B-mode and Doppler ultrasound of bitches' kidneys with mammary neoplasia submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy / Ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler dos rins de cadelas com neoplasias mamárias submetidas à quimioterapia adjuvante

Mammary neoplasia represents the most frequently diagnosed type of neoplasia in bitches. Although surgical removal is the procedure of choice for therapeutic management, chemotherapy protocols appear as important allies and adjuvants. Despite the great advances that have occurred in the field of cancer therapy, the systemic repercussions of these drugs still impose important limitations on their use. In this sense, the development of increasingly targeted therapeutic protocols and preventive monitoring of patients represent important strategies to avoid possible complications - among them, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Routinely, ultrasound evaluation is used to identify morphological or metastatic variations in abdominal cavity organs. Acting complementary to the B-mode evaluation, Doppler mapping proves to be efficient in recognizing alterations in vascular hemodynamics. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of B-mode and Doppler ultrasound to identify renal morphological and hemodynamic alterations in bitches with mammary neoplasia submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy protocols that associate gemcitabine with carboplatin. Thirteen bitches were included, without distinction of breed and between seven and 13 years of age. The animals were evaluated ultrasonographically at two different times during three consecutive chemotherapy cycles: before (T0) and one and a half hours after each cycle (T1), for 42 days. No morphological changes were observed in B-mode throughout the chemotherapy protocol. However, the Doppler velocimetry indices demonstrated statistical differences before (T0) and after (T1) the administration of the drugs. It was concluded that Doppler ultrasound could be used as a complementary method for monitoring the renal response of patients exposed to nephrotoxic drugs and potentially causing renal injury.

As neoplasias mamárias representam o tipo de neoplasma mais frequentemente diagnosticado em fêmeas da espécie canina. Embora a remoção cirúrgica seja o procedimento de eleição para a conduta terapêutica, os protocolos quimioterápicos aparecem como importantes aliados e adjuvantes. Apesar dos grandes avanços ocorridos na área da terapia oncológica, as repercussões sistêmicas destes fármacos ainda impõem importantes limitações ao seu uso. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de protocolos terapêuticos cada vez mais direcionados e o monitoramento preventivo dos pacientes representam estratégias importantes para evitar possíveis complicações - dentre elas, a injúria renal aguda (IRA). Rotineiramente, a avaliação ultrassonográfica é utilizada para identificação de variações morfológicas ou metastáticas em órgãos da cavidade abdominal. Atuando de forma complementar à avaliação em modo-B, o mapeamento Doppler mostra-se eficiente no reconhecimento de alterações na hemodinâmica vascular. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a utilização da ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler como método para identificação de alterações morfológicas e hemodinâmicas renais em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias submetidas a protocolos quimioterápicos adjuvantes que associam a gencitabina à carboplatina. Foram incluídas 13 fêmeas caninas, sem distinção quanto a raça e com idades entre sete e 13 anos. Os animais foram avaliados ultrassonograficamente em dois momentos distintos durante três ciclos quimioterápicos consecutivos: antes (T0) e uma hora e meia após a realização de cada ciclo (T1), totalizando 42 dias. Não foram observadas alterações morfológicas em modo-B ao longo do protocolo quimioterápico. Entretanto, os índices dopplervelocimétricos demonstraram diferenças estatísticas antes (T0) e após (T1) a administração dos fármacos. Concluiu-se que a ultrassonografia Doppler pode ser utilizada como método complementar para o monitoramento da resposta renal de pacientes expostos a fármacos nefrotóxicos e potencialmente causadores de injúrias renais.

Treatment of canine oral melanoma with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy

Background: Melanoma is the most frequent cancer in the canine oral cavity. It shows an aggressive behavior, characterized by rapid and invasive growth and high metastatic potential. Metastasis is seen in more than 80% of dogs at time ofdeath. Adjuvant therapy should be recommended because of potential recurrence and metastasis. Oral melanoma has a poorprognosis even when adjuvant treatments are used. There are some treatment options, but the high death rate due to thedisease is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the overall survival of dogs diagnosed with oral melanomaand treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 20 dogs with oral melanocytic or amelanocyticmelanomas. Cases were staged according to a modified World Health Organization clinical staging system for canine oralmalignant melanoma. Tumor size (T1: 4 cm), regional metastasis (N0: no metastasis; N1:metastasis) and presence of distant metastasis (M0: no metastasis; M1: metastasis) are evaluated. Then, cases were dividedinto 4 stages: I (T1 N0 M0), II (T2 N0 M0), III (T3 N0-1 M0, Tx N1 M0) and IV (Tx Nx M1). Diagnoses were confirmedwith histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry (IHC) when necessary. In poorly differentiated neoplasms, IHC wasperformed at the request of the submitting veterinarian using specific markers PNL-2 and Melan-A. Animals were dividedinto 2 groups: dogs submitted to surgery alone were included in group 1 (G1); dogs submitted...

Treatment of canine oral melanoma with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy

Background: Melanoma is the most frequent cancer in the canine oral cavity. It shows an aggressive behavior, characterized by rapid and invasive growth and high metastatic potential. Metastasis is seen in more than 80% of dogs at time ofdeath. Adjuvant therapy should be recommended because of potential recurrence and metastasis. Oral melanoma has a poorprognosis even when adjuvant treatments are used. There are some treatment options, but the high death rate due to thedisease is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the overall survival of dogs diagnosed with oral melanomaand treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 20 dogs with oral melanocytic or amelanocyticmelanomas. Cases were staged according to a modified World Health Organization clinical staging system for canine oralmalignant melanoma. Tumor size (T1: < 2 cm; T2: 2 - 4 cm; T3: > 4 cm), regional metastasis (N0: no metastasis; N1:metastasis) and presence of distant metastasis (M0: no metastasis; M1: metastasis) are evaluated. Then, cases were dividedinto 4 stages: I (T1 N0 M0), II (T2 N0 M0), III (T3 N0-1 M0, Tx N1 M0) and IV (Tx Nx M1). Diagnoses were confirmedwith histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry (IHC) when necessary. In poorly differentiated neoplasms, IHC wasperformed at the request of the submitting veterinarian using specific markers PNL-2 and Melan-A. Animals were dividedinto 2 groups: dogs submitted to surgery alone were included in group 1 (G1); dogs submitted...(AU)

Evaluation of the effects of autohemotransfusion in arthritic rats induced by two doses of complete Freund's adjuvant

The aim the study was to evaluate the effects of autohemotransfusion in adjuvant-induced arthritis model by injections of high and low doses of Complete Freund ́s Adjuvant (CFA). Male Holtzman rats (200-230g) were distributed in six groups: control (C); control treated by autohemotransfusion (CT); CFA induced arthritis 0.5% w/v (AIA); CFA induced arthritis 0.5% w/v treated with autohemotransfusion (AIAT); CFA induced arthritis 0.1% w/v (AS) and CFA induced arthritis 0.1% w/v treated with autohemotransfusion (AST). The number of leukocytes, the weight of different organs and the paw volume were analyzed. The autohemotransfusion without erythrocytes promoted a reduction in the number of leukocytes in AIAT and AST when compared to AIA (p 0.05). The autohemotransfusion used in this work presented positive effects on AIA as they promoted a reduction in the number of leukocytes and an increase in thymus weight and body growth. However, other types of autohemotransfusion must be tested to determine the true efficacy of this alternative method of treatment.

Immune responses in mice immunized with mastitis multiple vaccines using different adjuvants

Background: Bovine mastitis, a serious disease associated with both high incidence and significant economic losses, posing a major challenge to the global dairy industry. The development of vaccines for protection from new infections by mastitis pathogens is of considerable interest to the milk production industry. Vaccination is a common and easy strategy for the control of infectious diseases, and the adjuvants used in the formulation is a critical factor for vaccine efficacy improvement. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate three different adjuvants for their ability to enhance immune responses of mice that vaccinated with Bovine Mastitis Multiple Vaccine.Materials, Methods & Results: The thymus and spleen index, the phagocytic ability of macrophage and the serum antibody levels of mice were detected after vaccination, respectively. The results showed that the thymus index, spleen index, and the phagocytic ability of macrophage of mice in Aluminum group exhibited a significant higher level (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control groups. The difference of the serum antibody levels was significant (P < 0.05) between experimental groups and control group after vaccination. The serum antibody concentration of mice in FIA group was higher compared with other groups and had a longer duration. The antibody concentration of mice in France 206 oil group can not increase as fast as the antibody concentration of Aluminum group, but it could last a longer time at a high level. In conclusion, multiple vaccines mixed with three different adjuvants (Aluminum, France 206 oil and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant) for bovine mastitis could enhance the immunity of mice and could decrease mortality of mice against challenge. Take all results from this work into consideration, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA) would be the best candidate as the adjuvant for mastitis multiple vaccines.[...]

Immune responses in mice immunized with mastitis multiple vaccines using different adjuvants

Background: Bovine mastitis, a serious disease associated with both high incidence and significant economic losses, posing a major challenge to the global dairy industry. The development of vaccines for protection from new infections by mastitis pathogens is of considerable interest to the milk production industry. Vaccination is a common and easy strategy for the control of infectious diseases, and the adjuvants used in the formulation is a critical factor for vaccine efficacy improvement. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate three different adjuvants for their ability to enhance immune responses of mice that vaccinated with Bovine Mastitis Multiple Vaccine.Materials, Methods & Results: The thymus and spleen index, the phagocytic ability of macrophage and the serum antibody levels of mice were detected after vaccination, respectively. The results showed that the thymus index, spleen index, and the phagocytic ability of macrophage of mice in Aluminum group exhibited a significant higher level (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control groups. The difference of the serum antibody levels was significant (P < 0.05) between experimental groups and control group after vaccination. The serum antibody concentration of mice in FIA group was higher compared with other groups and had a longer duration. The antibody concentration of mice in France 206 oil group can not increase as fast as the antibody concentration of Aluminum group, but it could last a longer time at a high level. In conclusion, multiple vaccines mixed with three different adjuvants (Aluminum, France 206 oil and Freunds incomplete adjuvant) for bovine mastitis could enhance the immunity of mice and could decrease mortality of mice against challenge. Take all results from this work into consideration, Freunds incomplete adjuvant (FIA) would be the best candidate as the adjuvant for mastitis multiple vaccines.[...](AU)

Two tank-mix adjuvants effect on yield and quality attributes of wheat treated with growth retardants / Aplicação combinada de retardadores de crescimento com adjuvantes sobre a produtividade e a qualidade do grão de trigo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of seeds and yield of winter wheat under different retardants application. The two years field trials on winter wheat were carried out in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). Treatments consisted of trinexapac-ethyl, chlormequat and prohexadione calcium applied in mixtures with paraffin oil adjuvant or organosilicone surfactant in BBCH 31 growth stage of winter wheat. No lodging occurred in any experimental year. The retardants had varying effect on the quality parameters of wheat grain. The highest fluctuations in the content of protein, gluten and the Zeleny value were observed after the application of chlormequat chloride. Starch content in wheat grain, regardless of the retardant application method, was negatively correlated with others grain quality parameters evaluated in the experiment. Depending on the year of study and weather conditions, increased or decreased wheat quality.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tamanho e a qualidade do grão de trigo de inverno em condições de aplicação de diferentes retardadores e a possibilidade de os combinar com adjuvantes e herbicidas. Durante dois anos, o Instituto de Proteção de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Pozna (Polônia) realizou ensaios no campo de trigo de inverno. Os tratamentos consistiram em: trinexapac-etil ou clormequat ou prohexadiona-cálcio, aplicados em misturas com óleo adjuvante ou surfactante organossilicone na fase BBCH 31. Não se observou acamamento de plantas em nenhum ano dos ensaios. Os retardadores apresentaram efeitos variados sobre os parâmetros de qualidade do grão de trigo. As maiores variações no teor de proteínas, glúten e no índice de Zeleny foram observadas após a aplicação de clormequat. O teor de amido no grão, independentemente do retardador utilizado e do modo da sua aplicação, foi negativamente correlacionado com outros parâmetros de qualidade avaliados nos ensaios. Dependendo do ano de estudos, aumentava ou reduzia a qualidade do grão.(AU)

Efeito do extrato aquoso de própolis marrom sobre a produção de IFN- Após imunização contra parvovírus canino (CPV) e coronavírus canino (CCoV) / Effect of water extract from brown propolis on production of IFN- After immunization against canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the imunnostimulatory adjuvant capacity of water extract from brown propolis (WEBP) when added to a vaccine against canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), regarding the production of IFN-?. Mice were vaccinated with CPV and CCoV (3.0 x 106 TCID50) with or without 400 µg/dose of WEBP. Thirty days after the third dose, splenocytes were cultured to measure the expression levels of IFN-? mRNA in the immunized animals. Increased levels of IFN-? mRNA expression for CCoV were evidenced by RT-PCR, in the splenocytes of mice inoculated with the vaccine containing 400 ?g/dose of WEBP, demonstrating the ability of propolis to stimulate cellular immune responses against the antigens of this virus. In contrast, the levels of IFN-? to CPV were not influenced by the presence of WEBP.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade adjuvante imunoestimulatória do extrato aquoso de própolis marrom (EAPM) quando associado a uma vacina contra parvovírus canino (CPV) e coronavírus canino (CCoV), com relação à produção de IFN-?. Camundongos foram vacinados com CPV e CCoV (3,0x106 TCDI50) em associação ou não com 400 ?g/dose de EAPM. Trinta dias após a terceira dose foi realizado cultivo de esplenócitos para mensuração dos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN-? nos animais imunizados. O aumento nos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN-? para CCoV nos esplenócitos dos camundongos inoculados com a vacina contendo 400 ?g/dose de EAPM foi evidenciado por RT-PCR, demonstrando a capacidade da própolis em estimular a resposta imune celular contra os antígenos desse vírus. Ao contrário, os níveis de IFN-? para CPV não sofreram influência da presença do EAPM.

Efeito do extrato aquoso de própolis marrom sobre a produção de IFN- Após imunização contra parvovírus canino (CPV) e coronavírus canino (CCoV) / Effect of water extract from brown propolis on production of IFN- After immunization against canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the imunnostimulatory adjuvant capacity of water extract from brown propolis (WEBP) when added to a vaccine against canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), regarding the production of IFN-?. Mice were vaccinated with CPV and CCoV (3.0 x 106 TCID50) with or without 400 µg/dose of WEBP. Thirty days after the third dose, splenocytes were cultured to measure the expression levels of IFN-? mRNA in the immunized animals. Increased levels of IFN-? mRNA expression for CCoV were evidenced by RT-PCR, in the splenocytes of mice inoculated with the vaccine containing 400 ?g/dose of WEBP, demonstrating the ability of propolis to stimulate cellular immune responses against the antigens of this virus. In contrast, the levels of IFN-? to CPV were not influenced by the presence of WEBP.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade adjuvante imunoestimulatória do extrato aquoso de própolis marrom (EAPM) quando associado a uma vacina contra parvovírus canino (CPV) e coronavírus canino (CCoV), com relação à produção de IFN-?. Camundongos foram vacinados com CPV e CCoV (3,0x106 TCDI50) em associação ou não com 400 ?g/dose de EAPM. Trinta dias após a terceira dose foi realizado cultivo de esplenócitos para mensuração dos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN-? nos animais imunizados. O aumento nos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN-? para CCoV nos esplenócitos dos camundongos inoculados com a vacina contendo 400 ?g/dose de EAPM foi evidenciado por RT-PCR, demonstrando a capacidade da própolis em estimular a resposta imune celular contra os antígenos desse vírus. Ao contrário, os níveis de IFN-? para CPV não sofreram influência da presença do EAPM.(AU)

EFEITO DO EXTRATO AQUOSO DE PRÓPOLIS MARROM SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO DE IFN- APÓS IMUNIZAÇÃO CONTRA PARVOVÍRUS CANINO (CPV) E CORONAVÍRUS CANINO (CCoV)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the imunnostimulatory adjuvant capacity of water extract from brown propolis (WEBP) when added to a vaccine against canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), regarding the production of IFN-. Mice were vaccinated with CPV and CCoV (3.0 x 106 TCID50) with or without 400 µg/dose of WEBP. Thirty days after the third dose, splenocytes were cultured to measure the expression levels of IFN- mRNA in the immunized animals. Increased levels of IFN- mRNA expression for CCoV were evidenced by RT-PCR, in the splenocytes of mice inoculated with the vaccine containing 400 g/dose of WEBP, demonstrating the ability of propolis to stimulate cellular immune responses against the antigens of this virus. In contrast, the levels of IFN- to CPV were not influenced by the presence of WEBP.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade adjuvante imunoestimulatória do extrato aquoso de própolis marrom (EAPM) quando associado a uma vacina contra parvovírus canino (CPV) e coronavírus canino (CCoV), com relação à produção de IFN-. Camundongos foram vacinados com CPV e CCoV (3,0x106 TCDI50) em associação ou não com 400 g/dose de EAPM. Trinta dias após a terceira dose foi realizado cultivo de esplenócitos para mensuração dos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN- nos animais imunizados. O aumento nos níveis de expressão de mRNA para IFN- para CCoV nos esplenócitos dos camundongos inoculados com a vacina contendo 400 g/dose de EAPM foi evidenciado por RT-PCR, demonstrando a capacidade da própolis em estimular a resposta imune celular contra os antígenos desse vírus. Ao contrário, os níveis de IFN- para CPV não sofreram influência da presença do EAPM.

Estratégias profiláticas contra estreptococose mediante diferentes metodologias de inativação, adjuvantes e suplementação com Mananoligossacarídeos em tilápias-do-nilo

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver estratégias profilácticas contra Streptococcus agalactiae mediante distintas metodologias de inativação, adjuvantes e suplementação com mananoligossacarídeos em tilápias-do-nilo. Para isto, no primeiro experimento foram comparadas três vacinas inativadas, usando três metodologias: formaldeído, peróxido de hidrogênio e manipulação de pH. Seguido, foi realizado um segundo experimento avaliando o efeito de dois adjuvantes na vacina selecionada e finalmente um terceiro experimento avaliando o efeito de mananoligossacarídeos durante o período pós- vacinação. Vinte oito dias após vacinação, os peixes foram desafiados com cepa homóloga de S. agalactiae utilizando uma dose letal (DL50%-15d). Além disso, se avaliou o efeito da vacinação nos níveis de anticorpos IgM anti-Streptococcus agalactiae, nas variáveis hematológicas e na resposta imune inata. Os resultados revelaram não diferença significativa entre as três metodologias e uma eficácia moderada. Adicionalmente, a vacina inativada com peróxido de hidrogênio e administrada principalmente com adjuvante incompleto de Freund conferiu ótima proteção contra S. agalactiae e a inclusão de MOS na dieta pós-vacinação até o desafio não interferiu na eficácia da vacina experimental com peróxido de hidrogênio.

The aim of the present study was to develop prophylactic strategies against Streptococcus agalactiae by using different inactivation methods, adjuvants and supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) in Nile tilapias. For that, in the first trial were compared three inactivated vaccines by using three methods: formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and pH manipulation. The second trial compared the effect of two adjuvants on the hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine and finally, the third trial investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with MOS after vaccination. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, fish were challenged with a homologous strain of S. agalactiae. In addition, were determined the anti-Streptococcus agalactiae IgM antibodies, hematological parameters and innate immune response. The results revealed no significant difference between the three methods and a moderate efficacy of the vaccines. Also, the results in this study demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine administered with either aluminum hydroxide or FIA induce optimal levels of protection, with a superior performance for FIA vaccine and the dietary inclusion of MOS after vaccination for a period of 28 days had no influence on vaccine efficacy and confirmed the high efficacy of the novel hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine.

Use of masitinib mesylate as an adjuvant treatment of metastatic canine mast cell tumor / Utilização do mesilato de masitinibe no tratamento adjuvante do mastocitoma canino metastático

Background: The proliferative disorders of mast cells include, in addition to mast cell tumor, systemic mastocytosis and myeloid leukemia of mast cells. Surgery is the treatment of choice for tumors in the skin, in regions which allow wide excision but adjuvant treatments should be performed in selected patients. However, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy remains empirical, due to the absence of controlled studies. Despite the relevance of the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of mast cell tumors, studies with these drugs have focused primarily on neoadjuvant scenery. Case: A 13-year-old male Poodle dog, weighing 4.6 kg, was presented with bilateral increase in inguinal lymph nodes and a vesicular cutaneous lesion, in the inguinal region, 75 days after surgery for the removal of a scrotum grade II mast cell tumor. Patient was admitted for surgery and the tissues removed were sent for pathological examination that allowed the diagnosis of grade II mast cell tumor and metastasis in all inguinal lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical study for CD117 revealed an aberrant expression of KIT receptor (KIT II), while the PCR for mutations in exon 11 of c-KIT gene revealed internal tandem duplications. The patient underwent a session of chemotherapy with lomustine, however it had serious side effects that resulted in discontinuation of treatment, opting for utilization...(AU)

Use of masitinib mesylate as an adjuvant treatment of metastatic canine mast cell tumor / Utilização do mesilato de masitinibe no tratamento adjuvante do mastocitoma canino metastático

Background: The proliferative disorders of mast cells include, in addition to mast cell tumor, systemic mastocytosis and myeloid leukemia of mast cells. Surgery is the treatment of choice for tumors in the skin, in regions which allow wide excision but adjuvant treatments should be performed in selected patients. However, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy remains empirical, due to the absence of controlled studies. Despite the relevance of the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of mast cell tumors, studies with these drugs have focused primarily on neoadjuvant scenery. Case: A 13-year-old male Poodle dog, weighing 4.6 kg, was presented with bilateral increase in inguinal lymph nodes and a vesicular cutaneous lesion, in the inguinal region, 75 days after surgery for the removal of a scrotum grade II mast cell tumor. Patient was admitted for surgery and the tissues removed were sent for pathological examination that allowed the diagnosis of grade II mast cell tumor and metastasis in all inguinal lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical study for CD117 revealed an aberrant expression of KIT receptor (KIT II), while the PCR for mutations in exon 11 of c-KIT gene revealed internal tandem duplications. The patient underwent a session of chemotherapy with lomustine, however it had serious side effects that resulted in discontinuation of treatment, opting for utilization...

INFLUÊNCIA DA CICLOFOSFAMIDA NA FARMACOCINÉTICA DA CARBOPLATINA EM CADELAS COM CARCINOMAS MAMÁRIOS E GRADUAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS ADVERSOS DECORRENTES DA QUIMIOTERAPIA

MACHADO, M. C. A. Influência da ciclofosfamida na farmacocinética da carboplatina em cadelas com carcinomas mamários e graduação dos efeitos adversos decorrentes da quimioterapia. 2019. 105p. Tese (Doutor em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2019. Em virtude da importante casuística dos carcinomas mamários na cadela, se torna imprescindível estudar e propor tratamentos combinados, que favoreçam a maior eficiência terapêutica para este tipo de neoplasia, com menores efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com a realização do presente estudo avaliar a influência da ciclofosfamida na farmacocinética (PK) da carboplatina em cadelas portadoras de carcinomas mamários, além de verificar possíveis efeitos adversos associados ao tratamento. Foram estudadas 16 cadelas, todas com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma mamário, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, sendo o Grupo 1 constituído por cadelas tratadas apenas com carboplatina na modalidade de quimioterapia convencional (n=8) e Grupo 2 constituído por cadelas tratadas com carboplatina como quimioterapia convencional associado a ciclofosfamida em regime metronômico (n=8). Todas as cadelas foram submetidas à avaliação clínica, mastectomia, quimioterapia com carboplatina e análise da farmacocinética, além da avaliação da taxa de sobrevida e da graduação de efeitos adversos, periodicamente. Os resultados revelaram que houve diferença significativa nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos da carboplatina + ciclofosfamida (constante de eliminação (p=0,0132), meia vida (p=0,014), volume de distribuição (p=0,025), clearance (p=0,036) e área sob a curva (p=0,045)) na quarta sessão de carboplatina, com notável redução dos valores hematológicos (variáveis hemácias (p<0,0001), plaquetas (p=0,0005), leucócitos totais (p=0,0002) e neutrófilos segmentados (p=0,0007)), nas cadelas submetidas a este protocolo quimioterápico. No entanto, estes não foram suficientes para alterarem a graduação dos efeitos adversos provocados por este tipo de tratamento. Estes resultados avaliados conjuntamente indicam que a associação entre carboplatina e ciclofosfamida representa uma alternativa factível de tratamento adjuvante de cadelas com carcinomas mamários de alto grau e/ou com metástase para linfonodo regional, pois contribui para o aumento na taxa de sobrevida (p=0,0044) destas cadelas, em comparação com a carboplatina como tratamento quimioterápico único.

MACHADO, M. C. A. Influence of cyclophosphamide and pharmacokinetics of carboplatin on female dogs with mammary carcinomas and degree of adverse effects of chemotherapy. 2019. 105p. Tese (Doutor em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2019. Due to the important casuistic of the mammary carcinomas in the female dog, it is essential to study and propose combined treatments, which favor the greater therapeutic efficiency for this type of neoplasm, with lower adverse effects. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cyclophosphamide on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of carboplatin in female dogs with mammary carcinomas, and to verify possible adverse effects associated with the treatment. We studied 16 female dogs, all with histopathological diagnosis of mammary carcinoma, divided into two experimental groups: Group 1 consisted of female dogs treated with carboplatin alone in the conventional chemotherapy modality (n=8) and Group 2 consisting of female dogs treated with carboplatin as conventional chemotherapy associated with cyclophosphamide in metronomic regimen (n=8). All female dogs underwent clinical evaluation, mastectomy, chemotherapy with carboplatin, and pharmacokinetic analysis, as well as the evaluation of survival rate and adverse effect score periodically. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of carboplatin + cyclophosphamide (elimination constant (p=0.0132), half-life (p=0.014), volume of distribution (p=0.025), clearance (p=0.0005), and area under the curve (p=0,045)), with significant reduction in hematological values (red blood cells (p<0.0001), platelets (p=0.0005), total leukocytes (p=0.0002) and segmented neutrophils (p=0.0007) to this chemotherapeutic protocol. However, these were not sufficient to alter the degree of adverse effects caused by this type of treatment. These jointly assessed results indicate that the association between carboplatin and cyclophosphamide represents a feasible alternative for adjuvant treatment of female dogs with high grade mammary carcinomas and/or regional lymph node metastasis, as it contributes to the increase in survival rate (p=0,0044) of these female dogs, compared to carboplatin as a single chemotherapy treatment.

Estimativas de perdas econômicas causadas por reação granulomatosa local após uso de vacina oleosa contra febre aftosa em bovinos de Mato Grosso do Sul / Estimates of economic losses caused by local granulomatous reaction after use of an oily vaccine against FMD in cattle of Mato Grosso do Sul

Lesões exacerbadas à vacina contra a febre aftosa foram observadas em 1.815 de um total de 5.000 bovinos abatidos em frigorífico com inspeção federal. Essas lesões resultaram na condenação de parte das carcaças de acordo com o Regulamento da Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal. Os bovinos haviam sido vacinados em maio de 2012 e abatidos em setembro do mesmo ano e divididos em Lotes 1 e 2 constituídos respectivamente por 1.500 e 315 bovinos. As lesões de reação vacinal eram caracterizadas por nódulos protuberantes, circunscritos, bem delimitados, firmes e de tamanhos variáveis, distribuídos multifocalmente na musculatura do aspecto lateral do pescoço; ao corte apresentavam exsudato purulento. Amostras da lesão de 28 bovinos foram avaliadas histologicamente e os principais achados foram piogranulomas com espaços claros circulares de tamanhos variados no centro, circundados por intenso infiltrado de neutrófilos íntegros e necróticos, circundados por macrófagos epitelioides com citoplasma vacuolizado, ocasionais células gigantes multinucleadas e, mais externamente, por abundante tecido conjuntivo em meio observavam-se linfócitos e plasmócitos. Culturas bacterianas realizadas em amostras do exsudato da lesão de seis bovinos resultaram negativas. Quando as carcaças afetadas foram submetidas ao toalete foi retirado em média 1,8 e 2,0 kg de músculo da área afetada, respectivamente dos Lotes 1 e 2. O prejuízo econômico da propriedade de origem dos bovinos afetados foi de R$ 20.424,00, considerando o preço pago pela arroba do boi no mês e ano da ocorrência. Esses valores à época seriam suficientes para adquirir 29,17 bezerros desmamados para engorda. Se considerarmos 5.000 bovinos vacinados forem considerados como população sob risco o coeficiente de morbidade seria de 0,36%. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que perdas por reação vacinal, mesmo quando não provocam sinais clínicos marcantes, podem ocasionar importantes prejuízos econômicos.(AU)

Lesions caused by excessive reaction to foot and mouth vaccine were observed in 1,815 out of 5,000 cattle slaughtered in a slaughterhouse under federal meat inspection. Such lesions resulted in condemnation of the affect parts of the carcasses in accordance with the Brazilian Federal Meat Inspection Regulations. The affected cattle had been vaccinated on May 2012 and then slaughtered in September of the same year. They were allotted to two groups with 1,500 (Groups 1) and 315 cattle (Group 2). Post vaccination lesions were characterized as salient, firm variable sized nodules multifocally distributed in the musculature of the lateral neck. Pus oozed at the cut surface of these nodules. Samples of 28 cattle were submitted for histopathological examination; main findings were pyogranulomas with central variable-sized clear spaces surrounded by marked infiltrate of viable and dead neutrophils, which were surrounded by epithelioid macrophages with vacuolated cytoplasm and occasional multinucleated giant cell. This inflammatory reaction was walled by abundant connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Samples of the lesion of six cattle were submitted to bacteriological culture with negative results. When affected carcasses went through dressing, there was an average of 1.8 and 2.0 kg of muscle tissue cut off from the carcasses respectively of Group 1 and 2. Economic losses in the farm of origin of the affected cattle was R$ 20,424.00, considering the price paid by kg of cattle for slaughter at the time of the occurrence. This amount at that time was enough to buy 29.17 weaned calves for fattening. If one considers theses 5,000 cattle vaccinated on the farm as the population at risk, the morbidity rate would be 0.36%. These results indicate that the losses due to vaccine reaction, even with no overt clinical signs, may cause important economic losses.(AU)

Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation: clinical findings and its effect on hepcidin mRNA expression in horses / Inflamação induzida por Adjuvante de Freund: achados clínicos e efeitos sobre a expressão do RNAm da hepcidina em equinos

Hypoferremia observed during systemic inflammatory disorders is regulated by hepcidin. Hepcidin up-regulation is particularly important during acute inflammation, as it restricts the availability of iron, which is necessary for pathogenic microorganism growth before adaptive immunity occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical findings and hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression in horses using a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) model of inflammation. The expression of hepcidin mRNA in the liver was determined in healthy horses following two intramuscular injections of FCA at 0 h and 12 h. Plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations were measured at multiple time points between 0 h and 240 h post-FCA injection (PI). Hepcidin mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR using liver biopsy samples performed at 0 h (control), 6 h and 18 h PI. The mean plasma fibrinogen level was significantly different from the control values only between 120 and 216 h PI. The mean plasma iron level was significantly lower than the control between 16 and 72 h PI, reaching the lowest levels at 30 h PI (33 % of the initial value), and returned to the reference value from 96 h PI to the end of the experiment. Hepcidin mRNA expression increased at 6 h PI and remained high at 18 h PI. The iron plasma concentration was an earlier indicator of inflammatory processes in horses when compared with fibrinogen and might be useful for the early detection of inflammation in the horse. FCA administration caused the rapid onset of hypoferremia, and this effect was likely the result of up-regulated hepatic hepcidin gene expression. This study emphasizes the importance of hepcidin and iron metabolism during inflammation in horses.(AU)

A hipoferremia observada durante os processos inflamatórios sistêmicos é mediada pela hepcidina. O aumento da expressão da hepcidina é particularmente importante durante a inflamação aguda, por restringir a disponibilidade de ferro necessária para o crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos antes que a imunidade adaptativa ocorra. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os achados clínicos e a expressão hepática do RNA mensageiro (RNAm) da hepcidina em cavalos após a indução da inflamação com Adjuvante completo de Freund (FCA). A expressão hepática do RNAm da hepcidina foi determinada em cavalos sadios após duas administrações intramusculares de FCA às 0 h (M0) e 12 h (M12). As concentrações plasmáticas de ferro e fibrinogênio foram mensuradas em múltiplos momentos entre 0 h e 240 h (M240) após a primeira administração de FCA (PI). A expressão do RNAm da hepcidina foi determinada por RT-qPCR usando amostras de biopsias hepáticas colhidas as 0 h (controle), 6 h (M6) e 18 h (M18) PI. A concentração plasmática média de fibrinogênio foi estatisticamente diferente do M0 entre 120 h e 216 h PI. A concentração plasmática média de ferro foi significantemente menor que o controle entre 16 h e 72 h PI, alcançou o nível mais baixo às 30 h PI (33% do valor inicial) e retornou aos valores de referência entre 96 h PI e até o final do experimento. A expressão do RNAm da hepcidina aumentou no M6 e permaneceu alta no M18. A concentração plasmática de ferro foi um indicador precoce da inflamação quando comparada com o fibrinogênio e pode ser útil na detecção precoce da inflamação em cavalos. A administração do FCA causou um rápido início da hipoferremia, e isto foi resultante do aumento da expressão hepática da hepcidina. Estes resultados enfatizam a importância da hepcidina e do metabolismo do ferro durante a inflamação em cavalos.(AU)

Resposta imunológica em caprinos vacinados contra agalaxia contagiosa / Immune response in goats vaccinated against contagious agalactia

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de duas vacinas inativadas contra agalaxia contagiosa contendo adjuvante oleoso e aquoso. Para tanto, foram utilizados 73 caprinos, agrupados em dois experimentos. No experimento I, para avaliar a inocuidade das vacinas, foram utilizados 15 caprinos, subdivididos em três grupos de cinco animais cada, sendo que o grupo A1 foi imunizado com a vacina aquosa, o grupo B1 com a vacina oleosa e o grupo C não imunizado, foi o controle. No experimento II, para avaliar a resposta imune foram utilizados 58 caprinos, subdivididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo A2, com 28 animais imunizados com a vacina aquosa e o grupo B2, com 30 animais imunizados com a vacina oleosa. Os animais do experimento II receberam uma terceira dose, 180 dias após a segunda dose vacinal. Os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados por ELISA indireto, realizado no dia de cada vacinação e 30 dias após a segunda dose (experimento I) e 30 dias após a terceira dose vacinal (experimento II). Os animais do grupo B1 e B2 (vacina oleosa) apresentaram níveis de anticorpos estatisticamente superiores (P<0,05) quando comparados aos dos grupos A1 e A2 (vacina aquosa) nos dois experimentos.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against contagious agalactia containing adjuvant oily and watery. For this, 73 goats were divided in two experiments. In the experiment I was verified the vaccine safety and 15 goats were divided into three experimental groups of five animals each. A1 and B1 groups were immunized with vaccine containing either aluminum or oil, respectively, and group C was the control group without immunization. In the experiment II, the immune response against the vaccines was evaluated by immunization of 58 goats that were divided in to two groups: group A2, 28 animals were immunized with the aluminum based vaccine; and group B2, 30 animals were immunized with the oil based vaccine. In the experiment II, the animals received a third dose on 180 day after the second dose. Antibody levels were determined by indirect ELISA from ssamples collected on vaccination days and on 30 day after the second dose (Experiment I) and on 30 day after the third dose (Experiment II). The animals from B1 and B2 groups (oil based vaccine) demonstrated higher antibody levels (P<0.05) than A1 and A2 (aluminum based vaccine) in both experiments.(AU)

Bloqueio peribulbar com associação de clonidina e hialuronidase à ropivacaína em cães submetidos à facectomias

Diversas oftalmopatoias afetam a qualidade visual dos animais de companhia, dentre elas a opaficificação dos cristalino ou catarata. Sob essas demandas de procedimentos corretivos eficazes e seguros, opta-se pela técnica de facectomia, que exige uma anestesia geral e bulbo ocular centralizado, midríase, acinesia do bulbo ocular, manutenção da pressão intraocular (PIO) e inibição do reflexo óculo-cardíaco (ROC) e como alternativa têm se empregado os bloqueios locais para realizar as exigências, afim de promover conforto e segurança para o paciente. Foi estudado a associação entre ropivacaína-clonidina-hialuronidase na anestesia peribulbar em cirurgias de facectomia em cães, avaliando-se parâmetros oculares e fisiológicos sistêmicos. O teste foi realizado em oito animais, utilizando-se dezesseis olhos, oito para o bloqueio anestésico (OB) e oito contralaterais para controle (OC). Realizou-se o bloqueio peribulbar em um único ponto com volume de 1 mL, contendo clonidina (1 g/kg), ropivacaína 1% (10 mg/mL) e hialuronidase (25 UTR) seguido da pré-medicação, indução e anestesia geral inalatória. Os parâmetros avaliados: PIO (medidas nos tempos 0, 1 e 10 minutos), diâmetro pupilar, centralização do bulbo ocular, latência e duração do bloqueio motor, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial média, ritmo cardíaco, capnometria e temperatura retal. Os pacientes eram ASA 2 (75%) e ASA 3 (25%). O tempo cirúrgico foi de cerca de 72,87 ± 17,41 minutos no qual o tempo de midríase ocorreu em 67,75 ± 43,38 segundos, a centralização do bulbo ocular em 89,13 ± 38,23 segundos e a duração do bloqueio motor de 162 ± 18,9 minutos. A dilatação pupilar foi significativa após o bloqueio. Não houve mudanças significativas nos valores da PIO - T0 (OC: 13,13 ± 3,37 OB: 12,13 ± 1,76), TBP1 (OC: 13,50 ± 2,96 OB: 12,13 ± 2.37) e TBP10 (OC: 13,53 ± 4,18 OB: 12,75 ± 2,17). Não houve correlação significativa entre as doses recebidas de ropivacaína e o seu efeito no bloqueio, contudo, destacamos que as doses de ropivacaína foram todas abaixo dos limites terapêuticos. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram esperados de um procedimento anestésico e retornaram aos valores basais após o despertar, sem complicações. Não foi relatada ocorrência de ROC ou qualquer complicação referente à técnica do bloqueio peribulbar em quaisquer pacientes. Conclui-se que o bloqueio peribulbar para facectomia utilizando-se a associação ropivacaína 1% - clonidina (1 g/kg) hialuronidase (25UTR) numa solução de 1 mL promove baixa latência, boa duração, midríase adequadas para a facectomia e sem efeitos adversos.

A wide range of ophtalmopathies affects animals visual quality as in lens opacification or cataract. To adress this, safer and efficient corrections are demanded and facectomy is the ellected thecnique, which, demands a general anesthesia, centralization and acenesia of ocular bulb, mydriasis, maintenance do intraocular pressure (IOP) and inhibition of ocularcardiac reflexes (OCR). Alternatively, to general anesthesia, local block is preferred bacause if promotes the other signs safely and provides more comfort to the patient. WE investigated the association of clonidine-hyaluronidase-ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia in dogs evaluating ocular and sistemic physiological parameters. Eight animals were investigated, counted 16 eyes, arrangeg 8 eyes for local block (OB) and the controlateral was defined as control (n=8, OC) . We performed a single-point low-volume (1.0 ml) thechnique. Injection volume contained clonidine (1 g/kg), hyaluronidase (25 UTR) and ropivacaine 1% (10mg/mL) and was followed by premedication, induction and inhalatory general anesthesia. We evaluated parameters at time 0 (T0) before peribulbar block, and post peribulbar block at 1 minute (T1) and at 10 mintues for IOP; we measured pupilar diameter, latency and time duration of motor block, akinesia and centralization of eye bulb as well as physiological parameters as cardiac and respiratory rate and frequency, mean arterial pressure, cardiac rhythm, capynometry and rectal temperature. Patients were rated as ASA 2 (75%) and ASA 3 (25%). Facectomy time extended for 72.87± 17.41 minutes, in which, mydriasis ocorrued at 67.75 ± 43.38 seconds; bulb centralizations at 67.75 ± 43.38 seconds; motor block extended for 162 ± 18.9 minutes. Pupilar dialation was significant after peribulbar block. No significant rate was observed for IOP - T0 (OC: 13.13 ± 3.37 OB: 12.13 ± 1.76), TBP1 (OC: 13.50 ± 2.96 OB: 12.13 ± 2.37) e TBP10 (OC: 13.53 ± 4.18 OB: 12.75 ± 2.17). No positive correlation between ropivacaine dose and peribulbar block effect could be determined, however, we detach that ropivacaine dosage for each animal was below the indicated therapeutcis limits for the specie. Physiological parameter were considered normally observed along the anesthesia procedure and reverted to basal rates at recovery and no complications were diagnosed. In all patientes, OCR or any complication relationed to peribulbar block were not observed. We conclude that periblubar block for facectomy using clonidine-hyaluronidase-ropivacaine (C-H-R) association in a 1 mL volume promotes low latency, long duration and mydriasis with no side effects.

Neuroestimulação Elétrica Transcutânea no controle da dor pós-operatória de cães submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos em membros pélvicos

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos geralmente não podem ser evitados, e mesmo com analgesia preempitiva é necessário controle efetivo da dor pósoperatória, uma vez que tais procedimentos têm potencial de gerar dor intensa, diretamente relacionada ao longo período de recuperação do paciente. A dor pós-operatória, quando não tratada de forma eficaz, torna-se patológica, podendo desencadear uma série de distúrbios, incluindo imunossupressão, alterações cardiovasculares e emaciação, atraso na cicatrização e na evolução para cura, tornando-se crônica. Os opioides são frequentemente utilizados no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de intensidade moderada a severa, em doses altas muitas vezes requeridas em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas, o que favorece a instalação dos efeitos deletérios desta classe de analgésicos. Nesse sentido, o uso de terapias multimodais e não farmacológicas vem ganhando destaque no sentido de aperfeiçoar a terapia analgésica e diminuir o uso dos mesmos, ou até como alternativa em pacientes para os quais restrições farmacológicas existam. Um destes meios é a Neuroestimulação Elétrica Transcutânea (TENS), técnica já utilizada com sucesso na medicina humana com eficácia comprovada, de fácil aplicação, não invasiva, sem contraindicações e financeiramente acessível. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o controle da dor pós-operatória de 14 cães, de até 25 kg, submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas em um dos membros pélvicos no Hospital Veterinário da UFV, mediante autorização dos proprietários. A medicação pré-anestésica foi morfina na dose de 0,3 mg/kg intramuscular, indução anestésica com propofol na dose de 4 a 6 mg/kg, seguida de manutenção com isoflurano e aplicação de bolus de 0,1 ml/kg de fentanil nos casos que se fizeram necessários. Ao final do procedimento cirúrgico, os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: GT que receberam sessões de TENS convencional próxima a ferida, baixa intensidade e alta frequência de impulso elétrico (100 Hz), com duração de 30 min, com intervalos de 90 min entre as sessões, e GC que receberam os eletrodos, entretanto o equipamento não foi ligado. Em todos os animais foi realizada avaliação de dor antes do procedimento cirúrgico, ao final do mesmo, assim que o animal retomou a consciência após anestesia, e a cada 120 minutos durante 11 horas. O avaliador não teve conhecimento do tratamento aplicado e utilizou duas escalas de dor: a Escala de dor de Glasgow modificada e a Escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne. Nos casos em que o animal obteve um escore de dor, pela escala da Universidade de Melbourne acima de 33,3% da pontuação máxima que é de 27 pontos, foi realizada administração de morfina (0,3 mg/kg) intramuscular, respeitando o intervalo mínimo de 4 horas entre as aplicações. A pontuação em cada avaliação, o número de administrações adicionais de morfina pós-operatória e o tempo para a primeira aplicação foram comparadas entre os grupos. A analgesia da TENS, segundo as escalas de dor utilizadas para avaliação, se mostrou semelhante à da morfina, promovendo escores iguais ou menores aos encontrados no grupo tratado apenas com morfina. A probabilidade de haver resgates analgésicos no pósoperatório nos dois grupos foi semelhante, sugerindo um controle eficaz da dor pela aplicação de TENS. Conclui-se que a TENS foi capaz de promover analgesia pós-operatória eficaz e semelhante à da morfina, diminuindo o número de resgates analgésicos durante a avaliação.

Orthopedic surgical procedures generally cannot be avoided, and even with preemptive anesthesia, effective control of postoperative pain is necessary, since such procedures have the potential to generate intense pain, directly related to the long recovery period of the patient. Postoperative pain, when left untreated, become pathological and may trigger a series of disorders, including immunosuppression, cardiovascular changes and emaciation, delayed healing and progression to cure, and becoming chronic. Opioids are often used in the treatment of postoperative pain of moderate to severe intensity, at high doses often required in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, which favors the installation of the deleterious effects of this class of analgesics. In this sense, the use of multimodal and non-pharmacological therapies has gained prominence in the sense of improving analgesic therapy and diminishing their use, or even as an alternative for patients where pharmacological restrictions exist. One of these means is the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve stimulation (TENS), a technique already successfully used in human medicine with proven efficacy, easy to apply, noninvasive, without contraindications and financially accessible. This study will evaluate the postoperative pain control of 14 dogs, up to 25 kg, submitted to orthopedic surgeries in one of the pelvic limbs at the Veterinary Hospital of the UFV, with authorization from the owners. The pre-anesthetic medication was intramuscular morfine 0.3 mg / kg, anesthetic induction with propofol at 4 to 6 mg / kg, followed by maintenance with isoflurane and bolus application of 0.1 ml / kg of fentanyl whem necessary. At the end of the procedure, the animals were randomly divided into two groups: GT who received sessions of conventional TENS, low intensity and high electric pulse frequency (100Hz), with duration of 30 min, with intervals of 90 min between sessions, and GC that received the electrodes, however the equipment was not connected. All animals were evaluated for pain before the surgical procedure, at the end of the procedure, as soon as the animal regained consciousness after anesthesia, and every 120 minutes for 11 hours. The evaluator was not aware of the treatment applied and used two pain scales: the modified Glasgow Pain Scale and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale. In the cases in which the animal obtained a pain score, by the University of Melbourne scale above 33.3% of the maximum score that is 27 points, administration of intramuscular morphine (0.3 mg / kg) was performed, respecting the minimum interval of 4 hours between applications. The score at each evaluation, the number of additional administrations of postoperative morphine and the time for the first application were compared between the groups. TENS analgesia, according to the pain scales used for evaluation, was similar to that of morphine, promoting scores equal to or lower than those found in the group treated with morphine only. The probability of postoperative analgesic rescues in the two groups was similar, suggesting an effective pain control by the application of TENS. Proving that TENS could promote effective and morphine-like postoperative analgesia, reducing the number of analgesic rescues during the evaluation.

Compressão medular em bovinos associada à vacinação contra febre aftosa

This paper reports the etiological, epidemiological, clinic, and pathological features of an outbreak of incoordination observed after vaccination against foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in the states of Paraíba and Pernambuco. The signs of incoordination were observed approximately 45 days after vaccination that was applied in the toracic and lumbar region. A lump was found in the local of the vaccination.Twenty-four animals showed this signs, six in Paraíba and 18 in Pernambuco. Six animals died and four were euthanized. At necropsy exam were observed abscedative myositis with yellow irregular areas to multifocal coalescing a white liquid in the left muscle Longissimus lumborum (two animals) and yellowish firm mass compressing the spinal cord between vertebrae T11 and T12 (one animal) and L3 and L5 vertebrae (one animal). The myositis and the pyogranulomatous paquimeningitis were characterized by multifocal to coalescing areas showing clear spherical spaces of various sizes centrally located corresponding to the oil adjuvant of FMD vaccine removed by histologic processing. It has been determined the diagnosis of spinal cord compression secondary to vaccine granuloma.

Relatam-se aspectos etiológicos, epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de surtos de incoordenação motora observados após vacinação contra febre aftosa em bovinos nos estados da Paraíba e de Pernambuco. Os sinais de incoordenação motora foram observados em torno de 45 dias após a vacinação, realizada por via intramuscular nas regiões torácica e lombar e no local da aplicação havia aumento de volume. Um total de 24 animais foi acometido, sendo 6 no estado da Paraíba e 18 no estado de Pernambuco. Seis animais morreram e quatro foram eutanasiados. Nos animais eutanasiados, constataram-se miosite abscedativa com a presença de áreas amareladas irregulares multifocais a coalescentes com líquido esbranquiçado e leitoso na região do músculo Longissimus lumborum esquerdo (dois animais) e massa amarelada firme que comprimia a medula espinhal entre as vértebras T11 e T12 (um animal) e entre as vértebras L3 e L5 (um animal). Ao exame histológico, havia miosite e paquimeningite piogranulomatosa com áreas multifocais a coalescentes, contendo espaços claros e esféricos centrais de tamanhos variados que correspondem ao adjuvante lipídico da vacina da febre aftosa, removido o processamento para a histologia. Determinou-se o diagnóstico de lesão medular secundária à compressão por granuloma vacinal.