Lipid profile and metabolic parameters of tilapia in the finishing phase in earth ponds or using biofloc technology

Tilapia is a species with great growth potential. Its production comes from a semi-intensive system, such as earthen ponds (EP). Recently, biofloc technology (BFT) appears as an option to intensify fish production. The objective of this work was to compare the organosomatic indices, biochemical parameters, and chemical composition of tilapia reared in EP and BFT. Fish were grown for 150 days, with an initial weight of ≅ 2 g and a final weight of ≅ 780 g. Thereafter, tissues and organs were collected to determine organosomatic indices and analyze biochemical parameters, fatty acid, and proximate composition. The carcass yield was higher for tilapia reared in EP than BFT. The production system did not affect the fish fillet yield. The other organosomatic parameters were higher for tilapia reared in BFT. Tilapia reared in EP showed higher content of crude protein and lipids in the fillet. In both production systems, there was no difference in the body lipid profile. Fish in BFT showed a higher concentration of glucose and ammonia in the muscle and amino acids in the liver. Fish reared in EP showed a higher concentration of lactate in the liver compared to those in BFT. In conclusion, the production system alters the metabolism of fish. The biofloc has a considerable amount of fatty acids, which can be considered in the formulation of diets for tilapia in this system.(AU)

Plasma fatty acid profile in dairy cows associated with the inclusion of annatto in their diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.(AU)

Plasma fatty acid profile in dairy cows associated with the inclusion of annatto in their diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on reproductive performance of beef heifers submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol

Background: More recently, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplements have been used in grazing beef herds inattempt to influence specific metabolic pathways and hormones that directly modulate reproductive function. Supplementation of calcium salts of PUFA can positively influence ovarian follicular growth, luteal function, and improve reproductiveperformance in dairy and beef females. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate strategies of dietary treatments usingPUFA supplementation for 30 days before or after FTAI protocol and its effects on of ovulatory follicle size, ovulation,pregnancy and gestational losses rates in beef heifers.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and ninety-nine Brangus heifers (24 ± 3 months-old; BW= 320 ± 15 kg;BCS= 2.85 ± 0.17) were randomly assigned in three different groups to receive dietary treatments. Group 1 (n = 70) wasfed with 0.5 kg/day of a protein-mineral mixture supplement containing 0.2 kg/day PUFA (Mix A) during 30 days before FTAI, Group 2 (n = 68) received the same supplement 30 days after FTAI and Control (n = 61) only the supplementwithout PUFA (Mix B) during all period. Heifers were submitted to estrous synchronization treatment using progesterone(P4), estradiol benzoate (E2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF). Ultrasound exams were done to measure ovulatory folliclediameter and to determinate ovulation and pregnancy rates on Days 30 and 60 after FTAI. Daily gain (DG) was higher (P0.05) in Group 1 (90%), Group 2 (75%) and Control (67%). Pregnancy rates were higher (P < 0.05) in Group 1 (Day 30=67.1% and...

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on reproductive performance of beef heifers submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol

Background: More recently, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplements have been used in grazing beef herds inattempt to influence specific metabolic pathways and hormones that directly modulate reproductive function. Supplementation of calcium salts of PUFA can positively influence ovarian follicular growth, luteal function, and improve reproductiveperformance in dairy and beef females. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate strategies of dietary treatments usingPUFA supplementation for 30 days before or after FTAI protocol and its effects on of ovulatory follicle size, ovulation,pregnancy and gestational losses rates in beef heifers.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and ninety-nine Brangus heifers (24 ± 3 months-old; BW= 320 ± 15 kg;BCS= 2.85 ± 0.17) were randomly assigned in three different groups to receive dietary treatments. Group 1 (n = 70) wasfed with 0.5 kg/day of a protein-mineral mixture supplement containing 0.2 kg/day PUFA (Mix A) during 30 days before FTAI, Group 2 (n = 68) received the same supplement 30 days after FTAI and Control (n = 61) only the supplementwithout PUFA (Mix B) during all period. Heifers were submitted to estrous synchronization treatment using progesterone(P4), estradiol benzoate (E2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF). Ultrasound exams were done to measure ovulatory folliclediameter and to determinate ovulation and pregnancy rates on Days 30 and 60 after FTAI. Daily gain (DG) was higher (P< 0.05) only when heifers received supplement containing PUFA (Group 1= 30 days prior FTAI) and (Group 2= 30 daysafter FTAI). PUFA supplementation before FTAI also resulted in larger ovulatory follicles diameter (P < 0.05) in Group1 (11.2 ± 2.5 mm) compared to Group 2 (9.9 ± 2.3 mm) and Control (10.0 ± 2.07 mm). Ovulation rates were similar (P >0.05) in Group 1 (90%), Group 2 (75%) and Control (67%). Pregnancy rates were higher (P < 0.05) in Group 1 (Day 30=67.1% and...(AU)

Hematology and Histopathology of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Tuna Black Flour

The present study evaluated the effect of the sex and dietary intake of tuna black flour (TBF)on the hematology and histopathology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 sexed broilers (Ross 380) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments (25 males and 25 females/experimental group).Different levels of inclusion of TBF (0, 1, 2, and 3%) were offered as a source of -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFAs), for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and tissues were collected. The hematocrit value (Hemat), total protein (PROT-T), hemoglobin concentration (Hemog), erythrocytes concentration (Erythro) and total count and differential of leucocytes (Leuco): lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were determined. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Analysis of Variance test, Duncans multiple range test, and descriptive analyses (p 0.05). Samples of heart, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were processed with the routine histological technique. The sex had no significant effect on the hematology. The feeding additional with 3% TBF had lower level of Hemat value and PROT-T. The Leuco had lower value with 1 and 2% of TBF. The Monocytes showed low value with 1 and 2% of TBF, and the eosinophils had high level with 1% of TBF. No cardiac lesions were detected in the broiler chickens in all treatments, normal deposition of fat in the epicardium, endocardium and pericardium were seen in all treatments.(AU)

Hematology and Histopathology of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Tuna Black Flour

The present study evaluated the effect of the sex and dietary intake of tuna black flour (TBF)on the hematology and histopathology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 sexed broilers (Ross 380) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments (25 males and 25 females/experimental group).Different levels of inclusion of TBF (0, 1, 2, and 3%) were offered as a source of -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFAs), for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and tissues were collected. The hematocrit value (Hemat), total protein (PROT-T), hemoglobin concentration (Hemog), erythrocytes concentration (Erythro) and total count and differential of leucocytes (Leuco): lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were determined. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Analysis of Variance test, Duncans multiple range test, and descriptive analyses (p 0.05). Samples of heart, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were processed with the routine histological technique. The sex had no significant effect on the hematology. The feeding additional with 3% TBF had lower level of Hemat value and PROT-T. The Leuco had lower value with 1 and 2% of TBF. The Monocytes showed low value with 1 and 2% of TBF, and the eosinophils had high level with 1% of TBF. No cardiac lesions were detected in the broiler chickens in all treatments, normal deposition of fat in the epicardium, endocardium and pericardium were seen in all treatments.

Óleo de peixe associado ao ácido ascórbico no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino / Fish oil associated to ascorbic acid in diluter for cryopreservation goat semen

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óleo de peixe associado ao ácido ascórbico no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Dois machos da raça Boer foram submetidos à coleta de sêmen pelo método de vagina artificial, sendo os ejaculados avaliados quanto aos aspectos físicos e morfológicos. Após avaliação, formou-se um pool, seguido do fracionamento em cinco grupos: G1 - diluidor citrato-gema e G2, G3, G4 e G5 - diluidor citrato-gema acrescido de 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0% de óleo de peixe e 0,05% de ácido ascórbico, respectivamente. Após descongelamento, foram realizadas avaliações físicas do sêmen e os testes complementares de termorresistência lento (TTR), hiposmótico (HO), integridade acrossomal e compactação da cromatina espermática. Houve comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) para motilidade pós-descongelamento. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para vigor pós-descongelamento (2,00±0,24). No TTR não houve diferença (P>0,05) para motilidade e vigor espermáticos entre os tempos cinco e 180min, com médias inicial e final de 62,17±12,13 e 14,29±10,55 para motilidade e de 2,00±0,52 e 0,49±0,44 para vigor. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o HO, com porcentagem média de espermatozoides reativos de 23,5±5,96%. Houve comportamento linear crescente para acrossoma íntegro e decrescente para acrossoma irregular (P<0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na compactação da cromatina, com 97,06±1,17% de cromatina íntegra. A inclusão até 4% de óleo de peixe acrescido de ácido ascórbico no diluidor melhorou motilidade e integridade de acrossoma após a criopreservação.(AU)

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of fish oil inclusion associated with ascorbic acid in the thinner for goat semen cryopreservation. Two male Boers underwent semen collection through the artificial vagina method, ejaculates being then assessed for physical and morphological aspects. After evaluation, a pool was formed, followed by the split into five groups: G1 - yolk-citrate extender and G2, G3, G4 and G5 - yolk-citrate extender plus 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0% fish oil and 0.05% ascorbic acid, respectively. After thawing, physical evaluations of semen were assessed and additional testing slow heat resistance (TTR), hiposmotic (HO), acrosome integrity and compression of sperm chromatin. There was linear increase (P<0.05) post-thaw motility. No difference was obtained for post-thaw vigor and there was no influence of the association of fish oil and ascorbic acid in TTR. Plasma membrane integrity, by hyposmotic test (HO), presented a mean of reactive spermatozoa of 23.5±5.96% (P>0.05). There was linear increase for intact acrosome and decreasing acrosome irregular (P<0.05). In the analysis of the chromatin compaction, approximately 3% of damages (P>0.05) were observed. The inclusion of 4% fish oil plus ascorbic acid in diluter improved motility and acrosome integrity after cryopreservation.(AU)

Óleo de peixe associado ao ácido ascórbico no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino / Fish oil associated to ascorbic acid in diluter for cryopreservation goat semen

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óleo de peixe associado ao ácido ascórbico no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Dois machos da raça Boer foram submetidos à coleta de sêmen pelo método de vagina artificial, sendo os ejaculados avaliados quanto aos aspectos físicos e morfológicos. Após avaliação, formou-se um pool, seguido do fracionamento em cinco grupos: G1 - diluidor citrato-gema e G2, G3, G4 e G5 - diluidor citrato-gema acrescido de 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0% de óleo de peixe e 0,05% de ácido ascórbico, respectivamente. Após descongelamento, foram realizadas avaliações físicas do sêmen e os testes complementares de termorresistência lento (TTR), hiposmótico (HO), integridade acrossomal e compactação da cromatina espermática. Houve comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) para motilidade pós-descongelamento. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para vigor pós-descongelamento (2,00±0,24). No TTR não houve diferença (P>0,05) para motilidade e vigor espermáticos entre os tempos cinco e 180min, com médias inicial e final de 62,17±12,13 e 14,29±10,55 para motilidade e de 2,00±0,52 e 0,49±0,44 para vigor. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o HO, com porcentagem média de espermatozoides reativos de 23,5±5,96%. Houve comportamento linear crescente para acrossoma íntegro e decrescente para acrossoma irregular (P<0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na compactação da cromatina, com 97,06±1,17% de cromatina íntegra. A inclusão até 4% de óleo de peixe acrescido de ácido ascórbico no diluidor melhorou motilidade e integridade de acrossoma após a criopreservação.(AU)

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of fish oil inclusion associated with ascorbic acid in the thinner for goat semen cryopreservation. Two male Boers underwent semen collection through the artificial vagina method, ejaculates being then assessed for physical and morphological aspects. After evaluation, a pool was formed, followed by the split into five groups: G1 - yolk-citrate extender and G2, G3, G4 and G5 - yolk-citrate extender plus 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0% fish oil and 0.05% ascorbic acid, respectively. After thawing, physical evaluations of semen were assessed and additional testing slow heat resistance (TTR), hiposmotic (HO), acrosome integrity and compression of sperm chromatin. There was linear increase (P<0.05) post-thaw motility. No difference was obtained for post-thaw vigor and there was no influence of the association of fish oil and ascorbic acid in TTR. Plasma membrane integrity, by hyposmotic test (HO), presented a mean of reactive spermatozoa of 23.5±5.96% (P>0.05). There was linear increase for intact acrosome and decreasing acrosome irregular (P<0.05). In the analysis of the chromatin compaction, approximately 3% of damages (P>0.05) were observed. The inclusion of 4% fish oil plus ascorbic acid in diluter improved motility and acrosome integrity after cryopreservation.(AU)

Production of docosahexaenoic acid by Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC PRA-276

The high costs and environmental concerns associated with using marine resources as sources of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have prompted searches for alternative sources of such oils. Some microorganisms, among them members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, can synthesize large amounts of these biocompounds. However, various parameters that affect the polyunsaturated fatty acids production of these organisms, such as the carbon and nitrogen sources supplied during their cultivation, require further elucidation. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of different concentrations of carbon and total nitrogen on the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid, by Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC PRA-276. We performed batch system experiments using an initial glucose concentration of 30 g/L and three different concentrations of total nitrogen, including 3.0, 0.44, and 0.22 g/L, and fed-batch system experiments in which 0.14 g/L of glucose and 0.0014 g/L of total nitrogen were supplied hourly. To assess the effects of these different treatments, we determined the biomass, glucose, total nitrogen and polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration. The maximum cell concentration (23.9 g/L) was obtained after 96 h of cultivation in the batch system using initial concentrations of 0.22 g/L total nitrogen and 30 g/L glucose. Under these conditions, we observed the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids production (3.6 g/L), with docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid 6 concentrations reaching 2.54 and 0.80 g/L, respectively.(AU)

The addition of the salmon oil in the freezing of equine semen / A adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino

The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of salmon oil addition on cryopreservation of equine semen. The experiment consisted of two treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) (control diluent), BotuCrio® was used without addition of salmon oil and treatment 2 (T2) (experimental diluent) BotuCrio® plus (with) 2% salmon oil. Three ejaculates of four stallions were used, totalizing 12 collections (n=12). Overall motility and progressive motility were evaluated by the Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR) Ceros 10.8 program, as well as the plasma membrane functionality through the hyposmotic test. Both treatments did not present statistical differences in relation to motility (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) and progressive motility (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). With respect to the hyposmotic test, the treatment 2 plus 2% of Salmon oil, presented better protection of sperm membrane functionality in relation to the control treatment (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). It can be concluded that salmon oil, although not altering the total and progressive motility, confers a better efficiency of sperm membrane functionality after thawing in equine semen.(AU)

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino. O experimento constituiu de dois tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) (diluente controle), utilizou-se o BotuCrio® sem a adição de óleo de salmão e o tratamento 2 (T2) (diluente experimental) BotuCrio® adicionado de 2% de óleo de salmão. Foram utilizados três ejaculados de quatro garanhões, totalizando doze coletas (n=12). Avaliou-se a motilidade total e motilidade progressiva pelo programa Ceros 10.8 da Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR), além da funcionalidade de membrana plasmática através do teste hiposmótico. Ambos os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação a motilidade total (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) e motilidade progressiva (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). Com relação ao teste hiposmótico, o tratamento 2 acrescido de 2 % de óleo de Salmão, apresentou melhor proteção da funcionalidade de membrana espermática em relação ao tratamento controle (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). Pode-se concluir que o óleo de salmão, apesar de não alterar a motilidade total e progressiva, confere uma melhor eficiencia da funcionalidade de membrana espermática pós descongelamento em sêmen de equinos.(AU)

The addition of the salmon oil in the freezing of equine semen / A adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino

The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of salmon oil addition on cryopreservation of equine semen. The experiment consisted of two treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) (control diluent), BotuCrio® was used without addition of salmon oil and treatment 2 (T2) (experimental diluent) BotuCrio® plus (with) 2% salmon oil. Three ejaculates of four stallions were used, totalizing 12 collections (n=12). Overall motility and progressive motility were evaluated by the Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR) Ceros 10.8 program, as well as the plasma membrane functionality through the hyposmotic test. Both treatments did not present statistical differences in relation to motility (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) and progressive motility (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). With respect to the hyposmotic test, the treatment 2 plus 2% of Salmon oil, presented better protection of sperm membrane functionality in relation to the control treatment (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). It can be concluded that salmon oil, although not altering the total and progressive motility, confers a better efficiency of sperm membrane functionality after thawing in equine semen.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino. O experimento constituiu de dois tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) (diluente controle), utilizou-se o BotuCrio® sem a adição de óleo de salmão e o tratamento 2 (T2) (diluente experimental) BotuCrio® adicionado de 2% de óleo de salmão. Foram utilizados três ejaculados de quatro garanhões, totalizando doze coletas (n=12). Avaliou-se a motilidade total e motilidade progressiva pelo programa Ceros 10.8 da Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR), além da funcionalidade de membrana plasmática através do teste hiposmótico. Ambos os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação a motilidade total (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) e motilidade progressiva (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). Com relação ao teste hiposmótico, o tratamento 2 acrescido de 2 % de óleo de Salmão, apresentou melhor proteção da funcionalidade de membrana espermática em relação ao tratamento controle (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). Pode-se concluir que o óleo de salmão, apesar de não alterar a motilidade total e progressiva, confere uma melhor eficiencia da funcionalidade de membrana espermática pós descongelamento em sêmen de equinos.

Chemical composition, microbiological properties, and fatty acid profile of Italian-type salami with pork backfat substituted by emulsified canola oil / Composição química, propriedades microbiológicas e perfil de ácidos graxos de Salame tipo Italiano com substituição da gordura animal por óleo de canola emulsionado

ABSTRACT: Vegetable oils have been used to substitute pork backfat to improve the fatty acid profile of fermented sausages. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, microbiological properties, and fatty acid profile of Italian-type salami with pork backfat substituted (15% and 30%) by emulsified canola oil. Fat contents decreased while moisture contents increased in Italian-type salami with emulsified canola oil. The growth of lactic acid bacteria in salami was not affected by canola oil and absence of fecal coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and Salmonella were reported during processing of fermented sausages. Lower levels of saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were observed in salami with emulsified canola oil. Together, our results indicated that substituting pork backfat with emulsified canola oil improved the nutritional values of Italian-type salami.

RESUMO: O uso de óleos vegetais como substitutos da gordura animal em embutidos fermentados tem surgido como uma alternativa de produzir produtos cárneos com um melhor perfil lipídico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, propriedades microbiológicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos de salame tipo Italiano elaborado com a substituição parcial da gordura suína (15 e 30%) por emulsão com óleo de canola. A incorporação do óleo de canola reduziu o teor de gordura e aumentou o teor de umidade dos embutidos fermentados. Em relação às características microbiológicas, a adição de óleo de canola emulsionado não alterou o crescimento das bactérias láticas durante o processamento. Ainda, não foram detectadas contagens de coliformes fecais, staphylococci coagulase positiva e Salmonella. Em relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos, foi possível observar a redução nos teores totais de ácidos graxos saturados (SAFAs) e uma elevação nos valores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFAs) e poliinsaturados (PUFAs) nos tratamentos adicionados de óleo de canola. Dessa forma, a substituição da gordura suína por óleo de canola emulsionado em salame tipo Italiano torna-se uma alternativa interessante na produção de produtos cárneos com melhores características nutricionais.

Chemical composition, microbiological properties, and fatty acid profile of Italian-type salami with pork backfat substituted by emulsified canola oil / Composição química, propriedades microbiológicas e perfil de ácidos graxos de Salame tipo Italiano com substituição da gordura animal por óleo de canola emulsionado

ABSTRACT: Vegetable oils have been used to substitute pork backfat to improve the fatty acid profile of fermented sausages. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, microbiological properties, and fatty acid profile of Italian-type salami with pork backfat substituted (15% and 30%) by emulsified canola oil. Fat contents decreased while moisture contents increased in Italian-type salami with emulsified canola oil. The growth of lactic acid bacteria in salami was not affected by canola oil and absence of fecal coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and Salmonella were reported during processing of fermented sausages. Lower levels of saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were observed in salami with emulsified canola oil. Together, our results indicated that substituting pork backfat with emulsified canola oil improved the nutritional values of Italian-type salami.(AU)

RESUMO: O uso de óleos vegetais como substitutos da gordura animal em embutidos fermentados tem surgido como uma alternativa de produzir produtos cárneos com um melhor perfil lipídico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, propriedades microbiológicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos de salame tipo Italiano elaborado com a substituição parcial da gordura suína (15 e 30%) por emulsão com óleo de canola. A incorporação do óleo de canola reduziu o teor de gordura e aumentou o teor de umidade dos embutidos fermentados. Em relação às características microbiológicas, a adição de óleo de canola emulsionado não alterou o crescimento das bactérias láticas durante o processamento. Ainda, não foram detectadas contagens de coliformes fecais, staphylococci coagulase positiva e Salmonella. Em relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos, foi possível observar a redução nos teores totais de ácidos graxos saturados (SAFAs) e uma elevação nos valores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFAs) e poliinsaturados (PUFAs) nos tratamentos adicionados de óleo de canola. Dessa forma, a substituição da gordura suína por óleo de canola emulsionado em salame tipo Italiano torna-se uma alternativa interessante na produção de produtos cárneos com melhores características nutricionais.(AU)

Synthesis of structured triacylglycerols enriched in n-3 fatty acids by immobilized microbial lipase

The search for new biocatalysts has aroused great interest due to the variety of micro-organisms and their role as enzyme producers. Native lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus javanicus were used to enrich the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the triacylglycerols of soybean oil by acidolysis with free fatty acids from sardine oil in solvent-free media. For the immobilization process, the best lipase/support ratios were 1:3 (w/w) for Aspergillus niger lipase and 1:5 (w/w) for Rhizopus javanicus lipase using Amberlite MB-1. Both lipases maintained constant activity for 6 months at 4 °C. Reaction time, sardine-free fatty acids:soybean oil mole ratio and initial water content of the lipase were investigated to determine their effects on n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporation into soybean oil. Structured triacylglycerols with 11.7 and 7.2% of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid were obtained using Aspergillus niger lipase and Rhizopus javanicus lipase, decreasing the n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio of soybean oil (11:1 to 3.5:1 and 4.7:1, respectively). The best reaction conditions were: initial water content of lipase of 0.86% (w/w), sardine-free faty acids:soybean oil mole ratio of 3:1 and reaction time of 36 h, at 40 °C. The significant factors for the acidolysis reaction were the sardine-free fatty acids:soybean oil mole ratio and reaction time. The characterization of structured triacylglycerols was obtained using easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. The enzymatic reaction led to the formation of many structured triacylglycerols containing eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid or both polyunsaturated fatty acids.(AU)

Yolk Color and Lipid Oxidation of the Eggs of Commercial White Layers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to the diet of Leghorn layers on yolk color and on yolk lipid oxidation of eggs stored at room temperature for 10 days. Sixty eggs laid by commercial white layers (Lohmann LSL) fed diets supplemented with different vegetable oils were used. Hens were fed one of the following treatment diets: conventional diet with no oil inclusion (T1); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil inclusion (T2); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil (T3); T1 diet with 2.5% soybean oil (T4); T1 with 5.0% linseed oil (T5); T1 diet with 5.0% canola oil (T6); T1 diet with 5.0% soybean oil (T7); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T8); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T9); and T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% canola oil (T10). Eggs were evaluated as to yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and yolk color, as determined by colorimetry and subjective sensorial analysis. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. It was concluded that the inclusion of vegetable oils in commercial white layer diets does not significantly change egg yolk pigmentation, as colorimetrically evaluated. However, when subjectively assessed, the yolks of the eggs laid by hens fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils tend to be paler. The yolks of the eggs laid by layers fed diets containing sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids presented high lipid oxidation, particularly when compared with those derived from layers fed the diet with no oil supplementation.

Yolk Color and Lipid Oxidation of the Eggs of Commercial White Layers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to the diet of Leghorn layers on yolk color and on yolk lipid oxidation of eggs stored at room temperature for 10 days. Sixty eggs laid by commercial white layers (Lohmann LSL) fed diets supplemented with different vegetable oils were used. Hens were fed one of the following treatment diets: conventional diet with no oil inclusion (T1); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil inclusion (T2); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil (T3); T1 diet with 2.5% soybean oil (T4); T1 with 5.0% linseed oil (T5); T1 diet with 5.0% canola oil (T6); T1 diet with 5.0% soybean oil (T7); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T8); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T9); and T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% canola oil (T10). Eggs were evaluated as to yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and yolk color, as determined by colorimetry and subjective sensorial analysis. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. It was concluded that the inclusion of vegetable oils in commercial white layer diets does not significantly change egg yolk pigmentation, as colorimetrically evaluated. However, when subjectively assessed, the yolks of the eggs laid by hens fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils tend to be paler. The yolks of the eggs laid by layers fed diets containing sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids presented high lipid oxidation, particularly when compared with those derived from layers fed the diet with no oil supplementation.(AU)

Effects of supplementation with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids on productive and hormonal parameters of embryo recipient heifers / Efeitos da suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos sobre os parâmetros produtivos e hormonais de novilhas receptoras de embriões

Supplementation with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PPUFA) has positive effects on cow reproduction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding a source of PPUFA to energy supplements for embryo recipient heifers on productive performance and plasma concentrations of progesterone, cholesterol and insulin. For this purpose, 44 Angus x Hereford embryo recipient heifers (average body weight = 385 kg) raised on pasture were studied in a completely randomized design. The effects of PPUFA added to isocaloric energy supplements for 60 days on production parameters and serum concentrations of cholesterol, progesterone and insulin were evaluated. The treatments consisted of individual supplementation with: 1) control (no supplement); 2) corn (corn, 70%; soybean meal, 30%); 3) PPUFA supplement (Megalac-E®, 30%; soybean meal, 20%; commercial ration, 50%). The treatments did not affect (P>0.05) dry matter intake, pregnancy rates, or serum insulin concentration. However, PPUFA supplement increased (P0.05) in dry matter intake between treatments, PPUFA supplement increased (P<0.05) average daily gain compared to the control and corn treatments. The inclusion of PPUFA in energy supplements offered to heifers used in an embryo transfer program increased average daily gain and serum concentrations of cholesterol and progesterone, but did not affect pregnancy rates...

A suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos (AGPIP) tem efeitos positivos sobre a reprodução de fêmeas bovinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da adição de uma fonte de AGPIP em suplementos energéticos para novilhas receptoras de embriões e avaliar seu efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo e concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona, colesterol e insulina. Foram utilizadas quarenta e quatro novilhas Angus x Hereford receptoras de embriões (peso médio = 385 kg) em pastagem, em um delineamento experimental completamente casualizado. Foi avaliado o efeito de 60 dias de suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos da degradação ruminal dentro de suplementos energéticos isocalóricos sobre parâmetros produtivos e concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol, progesterona e insulina. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Controle (sem suplemento), 2) Milho (milho, 70%; farelo de soja, 30%), 3) AGPIP (Megalac-E®, 30%; farelo de soja, 20%; ração comercial, 50%). O tratamento não afetou (P>0,05) a taxa de prenhes e a concentração plasmática de insulina. No entanto, a suplementação com AGPIP aumentou (P0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos, o suplemento AGPIP aumentou (P<0,05) o ganho médio diário quando comparado aos tratamentos controle e milho. A incorporação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos em suplementos energéticos fornecidos a novilhas utilizadas em um programa de transferência de embriões aumentou o ganho de peso médio diário e as concentrações de colesterol e progesterona, mas não afetou as taxas de prenhes...

Effects of supplementation with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids on productive and hormonal parameters of embryo recipient heifers / Efeitos da suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos sobre os parâmetros produtivos e hormonais de novilhas receptoras de embriões

Supplementation with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PPUFA) has positive effects on cow reproduction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding a source of PPUFA to energy supplements for embryo recipient heifers on productive performance and plasma concentrations of progesterone, cholesterol and insulin. For this purpose, 44 Angus x Hereford embryo recipient heifers (average body weight = 385 kg) raised on pasture were studied in a completely randomized design. The effects of PPUFA added to isocaloric energy supplements for 60 days on production parameters and serum concentrations of cholesterol, progesterone and insulin were evaluated. The treatments consisted of individual supplementation with: 1) control (no supplement); 2) corn (corn, 70%; soybean meal, 30%); 3) PPUFA supplement (Megalac-E®, 30%; soybean meal, 20%; commercial ration, 50%). The treatments did not affect (P>0.05) dry matter intake, pregnancy rates, or serum insulin concentration. However, PPUFA supplement increased (P<0.05) serum cholesterol and progesterone concentrations when compared to the other treatments. Despite the lack of a difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake between treatments, PPUFA supplement increased (P<0.05) average daily gain compared to the control and corn treatments. The inclusion of PPUFA in energy supplements offered to heifers used in an embryo transfer program increased average daily gain and serum concentrations of cholesterol and progesterone, but did not affect pregnancy rates...(AU)

A suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos (AGPIP) tem efeitos positivos sobre a reprodução de fêmeas bovinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da adição de uma fonte de AGPIP em suplementos energéticos para novilhas receptoras de embriões e avaliar seu efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo e concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona, colesterol e insulina. Foram utilizadas quarenta e quatro novilhas Angus x Hereford receptoras de embriões (peso médio = 385 kg) em pastagem, em um delineamento experimental completamente casualizado. Foi avaliado o efeito de 60 dias de suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos da degradação ruminal dentro de suplementos energéticos isocalóricos sobre parâmetros produtivos e concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol, progesterona e insulina. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Controle (sem suplemento), 2) Milho (milho, 70%; farelo de soja, 30%), 3) AGPIP (Megalac-E®, 30%; farelo de soja, 20%; ração comercial, 50%). O tratamento não afetou (P>0,05) a taxa de prenhes e a concentração plasmática de insulina. No entanto, a suplementação com AGPIP aumentou (P<0,05) as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e progesterona, quando comparadas aos demais tratamentos. Apesar de não haver diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos, o suplemento AGPIP aumentou (P<0,05) o ganho médio diário quando comparado aos tratamentos controle e milho. A incorporação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados protegidos em suplementos energéticos fornecidos a novilhas utilizadas em um programa de transferência de embriões aumentou o ganho de peso médio diário e as concentrações de colesterol e progesterona, mas não afetou as taxas de prenhes...(AU)

Canola integral moída na dieta de codornas de postura

A canola integral é considerada uma potencial fonte alternativa de energia e proteína para dietas de codornas, devido a composição de gordura e proteína. A composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPs) da canola visa melhorar a qualidade do perfil lipídico de ovos para o consumo humano. O aumento do valor nutricional de ovos, se deve à redução de ácidos graxos saturados e aumento na quantidade de AGPs ômega-3 (-3) com a adição de canola na dieta. Diante disso, esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a energia metabolizável da canola integral moída e avaliar os efeitos da inclusão na dieta de codornas sobre o desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Um ensaio foi conduzido com 240 codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) para determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) da canola. A canola em estudo apresentou 4.785 e 4.310kcal/kg de EMA e EMAn respectivamente para codornas. O segundo ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da canola na dieta sobre o desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos. Foram utilizadas 420 codornas fêmeas com 180 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições com 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em: controle (0%) e 10, 20, 30 e 40% de inclusão de canola integral moída na dieta. O período experimental teve duração de 112 dias divididos em quatro ciclos de 28 dias. O nível de canola de 10% não diferiu significativamente do grupo controle (0%) (P>0,05). Na qualidade de ovos frescos verificou-se aumento de cor da gema e maior intensidade de a* (vermelho) e b*(amarelo) na gema em todos os grupos com canola na dieta. Houve redução do nível de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS; P0,05) afetados pelo nível de canola na dieta. Houve redução de colesterol no grupo com 30% e triglicerídeos no grupo com 10%, enquanto a ALT aumentou nos grupos com 30 e 40% de canola na dieta. A inclusão de até 10% de canola na dieta de codornas, manteve o desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos frescos com aumento da cor, menor oxidação e enriquecimento com AGPs -3.

Whole canola is considered a potential alternative source of energy and protein for quail diets, due to the composition of fat and protein. The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in canola aims to improve the quality of the lipid profile of eggs for human consumption. The increase in the nutritional value of eggs is due to the reduction of saturated fatty acids and an increase in the amount of PUFAs in the omega-3 (-3) with the addition of canola in the diet. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the metabolizable energy of ground whole canola and to evaluate the effects of including quails in the diet on the performance and quality of eggs. An assay was conducted with 240 quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the canola nitrogen balance (AMEn). The studied canola presented 4.785 and 4.310kcal / kg of AME and AMEn respectively for quails. The second trial was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of canola in the diet on the productive performance and quality of eggs. A total of four hundred 180-day-old female quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replications with 12 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of: control (0%) and 10, 20, 30 and 40% of inclusion of ground whole canola in the diet. The experimental period lasted 112 days divided into four 28-day cycles. The 10% canola level did not differ significantly from the control group (0%) (P>0.05). The quality of fresh eggs showed an increase in the color of the yolk and a higher intensity of a* (red) and b* (yellow) in the yolk in all groups with canola in the diet. There was a reduction in the level of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS; P0.05) affected by the level of canola in the diet. There was a reduction in cholesterol in the group with 30% and triglycerides in the group with 10%, while ALT increased in the groups with 30 and 40% of canola in the diet. The inclusion of up to 10% of canola in the quail diet, maintained the productive performance and quality of fresh eggs with increased color, less oxidation and enrichment with PUFAs -3.