sinais de laminite subclínica) de acordo com as lesões associadas a essa enfermidade subclínica. A dinâmica radiológica foi realizada em dois momentos durante o período de transição, com o propósito de determinar possíveis alterações de posicionamento capsular e degeneração óssea da terceira falange (F3). Não foram observados efeitos da presença de lesões associadas à laminite subclínica frente ao posicionamento da terceira falange à cápsula do casco (p>0,05). Diferenças radiográficas significativas (p 0,05) angulares entre a F3 e a cápsula do casco foram observadas entre as unhas lateral e medial do mesmo dígito, mas não entre grupos (p>0,05). Assim, neste estudo, vacas leiteiras no período de transição com lesões associadas à laminite subclínica não apresentaram sinais radiográficos de desalinhamento falangeano ao estojo córneo digital.

Retenção de placenta no proteinograma de vacas Holandesas / Retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da retenção de placenta (RP) no proteinograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa, de propriedades comerciais, foram utilizadas 129 vacas com RP e 145 vacas com parto e pós-parto fisiológicos e sem nenhum tratamento no período avaliado. As amostras de sangue foram divididas nos momentos: 1odia pós-parto (DPP), 2o-3o, 4o-5o, 6o-7o, 8o-14o, 15o-29o, 30o-59o e 60o-90o DPP. O fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado por eletroforese em fita de acetato de celulose e em gel de poliacrilamida, contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), nas quais se avaliou o comportamento de 19 bandas proteicas identificadas pelos respectivos pesos moleculares, que variaram entre 23KDa e 187KDa. Não houve influência da RP na proteína sérica total e gamaglobulinas. A albumina sérica permaneceu abaixo dos valores de referência até os 90DPP nos animais com RP. Concluiu-se que vacas Holandesas com RP apresentam um quadro de normoproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia e aumento das frações alfaglobulinas e betaglobulinas até os 90DPP, presença de resposta inflamatória de fase aguda positiva pelo significativo aumento de haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, glicoproteína ácida, e de fase aguda negativa pela diminuição de albumina na primeira semana pós-parto.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows from commercial dairy farms. Blood samples were collected from 129 animals with retained placenta (RP) and 145 animals with normal delivery and postpartum period, without any treatment, on following days: 1 st day in milk (DIM), 2 nd -3 th , 4 th -5 th , 6 th -7 th , 8 th -14 th , 15 th -29 th , 30 th -59 th and 60 th -90 th DIM were analyzed. Protein electrophoresis were performed in acetate cellulose and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel (SDS-PAGE), where 19 protein bands were observed with molecular weights between 23KDa and 187KDa. There was no influence on serum total protein and gamma globulins. Serum albumin remained below the normal reference values up to 90DIM. In conclusion, Holstein cows with RP have normoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia up to 90DIM, presence of positive acute phase response by increase of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, acid glycoprotein, alpha and beta globulins and negative acute phase response by decreased of albumin within the first week postpartum.(AU)

Proteinograma da secreção láctea de cabras / Goat milk proteinogram

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer os valores de referência do proteinograma de soro lácteo por meio da técnica de eletroforese SDS-PAGE para a lactação plena e avaliar os efeitos do processo de secagem da glândula mamária, fase colostral e primeiro mês de lactação, fase de lactação, número de lactações, isolamento bacteriano e infecção pelo VCAE nas proteínas da secreção láctea de cabras da raça Saanen. Foram analisadas, entre 2007 e 2010, 545 amostras de leite provenientes de 185 cabras em diversas fases da lactação. Durante a lactação plena, baseado nos resultados dos intervalos de confiança, foram determinados os seguintes valores de referência: proteína total entre 2.940,0 e 3.050 mg/dL; proteína do soro lácteo entre 903,0 e 973,0 mg/dL; lactoferrina entre 68,0 e 77,0 mg/dL; albumina entre 88,0 e 97,0 mg/dL; imunoglobulina cadeia pesada entre 93,3 e 103,0 mg/dL; imunoglobulina cadeia leve entre 132,7 e 146,0 mg/dL; β-lactoglobulina entre 299,0 e 329,0 mg/dL e α-lactoalbumina entre 213,0 e 229,5 mg/dL. Os valores absolutos de proteína total, proteína do soro e frações protéicas aumentam durante a secagem da glândula. Antes da secagem predominavam as frações de β-Lg e α-La, a partir do 3º dia, ocorre o surgimento das novas frações e a alteração do perfil protéico sem que haja o predomínio de nenhuma fração. A fase colostral, primeiras 24 horas de lactação, determinam as maiores concentrações de proteína total, proteína do soro e frações protéicas que diminuem após as primeiras 12 horas de lactação estabilizando após o 5º dia. No colostro as imunoglobulinas são predominantes, e após o período de transição do colostro para o leite as frações β-Lg e α-La são predominantes. Nos primeiros 15 dias de lactação, devido à influência da fase colostral, observa-se que as concentrações de proteína total e proteína do soro lácteo são maiores. A partir desse momento permanecem estáveis voltando a aumentar no final da lactação. As frações protéicas do soro de leite (lactoferrina, albumina sérica, imunoglobulina de cadeia pesada, imunoglobulina de cadeia leve, β-Lg e α-La) também são máximas nos primeiros 15 dias de lactação e diminuem ao longo do período. A concentração de proteína do soro e suas frações em cabras primíparas foi menor quando comparadas com cabras pluríparas. O isolamento bacteriano não influencia as concentrações de proteína total do leite e proteína do soro lácteo de cabras, contudo a concentração de lactoferrina é maior e as concentrações de β-Lg e α-La são menores em amostras com isolamento bacteriano. O CAEV não influencia as concentrações de proteína total do leite e proteína do soro lácteo de cabras, contudo a concentração de lactoferrina é maior e a concentração de e α-La é menor em cabras sororeagentes positivas ao VCAE

The aim of this study was to establish reference values of the whey protein through the technique of SDS-PAGE for the full lactation and to evaluate the effects of the dry period of the mammary gland, colostral phase and first month of lactation, lactation, lactation number, bacterial isolation and VCAE infection in proteins of milk secretion in Saanen goats. Were analyzed between 2007 and 2010, 545 milk samples from 185 goats at different stages of lactation. During full lactation, based on the results of the confidence intervals were determined the following reference values: total protein between 2,940.0 and 3,050 mg / dL; whey protein between 903.0 and 973.0 mg / dL; lactoferrin between 68.0 and 77.0 mg / dL, serum albumin between 88.0 and 97.0 mg /dL, immunoglobulin heavy chain between 93.3 and 103.0 mg / dL, immunoglobulin light chain between 132.7 and 146, 0 mg / dL, β-lactoglobulin between 299.0 and 329.0 mg / dL and α-lactalbumin between 213.0 and 229.5 mg / dL. The absolute values of total protein, whey protein and protein fractions increase during the dry period. Prevailed prior to dry period the fractions of β-Lg and α-La from the 3rd day, occurs the emergence of new fractions and protein profile changes without the predominance of any fraction The colostral phase, the first 24 hours of lactation, determine the highest concentrations of total protein, whey protein and protein fractions that decrease after the first 12 hours of lactation stabilized after the 5th day. Immunoglobulin in colostrum is prevalent, and after the period of transition from colostrum to milk fractions β-Lg and α-La are predominant. In the first 15 days of lactation, due to the influence of colostral phase, it is observed that the concentrations of total protein and whey protein are higher. From then remain stable before rising again in late lactation. The protein fractions of whey (lactoferrin, serum albumin, immunoglobulin heavy chain, immunoglobulin light chain, β-Lg and α-La) are also maximal in the first 15 days of lactation and decrease during the period. The concentration of whey protein and protein fractions in heifers are smaller when compared with multiparous goats. Bacteria isolation does not influence the concentrations of total protein from milk and whey protein of goats, but the concentration of lactoferrin is increased and the concentrations of β-Lg and α-La is smaller in samples with bacterial isolation. The CAEV does not influence the concentrations of total protein and whey protein in goat, but the concentration of lactoferrin is higher and concentration of α-La is less in goat positive by the CAEV

Resistance to monepantel in multiresistant gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul / Resistência ao Monepantel em nematoides gastrintestinais multiresistentes em rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul

The excessive, indiscriminate, and continued use of anthelmintic drugs as control methods favors parasite resistance, and this phenomenon has been reported in Brazil and worldwide. The current status of parasite resistance to anthelmintic drugs in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul was assessed by calculating the EPG count in the stool to estimate the prevalence of resistance to the anthelmintic drugs closantel, levamisole, fenbendazole, monepantel, and moxidectin in seven properties. The animals from each flock were randomly distributed in six groups according to the anthelminthic drug used, as follows: T1, levamisole; T2, fenbendazole; T3, monepantel; T4, moxidectin; T5, closantel; and T6, control. On day zero, fecal samples were collected, and each animal was treated with one anthelminthic drug. Fecal samples were collected again after 14 days to calculate the efficacy of each active principle. Coproculture was performed using a pool of fecal samples from each group on day 0 and 14 to identify the predominant genera and prevalence of helminths. The genera identified in the coprocultures were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, and Teladorsagia. All flocks developed resistance to levamisole, fenbendazole, moxidectin, and closantel. Moreover, resistance to monepantel was found in four of the seven farms. These results demonstrate the critical situation of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul and the need to adopt other integrated control measures in addition to anthelmintic treatment.

Uso excessivo, indiscriminado e continuado de anti-helmínticos como métodos de controle favorece o desenvolvimento de isolados de parasitos resistentes, fenômeno relatado no Brasil e no mundo. Com o objetivo de verificar a atual situação da resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, foram realizados testes de redução da contagem de OPG nas fezes (TRCOF), a fim de estimar a prevalência de resistência parasitária em sete propriedades utilizando os seguintes anti-helmínticos: closantel, levamisol, fenbendazol, monepantel e moxidectina. Em cada rebanho os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, respeitando a homogeneidade de categorias, em seis grupos, T1 - levamisol, T2 - fenbendazol, T3 - monepantel, T4 - moxidectina, T5 - closantel e T6 - controle. No dia zero foram coletadas amostras de fezes e os animais foram tratados, após 14 dias foi feita nova coleta de fezes para calcular a eficácia de cada princípio ativo. A coprocultura foi realizada através de um pool de fezes de cada grupo no dia 0 e 14 para identificação dos principais gêneros e as suas prevalências. Os gêneros de helmintos identificados nas coproculturas realizadas foram: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum e Teladorsagia. Em todos os rebanhos foi diagnosticada resistência ao levamisol, febendazol, moxidectina e closantel, e, em quatro das sete propriedades foi encontrada resistência ao monepantel. Alerta-se para a situação crítica da resistência anti-helmíntica nos rebanhos gaúchos e a necessidade de se adotarem outras medidas de controle integrado além do tratamento exclusivo com anti-helmíntico.

Características físico-químicas e celulares do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey criados no Estado de São Paulo durante o primeiro mês de lactação: determinação dos valores de referência e das variações durante a fase colostral / Physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk from jersey cows raised in the State of São Paulo during the first month of lactation: determination of references values and variations during the colostral phase

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência das características físico-químicas e celulares do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, do número de lactações e do crescimento bacteriano em quartos mamários sadios na composição do leite, examinaram-se 617 amostras de leite, sendo 418 amostras provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano e 199 amostras obtidas de quartos mamários sadios com crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: pH, eletrocondutividade, cloreto, lactose, índice cloretos/lactose, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, Califórnia Mastitis Tes (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre as características físico-químicas do leite, pois os valores de pH foram menores nos três primeiros dias de lactação e passaram a aumentar de maneira gradual, a eletrocondutividade diminuiu nos primeiros cinco dias de lactação, os teores de cloretos e o índice cloretos/lactose diminuem, ocorre um aumento abrupto dos teores de lactose nos dois primeiros dias, depois esse aumento passa a ocorrer de maneira gradual, os teores de gordura variaram nos primeiros dias e diminuíram a partir do 7º dia de lactação, os teores de proteína e sólidos totais diminuem, A fase da lactação também apresentou significativa influência sobre a freqüência de reações do CMT e na contagem de células somáticas. A freqüência de reações negativas do CMT foi maior nas primeiras 12 horas de lactação e a contagem de células somáticas diminuíram conforme o evoluir do primeiro mês. As características físico-químicas e celulares do leite sofreram influência do número de lactações, para as seguintes variáveis: cloretos que foi maior nas pluríparas, lactose que foi maior nas primíparas, índice cloretos/lactose que foi maior nas pluríparas e proteína que foi maior nas pluríparas. Demonstrou-se no leite proveniente de quartos mamários sadios e em cujas amostras houve crescimento bacteriano a influência do resultado do exame microbiológico sobre a composição do leite, pois os valores pH, eletrocondutividade, proteína e contagem de células somáticas foram maiores nas amostras de leite com crescimento bacteriano e a freqüência de reações negativas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test-CMT foram menores nas amostras de leite em que houve crescimento. Considerando-se as primeiras 24 horas após o parto foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência para as características físico-químicas e celulares do colostro de bovinos sadios, da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo: pH - entre 6,37 ± 0,14 e 6,43 ± 0,23; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,24 ± 0,61 e 6,00 ± 0,16 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 154,10 ± 29,03 e 155,50 ± 56,66 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 3,14 ± 0,66 e 3,69 ± 0,77 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 4,80 ± 3,99 e 5,22 ± 1,84; Gordura - 1,35 ± 1,17 e 2,90 ± 2,29 g/dl; Proteína - entre 8,09 ± 2,35 e 10,95 ± 1,24 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 13,01 ± 1,98 e 18,18 ± 3,20 g/dl, e número de células somáticas - entre 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 e 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 87,8 e 96,30 %; meia cruz entre 0,00 e 4,87 %; uma cruz 0,00 %; duas cruzes - 0,00 % e três cruzes - entre 3,70 e 7,31 %. Entre o 2º e 7º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,50 ± 0,15 e 6,61 ± 0,16; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,12 ± 0,66 e 5,72 ± 0,69 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 89,97 ± 24,80 e 114,40 ± 39,28 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,18 ± 0,50 e 4,42 ± 0,57 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,23 ± 1,78 e 2,94 ± 2,03; Gordura - 2,06 ± 1,50 e 3,09 ± 2,19 g/dl; Proteína - entre 4,09 ± 0,35 e 4,83 ± 0,66 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 12,07 ± 1,33 e 12,98 ± 1,93 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 555.553 ± 1.265.531 e 874.677 ± 1.443.014 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativa: - entre 72,34 e 87,20 %; meia cruz - entre 2,00 e 6,38 %; uma cruz - entre 2,00 e 8,51 %; duas cruzes - entre 2,32 e 8,51 % e três cruzes - entre 2,12 e 14,00 %. Entre o 8º e 30º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,61 ± 0,12 e 6,71 ± 0,13; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,14 ± 0,53 e 5,23 ± 0,59 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 92,58 ± 29,08 e 96,73 ± 28,86 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,42 ± 0,51 e 4,74 ± 0,41 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,11 ± 0,96 e 2,20 ± 1,01; Gordura - 1,96 ± 0,99 e 2,49 ± 1,27 g/dl; Proteína - entre 3,56 ± 0,29 e 4,02 ± 0,72 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 11,23 ± 1,13 e 11,70 ± 1,27 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 93,10 e 93,54 %; meia cruz - entre 0,00 e 5,17 %; uma cruz - entre 0,00 e 1,61 %; duas cruzes - entre 1,61 e 1,72 % e três cruzes - entre 0,00 e 3,22 %

With the aim to establish reference values of the physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, the number of lactations, and the bacterial growth within health mammary glands on milk composition, 617 milk samples were examined: 418 were obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth and 199 samples obtained from health mammary glands with bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and the following parameters were evaluated: pH, electrical conductivity, chlorate, lactose, chlorate/lactose ratio, fat, proteins, total solids, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and somatic cell count. Significant influences was demonstrated during the first month of lactation relative to the physicochemical characteristics, since the pH values were lower during the first three days of lactation and were increased gradually; electrical conductivity was reduced during the first five days of lactation; the levels of chlorate and the chlorate/lactose ratio were reduced; there was an abrupt increase in the levels of lactose during the first two days, after which this increase was gradual; the levels of fat were varied during the first days and were reduced with effect from the 7th day of lactation; the levels of protein and total solids were reduced. The lactation phase also demonstrated significant influence on the frequency of CMT reactions and the somatic cell count. The frequency of the negative CMT reactions was higher during the first 12 months of lactation while the somatic cell count was reduced during the same period. The physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk were influenced by the number of lactations for the following variables: chlorate was higher in pluriparous cows; lactose was higher in primiparous cows; the chlorate/lactose ratio was higher in pluriparous cows, and protein was elevated in pluriparous cows. It was demonstrated that milk obtained from healthy mammary glands with bacterial growth within the samples influenced the milk composition since the pH values, electrical conductivity, protein, and the somatic cell count were higher in samples from milk bacterial growth, and the frequency of negative California Mastitis Test reactions were lower in samples with bacterial growth. Considering the first 24 hours after partition the following reference values were established for physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk of Jersey cows raised in the State of São Paulo: pH, between 6.37 ± 0.14 and 6.43 ± 0.23; electrical conductivity, between 5.24 ± 0.61 and 6.00 ± 0.16 mS/cm; chlorates, between 154.10 ± 29.03 and 155.50 ± 56.66 mg/dl; lactose, between 3.14 ± 0.66 and 3.69 ± 0.77 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 4.80 ± 3.99 and 5.22 ± 1.84; fat, between 1.35 ± 1.17 and 2.90 ± 2.29 g/dl; protein, between 8.09 ± 2.35 and 10,95 ± 1.24 g/dl; total solids, between 13.01 ± 1.98 and 18.18 ± 3.20 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 and 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 cells/ml. The frequency of occurrence of negative CMT reactions was: negative, between 87.8 and 96.30%; half cross, between 0.00 e 4.87%; one cross, 0.00 %; two crosses, 0.00 %; and three crosses, between 3.70 e 7.31%. The following reference values were established between the 2nd and 7th day of lactation: pH, between 6.50 ± 0.15 and 6.61 ± 0.16; electrical conductivity, between 5.12 ± 0.66 and 5.72 ± 0.69 mS/cm; chlorates, between 89.97 ± 24.80 and 114.40 ± 39.28 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.18 ± 0.50 and 4.42 ± 0.57 g/dl; chlorate/lactose ratio, between 2.23 ± 1.78 e 2.94 ± 2.03; fat, between 2.06 ± 1.50 and 3.09 ± 2.19 g/dl; protein, between 4.09 ± 0.35 and 4.83 ± 0.66 g/dl; total solids, between 12.07 ± 1.33 and 12.98 ± 1.93 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 555.553 ± 1.265.531 and 874.677 ± 1.443.014 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 72.34 and 87.20%; half cross, between 2.00 and 6.38%; one cross, between 2.00 and 8.51 %; two crosses, between 2.32 and 8.51%; and three crosses, between 2.12 and 14.00%. The following reference values were established between the 8th and 30th day of lactation: ph, between 6.61 ± 0.12 and 6.71 ± 0.13; electrical conductivity, between 5.14 ± 0.53 and 5.23 ± 0.59 mS/cm; chlorates, between 92.58 ± 29.08 and 96.73 ± 28.86 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.42 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.41 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 2.11 ± 0.96 and 2.20 ± 1.01; fat, between 1.96 ± 0.99 and 2.49 ± 1.27 g/dl; protein, between 3.56 ± 0.29 and 4.02 ± 0.72 g/dl; total solids, between 11.23 ± 1.13 and 11.70 ± 1.27 g/dl; and the number of somatic cells, between 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 93.10 and 93.54 %; half cross, between 0.00 e 5.17%; one cross, between 0.00 and 1.61%; two crosses, 1.61 and 1.72%; and three crosses, between 0.00 and 3.22%