Remote ischemic conditioning protects against testicular ischemiareperfusion injury in rats

Purpose To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic conditioning associated to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on testicular ischemiareperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into five experimental groups (n=5), as follows: Sham, IR, Perconditioning (PER), NAC and PER+NAC. Two-hour ischemia was induced by rotating the left testis 720° to clockwise direction, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Perconditioning was performed by three I/R cycles of 10 min each on the left limb, 30 min before reperfusion. N-acetylcysteine (150 mgkg) was administered 30 min before reperfusion. Results Statistical differences were observed in MDA levels between I/R group with all groups (p 0.01), in addition there was statistical difference between PER and Sham, and PER+ NAC groups (p 0.05) in plasma. Conclusions The protective effect of perconditioning isolated in the reduction of lipid peroxidation related to oxidative stress was demonstrated. However, when Perconditioning was associated with NAC, there was no protective effect against testicular injury of ischemia and reperfusion.(AU)

The protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury

Purpose To investigate the protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum on testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D)-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomly categorized into 3 groups: Group 1: sham, Group 2 ( T/D): 2,5 hours of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion, Group 3 (T/D+ G. lucidum ): 2,5 hours of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion and 7 days of 20 mg/kg via gastric gavage G. lucidum polysaccharides per day. Biochemical assays of Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) levels , histopathology and expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-2 with immunohistochemical methods were examined in testicular tissue. Results G. lucidum treatment was found to have prevented the T/D-induced I/R injury by decreasing MDA levels of the testis. SOD, CAT and GSH activities were decreased in group 2, while they were increased in group 3 (p<0.001) and significant improvement in the tube diameter was observed in group 3. Bcl-2-positive germinal cells were lowered in group 3 compared to the group 2. VEGF expression showed an increase in group 2, whereas it decreased in group 3. Conclusion The antioxidant G. lucidum is thought to induce angiogenesis by reducing the apoptotic effect in testicular torsion-detorsion.(AU)

Investigation of the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol on testicular damage in rats with experimentally induced testis torsion

Purpose: To investigate the biochemical, histopathologic, and spermatogenetic changes in the detorsionated testicle after experimental torsion and to study the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol.Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Sham; Group 2: Torsion/Detorsion (T/D); Group 3: T/D + Pheniramine maleate (PM); Group 4: T/D + Nebivolol (NB) group. Paroxanase (PON), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stres index (OSI) were measured, and spermatogenetic and histopathologic evaluation was performed in tissue and blood samples.Results: The evaluation of tissue TAS indicated no statistically significant difference in Group 3 compared to Group 2. A statistically significant increase was detected in Group 4 compared to Group 2. Serum PON levels revealed a statistically significant increase in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Groups 1 and 2. The Johnsen testicular biopsy score decreased in Groups 3 and 4, but the decrease was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Pheniramine maleate and nebivolol have antioxidant effects against ischemia-reperfusion damage. They also support tissue recovery, which is more significantly observed by nebivolol.(AU)

Abscesso abdominal pós-castração em equino: relato de caso / Post-castration abdominal abscess in horses: case report

A castração é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na prática da medicina equina, mesmo com os contínuos avanços ainda são comuns complicações no pós-operatório. A funiculite é um exemplo de complicação, embora infrequente é possível a ascensão do processo infeccioso do cordão espermático para o abdômen resultando em quadros de peritonite ou formação de abscessos. Descreve-se um caso de formação de abscesso abdominal após realização de orquiectomia a campo. O equino foi atendido com claudicação do membro pélvico direito e histórico de castração há oito meses. Ao exame físico, foi observado aumento de volume sobre o anel inguinal externo direito, á palpação transretal e avaliação ultrassonográfica foi notado a presença de massa firme de aproximadamente 15 centímetros de diâmetro sobre o anel inguinal interno direito. O animal foi medicado com antibiótico de amplo espectro, também foi instituída compressa com água morna e aplicação tópica de pomada rubefaciente. Após cinco dias de terapia, houve drenagem de conteúdo purulento espontâneo por fístula que foi ampliada manualmente para a realização de curativos diários com solução antisséptica. Após 30 dias do início da terapia houve completa regressão do aumento de volume abdominal e cicatrização da ferida. Dez meses após a alta, o animal não tinha qualquer sinal de claudicação ou aumento de volume na região inguinal e voltou às atividades físicas normais.(AU)

Castration is the most common surgery performed in the practice of equine medicine, even with continuous advances complications are still common after surgery. The funiculitis is an example of complication, although infrequent is possible the rise of the spermatic cord infection to the abdomen resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. We report a case of abdominal abscess formation after orchiectomy undergoing in the field. The horse was referred with claudication of the right hindlimb and castration history of eight months ago. On physical examination an increased volume was observed on the right external inguinal ring, on transrectal palpation and ultrasonography were noted the presence of solid mass of approximately 15 cm diameter on the right internal inguinal ring. The animal was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic, it was also established compress with warm water and topical rubefacient ointment. After five days of treatment, there was spontaneous drainage of purulent content from a fistula which was manually extended to perform daily dressings with antiseptic solution. After 30 days of onset of therapy there was complete regression of abdominal swelling and wound healing. Ten months after discharge the animal had no lameness signal or swelling in the inguinal region and back to normal physical activities.(AU)

The antioxidant effect of dexmedetomidine on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE:To investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on testicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.METHODS:Sham group underwent left scrotal exploration only (group 1). The ischemia-reperfusion only group underwent left testicular torsion and detorsion (group 2). The ischemia-reperfusion plus Dex group underwent left testicular torsion, received 50 µg/kg Dex (group 3) and 100 µg/kg Dex (group 4) intraperitoneally at minute 180 of ischemia and then underwent detorsion. We determined histopathological findings and performed specific biochemical analyses.RESULTS:Increasing doses of Dex significantly increased TAS, and significantly decreased OSI. Analyzing the antioxidant effects of increasing doses of Dex in torsion and contrlateral testicles: Dex 100 µg/kg statistically significant increased the tissue total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) when compared with Dex 50 µg/kg but not found significantly change on the tissue total oxidant status (TOS). However, Dex did not significantly improve these histological alterations.CONCLUSION:The antioxidant effects of dexmedetomidine on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in ipsilateral and contrlateral testis, but in the histopathological level, there was no difference statistically according to Johnsen's scoring system between groups at both sides.(AU)

Protective effects of abdominal electroacupuncture on oxidative stress and inflammation due to testis torsion/detorsion in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of acupuncture (Ac) and electroacupuncture (EAc) on oxidative stress and inflammation in testis torsion/detorsion (T/D) model in rats. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. G1 Group (Sham) served as control. The remaining groups were submitted to spermatic cord torsion (720°) for 3 hours, followed by detorsion and reperfusion for 4 hours. Before detorsion G3, G4 and G5 rats were treated with Ac, EAc 2Hz and EAc 10 Hz, respectively, applied to acupoint Gulai (S-29) bilaterally under anesthesia for 5 minutes. Next, the testes were detorsioned and reperfused for 4 hours. Afterwards, blood samples and the right testis were collected for biochemical assays: reduced Glutathione (GSH), Malonaldehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS: EAc stimulation (2 and 10 Hz) promoted significant increase in concentrations of GSH in plasma and testis of G4-G5 rats, compared with G1. There was significant increase of tissue MDA in groups G4-G5 and plasma MDA in all groups, compared with G1. There was a significant reduction in MPO activity in groups G4-G5 compared with G1. CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture stimulation (2 and 10 Hz) attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in rats subjected to testicular torsion/detorsion. (AU)

Effects of traction on the spermatic cord of rats

PURPOSE: To determine whether tension in the spermatic cord of rats causes lesions in the testis, epididymis or vas deferens. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. A traction force of 1.6 Newton (N) in group I and 1 N in group II was applied to the right spermatic cord. Group III was the sham, and group IV served as the control. RESULTS: Testicular lesions occurred on the right side in 66.7% of the rats and on the left side in 46.1% of the rats. The testes showed a decreased number of Sertoli cells, necrosis and a decreased number of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules. Anatomopathological changes in the vas deferens were not identified. There was no decrease in the thickness of the muscle wall of the vas deferens. In the right epididymis, 71.8% of the animals showed a reduction and 5% showed an absence of intraluminal sperm. In the left epididymis, 37.5% of the rats showed a reduction. The volume and the final testicular weight of the right side in group IV was different from those in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomopathological lesions were found in the testis and epididymis.(AU)

Decompressive fasciotomy in testicular torsion of the spermatic cord in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of decompression fasciotomy on testes undergoing torsion of the spermatic cord. METHODS: Spermatic cord torsion was induced in 40 Wistar testes for six and 12 hours. At the time of distortion, decompression fasciotomy was performed on half of the animals. After 42 days, the testicles were examined both macroscopically and microscopically. A non-parametric Mann- Whitney U- test was used for statistical analysis. The results were considered significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Testicular weight; volume and degree of histological alterations were evaluated. When the groups without and with fasciotomy were compared, a 12-hour torsion subgroup in the fasciotomy group was noted to present larger volume, heavier weight and superior histological classification when compared with the 12-hour subgroup in the without fasciotomy group. No differences between the two groups after six hours of torsion were found. No significant changes were noticed in the contralateral testis. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular fasciotomy (decompression) benefited the macroscopic and histological aspects of the testicles undergoing cord torsion for a 12-hour period. These results demonstrate the role played by compartment syndrome in the pathophysiology of spermatic cord torsion and the need for decompression.(AU)

Expression of FAS ligand in the ipsilateral and contralateral testicles of rats subjected to the torsion of the unilateral testicular cord

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of FAS ligand (FASL) in ipsilateral and contralateral testicles of rats submitted to ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Wistar rats (n=21) distributed into groups control (GC), n=5, testicular exposure; ischemia (GI), (n=8), Torsion in the left testicular Cord (TCT) for three hours followed by orchiectomy without distortion and orchietomy of the contralateral testicle after 24 hours; and reperfusion (GR), (n=8), left TCT for 3 hours and distortion and repositioning on the scrotum and bilateral orchiectomy after 24 hours. Quantification of the FASL expression by immune-histochemistry. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed similarity between GC and GI (p>0.05), differences detected are concentrated on the GR (p<0.05), increase in immunoexpression of FASL in the subgroups Right GR (406.8+-61.5) and Left GR (135.3 +-28.9) with significant predominance in the GR subgroup. CONCLUSION: Ischemia/reperfusion increased the FASL expression significantly in contralateral testicles in GR, in rats.(AU)

Long-term effects of the testicular torsion on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis and the preventive value of the twisted testis orchiepididymectomy / Efeitos tardios da torção testicular sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e o valor preventivo da orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido

PURPOSE: To determine whether the testicular torsion causes long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis, and whether the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis could prevent them, using specific spermatogenesis parameters to elucidate the conflicting results in the literature. METHODS: Seventy-four pubertal male Wistar rats were randomly selected. The experimental group consisted of 40 rats, divided into four subgroups, submitted to 1.080 degrees counterclockwise left testicular torsion and its scrotal fixation at the beginning of the experiment, and left orchiepididymectomy at one, five, ten and 90 days, respectively. The control group consisted of 24 rats, divided into four sham operation control subgroups. An additional control subgroup consisted of the ten remaining rats, submitted only to the left orchiepididymectomy at the beginning. At 90 days, the contralateral testes of the experimental and control subgroups were collected for the evaluation of their spermatogenesis parameters: testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, Johnsen score and differential counting of the germ cells. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the experimental and control subgroups for all of the spermatogenesis parameters of the contralateral testes. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular torsion does not cause long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis in pubertal rats, and the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis is not necessary for preventive purposes for the contralateral spermatogenesis.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Determinar se a torção testicular causa efeitos tardios sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e se a orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido poderia preveni-los, usando parâmetros específicos da espermatogênese para elucidar os resultados conflitantes na literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 74 ratos machos púberes da linhagem Wistar. O grupo experimental foi composto por 40 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos, submetidos à torção anti-horária de 1,080 graus do testículo esquerdo e sua fixação escrotal no início do experimento e à orquiepidimectomia esquerda com um, cinco, dez e 90 dias, respectivamente. O grupo controle foi composto por 24 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos de cirurgias simuladas. Um subgrupo controle adicional foi constituído pelos dez ratos restantes submetidos unicamente à orquiepididimectomia esquerda no início do experimento. Aos 90 dias, os testículos contralaterais dos subgrupos experimentais e controles foram coletados para avaliação dos parâmetros de suas espermatogêneses: peso testicular, diâmetro do túbulo seminífero, graduação de Johnsen e contagem diferencial das células germinativas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre todos os subgrupos experimentais e controles para todos os parâmetros analisados da espermatogênese dos testículos contralaterais. CONCLUSÕES: A torção testicular não causa efeitos tardios sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral em ratos púberes e a orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido não é necessária para fins preventivos da espermatogênese contralateral.(AU)

Morfologia do funículo espermático em caprinos da raça Bhuj Brasileira / Morphology of the spermatic cord in Brazilian Bhuj goats

Estudamos em 40 caprinos adultos da raça Bhuj Brasileira os aspectos histológicos do funículo espermático. Observamos que este se acha envolvido por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico denso, de espessura variável, pregueada em alguns pontos, e revestida por mesotélio que circunda todo o conjunto vásculo-nervoso, e projeta-se para formar o mesoducto deferente. Em posição subcapsular, verifica-se uma camada de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico frouxo, de espessura variável, que circunda parcialmente o funículo espermático, isolando nas regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, conjuntos vásculo-nervosos, responsáveis pela nutrição do epidídimo. Na região do mesoducto deferente, o tecido subcapsular acompanhado de tecido adiposo constitui a camada interna deste meso, formando a sua adventícia e abrigando vasos e nervos deferenciais. Na região abdeferencial, pequenos acúmulos de tecido adiposo são vistos de permeio aos vasos e nervos desta região. Entre as artérias, veias e nervos testiculares, bem como entre os vasos das regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, observa-se o tecido conjuntivo denso, intervascular, rico em fibras elásticas, que constitui as adventícias contínuas destes vasos. O arranjo vascular mostra que o segmento da artéria testicular, contido no funículo espermático, apresenta trajeto sinuoso. Estando envolvido pelo plexo venoso pampiniforme, formado por veias testiculares desprovidas de válvulas de calibres variados, apresentando amplas comunicações entre si. As veias responsáveis pela drenagem do epidídimo e ducto deferente estão localizadas em posição subcapsular deferencial e abdeferencial e mostram-se providas de válvulas. O trato das artérias testiculares no funículo espermático apresenta como média e desvio padrão 134,6±38,1cm à direita, e 137,0±33,9cm à esquerda, não existindo diferenças estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5 por cento, quando comparamos a média do segmento da artéria testicular contida no funículo espermático direito em relação ao esquerdo.(AU)

Histological aspects of the spermatic cord were studied in 40 Brazilian Bhuj goats. It was seen that the spermatic cord is involved by a thin capsule of compact connective tissue recovered by mesothelium which forms an expansion, the mesodeferens. Under this capsule is a subcapsular layer of variable thickness, formed by loose elastic fiber connective tissue that mixes with deep layer of the mesodeferens and with the adventitia of ductus deferens. Between the testicular artery and testicular veins exists an intervascular compact elastic fiber connective tissue in continuity with the adventitia of spermatic cord vessels. In the abdeferential region of the spermatic cord exists a neurovascular contingent, the vessels of which generally have inferior calibers and similar constitution and arrangement as the testicular artery and veins; the described contingent is related to nutrition of the initial portion of ductus deferens and part of the epididymis head and body. The vascular arrangement shows that the segment of the testicular artery in the spermatic cord has a sinuous disposition and is totally involved by the venous plexus formed by testicular vein valves with irregular outlines, diverse calibers and large connections. The length of the intra spermatic cord segment of the testicular artery has a medium and standard deviation of 134.6±38.1cm on the right and 137±33.9cm on the left. There were no statistical differences between the right and left medium ranges.(AU)

Ternatin pretreatment attenuates testicular injury induced by torsion/detorsion in Wistar rats / Pré-tratamento com ternatina atenua a lesão testicular induzida por torção/destorção em ratos Wistar

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible protective role of the bioflavonoid ternatin (TTN) when administered before induction of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat testis. METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=12), divided in 2 subgroups (n=6). Saline 2.0ml (G-1), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 3% solution (G-2) or TTN 12 mg/kg/dose (G-3) was administered ip. to all rats, respectively, 21, 12 and 1 hour before torsion. Anesthetized rats were subjected to ischemia (3 hours) induced by 720º torsion of the spermatic cord. Right testis and arterial blood samples were collected at the end of ischemia (T-0), and 3 hours later (T-3) for assessment of testis malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma total antioxidant power (TAP). RESULTS: MDA decreased significantly (p<0,001) in G-2 and G-3 in T-0 and T-3 timepoints. Additional decrease in MDA was seen in G-3 after 3 hours of reperfusion (T-3). GSH increased significantly in G-2 (p<0.001) and G-3 (p<0.05) at the end the ischemia (T-0). A significant increase in GSH was seen 3 hours after testis detorsion (T-3) in G-2 rats. TAP values remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: The data provides in vivo evidence of the antiperoxidative and antioxidative properties of TTN in torted rat testis.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar o possível efeito protetor do bioflavonóide ternatina (TTN) quando administrado antes da indução da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão testicular em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis ratos Wistar, aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos (n=12) divididos em dois subgrupos (n=6) cada foram tratados com solução salina (G-1), dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 3% (G-2) ou TTN 12 mg/kg/dose (G-3), administrados i.p. 21, 12 e 1 hora antes da torção. Ratos anestesiados foram submetidos à isquemia (3 horas) induzida por torção (720º) do cordão espermático direito. Amostras (testículo ipsilateral e 3,0 ml de sangue arterial) foram coletadas ao final da isquemia (T-0), e 3 horas depois (T-3) para a avaliação das concentrações de malonaldeído (MDA), glutationa reduzida (GSH) no testículo e capacidade antioxidante total (TAP) no plasma. RESULTADOS: MDA diminuiu significativamente nos grupos G-2 e G-3 nos tempos T-0 e T-3. Houve diminuição adicional no G-3 após 3 horas. GSH aumentou significativamente nos grupos G-2 (p<0,001) e G-3 (p<0,05) no T-0 e T-3 no G-2. TAP permaneceu inalterada. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados fornecem evidências in vivo das propriedades antioxidantes e antiperoxidativas da TTN na T/D do testículo do rato.(AU)

Ipsilateral testicular necrosis and atrophy after 1.080-degree torsion of the spermatic cord in rats / Necrose e atrofia do testículo ipsilateral após torção de 1080 graus do cordão espermático em ratos

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy immediately after 1 to 4 hours of 1,080-degree torsion of the spermatic cord, and 60 days after detorsion of the spermatic cord. METHODS: 42 rats were divided in 7 groups. Except for the control group, surgical torsion of the right spermatic cord was performed in all groups (T0). After 1, 2, or 4 hours of torsion, each group underwent either ipsilateral orchiectomy (groups OT1, OT2, and OT4), or detorsion of the spermatic cord and observation for 60 days (groups DT1, DT2, and DT4), before they were evaluated for the presence of testicular necrosis/atrophy. RESULTS: Only one rat (5.5%) in groups OT1, OT2, and OT4 had testicular necrosis, in comparison with six rats (33.3%) in groups DT1, DT2, and DT4 (p=0.04). The incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy was not different between subgroups T1, T2, and T4, and the control group (p>0.05). There was, however, a tendency toward greater incidence of necrosis/atrophy in the rats in group DT4. CONCLUSION: The incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy immediately after 1 to 4 hours of 1,080-degree torsion of the spermatic cord is 5.5%, in comparison with 33.3% sixty days after detorsion of the spermatic cord.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de necrose/atrofia testicular imediatamente após 1 a 4 horas de torção de 1080 graus do cordão espermático e 60 dias após a destorção do cordão espermático. MÉTODOS: 42 ratos foram separados em 7 grupos. Exceto para o grupo controle, todos os animais foram submetidos à torção operatória do cordão espermático direito (T0). Após 1, 2 ou 4 horas de torção, cada grupo foi submetido a orquiectomia ipsilateral (grupos OT1, OT2 e OT4), ou destorção do cordão espermático e observação por 60 dias (grupos DT1, DT2 e DT4), antes de serem avaliados para a presença de necrose/atrofia testicular. RESULTADOS: Somente um rato (5,5 por cento) nos grupos OT1, OT2 e OT4 apresentou necrose testicular em comparação com 6 ratos (33,3%) nos grupos DT1, DT2 e DT4 (p=0,04). A incidência de necrose/atrofia testicular não foi diferente entre os subgrupos T1, T2 e T4 e o grupo controle (p>0,05). Houve, no entanto, uma tendência a maior incidência de necrose/atrofia nos ratos do grupo DT4. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de necrose/atrofia testicular imediatamente após 1 a 4 horas de torção de 1080 graus do cordão espermático é de 5,5% em comparação com 33,3% sessenta dias após a destorção do cordão espermático.(AU)

Contribuição da ultrassonografia no criptorquidismo canino / Contribuition of ultrasound in canine cryptorchidism

Caracterizado pela ausência do deslocamento de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para o escroto ou pela impossibilidade de manter a posição fisiológica dos testículos no escroto, o testículo retido tem predisposição para lesões degenerativas que podem levar à torção testicular, atrofia ou neoplasia. A ultrassonografia abdominal auxilia no diagnóstico da localização do testículo retido, na avaliação da anatomia e do parênquima do órgão além de permitir a visualização de diversos órgãos abdominais, diferenciando esta de outras causas de abdome agudo. Na torção testicular há aumento de tamanho testicular e ecogenicidade parenquimal diminuída com alongamento do epidídimo. O método Doppler é um indicador sensível do fluxo sanguíneo testicular comprometido. As neoplasias apresentam padrão parenquimal misto e complexo. Podem causar aumento testicular generalizado e obliteração do mediastino ao ultrassom.(AU)

Characterized by the absence of displacement of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity to the scrotum or the inability to maintain the physiological position of the testes in the scrotum, the retained testicle has a predisposition to degenerative lesions wich may lead to testicular torsion, atrophy, or neoplasia. The abdominal ultrasonography assists in diagnose of the location of the retained testicle on the assesment of the evaluation of the anatomy and parenchyma and allows the visualization of multiple abdominal organs, differentiating it from other causes of acute abdome. In testicular torsion, there is an increase in testicular size and diminished parenchyma echogenicity with longer epididymis. The Doppler method is a sensitive indicator of testicular compromised blood flow. The neoplasms presents a complex and mixture parenchymal pattern. They may cause generalized testicular growth and cancellation of the mediastinum in the ultrasound.(AU)

Contribuição da ultrassonografia no criptorquidismo canino / Contribuition of ultrasound in canine cryptorchidism

Caracterizado pela ausência do deslocamento de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para o escroto ou pela impossibilidade de manter a posição fisiológica dos testículos no escroto, o testículo retido tem predisposição para lesões degenerativas que podem levar à torção testicular, atrofia ou neoplasia. A ultrassonografia abdominal auxilia no diagnóstico da localização do testículo retido, na avaliação da anatomia e do parênquima do órgão além de permitir a visualização de diversos órgãos abdominais, diferenciando esta de outras causas de abdome agudo. Na torção testicular há aumento de tamanho testicular e ecogenicidade parenquimal diminuída com alongamento do epidídimo. O método Doppler é um indicador sensível do fluxo sanguíneo testicular comprometido. As neoplasias apresentam padrão parenquimal misto e complexo. Podem causar aumento testicular generalizado e obliteração do mediastino ao ultrassom.

Characterized by the absence of displacement of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity to the scrotum or the inability to maintain the physiological position of the testes in the scrotum, the retained testicle has a predisposition to degenerative lesions wich may lead to testicular torsion, atrophy, or neoplasia. The abdominal ultrasonography assists in diagnose of the location of the retained testicle on the assesment of the evaluation of the anatomy and parenchyma and allows the visualization of multiple abdominal organs, differentiating it from other causes of acute abdome. In testicular torsion, there is an increase in testicular size and diminished parenchyma echogenicity with longer epididymis. The Doppler method is a sensitive indicator of testicular compromised blood flow. The neoplasms presents a complex and mixture parenchymal pattern. They may cause generalized testicular growth and cancellation of the mediastinum in the ultrasound.

Morphological aspects of the spermatic cord of mice (Mus musculus) / Aspectos morfológicos dos componentes do funículo espermático do camundongo (Mus musculus)

A histological study of the morphological aspects of 33 spermatic cord pairs of adult mice (Mus musculus) showed that its their components were ensheated by a thin mesothelium capsule in 3 pairs. Under this capsule, completely surrounding the cord, there was a dense layer of adipose tissue. Its components were surrounded by loose connective tissue with a predominance of collagen fibers among reticular and elastic fibers. The testicular artery varied in diameter and was involved by the testicular veins, consisting of an inner layer formed by endothelium and an inner limiting elastic membrane, a middle layer formed by a thick smooth muscle layer supported by a network of reticular fibers, and an outer layer consisting of dense connective tissue close to the intervascular connective tissue and the adventitia layers of the veins. The testicular veins form the pampiniform plexus which partially surrounds the artery, presenting wide and irregular lumens, thin walls consisting almost exclusively of endothelium, with no valves and intimately related to the testicular artery. The vas deferens is located at the periphery of the subcapsular adipose tissue which partially surrounds it and is accompanied by arterioles, venules, lymphatic vessels and nerves. The cast of the segment of testicular artery obtained with Neoprene 450 latex in 60 molds exhibited a sinuous trajectory and the length

Estudando os aspectos morfológicos de 33 pares dos funículos espermáticos do camundongo (Mus musculus), adultos, observa-se histologicamente, em 3 pares, que os seus componentes acham-se envolvidos por delgada cápsula de mesotélio. Sob esta cápsula, contornando completamente o funículo, encontra-se densa camada de tecido adiposo. Seus componentes estão rodeados por tecido conjuntivo frouxo, predominando fibras colágenas entre reticulares e elásticas. A artéria testicular mostra calibre variável rodeada pelas veias testiculares, possuindo: túnica interna constituída por endotélio e membrana elástica limitante interna; túnica média formada por espessa camada de musculatura lisa sustentada por uma rede de fibras reticulares; túnica externa constituída por tecido conjuntivo denso, que se encontra contínuo com o tecido conjuntivo intervascular e as adventícias das veias. As veias testiculares formam o plexo pampiniforme, que cerca parcialmente a artéria, apresentando lumens amplos e irregulares, delgadas paredes, constituídas quase que exclusivamente de endotélio, desprovidas de válvulas e apresentando íntima relação com a artéria testicular. O ducto deferente encontra-se na periferia do tecido adiposo subcapsular, que o envolve parcialmente, e está acompanhado de arteríolas, vênulas, linfáticos e nervos. O modelo do segmento da artéria testicular obtido com Neoprene látex "450", em

Contribution to the study of the spermatic cord in Throughbred horses. / Contribuicão ao estudo do funículo espermático de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês

We have studied 28 pairs of spermatic cords of thoroughbred horses in order to estabilish the histological aspects of the following structures: testicular wrappers, arterial and venous vessels, intervascular tissues, as well as the arrangement of its vascular sistem and the length of the testicular arterie segment contained within it.

Estudando 28 pares de funículos espermáticos de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, buscou-se estabelecer os aspectos histológicos dos envoltórios dos testículos, dos vasos arteriais e venosos, dos tecidos intervasculares, bem como o arranjo do seu sistema vascular e o comprimento do segmento da artéria testicular nele contido.

In vivo acute changes in ATP and glucose concentrations in the testicles of prepubertal rats following unilateral torsion

Objective: An experimental study has been conducted to investigate acute changes in testicular concentrations of ATP and glucose following one-hour unilateral 720° testicular torsion. Methods: Sixty prepubertal male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups. Group 1 (Ischemia) animals (n=30) were divided into 5 subgroups (n=6). All animals were subjected to right testicular torsion of 720° lasting one hour followed by detorsion. Testicles were collected and arterial blood samples taken from abdominal aorta at the end of ischemic period and 0.5, 1, 6 and 24 hours following detorsion. The remaining rats (Group 2 - Sham operated) were divided into 5 subgroups and submitted to a similar procedure but detorsion was performed immediately following torsion of the right testis. Results: ATP and glucose concentrations were significantly decreased (P 0.05) in ischemia group as compared to sham group at the end of ischemic period. There was no difference in glycemia when comparing ischemic versus sham-operated rats. Conclusions: Unilateral one-hour testicular torsion causes a decrease in ipsilateral testicular perfusion resulting in decreased testicular concentrations of glucose and ATP. This finding suggests that one-hour unilateral testicular torsion impairs testicular capacity to produce ATP (energy) due to glucose storage depletion and reduced glucose uptake. Similar concentrations of glucose and ATP in testicular tissues of rats submitted to ischemia (Group 1) and sham-operated rats (Group 2) following detorsion implies the possible reversibility of these changes.

Objetivo: Uma das causas mais freqüentes de dor escrotal intensa, de aparecimento súbito, em crianças e adolescentes, é a torção unilateral do testículo. O presente estudo tem como finalidade determinar as alterações agudas nas concentrações de ATP e glicose nos testículos submetidos à uma hora de isquemia induzida por torção testicular unilateral de 720°. Métodos: Sessenta ratos Wistar machos, pré-púberes, foram distribuídos em 2 grupos. O Grupo 1 (isquemia) incluiu 30 animais aleatoriamente distribuídos em 5 subgrupos e submetidos à isquemia testicular por rotação do cordão espermático em torno de seu eixo (720º). Após 60 minutos a torção foi desfeita e em intervalos variáveis (30 minutos, 1 h, 6 h e 24 h) procedeu-se à remoção dos testículos e coleta de amostra de sangue arterial. Os animais restantes (Grupo 2 - controle) foram igualmente distribuídos e submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos mas a distorção do testículo foi efetuada imediatamente após a torção. Resultados: As concentrações de ATP e glicose foram significativamente menores (P 0,05) no grupo isquêmico em comparação ao respectivo controle ao término do período de isquemia. Não foram observadas diferenças na glicemia, comparando-se os dois grupos. Conclusões: A torção testicular unilateral de 720°, por uma hora, leva a um decréscimo na perfusão com redução das concentrações tissulares de ATP e glicose no testículo ipsilateral. Estes achados permitem concluir que a isquemia reduz a capacidade de produção de ATP e a captação da glicose pelo testículo ipsilateral. Concentrações similares de ATP e glicose nos testículos ipsilaterais dos ratos submetidos à isquemia ou cirurgia simulada, após distorção, implicam em possível reversibilidade dessas alterações.

Contribution to the study of the spermatic cord in Throughbred horses / Contribuicão ao estudo do funículo espermático de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês

We have studied 28 pairs of spermatic cords of thoroughbred horses in order to estabilish the histological aspects of the following structures: testicular wrappers, arterial and venous vessels, intervascular tissues, as well as the arrangement of its vascular sistem and the length of the testicular arterie segment contained within it.

Estudando 28 pares de funículos espermáticos de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, buscou-se estabelecer os aspectos histológicos dos envoltórios dos testículos, dos vasos arteriais e venosos, dos tecidos intervasculares, bem como o arranjo do seu sistema vascular e o comprimento do segmento da artéria testicular nele contido.