A sinusoidal equation as an alternative to classical growth functions to describe growth profiles in turkeys

Because of the relatively long growing cycle and the high cost of research into turkey production and nutrition, the potential benefits from modelling growth in this avian species are considerable. Though there are many studies aimed at evaluating animal growth models, the number of studies targeting growth models in turkeys is quite limited. In this paper we present a sinusoidal function to describe the evolution of growth in turkeys as a function of time based on data published by Aviagen. The new function was evaluated with regard to its ability to describe the relationship between body weight and age in turkeys and was compared to four standard growth functions: the Gompertz, logistic, Lopez, and Richards. The results of this study show that the new sinusoidal function precisely describes the growth dynamics of turkeys. Fitting the functions to different data profiles nearly always led to the same or less maximized log-likelihood values for the sinusoidal equation, indicating its suitability in describing growth data from turkeys.(AU)

A sinusoidal equation as an alternative to classical growth functions to describe growth profiles in turkeys

Because of the relatively long growing cycle and the high cost of research into turkey production and nutrition, the potential benefits from modelling growth in this avian species are considerable. Though there are many studies aimed at evaluating animal growth models, the number of studies targeting growth models in turkeys is quite limited. In this paper we present a sinusoidal function to describe the evolution of growth in turkeys as a function of time based on data published by Aviagen. The new function was evaluated with regard to its ability to describe the relationship between body weight and age in turkeys and was compared to four standard growth functions: the Gompertz, logistic, Lopez, and Richards. The results of this study show that the new sinusoidal function precisely describes the growth dynamics of turkeys. Fitting the functions to different data profiles nearly always led to the same or less maximized log-likelihood values for the sinusoidal equation, indicating its suitability in describing growth data from turkeys.

Some physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggs

The physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of eggs play an important role in the processes of embryo development and hatching. Some physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo; Zagorje breed) eggs collected during two laying cycles from same turkey hens were determined in this study. The average values of length, width, geometric mean diameter, weight, surface area, volume, sphericity, eggshell thickness, and eggshell density were determined as 66.61 mm, 46.84 mm, 52.66 mm, 77.74 g, 8712.42 mm2, 76553.49 mm3, 79.31%, 0.354 mm and 3.13 g cm-3, respectively. Eggs collected during second laying cycle were, on average, larger and heavier in comparison with those collected during first cycle. Average albumen, yolk and eggshell percentages of the eggs collected during two laying cycles were 58.11%, 29.50% and 12.39%, respectively. The highest breaking strength was obtained when the eggs were loaded along the X-front axis and the least breaking strength was required along the Z-axis. The average breaking strength, absorbed energy and firmness in loading along the X-front axis were found to be 73.80 N, 9.75 N mm and 280.30 N mm-1, respectively.(AU)

Some physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggs

The physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of eggs play an important role in the processes of embryo development and hatching. Some physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo; Zagorje breed) eggs collected during two laying cycles from same turkey hens were determined in this study. The average values of length, width, geometric mean diameter, weight, surface area, volume, sphericity, eggshell thickness, and eggshell density were determined as 66.61 mm, 46.84 mm, 52.66 mm, 77.74 g, 8712.42 mm2, 76553.49 mm3, 79.31%, 0.354 mm and 3.13 g cm-3, respectively. Eggs collected during second laying cycle were, on average, larger and heavier in comparison with those collected during first cycle. Average albumen, yolk and eggshell percentages of the eggs collected during two laying cycles were 58.11%, 29.50% and 12.39%, respectively. The highest breaking strength was obtained when the eggs were loaded along the X-front axis and the least breaking strength was required along the Z-axis. The average breaking strength, absorbed energy and firmness in loading along the X-front axis were found to be 73.80 N, 9.75 N mm and 280.30 N mm-1, respectively.

Analysis of variables affecting carcass weight of white turkeys by regression analysis based on factor analysis scores and ridge regression

In this study, the influence of carcass parts weights (thigh, breast, wing, back weight, gizzard, heart, and feet) on whole carcass weight of white turkeys (Big-6) was analyzed by regression analysis based on ridge regression and factor analysis scores. For this purpose, a total of 30 turkey carcasses of 15 males and 15 females with 17 weeks of age, were used. To determine the carcass weight (CW), thigh weight (TW), breast weight (BRW), wing weight (WW), back weight (BW), gizzard weight (GW), heart weight (HW), and feet weight (FW) were used. In the ridge regression model, since the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values of the variables were less than 10, the multicollinearity problem was eliminated. Furthermore, R2=0.988 was obtained in the ridge regression model. Since the eigenvalues of the two variables predicted by factor analysis scores were greater than 1, the model can be explained by two factors. The variance explained by two factors constitutes 88.80% of the total variance. The regression equation was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the regression equation, two factors obtained by using factor analysis scores were independent variables and standardized carcass weight was considered as dependent variable. In the regression model created by factor analysis scores, the Variance Inflation Factor values were 1 and R2=0.966. Both regression models were found to be suitable for predicting carcass weight of turkeys. However, the ridge regression method, which presented higher R2 value, has been shown to better explain the carcass weight.(AU)

Analysis of variables affecting carcass weight of white turkeys by regression analysis based on factor analysis scores and ridge regression

In this study, the influence of carcass parts weights (thigh, breast, wing, back weight, gizzard, heart, and feet) on whole carcass weight of white turkeys (Big-6) was analyzed by regression analysis based on ridge regression and factor analysis scores. For this purpose, a total of 30 turkey carcasses of 15 males and 15 females with 17 weeks of age, were used. To determine the carcass weight (CW), thigh weight (TW), breast weight (BRW), wing weight (WW), back weight (BW), gizzard weight (GW), heart weight (HW), and feet weight (FW) were used. In the ridge regression model, since the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values of the variables were less than 10, the multicollinearity problem was eliminated. Furthermore, R2=0.988 was obtained in the ridge regression model. Since the eigenvalues of the two variables predicted by factor analysis scores were greater than 1, the model can be explained by two factors. The variance explained by two factors constitutes 88.80% of the total variance. The regression equation was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the regression equation, two factors obtained by using factor analysis scores were independent variables and standardized carcass weight was considered as dependent variable. In the regression model created by factor analysis scores, the Variance Inflation Factor values were 1 and R2=0.966. Both regression models were found to be suitable for predicting carcass weight of turkeys. However, the ridge regression method, which presented higher R2 value, has been shown to better explain the carcass weight.

Outbreak of cutaneous form of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated commercial turkeys / Surto de bouba aviária na forma cutânea em perus comerciais previamente vacinados

This study describes an outbreak of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated turkeys in Brazil. The turkeys had suggestive gross lesions of cutaneous avian poxvirus in the skin of the head and cervical area without changes in the flock mortality rates. In the slaughterhouse, 30 carcasses were removed from the slaughter line to collect tissue from cutaneous lesions for histological analyses and characterization of the virus. The virus was identified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent gene sequencing. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and hydropic degeneration were seen on skin histopathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger) on keratinocytes were observed in 46.6% of the samples. Avian poxvirus DNA was detected on PCR in 83.3% of the total samples. PCR associated with histopathology had 93.3% of positivity for avian poxvirus. In the phylogenetic study, samples show 100% matching suggesting that the outbreak occurred by a single viral strain and was different from those strains affecting other wild birds such as canaries and sparrows. A single mutation (Adenine for Guanine) was detected in our study's strain and in the strains of turkey, chickens, and vaccine strains published in GenBank. Also, when the sequence strain of the present study and sequences from GenBank of canarypox and sparrowpox strains were aligned, a Thymine was found replacing the Adenine or Guanine. The in ovo vaccination method as single-use in turkeys of this study apparently did not provide adequate protection against avianpox disease, but additional vaccination administered by wing-web when turkeys were 45-60 days old in the new flocks controlled the disease. In the subsequent year, new cases of this disease were not found. It was not possible to confirm the source of the virus strain, but infection with a field strain derived from chickens is one possibility, considering the poultry farm population in the area and biosecurity aspects. For wide characterization of avipoxvirus and differentiation among strains, the complete sequence of the viral genome is required.(AU)

Este estudo descreve um surto de bouba aviária em perus previamente vacinados contra poxvirus aviário no Brasil. Os perus apresentaram lesões macroscópicas, sugestivas de bouba aviaria cutânea, na pele da cabeça e região cervical sem alteração nas taxas de mortalidade do lote. No abatedouro, 30 carcaças foram retiradas da linha de abate para coleta de dois fragmentos de pele com lesões para análise histológica e caracterização do vírus. A identificação do vírus foi realizada por PCR convencional e posterior sequenciamento. No exame histopatológico das lesões de pele, houve acantose, hiperqueratose e degeneração hidrópica. Corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos eosinofílicos (Bollinger) foram encontrados em 46,6% das amostras. A técnica de PCR detectou o DNA do vírus da bouba aviária em 83,3% do total de amostras. PCR associado com a histopatologia resultou em 93,3% de positividade para o vírus da bouba aviária. No estudo filogenético, as sequências resultaram em 100% de identidade, sugerindo que o surto ocorreu por uma única estirpe de vírus diferenciada das outras estirpes que acometem canários e pardais. Uma única mutação (Adenina para Guanina) foi detectada nas estirpes deste estudo e nas sequências de perus, galinhas e estirpes vacinais publicadas no GenBank. Além disso, quando a sequência da estirpe do presente estudo e as sequências das estirpes de canarypox e sparrowpox foram comparadas, a Timina foi encontrada em substituição a Adenina ou Guanina. A vacinação in ovo em dose única utilizada nos perus deste estudo aparentemente não forneceu proteção adequada contra a doença causada pelo poxvirus aviário. Entretanto, a revacinação na membrana da asa em perus com 45-60 dias de idade dos novos lotes controlou a doença. No ano subsequente, novos casos desta doença não foram registrados. Não foi possível confirmar a origem da estirpe viral, mas estirpes de campo oriundas de galinhas seria uma possibilidade, considerando a população na área e os aspectos de biosseguridade. Para caracterização ampla do avipoxvirus e diferenciação entre as estirpes, a sequência completa do genoma viral é requerida.(AU)

Outbreak of cutaneous form of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated commercial turkeys / Surto de bouba aviária na forma cutânea em perus comerciais previamente vacinados

This study describes an outbreak of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated turkeys in Brazil. The turkeys had suggestive gross lesions of cutaneous avian poxvirus in the skin of the head and cervical area without changes in the flock mortality rates. In the slaughterhouse, 30 carcasses were removed from the slaughter line to collect tissue from cutaneous lesions for histological analyses and characterization of the virus. The virus was identified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent gene sequencing. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and hydropic degeneration were seen on skin histopathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger) on keratinocytes were observed in 46.6% of the samples. Avian poxvirus DNA was detected on PCR in 83.3% of the total samples. PCR associated with histopathology had 93.3% of positivity for avian poxvirus. In the phylogenetic study, samples show 100% matching suggesting that the outbreak occurred by a single viral strain and was different from those strains affecting other wild birds such as canaries and sparrows. A single mutation (Adenine for Guanine) was detected in our study's strain and in the strains of turkey, chickens, and vaccine strains published in GenBank. Also, when the sequence strain of the present study and sequences from GenBank of canarypox and sparrowpox strains were aligned, a Thymine was found replacing the Adenine or Guanine. The in ovo vaccination method as single-use in turkeys of this study apparently did not provide adequate protection against avianpox disease, but additional vaccination administered by wing-web when turkeys were 45-60 days old in the new flocks controlled the disease. In the subsequent year, new cases of this disease were not found. It was not possible to confirm the source of the virus strain, but infection with a field strain derived from chickens is one possibility...(AU)

Este estudo descreve um surto de bouba aviária em perus previamente vacinados contra poxvirus aviário no Brasil. Os perus apresentaram lesões macroscópicas, sugestivas de bouba aviaria cutânea, na pele da cabeça e região cervical sem alteração nas taxas de mortalidade do lote. No abatedouro, 30 carcaças foram retiradas da linha de abate para coleta de dois fragmentos de pele com lesões para análise histológica e caracterização do vírus. A identificação do vírus foi realizada por PCR convencional e posterior sequenciamento. No exame histopatológico das lesões de pele, houve acantose, hiperqueratose e degeneração hidrópica. Corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos eosinofílicos (Bollinger) foram encontrados em 46,6% das amostras. A técnica de PCR detectou o DNA do vírus da bouba aviária em 83,3% do total de amostras. PCR associado com a histopatologia resultou em 93,3% de positividade para o vírus da bouba aviária. No estudo filogenético, as sequências resultaram em 100% de identidade, sugerindo que o surto ocorreu por uma única estirpe de vírus diferenciada das outras estirpes que acometem canários e pardais. Uma única mutação (Adenina para Guanina) foi detectada nas estirpes deste estudo e nas sequências de perus, galinhas e estirpes vacinais publicadas no GenBank. Além disso, quando a sequência da estirpe do presente estudo e as sequências das estirpes de canarypox e sparrowpox foram comparadas, a Timina foi encontrada em substituição a Adenina ou Guanina. A vacinação in ovo em dose única utilizada nos perus deste estudo aparentemente não forneceu proteção adequada contra a doença causada pelo poxvirus aviário. Entretanto, a revacinação na membrana da asa em perus com 45-60 dias de idade dos novos lotes controlou a doença. No ano subsequente, novos casos desta doença não foram registrados. Não foi possível confirmar a origem da estirpe viral, mas estirpes de...(AU)

Turkey meat quality (Meleagris gallopavo) submitted to different ventilation systems during fattening / Qualidade da carne de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) submetidos a diferentes sistemas de ventilação durante a engorda

The present investigation evaluated the quality of turkey meat produced in two production systems, according to the following parameters: water loss in cooking, drip water loss, texture (shear strength), pH, color, humidity, protein, ashes and lipids. A total of 200 turkey breast samples of 500 g, separated by a batch of 20 samples, from ten aviaries from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were used: five from breeding with a traditional ventilation system and five with a mechanical ventilation system. Samples were obtained after slaughter and frozen at -15°C for 30 days. The results were submitted to variance analysis and the Tukey test. Significant differences were found only in the analysis of drip water loss. The birds of the traditional ventilation system presented 14.26% loss of water drip, while those of the ventilation exhaust system presented a loss of 19.21%. There were no differences in the chemical composition of poultry meat in relation to the production systems.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da carne de perus criados em dois sistemas de produção, a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: perda de água na cocção, perda de água por gotejamento, textura (resistência ao cisalhamento), pH, cor, umidade, proteína, cinzas e lipídios. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de peito de peru de 500 g, separadas por lote de 20 amostras, de dez aviários de Santa Catarina, Brasil, dos quais: cinco provenientes de criação com sistema de ventilação tradicional e cinco com sistema de ventilação mecânica. As amostras foram obtidas após o abate e congeladas a -15°C durante 30 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas na análise da perda de água por gotejamento. As aves do sistema de ventilação tradicional apresentaram 14,26% de perda de gotejamento de água, enquanto as do sistema de exaustão de ventilação, 19,21%. Não houve diferenças na composição química das carnes de aves em relação aos sistemas de produção.(AU)

Turkey meat quality (Meleagris gallopavo) submitted to different ventilation systems during fattening / Qualidade da carne de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) submetidos a diferentes sistemas de ventilação durante a engorda

The present investigation evaluated the quality of turkey meat produced in two production systems, according to the following parameters: water loss in cooking, drip water loss, texture (shear strength), pH, color, humidity, protein, ashes and lipids. A total of 200 turkey breast samples of 500 g, separated by a batch of 20 samples, from ten aviaries from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were used: five from breeding with a traditional ventilation system and five with a mechanical ventilation system. Samples were obtained after slaughter and frozen at -15°C for 30 days. The results were submitted to variance analysis and the Tukey test. Significant differences were found only in the analysis of drip water loss. The birds of the traditional ventilation system presented 14.26% loss of water drip, while those of the ventilation exhaust system presented a loss of 19.21%. There were no differences in the chemical composition of poultry meat in relation to the production systems.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da carne de perus criados em dois sistemas de produção, a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: perda de água na cocção, perda de água por gotejamento, textura (resistência ao cisalhamento), pH, cor, umidade, proteína, cinzas e lipídios. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de peito de peru de 500 g, separadas por lote de 20 amostras, de dez aviários de Santa Catarina, Brasil, dos quais: cinco provenientes de criação com sistema de ventilação tradicional e cinco com sistema de ventilação mecânica. As amostras foram obtidas após o abate e congeladas a -15°C durante 30 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas na análise da perda de água por gotejamento. As aves do sistema de ventilação tradicional apresentaram 14,26% de perda de gotejamento de água, enquanto as do sistema de exaustão de ventilação, 19,21%. Não houve diferenças na composição química das carnes de aves em relação aos sistemas de produção.(AU)

The Influence of Probiotic Bacteria (Bacillus Toyoi) on Livability and Performance of Young Meat-Type Turkeys

The aim of study was to determine the impact of a probiotic preparation containing live bacteria Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the performance of turkeys in order to define the effective dose of the preparation and to evaluate its influence on poults' livability in the first month of life. Three hundred and sixty B.U.T. 9 male turkey were divided into three groups. The control group (I) was fed a diet with no probiotic additive, and groups II and III were given a probiotic product containing 0.2x109 and 1x109 B. toyoi CFU/kg of feed respectively. Body weight was recorded in weeks 1, 6, and 18. Livability, feed conversion ratio, and European Efficiency Factor (EEF) were estimated. In experiment II, the impact of a standardized probiotic dose on livability and performance parameters of B.U.T. 9 turkey poults were evaluated. Two groups were selected within each sex: control (C), feed without probiotic, and experimental (T), which feed contained the probiotic preparation. Mortality and body weight were registered. The better livability and performance of the turkeys fed probiotic justifies the use of bacteria Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to improve performance results and livability during the first weeks of the turkeys' life. The bacterium strain concentration of 1.0x109 CFU/kg of feed can be assumed as optimal.

The Influence of Probiotic Bacteria (Bacillus Toyoi) on Livability and Performance of Young Meat-Type Turkeys

The aim of study was to determine the impact of a probiotic preparation containing live bacteria Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the performance of turkeys in order to define the effective dose of the preparation and to evaluate its influence on poults' livability in the first month of life. Three hundred and sixty B.U.T. 9 male turkey were divided into three groups. The control group (I) was fed a diet with no probiotic additive, and groups II and III were given a probiotic product containing 0.2x109 and 1x109 B. toyoi CFU/kg of feed respectively. Body weight was recorded in weeks 1, 6, and 18. Livability, feed conversion ratio, and European Efficiency Factor (EEF) were estimated. In experiment II, the impact of a standardized probiotic dose on livability and performance parameters of B.U.T. 9 turkey poults were evaluated. Two groups were selected within each sex: control (C), feed without probiotic, and experimental (T), which feed contained the probiotic preparation. Mortality and body weight were registered. The better livability and performance of the turkeys fed probiotic justifies the use of bacteria Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to improve performance results and livability during the first weeks of the turkeys' life. The bacterium strain concentration of 1.0x109 CFU/kg of feed can be assumed as optimal.(AU)

UTILIZAÇÃO DE FITASE EM DIETAS PARA PERUS

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar os efeitos de utilização de fitase exógena na dieta de perus de corte. No experimento 1, 320 perus de um dia de idade foram distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições de 10 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle positivo (CP), controle negativo (CN, -0,15% P disponível e -0,18% Ca), CN + 2000 FYT/kg, CN + 4000 FYT/kg. Foram avaliados consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP) e conversão alimentar (CA) de 1-28 dias; Digestibilidade ileal e metabolizabilidade aparente da dieta; Energia digestível (EDA) e metabolizável (EMA) aparentes; Resíduo mineral, Ca, P e Índice de Seedor na tíbia e concentração de inositol no plasma. A adição de fitase aumentou CR e GP em comparação a dieta CN (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal de P e metabolizabilidade da dieta foram melhoradas linearmente com fitase, assim como valores de EDA e EMA (P<0,05), resultando em aumento linear do teor de P nas tíbias e concentração plasmática de inositol. No experimento 2, 420 perus de um dia foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2: 3 doses de fitase (0, 1000 e 2500 FYT/kg) e 2 pH da água (5,5 e 8,2), com 6 tratamentos e 7 repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram avaliados CR, GP, CA e ingestão de água (IA) de 1-21 dias de idade; Digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade aparente da dieta; EDA e EMA; Resíduo mineral, Ca, P e Índice de Seedor na tíbia; pH da moela e concentração plasmática de inositol. A fitase melhorou o GPM e CA em comparação a dieta sem enzima (P<0,05). Não houve efeito de pH da água sobre desempenho (P>0,05) e a IA e pH da moela não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P> 0,05). O uso de fitase melhorou a digestibilidade, metabolizabilidade e valores de EDA e EMA da dieta (P<0,05) independente do pH. O teor de minerais nas tibias e de inositol no plasma foi maior com adição de fitase (P<0,05), sem influência do pH da água (P>0.05). A digestibilidade de Ca e P foi maior em pH 8,2 e a dose de 1000 FYT/kg foi mais eficaz em pH 8,2 para EDA e EMA, enquanto o aproveitamento de matéria seca e proteína foram maiores em pH 5,5. Contudo ao aumentar a dose para 2500 FYT/kg as variáveis de utilização da dieta foram semelhantes em ambos os valores de pH. Os resultados permitem concluir que doses altas de fitase podem ser usadas para otimizar o aproveitamento da dieta de perus e melhorar o desempenho, mineralização óssea e disponibilização de inositol.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of adding exogenous phytase on turkey diets. In experiment 1, 320 one-d-old turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 repetitions of 10 birds each. Treatments consisted of a positive control diet, negative control (NC, -0.15% available P and -0.18% Ca), NC + 2000 FYT/kg, NC + 4000 FYT/kg. Evaluated variables were: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) from 1-28 days; Dietary apparent ileal digestibility and metabolizability; Digestible and metabolizable energy (ADE, AME); Mineral residue, Ca, P and Seedor Index in the tibia and plasmatic inositol. Phytase addition increased FI and WG compared to CN diet (P<0.05). Ileal P digestibility and diet metabolizability were linearly improved with phytase, as well as ADE and AME values (P<0.05), resulting in a linear increase of P bone content and plasmatic concentration of inositol. In experiment 2, 420 one-d-old turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial scheme: 3 phytase doses (0, 1000 and 2500 FYT/kg) and 2 water pH levels (5.5 and 8.2), with 6 treatments and 7 replicates of 10 birds. Analyzed variables were: FI, WG, FC and water ingestion (WI) from 1-21 days; apparent digestibility and metabolizability of the diet; ADE and AME; Mineral residue, Ca, P and Seedor Index in the tibia; Plasmatic inositol concentration and gizzard pH. Fitase improved WG and FC compared to unsupplemented diet (P<0.05). Water pH did not affect performance and no difference between treatments were observed for WI and gizzard pH (P>0.05). Phytase inclusion improved dietary digestibility and metabolizabity, as well as AME and ADE independently of water pH (P<0.05). Mineral content in tibia and plasmatic inositol were higher with phytase (P<0.05), and were not affected by water pH (P>0.05). Ca and P digestibility were higher in 8.2 water pH, and 1000 FYT/kg dose was more effective on 8.2 pH for ADE and AME, whereas protein and dry matter utilization were higher in 5.5 pH. When increasing the dose to 2500 FYT/kg, however, phytase equally improved diet utilization on both water pH levels. It is concluded that high doses of phytase can be used to optimize diet utilization on turkeys and improve performance, bone mineralization and inositol provison.

Aplicação da técnica de RT-PCR para metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) / Application of RT-PCR technique for avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) / Aplicación de la técnica RT-PCR para metapneumovirus aviario (aMPV)

Os principais hospedeiros do Metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) são os frangos de corte e perus. O vírus acomete o trato respiratório superior dos perus desencadeando a Rinotraqueíte Viral dos Perus (RVP). O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar uma técnica de RT-PCR para a detecção do aMPV, por meio do uso do kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®). Foram utilizados amostras de suabes de traqueia e pulmão de 38 perus comerciais com sintomatologia respiratória e dois suabes oculares de faisão. O RNA viral foi extraído utilizando-se o kit RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (STRATEC Molecular). Em seguida as amostras foram submetidas à RT-PCR One Step, utilizando o kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®). Todas as 40 amostras testadas por RT-PCR foram negativas, exceto a amostra vacinal que foi utilizada como controle positivo. O aMPV não causa latência em frangos de corte ou perus, logo a excreção viral é limitada. Dessa forma, a ausência da detecção de genoma viral neste estudo pode ser justificada devido à idade que as amostras foram coletadas em perus, com 140 dias no abatedouro, impossibilitando dessa maneira a amplificação do genoma do aMPV. Porém, esse estudo também mostra que a RT-PCR se mostrou eficaz para detectar o genoma viral do aMPV, podendo dessa forma ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico rápido para investigação e estudo de casos de aMPV em rebanho de perus.(AU)

The main hosts of Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) are broilers and turkeys. This virus affects the upper respiratory tract of turkeys, triggering Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT). The aim of this study was to optimize a RT-PCR technique in order to detect aMPV using the AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®) kit. Tracheal and lung swab samples from 38 commercial turkeys with respiratory symptoms and two ocular swabs from pheasants were analyzed. Viral RNA was extracted using RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (Molecular STRATEC) kit. All 40 samples tested were negative in the RT-PCR. The only positive sample was a vaccine strain, used as the positive control. The aMPV does not cause latency in broilers, chickens or turkeys, thus, the viral excretion is limited. However, the absence of viral genome detection in this study may be justified due to the age the samples were collected, since they were collected in turkeys with about 140 days in the slaughterhouse, thus preventing the amplification of the aMPV genome. This study shows that the RT-PCR is effective to detect aMPV viral genome and may be used as a rapid diagnostic tool for research and for the studying of aMPV cases in turkey flocks in Brazil.(AU)

Los principales anfitriones de Metapneumovirus aviario (aMPV) son los pollos de engorde y pavos. El virus afecta el tracto respiratorio superior de los pavos desencadenando la Rinotraqueitis Viral de los pavos (RVP). El principal objetivo de ese estudio fue estandarizar una técnica de RT-PCR para la detección del aMPV, a través del uso del kit AccessQuick™-PCRsystem (Promega®). Se utilizaron muestras de hisopos traqueales y pulmonares de 38 pavos comerciales con síntomas respiratorios y dos hisopos oculares de faisán. El RNA viral se extrajo utilizando el kit DNA RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (STRATEC Molecular). A continuación, las muestras se sometieron a la RT-PCR OneStep utilizando el kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR (Promega®). Todas las 40 muestras analizadas por RT-PCR fueron negativas, excepto la muestra de vacuna que se utilizó como control positivo. El aMPV no causa latencia en pollos de engorde o pavos, por lo que la excreción viral es limitada. Así, la ausencia de la detección de genoma viral en este estudio puede ser justificada debido a la edad que se recogieron las muestras en los pavos, con 140 días en el matadero, imposibilitando de este modo la amplificación del genoma del aMPV. Sin embargo, ese estudio también muestra que la RT-PCR se ha demostrado eficaz para detectar el genoma viral del aMPV, pudiendo así ser utilizado como una herramienta de diagnóstico rápido para investigación y estudio de casos de aMPV en bandada de pavos.(AU)

Comparação de Aspectos Microbiológicos, Patológicos e Zootécnicos entre Frangos e Perus de Corte desafiados com Salmonella Heidelberg

O agronegócio representa uma fatia expressiva do PIB (produto interno bruto) nacional e no setor produtivo, frangos e perus de corte são responsáveis por boa parte da produção e exportação de produtos cárneos. A Salmonella spp. continua sendo uma toxinfecção alimentar de importância em saúde pública, sendo que nos últimos anos o sorovar Heidelberg (SH) vem ganhando destaque por sua característica mais invasiva, com plasmídeos responsáveis pela transmissão de genes de resistência. Ele também pode provocar danos à mucosa intestinal, semelhantes aos causados pelo sorovar Enteritidis (SE) e sua detecção pode ser realizada por cultivos microbiológicos e através de suabes, mesmo que estes apresentem uma baixa confiabilidade devido à excreção intermitente da bactéria. Devido a carência de informações a respeito da patogenia da SH em ambas as espécies, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de frangos e perus de corte às ações da SH.

Agribusiness represents a significant share of GDP (gross domestic product) national and the productive sector, broilers and turkeys are responsible for much of the production and export of meat products. Salmonella spp. continues to be a food poisoning of public health importance, and in recent years serovar Heidelberg (SH) has been highlighted by its more invasive characteristics, with plasmids responsible for the transmission of resistance genes. It can also cause damage to the intestinal mucosa, similar to those caused by serovar Enteritidis (SE), and their detection can be performed through swabs, even if they present a low reliability due to the intermittent excretion of the bacteria. Due to the lack of information about the pathogenicity in both species, the objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of broilers and turkeys poults to SH actions.

Histomoníase em peru (Meleagris gallopavo) - relato de caso / Histomoniasis in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) - a case report / Histomoniasis en pavos (Meleagris gallopavo) ­ relato del caso

A histomoníase ou cabeça negra, causada pelo Histomonas meleagridis, ocasiona um quadro de enterohepatite nas aves acometidas. Das aves em geral, os perus (Meleagridis gallopavo) de todas as idades são os mais suscetíveis, porém, a mortalidade é mais elevada naqueles com aproximadamente 12 semanas de vida. A transmissão ocorre pela ingestão do nematoide Heterakis gallinarum ou seus ovos embrionados. O contato com fezes contaminadas pelo H. meleagridis e ingestão de minhocas contaminadas com o nematoide também são fontes de transmissão da enfermidade. O presente relato teve como objetivo apresentar um caso de histomoníase em um peru jovem atendido no laboratório de Ornitopatologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (FMVZ - UNESP), campus Botucatu - SP. Brasil.

The histomoniasis or blackhead caused by Histomonas meleagridis, can produce an enterohepatite in birds. In general, the turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are more susceptible; however, birds on twelve weeks have higher mortality rates. Transmission occurs by ingestion of nematode Heterakis gallinarum or their embryonated eggs Contact with contaminated feces by H. meleagridis and ingestion of worms contaminated with nematode are also sources of transmission of the disease. The aim of the work was to report the occurrence of histomoniasis in a young turkey attended at the ornitopathology laboratory at school veterinary hospital - Paulista State University (FMVZ - UNESP) Sao Paulo, Botucatu campus. Brazil.

La histomoniasis o cabeza negra, causada por la Histomonas meleagridis, ocasiona un cuadro de enterohepatitis en las aves que afecta. De las aves en general, los pavos (Meleagridis gallopavo) de todas las edades son los más suceptíbles, sin embargo, la mortalidad es más elevada en aquellos con aproximadamente 12 semanas de vida. La transmisión se produce por la ingestión de nematodeos Heterakis gallinarum o sus huevos embrionados. Póngase en contacto con heces contaminadas de H. meleagridis y la ingestión con gusanos nematodeos contaminados también son fuentes de transmisión de la enfermedad. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo relatar un caso de histomoniasis en un pavo joven atendido en el laboratorio de Ornitopatología del Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Estadual Paulista (FMVZ-UNESP), campus de Botucatu-SP. Brasil.

Infecção experimental por Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Escherichia coli em perus / Experimental infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli in turkeys

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) é responsável por provocar sinusite infecciosa em perus. A infecção por Mycoplasma spp. torna a ave susceptível a infecção por Escherichia coli. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver em perus, um modelo experimental para a sinusite infecciosa. Utilizou-se 250 peru,s machos da linhagem Nicholas (Aviagen®) divididos em grupo não infectado (T1) e grupo desafiado (T2) que recebeu por via ocular, com um dia de idade, Mycoplasma gallisepticum cepa F e aos 21 dias de idade E. coli por via saco aéreo. Analisou-se a mortalidade, os sinais clínicos e lesões em sacos aéreos, fígado e coração. Concluiu-se que o delineamento experimental utilizado foi eficaz para simular a infecção natural por MG e E. coli, sendo que a vacina contra MG-F utilizada para poedeiras é patogênica para perus.(AU)

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes infectious sinusitis in turkeys, and is commonly associated with Escherichia coli. The objective of this study was to develop in turkeys an experimental model for infectious sinusitis. Two hundred and fifty male turkeys of Nicholas breed (Aviagen®) were divided into negative control group and challenged, animals were housed until 42 days old. The birds were inoculated in the first day of age with the MG vaccine (F-VAX ® Schering Plough) and on day 21 with E. coli. We analyzed the mortality, clinical signs and lesions in air sacs, liver and heart. The results showed that the vaccine against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG-F) is pathogenic for turkeys and that the experiment was able to simulate natural infection with MG and E. coli.(AU)

Seleção e caracterização probiótica in vitro de Lactobacillus spp. com potencial de inibição de Salmonella Heidelberg

O presente trabalho teve como proposta realizar a caracterização probiótica in vitro de amostras de Lactobacillus spp., provenientes de conteúdo intestinal de perus adultos e saudáveis, através do isolamento e identificação por características morfológicas, moleculares e fisiológicas. Inicialmente foram isoladas 170 amostras, as quais foram avaliadas pelo método de coloração de gram, testes de produção de catalase, hidróxido de potássio, produção de gás através da fermentação da glicose e produção de gás sulfídrico em Triple Sugar Iron (TSI). Após foram pré-selecionadas 74 amostras, que passaram por identificação molecular com a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) e submetidas ao PCR-ARDRA com uso das enzimas Sph I, Nco I, Nhe I, Ssp I, Sfu I, Dra I, Vsp I, Eco RI, Hinc II, Hind III e Avr II. A avaliação da resistência bacteriana ocorreu através dos testes de suco gástrico artificial e sua tolerância a sais biliares, capacidade de adesão à mucosa intestinal, potencial de multiplicação, provas de antagonismo contra Salmonella Heidelberg, produção de peróxido de hidrogênio, antibiograma e avaliação dos genes de resistência antimicrobianos integrons C e submetidas ao sequenciamento genético. Concluiu-se que 11 amostras foram selecionadas, sendo uma de Lactobacillus frumenti, 9 de Lactobacillus reuteri e uma de Lactobacillus johnsonii, todas com resultados nos testes de antagonismo, resistência ao suco gástrico, resistência a sais biliares, hidrofobicidade, potencial de multiplicação, produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e com resistência a mais de 50% dos antimicrobianos testados, porém não apresentaram genes de resistência antimicrobianos na técnica que avalia genes integrons C, baseado nos resultados de todas as análises as amostras selecionadas podem vir a ser administradas in vivo.

The aim of the present work was to characterize the in vitro probiotic characterization of Lactobacillus spp. Samples from intestinal contents of adult and healthy turkeys through isolation and identification by morphological, molecular and physiological characteristics. Initially, 170 samples were isolated, which were evaluated by gram staining method, catalase production tests, potassium hydroxide, gas production through glucose fermentation and the production of sulphide gas in Triple Sugar Iron (TSI). After being pre-selected 74 samples, which were submitted to PCR-ARDRA using the enzymes Sph I, Nco I, Nhe I, Ssp I, Sfu I, Dra I, Vsp I, Eco RI, Hinc II, Hind III and Avr II. The evaluation of bacterial resistance occurred through the tests of artificial gastric juice and its tolerance to bile salts, intestinal mucosal adhesion capacity, multiplication potential, Salmonella Heidelberg antagonism tests, hydrogen peroxide production, antibiogram and evaluation of the genes of Antimicrobial resistance and submitted to genetic sequencing. It was concluded that 11 samples were selected, one of Lactobacillus frumenti, 9 of Lactobacillus reuteri and one of Lactobacillus johnsonii, all with results in the tests of antagonism, resistance to gastric juice, resistance to bile salts, hydrophobicity, multiplication potential , Hydrogen peroxide production and resistance to more than 50% of the antimicrobials tested, but did not present antimicrobial resistance genes in the technique that evaluates integron C genes, based on the results of all the analyzes the selected samples can be administered in vivo. ¨¨

The pattern of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) excretion, was studied / Emprego do óxido crômlco, para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, em perus (Meleagris gallopavo) II. Sobre o rítmo de excreção e recuperação, do óxido crômico, administrado em cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração

45 days old Turkeys were randomly divided into four groups two of which were administered 605 mg of chromic oxide in gelatin capsules, daily, and the others two received it at 0,17% in the ration (on dry weight basis). The faeces were collected during 24 hours periods. It was concluded that the fluctuations in chromium oxide excretion, expressed in per cent, obtained in the two experiments gelatin capsules x mixed in the ration showed no significant differences being their values 91,8%, 80,6% and 86,9%, 91,8%, respectively.

Utilizando dois métodos de administração do indicador na ração 0,17% sobre a Matéria Seca e em cápsulas de gelatina X = 605 mg administradas duas vezes ao dia os autores estudaram o ritmo de excreção e recuperação do óxido crômico. Os perus, em número de 12, com 45 dias de idade, foram pesados e sorteados em quatro lotes iguais e consumiram a mesma ração durante todo o experimento. O consumo de ração e excreção de fezes foram cuidadosamente controlados. As fezes, sempre após homogeneização, foram colhidas uma única vez ao dia. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os índices de óxido crômico ocorreram logo após 24 horas e que o período preliminar pode ser de três dias. Não houve diferenças consideradas significantes quanto à administração, cápsulas de gelatina ou ração, no relativo à recuperação do indicador nas fezes 91,8 e 80,6% e 86,9 e 91,8%.

The pattern of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) excretion, was studied / Emprego do óxido crômlco, para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, em perus (Meleagris gallopavo) II. Sobre o rítmo de excreção e recuperação, do óxido crômico, administrado em cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração

45 days old Turkeys were randomly divided into four groups two of which were administered 605 mg of chromic oxide in gelatin capsules, daily, and the others two received it at 0,17% in the ration (on dry weight basis). The faeces were collected during 24 hours periods. It was concluded that the fluctuations in chromium oxide excretion, expressed in per cent, obtained in the two experiments gelatin capsules x mixed in the ration showed no significant differences being their values 91,8%, 80,6% and 86,9%, 91,8%, respectively.

Utilizando dois métodos de administração do indicador na ração 0,17% sobre a Matéria Seca e em cápsulas de gelatina X = 605 mg administradas duas vezes ao dia os autores estudaram o ritmo de excreção e recuperação do óxido crômico. Os perus, em número de 12, com 45 dias de idade, foram pesados e sorteados em quatro lotes iguais e consumiram a mesma ração durante todo o experimento. O consumo de ração e excreção de fezes foram cuidadosamente controlados. As fezes, sempre após homogeneização, foram colhidas uma única vez ao dia. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os índices de óxido crômico ocorreram logo após 24 horas e que o período preliminar pode ser de três dias. Não houve diferenças consideradas significantes quanto à administração, cápsulas de gelatina ou ração, no relativo à recuperação do indicador nas fezes 91,8 e 80,6% e 86,9 e 91,8%.