Antimicrobial resistance phenotypic profile of isolates from clinical infections in dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism.[...]

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial resistance phenotypic profile of isolates from clinical infections in dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism.[...](AU)

Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in stool specimens submitted for Clostridium difficile toxin testing

The aim of this study was to determine the association between Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and efficacy of screening stools submitted for C. difficile toxin assay for prevalence of VRE. Between April 2012 and February 2014, 158 stool samples submitted for C. difficile toxin to the Marmara University Microbiology Laboratory, were included in the study. Stool samples were analyzed by enzyme immuno assay test; VIDAS (bioMerieux, France) for Toxin A&B. Samples were inoculated on chromID VRE (bioMerieux, France) and incubated 24 h at 37 °C. Manuel tests and API20 STREP (bioMerieux, France) test were used to identify the Enterococci species. After the species identification, vancomycin and teicoplanin MIC's were performed by E test and molecular resistance genes for vanA vs vanB were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 158 stool samples, 88 were toxin positive. The prevalence of VRE was 17%(n:19) in toxin positives however, 11.4% in toxin negatives(n:70). All VRE isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium. These results were evaluated according to Fischer's exact chi-square test and p value between VRE colonization and C. difficile toxin positivity was detected 0.047 (p 0.05). PPV and NPV were 79% and 47% respectively. In our study, the presence of VRE in C. difficile toxin positives is statistically significant compared with toxin negatives (p 0.05). Screening for VRE is both additional cost and work load for the laboratories. Therefore VRE screening among C. difficile toxin positive samples, will be cost effective for determination of high risk patients in the hospitals especially for developing countries.(AU)

Gram-positive bacterial resistant strains of interest in Animal and Public Health / Resistência bacteriana em gram positivos de interesse em Saúde Animal e Pública

Among multiresistant Gram-positive microorganisms, stands out methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital acquired and community infections reported in medicine and large increase in reports of veterinary medicine. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described. MRS is intrinsically resistant to all ?-lactam drugs. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described, but Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate resistance and resistant to vancomycin (VISA/VRSA) has not yet been reported in veterinary medicine, still need further study. Staphylococcus spp. are also related to antimicrobial resistance of macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) group, that has the same mechanism of action, although the drugs belong to different classes. In veterinary medicine, clindamycin (lincosamide class) is widely used for skin infections, wounds, bone infections, pneumonia, infections of the oral cavity, and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, besides being used for treatments of MRS infections. Enterococcus is another resistant Gram-positive microorganism, from which vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) are the most important strains. There are several reports of VREs in veterinary medicine due the use of a similar...(AU)

Dentre os micro-organismos gram positivos multirresistentes destacam-se, principalmente os Staphylococcus spp. meticilina resistente (MRS), patógenos considerados oportunistas e relacionados tanto a infecções hospitalares como infecções comunitárias, tendo inúmeros relatos na medicina e um grande aumento de relatos na medicina veterinária, em diversas espécies de animais. MRS são intrinsicamente resistentes a todas as drogas beta-lactâmicas. Os Staphylococcus aureus com resistência intermediária e os resistentes à vancomicina (VISA/VRSA) ainda não foram reportados em animais, porém são necessários estudos mais aprofundados. Os Staphylococcus spp. também estão relacionados com resistência aos antimicrobianos do grupo dos Macrolídeos, Lincosamidas e Streptogramineas B (MLSb), que apesar de serem de classes diferentes, possuem o mesmo mecanismo de ação. Na medicina veterinária, a clindamicina (antimicrobiano da classe da Lincosamida) é amplamente utilizada para tratamentos de infecções de pele, feridas, infecções ósseas, pneumonia, infecção da cavidade oral e infecções causadas por bactérias anaeróbicas, além de ser utilizada em infecções causadas por MRS. Outro gênero de micro-organismos gram positivos resistente é o Enterococcus, sendo os Enterococcus vancomicina resistente (VRE) os de maior importância. Após vários relatos de VRE na medicina veterinária, devido ao grande uso...(AU)

Caracterização de micro-organismos multirresistentes isolados do ambiente e colonizando humanos, cães e gatos em um hospital veterinário de ensino

Infecção hospitalar (IH) ou nosocomial é a infecção adquirida dentro do hospital e que não tenha relação com o motivo da internação do paciente, tendo como principais causadores as bactérias multirresistentes, sobretudo os Staphylococcus meticilina resistente (MRS), Enterococcus vancomicina resistente (VRE), bacilos Gram negativos (BGN) produtores de beta-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e os BGN produtores de carbapenemases (CP). Com isso, os objetivos do trabalho foram detectar os principais micro-organismos multirresistentes envolvidos em infecções hospitalares na medicina veterinária, além de apontar os principais pontos de contaminação do Hospital de Clínica Veterinária (HCV) do CAV-UDESC. As amostras do ambiente foram coletadas em um único dia em quadruplicata e das pessoas envolvidas na rotina do hospital foi realizado um swab nasal. Foram coletados swab nasal e retal dos animais que permanecerem internados no HCV por mais de dois dias no momento da admissão do paciente e no momento da alta do hospital. Após a coleta das amostras os micro-organismos multirresistentes que apresentaram crescimento e características fenotípicas de resistência foram identificados e submetidos ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e, posteriormente, a detecção dos principais genes de resistência através da técnica de PCR. Foram coletadas 106 amostras de animais, sendo 44,34% (9 gatos e 38 cães) positivas para bactérias produtoras de ESBL. A Escherichia coli foi a principal bactéria produtora de ESBL isolada (53,42%). O gene TEM exibiu a maior frequência em isolados produtores de ESBL. Enterococcus faecalis foi o VRE mais isolado dos animais (35,8%). Enterococcus foi identificado com a presença do gene vanA (52,54% - n = 31), do gene vanB (23,73% - n = 14), do vanC (20,34% - n = 12) e do gene vanE (3, 39% - n = 2). Dos 81 cães e 25 gatos (n=106), 49,38% (n=40) e 44% (n=11) respectivamente estavam colonizados por MRS, totalizando 51 animais (48,11%), assim como 90% (18/20) dos swabs nasais coletados das pessoas. Todos os MRS fenotipicamente identificados apresentaram o gene mecA. Foi possível identificar micro-organismos CP em 13,21% (n=14, sendo 13 cães e um gato). Foram detectados os genes KPC (3), NDM (7), SPM (3), OXA-48 (3) e os genes FOX (3), ACC (4) e ACT (3). Dos 39 locais do HCV que foram realizados coleta do ambiente, todos (100%) apresentaram ao menos um dos micro-organismos pesquisados. Dos 94 pools coletados, foi possível isolar MRS em 81,91% (n=77), VRE em 12,77% (n=12), ESBL em 62,77% (n=59) e CP em 24,47% (n=23).

Hospital-acquired infection (IH) or nosocomial infection is the infection acquired within the hospital and is unrelated to the reason for the patient's hospitalization. The main causes are multiresistant bacteria, especially methicillin resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Gram-negative bacilli (BGN) extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing (CP). The aim of the study was to detect the main multiresistant microorganisms involved in hospital-acquired infections in veterinary medicine, as well as to identify the main contamination points of the Hospital de Clínica Veterinária (HCV) of the CAV-UDESC. The samples of the environment were collected in a single day in quadruplicate and of the people involved in the routine of the hospital a nasal swab was performed. Nasal and rectal swabs were collected from animals that remained hospitalized for more than two days at the time of admission and at hospital discharge. After the collection of the samples, the multiresistant microorganisms that presented growth and phenotypic characteristics of resistance were identified and submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and, later, the detection of the main resistance genes by PCR technique. A total of 106 animal samples were collected, 44.34% (9 cats and 38 dogs) positive for ESBL-producing bacteria. Escherichia coli was the major ESBL-producing bacterium isolated (53.42%). The TEM gene exhibited the highest frequency in ESBL-producing isolates. Enterococcus faecalis was the most isolated VRE of the animals (35.8%). Enterococcus was identified with the presence of the vanA gene (52.54% - n = 31), the vanB gene (23.73% - n = 14), the vanC gene (20.34% - n = 12) and the vanE gene (3.39% - n = 2). Of the 81 dogs and 25 cats (n = 106), 49.38% (n = 40) and 44% (n = 11) respectively were colonized by MRS, totaling 51 animals (48.11%) as well as 90% (18/20) of nasal swabs collected from people. All phenotypically identified MRSs had the mecA gene. It was possible to identify CP microorganisms in 13.21% (n = 14, 13 dogs and one cat). The KPC (3), NDM (7), SPM (3), OXA-48 (3) and FOX (3), ACC (4) and ACT (3) genes were detected. Of the 39 HCV sites that were collected from the environment, all (100%) presented at least one of the microorganisms researched. Of the 94 pools collected, it was possible to isolate MRS in 81.91% (n = 77), VRE in 12.77% (n = 12), ESBL in 62.77% (n = 59) and CP in 24.47% (n = 23).

Detecção de Enterococcus resistentes a vancomicina em criações comerciais de ovinos e caprinos das regiões centro-leste e nordeste do Estado de São Paulo

As exigências para com as condições higiênico-sanitárias na produção de animais de interesse zootécnico vêm aumentando progressivamente dada à necessidade de aliar-se produtividade a produtos de alta qualidade para atender a mercados consumidores cada vez mais exigentes. Nesse sentido, a utilização de antimicrobianos, tanto na profilaxia como na terapêutica, permanece como estratégia de controle para vários microrganismos patogênicos, de importância não apenas para a produção animal como também para a saúde humana, ainda que restrições ao uso indiscriminado desses produtos têm se intensificado. Não obstante, o uso excessivo desses produtos está associado à seleção de microrganismos resistentes nas áreas de produção. Por outro lado, investigações sobre circulação de cepas resistentes em rebanhos animais, até então restritas a populações humanas, ainda permanecem limitadas no Brasil. Bactérias do gênero Enterococcus, integrantes usuais da microbiota gastrointestinal animal e humana, são indicadoras ambientais de contaminação fecal e tem-se tornado objeto de preocupação em saúde pública e veterinária dada a ocorrência de cepas resistentes à vancomicina (VRE). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar, quantificar e caracterizar VRE presentes em amostras fecais de ovinos oriundos de pequenas propriedades das regiões centro-leste e nordeste do estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, 132 amostras fecais foram coletadas diretamente do reto dos animais ou do piso das instalações. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar m-Enterococcus e subcultivadas em Ágar Bile Esculina acrescido de 6 g/mL de Vancomicina (ABEV), para confirmação de Enterococcus spp e detecção de cepas resistentes. Procedeu-se igualmente a observação da morfologia, características tintoriais, bioquímicas e moleculares. O número máximo de Enterococcus spp. encontrado foi de 2,6 × 105 e 1,70 × 105 UFC/g de fezes do ambiente e dos animais, respectivamente. Na caracterização bioquímica espécies mais prevalentes foram: Enterococcus faecalis e Vagococcus fluvialis. No ABEV, houve crescimento de colônias VRE em 33 das 84 amostras de ovinos-caprinos e em 21 das 48 amostras ambientais, representando, respectivamente 46,7% e 29,3% das amostras analisadas. A análise por multiplex PCR das 54 cepas VRE obtidas indicaram que 23 (43%), 22 (41%), 2 (3,5%) e 2 (3,5%) foram positivas, respectivamente, para os genes vanC2/C3, vanC1, vanA e vanB, sendo que para 5,3% dos isolados nenhum produto foi amplificado, sugerindo a possível ocorrência de genes dos demais grupos van conhecidos entre os isolados. Os resultados obtidos indicam, de forma inédita no país, a circulação de VRE em propriedades produtoras de ovinos e caprinos, sem ocorrência de manifestações clínicas aparentes nos animais, porém com possíveis riscos à saúde dos produtores e profissionais envolvidos, bem como a eventuais consumidores.

Demands for sanitary conditions in animal farming have been increasing progressively given the need to combine productivity and high quality products to support increasingly demanding consumer markets. In this context, antimicrobial drugs used in prevention as well as in therapy remain as the control strategy for several pathogenic microorganisms, not important only in animal production but also in human health, although restrictions for the indiscriminate use of these drugs have been intensified. However, the excessive use of these products has been associated to the selection of resistant microorganisms in production areas. On the other hand, investigation on strains of public health importance circulating in animal herds is still limited in Brazil. Enterococcus genus bacteria, usually present in animal and human gastrointestinal microbiota, are environmental indicators of fecal contamination and have become a concerning subject in public and veterinary health given the occurrence of strains resistant to vancomycin (VRE). The present study aimed to isolate, quantify and characterize VRE present in stool samples of sheep and goats from several farms in the center-east and northeast regions of São Paulo State. Swabs collected one hundred and thirty-two stool samples either directly from the animal´s rectum or from the ground. Samples were plated onto m-Enterococcus agar plates and subcultivated in Bile esculin agar with 6 g/mL of vancomycin (BEAV) to confirm Enterococcus spp and detect resistant samples. Colonies were identified by colonial morphology, Gram's staining, biochemical, and molecular profile. The highest colony count was equal to 2.6 105 and 1.7 105 CFU/g of feces from environmental and animal samples, respectively. Regarding biochemical characterization, Enterococcus faecalis e Vagococcus fluvialis were the most prevalent species. VRE was detected on BEAV in 33 out of 84 sheep-goat samples and in 21 out of 48 ambient samples, indicating a positivity rate of 46.7% and 29.3% respectively in the investigated samples. Analysis by multiplex PCR of the obtained 54 VRE strains indicated that 23 (43%), 22 (41%) 2 (3.5%) and 2 (3.5%) were positive, respectively, for the vanC2/C3, vanC1, vanA and vanB genes, and no product was amplified for 5.3% of the isolates, suggesting the possible occurrence of other known van gene groups among the isolates. The results obtained in this study indicate, for the first time in the studied areas, the circulation of VRE in sheep and goat farms, with no occurrence of apparent clinical signs in the animals, but with possible health risks to the farmers and workers involved, as well as potential consumers.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Vancomycin-Resistant enterococci (VRE) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feta soft cheese and minced beef meat

Eleven essential oils (EOs) were evaluated for their antibacterial properties, against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and E. coli O157:H7. EOs were introduced into Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHI) (15ml) at a concentration of 0.25 to 2% (vol/vol) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for each pathogen evaluated. Results showed that the most active essential oils against bacteria tested were thyme oil, with MIC90 and MBC90 for the VRA strains of 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. Eucalyptus, juniper and clove oils were the least potent agent, with MIC90 and MBC90 of 2%. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these EO were evaluated against VRE and E. coli O157:H7, experimentally inoculated (10³ cfu/g) in Feta soft cheese and minced beef meat, which was mixed with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) of the EO and stored at 7 ºC for 14 days. Out of eucalyptus, juniper, mint, rosemary, sage, clove and thyme oils tested against target bacteria sage and thyme showed the best results. Clove and mint did not show any effect on VRE and E. coli O157:H7 in both kinds of studied foods. The addition of thyme oil at concentrations of 0.5 and 1% caused best significant reduction in the growth rate of VRE and E. coli O157:H7 in cheese and meat at 7 ºC. It is concluded that selected plant EOs can act as potent inhibitors of both microorganisms in a food product. The results revealed the potential of thyme oil as a natural preservative in feta soft cheese and minced beef meat against VRE and E. coli O157:H7 contamination.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Vancomycin-Resistant enterococci (VRE) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feta soft cheese and minced beef meat

Eleven essential oils (EOs) were evaluated for their antibacterial properties, against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and E. coli O157:H7. EOs were introduced into Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHI) (15ml) at a concentration of 0.25 to 2% (vol/vol) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for each pathogen evaluated. Results showed that the most active essential oils against bacteria tested were thyme oil, with MIC90 and MBC90 for the VRA strains of 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. Eucalyptus, juniper and clove oils were the least potent agent, with MIC90 and MBC90 of 2%. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these EO were evaluated against VRE and E. coli O157:H7, experimentally inoculated (10³ cfu/g) in Feta soft cheese and minced beef meat, which was mixed with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) of the EO and stored at 7 ºC for 14 days. Out of eucalyptus, juniper, mint, rosemary, sage, clove and thyme oils tested against target bacteria sage and thyme showed the best results. Clove and mint did not show any effect on VRE and E. coli O157:H7 in both kinds of studied foods. The addition of thyme oil at concentrations of 0.5 and 1% caused best significant reduction in the growth rate of VRE and E. coli O157:H7 in cheese and meat at 7 ºC. It is concluded that selected plant EOs can act as potent inhibitors of both microorganisms in a food product. The results revealed the potential of thyme oil as a natural preservative in feta soft cheese and minced beef meat against VRE and E. coli O157:H7 contamination.

Prevalência de enterococos isolados de frangos caipiras em diferentes regiões do Distrito Federal / Prevalence of Enterococcus spp. isolated from free-range chickens in different regions of Distrito Federal, Brazil

It was studied whether vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) colonize poultry raised without receiving antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP), in non-intensive production systems. A total of 200 cloacal swabs were colleted in farms (n=40) of eight different regions of the Distrito Federal. After selective isolation, the typical enterococcal colonies were submitted to the multiplex PCR to identify enterococcal species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus), and genes coding for high-level vancomycin resistance phenotypes. No VRE were found in the examined samples. The prevalence rates were higher for E. gallinarum (n=26; 13.0 percent) and E. casseliflavus (n=11; 5.5 percent). It was found remarkable differences in the prevalence of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus among the poultry farms and studied regions, and it seems that poultry raised in non-intensive production systems in the Distrito Federal of Brazil are not reservoirs of VRE.(AU)

Virulence factors in vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin - susceptible Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil

Enterococci are members of commensal flora of animals and insects, but are also important opportunistic pathogens. Our objective was to observe if there was any difference of virulence in several groups of E. faecalis, mainly between vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VREFS) of colonization and infection. VREFS and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis from Brazil were screened for the presence of virulence factor genes. Phenotypic assays were used to assess in vitro expression, to understand the pathogenic potential of these isolates and to determine whether a correlation exists between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Different virulence profiles were found suggesting that the disseminating clone may have generated several variations. However, our study showed that one constellation of traits appeared most commonly: gelatinase, aggregation substance and esp (GEA). These factors are important because they have been implicated in cell aggregation and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation may promote the conjugation of plasmids harboring resistance and virulence genes, enhancing the probability of entry of new resistance genes into species. Curiously, the profile GEA was not exclusive to VREFS, it was the second most observed in VSEFS isolates from colonization and infection in hospitalized patients and also from rectal swabs of healthy volunteers. Such strains appear to represent the entry gateway to new resistance genes into E. faecalis and may contribute to the spreading of E. faecalis mainly in hospitals.

Enterococci são membros da microbiota comensal de animais e insetos, mas também são importantes patógenos oportunistas. Nosso objetivo foi observar se há qualquer diferença na virulência nos diversos grupos de Enterococcus faecalis, principalmente nos E. faecalis resistente à vancomicina (VREFS) isolados de colonização e infecção. VREFS e E. faecalis sensíveis à vancomicina (VSEFS) do Brasil foram pesquisadas quanto a presença de fatores de virulência. Ensaios fenotípicos foram usados para obter a expressão in vivo, entender o potencial patogênico destas amostras e determinar se existe correlação entre virulência e resistência a antibióticos. Diferentes perfis de virulência foram encontrados sugerindo que o clone que está se disseminado pode ter gerado diversas variações. No entanto, nosso estudo mostrou que um conjunto de fatores parece ser mais comum entre as amostras: gelatinase, substância de agregação e esp (GEA). Estes fatores tem sido correlacionados com a agregação de células e formação de biofilmes. A formação de biofilme pode promover a conjugação de plasmídeos contendo genes de resistência entre as espécies. Curiosamente, o perfil GAE não foi exclusivo para VREFS, foi o segundo mais observado em amostras VSEFS provenientes de colonização e infecção em pacientes hospitalizados e também de swabs retais de voluntários saudáveis. Tais linhagens pacerem representar a "porta de entrada" para novos genes de resistência em E. faecalis e podem contribuir para a disseminação de E. faecalis principalmente nos hospitais.

Emergence of VanB phenotype-vanA genotype in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Brazilian hospital

In Brazil, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported as nosocomial pathogens since 1998. Recently, in a VRE surveillance in a hospital, we detected two Enterococcus faecalis isolates with vanA genotype and susceptible to teicoplanin. This is the first report of VanB phenotype-vanA genotype enterococci isolated from humans in Brazil.

No Brasil, enterococos resistente à vancomicina (VRE) têm sido descritos como patógenos hospitalares, desde 1998. Durante um monitoramento de VRE em um hospital, foram detectadas duas cepas de Enterococcus faecalis com genótipo vanA, e sensibilidade à teicoplanina. Este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de enterococo fenótipo VanB e genótipo vanA de amostra clínica no Brasil.

Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina isolados de fezes de frangos, pombos, gamos e ratos / Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolated from feces of poultry, pigeons, deers and rats

The occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was investigated in feces of poultry, pigeons, deers and rats. Feces samples were collected from 25 broilers growing in poultry production farms that never used in the diets avaporcine as growth promoter, 6 broiler from different poultry production farms that used regularly avaporcine in the formulated diets until 1997, 8 deers from natural reservoirs, 15 pigeons, and 20 rats arrested from field conditions. The samples of Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from poultry feces were resistant to vancomycin independently of the use of avaporcine in the formulated diet.(AU)

Gram-positive bacterial resistant strains of interest in Animal and Public Health / Resistência bacteriana em gram positivos de interesse em Saúde Animal e Pública

Among multiresistant Gram-positive microorganisms, stands out methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital acquired and community infections reported in medicine and large increase in reports of veterinary medicine. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described. MRS is intrinsically resistant to all ?-lactam drugs. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described, but Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate resistance and resistant to vancomycin (VISA/VRSA) has not yet been reported in veterinary medicine, still need further study. Staphylococcus spp. are also related to antimicrobial resistance of macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) group, that has the same mechanism of action, although the drugs belong to different classes. In veterinary medicine, clindamycin (lincosamide class) is widely used for skin infections, wounds, bone infections, pneumonia, infections of the oral cavity, and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, besides being used for treatments of MRS infections. Enterococcus is another resistant Gram-positive microorganism, from which vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) are the most important strains. There are several reports of VREs in veterinary medicine due the use of a similar...

Dentre os micro-organismos gram positivos multirresistentes destacam-se, principalmente os Staphylococcus spp. meticilina resistente (MRS), patógenos considerados oportunistas e relacionados tanto a infecções hospitalares como infecções comunitárias, tendo inúmeros relatos na medicina e um grande aumento de relatos na medicina veterinária, em diversas espécies de animais. MRS são intrinsicamente resistentes a todas as drogas beta-lactâmicas. Os Staphylococcus aureus com resistência intermediária e os resistentes à vancomicina (VISA/VRSA) ainda não foram reportados em animais, porém são necessários estudos mais aprofundados. Os Staphylococcus spp. também estão relacionados com resistência aos antimicrobianos do grupo dos Macrolídeos, Lincosamidas e Streptogramineas B (MLSb), que apesar de serem de classes diferentes, possuem o mesmo mecanismo de ação. Na medicina veterinária, a clindamicina (antimicrobiano da classe da Lincosamida) é amplamente utilizada para tratamentos de infecções de pele, feridas, infecções ósseas, pneumonia, infecção da cavidade oral e infecções causadas por bactérias anaeróbicas, além de ser utilizada em infecções causadas por MRS. Outro gênero de micro-organismos gram positivos resistente é o Enterococcus, sendo os Enterococcus vancomicina resistente (VRE) os de maior importância. Após vários relatos de VRE na medicina veterinária, devido ao grande uso...

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Resistência bacteriana em gram positivos de interesse em saúde animal e pública / Gram-positive bacterial resistant strains of interest in animal and public health

Dentre os micro-organismos gram positivos multirresistentes destacam-se, principalmente os Staphylococcus spp. meticilina resistente (MRS), patógenos considerados oportunistas e relacionados tanto a infecções hospitalares como infecções comunitárias, tendo inúmeros relatos na medicina e um grande aumento de relatos na medicina veterinária, em diversas espécies de animais. MRS são intrinsicamente resistentes a todas as drogas beta-lactâmicas. Os Staphylococcus aureus com resistência intermediária e os resistentes à vancomicina (VISA/VRSA) ainda não foram reportados em animais, porém são necessários estudos mais aprofundados. Os Staphylococcus spp. também estão relacionados com resistência aos antimicrobianos do grupo dos Macrolídeos, Lincosamidas e Streptogramineas B (MLSb), que apesar de serem de classes diferentes, possuem o mesmo mecanismo de ação. Na medicina veterinária, a clindamicina (antimicrobiano da classe da Lincosamida) é amplamente utilizada para tratamentos de infecções de pele, feridas, infecções ósseas, pneumonia, infecção da cavidade oral e infecções causadas por bactérias anaeróbicas, além de ser utilizada em infecções causadas por MRS. Outro gênero de micro-organismos gram positivos resistente é o Enterococcus, sendo os Enterococcus vancomicina resistente (VRE) os de maior importância. Após vários relatos de VRE na

Among multiresistant Gram-positive microorganisms, stands out methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital acquired and community infections reported in medicine and large increase in reports of veterinary medicine. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described. MRS is intrinsically resistant to all ?-lactam drugs. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described, but Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate resistance and resistant to vancomycin (VISA/VRSA) has not yet been reported in veterinary medicine, still need further study. Staphylococcus spp. are also related to antimicrobial resistance of macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) group, that has the same mechanism of action, although the drugs belong to different classes. In veterinary medicine, clindamycin (lincosamide class) is widely used for skin infections, wounds, bone infections, pneumonia, infections of the oral cavity, and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, besides being used for treatments of MRS infections. Enterococcus is another resistant Gram-positive microorganism, from which vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) are the most important strains. There are several reports of VREs in veterinary medicine due the use of a similar antimicrobi