Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups / Efeito do jejum pré-anestésico sobre o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães hígidos de diferentes faixas etárias

Gastric emptying and plasma glucose were evaluated in young and adult dogs, fed with dry and wet food, submitted to different periods of pre-anesthetic fasting (6, 8, and 12 hours). Forty healthy dogs were selected, which were segmented into four groups according to the age group and type of diet. It was evaluated the gastric emptying by ultrasound and serum glycemia. Only 17.5% presented complete gastric emptying, and no significant differences were found between the 6 and 8-hour fasting evaluations, or between the age groups and the diets, considering significance level p<0.05. Mean plasma glucose values from the groups indicated normal glycemia at all times of evaluation. A significant difference was found between the means of glycemia in young and adult dogs, with the 8-hour fasting with wet diet (p=0.03) and with 12 hours with dry diet (p=0.04). Healthy young and adult dogs, in physiological equilibrium, maintain average values of plasma glucose despite prolonged periods of pre-anesthetic fasting, which may be necessary, since 8-hour fasting for solid food is not enough to provide complete gastric emptying.(AU)

Avaliou-se o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães jovens e adultos, alimentados com ração seca e úmida, submetidos a diferentes períodos de jejum pré-anestésico (6, 8 e 12 horas). Foram selecionados 40 cães hígidos, os quais foram segmentados em 4 grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e o tipo de dieta administrada. Foi avaliado o esvaziamento gástrico por ultrassonografia e a glicemia sérica. Apenas 17,5% apresentaram completo esvaziamento gástrico, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas entre as avaliações com 6 e 8 horas de jejum, ou entre as faixas etárias e dietas, considerando nível de significância p<0,05. Os valores médios da glicose plasmática dos grupos indicaram normoglicemia em todos os momentos de avaliação. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias da glicemia dos cães jovens e adultos, no período de 8 horas de jejum com dieta úmida (p=0,03) e com 12 horas nos animais com dieta seca (p=0,04). Conclui-se que cães hígidos jovens e adultos, em equilíbrio fisiológico, mantêm valores normais de glicemia plasmática apesar de períodos prolongados de jejum pré-anestésico, os quais podem ser necessários, tendo em vista que 8 horas de jejum alimentar de sólidos não é suficiente para proporcionar completo esvaziamento gástrico.(AU)

Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups / Efeito do jejum pré-anestésico sobre o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães hígidos de diferentes faixas etárias

Gastric emptying and plasma glucose were evaluated in young and adult dogs, fed with dry and wet food, submitted to different periods of pre-anesthetic fasting (6, 8, and 12 hours). Forty healthy dogs were selected, which were segmented into four groups according to the age group and type of diet. It was evaluated the gastric emptying by ultrasound and serum glycemia. Only 17.5% presented complete gastric emptying, and no significant differences were found between the 6 and 8-hour fasting evaluations, or between the age groups and the diets, considering significance level p<0.05. Mean plasma glucose values from the groups indicated normal glycemia at all times of evaluation. A significant difference was found between the means of glycemia in young and adult dogs, with the 8-hour fasting with wet diet (p=0.03) and with 12 hours with dry diet (p=0.04). Healthy young and adult dogs, in physiological equilibrium, maintain average values of plasma glucose despite prolonged periods of pre-anesthetic fasting, which may be necessary, since 8-hour fasting for solid food is not enough to provide complete gastric emptying.(AU)

Avaliou-se o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães jovens e adultos, alimentados com ração seca e úmida, submetidos a diferentes períodos de jejum pré-anestésico (6, 8 e 12 horas). Foram selecionados 40 cães hígidos, os quais foram segmentados em 4 grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e o tipo de dieta administrada. Foi avaliado o esvaziamento gástrico por ultrassonografia e a glicemia sérica. Apenas 17,5% apresentaram completo esvaziamento gástrico, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas entre as avaliações com 6 e 8 horas de jejum, ou entre as faixas etárias e dietas, considerando nível de significância p<0,05. Os valores médios da glicose plasmática dos grupos indicaram normoglicemia em todos os momentos de avaliação. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias da glicemia dos cães jovens e adultos, no período de 8 horas de jejum com dieta úmida (p=0,03) e com 12 horas nos animais com dieta seca (p=0,04). Conclui-se que cães hígidos jovens e adultos, em equilíbrio fisiológico, mantêm valores normais de glicemia plasmática apesar de períodos prolongados de jejum pré-anestésico, os quais podem ser necessários, tendo em vista que 8 horas de jejum alimentar de sólidos não é suficiente para proporcionar completo esvaziamento gástrico.(AU)

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia secondary to multiple beta cell adenomas in a boxer bitch

Background: The most frequent pancreatic tumours are derived from insulin-secreting β cells, commonly called insulinomas; these are characterised by high insulin secretion causing hypoglycemia and clinical signs such as seizures,tremors, weakness, and polyphagia, among others. In dogs, this tumour represents <0.5% of neoplasias; the majority aresolitary carcinoma masses and rarely adenomas. Insulin-secreting tumours are usually diagnosed in middle-aged or olderdogs. There is no apparent sex predilection for the disease and it has been mainly reported in medium to large breeds.Independently of whether they are adenomas or carcinomas, dogs have the same disease-free time and survival time andthe prognosis is poor.Case: An 8-year-old female Boxer was brought to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of weakness, tremors,and generalised convulsions. Physical examination, CBC and urinalysis revealed no abnormalities. In the blood chemistryprofile, hypoglycemia was detected along with hyperinsulinemia. An abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of twoabnormal masses located in the pancreas. The insulin:glucose ratio was 59.8. Exploratory celiotomy was performed andtwo masses were located in the mesentery, adjacent to the left pancreatic lobe, and a third was in the pancreatic tissue ofthe same lobule. All masses were resected during the same surgery. Cytology of the masses coincided with apparentlymalignant insulinoma, however, the histopathological and immunohistochemically report indicated an insulin-secretingadenoma. The patient improved clinically and remained stable for approximately 545 days, after which seizures relapsedand a new treatment was not approved. The patient died 575 days after surgery.Discussion: In dogs, pancreatic islet cell tumours correspond to endocrinologically active neoplasm that secrete hormonesand are associated with functional disorders (hyperinsulinemia) in relation to hypoglycemia...

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia secondary to multiple beta cell adenomas in a boxer bitch

Background: The most frequent pancreatic tumours are derived from insulin-secreting β cells, commonly called insulinomas; these are characterised by high insulin secretion causing hypoglycemia and clinical signs such as seizures,tremors, weakness, and polyphagia, among others. In dogs, this tumour represents <0.5% of neoplasias; the majority aresolitary carcinoma masses and rarely adenomas. Insulin-secreting tumours are usually diagnosed in middle-aged or olderdogs. There is no apparent sex predilection for the disease and it has been mainly reported in medium to large breeds.Independently of whether they are adenomas or carcinomas, dogs have the same disease-free time and survival time andthe prognosis is poor.Case: An 8-year-old female Boxer was brought to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of weakness, tremors,and generalised convulsions. Physical examination, CBC and urinalysis revealed no abnormalities. In the blood chemistryprofile, hypoglycemia was detected along with hyperinsulinemia. An abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of twoabnormal masses located in the pancreas. The insulin:glucose ratio was 59.8. Exploratory celiotomy was performed andtwo masses were located in the mesentery, adjacent to the left pancreatic lobe, and a third was in the pancreatic tissue ofthe same lobule. All masses were resected during the same surgery. Cytology of the masses coincided with apparentlymalignant insulinoma, however, the histopathological and immunohistochemically report indicated an insulin-secretingadenoma. The patient improved clinically and remained stable for approximately 545 days, after which seizures relapsedand a new treatment was not approved. The patient died 575 days after surgery.Discussion: In dogs, pancreatic islet cell tumours correspond to endocrinologically active neoplasm that secrete hormonesand are associated with functional disorders (hyperinsulinemia) in relation to hypoglycemia...(AU)

Hipoglicemia associada à cetose em cadelas na fase final de gestação / Hypoglycemia associated with ketosis in bitches in the final phase of gestation

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and ketonemia, resulted from the inability of the animal to maintain an adequate energetic balance associated with increased corporal fat mobilization to supply energetic requirement, that can place the health and life of the bitch and their fetus at risk. Despite well recognized in sheep as pregnancy toxemia and in women as preeclampsia, hypoglycemia and ketosis is an uncommon condition in bitches. Apparently, five documented cases have been published since 1964. The objective of this work is to discuss clinical cases of hypoglycemia and ketosis.Cases: Two cases of gestational ketosis in bitches on late gestational phase are reported. Case 1. In the first one, a small bitch was presented in labor, with fetus insinuation, prostration, dehydration, pale mucous membranes with laboratorial signs of normochromic and normocytic anemia and anisocytosis, signals of fetal distress in abdominal ultrasonography, hypoglycemia (43 mg/dL) and ketonemia (3.6 mmol/L). Therapeutic course consisted of correction of dehydration and 50% glucose replacement at the dose of 0.5 mg / kg, followed by caesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Except for the insinuated fetus, all the five remainings were born alive and survived, and the post-surgical recovery occurred without complications. Case 2. The second case involved a small 55-day pregnant bitch, presenting depression, apathy, anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distention compatible with final third of pregnancy without delivery signs. There were signs of fetal distress at ultrasonographic examination, with depression and lack of responses to mechanical stimuli. Laboratory findings include microccytic hypochromic anemia, hypoglycemia (31 mg/dL) and ketonemia detected by urinalysis reagent tape. Three hours after intravenous administration of 50% glucose at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg, the animal was alert and nourished.[...]

Hipoglicemia associada à cetose em cadelas na fase final de gestação / Hypoglycemia associated with ketosis in bitches in the final phase of gestation

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and ketonemia, resulted from the inability of the animal to maintain an adequate energetic balance associated with increased corporal fat mobilization to supply energetic requirement, that can place the health and life of the bitch and their fetus at risk. Despite well recognized in sheep as pregnancy toxemia and in women as preeclampsia, hypoglycemia and ketosis is an uncommon condition in bitches. Apparently, five documented cases have been published since 1964. The objective of this work is to discuss clinical cases of hypoglycemia and ketosis.Cases: Two cases of gestational ketosis in bitches on late gestational phase are reported. Case 1. In the first one, a small bitch was presented in labor, with fetus insinuation, prostration, dehydration, pale mucous membranes with laboratorial signs of normochromic and normocytic anemia and anisocytosis, signals of fetal distress in abdominal ultrasonography, hypoglycemia (43 mg/dL) and ketonemia (3.6 mmol/L). Therapeutic course consisted of correction of dehydration and 50% glucose replacement at the dose of 0.5 mg / kg, followed by caesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Except for the insinuated fetus, all the five remainings were born alive and survived, and the post-surgical recovery occurred without complications. Case 2. The second case involved a small 55-day pregnant bitch, presenting depression, apathy, anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distention compatible with final third of pregnancy without delivery signs. There were signs of fetal distress at ultrasonographic examination, with depression and lack of responses to mechanical stimuli. Laboratory findings include microccytic hypochromic anemia, hypoglycemia (31 mg/dL) and ketonemia detected by urinalysis reagent tape. Three hours after intravenous administration of 50% glucose at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg, the animal was alert and nourished.[...](AU)

Insulinoma canino: relato de caso / Canine insulinoma: case reports

O insulinoma é um tumor das células ß do pâncreas, que têm a função de produzir e secretar insulina e, geralmente são malignos em cães. O presente trabalho descreve o diagnóstico e o manejo terapêutico de três casos de insulinoma. Os sinais clínicos dos animais relatados variaram de acordo com a severidade e a duração da hipoglicemia. O diagnóstico presuntivo se deu através dos sinais clínicos e da dosagem de insulina sérica no momento de mais intensa hipoglicemia e, o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido por meio de exame histopatológico nos três casos relatados. O tratamento realizado variou de acordo com a intensidade dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Insulinoma is a tumor of the ß cells of the pancreas, which have the function to produce and secrete insulin and are usually malignant in dogs. This paper describes the diagnosis and therapeutic management of three cases of insulinoma. The clinical signs reported animals varied according to the severity and duration of hypoglycemia. The presumptive diagnosis was based on clinical signs and serum insulin dosage at the time of hypoglycemia and more intense, the definitive diagnosis was made by histopathological examination in three of the reported cases. The treatment was varied according to the severity of clinical signs.(AU)

Insulinoma canino: relato de caso / Canine insulinoma: case reports

O insulinoma é um tumor das células ß do pâncreas, que têm a função de produzir e secretar insulina e, geralmente são malignos em cães. O presente trabalho descreve o diagnóstico e o manejo terapêutico de três casos de insulinoma. Os sinais clínicos dos animais relatados variaram de acordo com a severidade e a duração da hipoglicemia. O diagnóstico presuntivo se deu através dos sinais clínicos e da dosagem de insulina sérica no momento de mais intensa hipoglicemia e, o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido por meio de exame histopatológico nos três casos relatados. O tratamento realizado variou de acordo com a intensidade dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Insulinoma is a tumor of the ß cells of the pancreas, which have the function to produce and secrete insulin and are usually malignant in dogs. This paper describes the diagnosis and therapeutic management of three cases of insulinoma. The clinical signs reported animals varied according to the severity and duration of hypoglycemia. The presumptive diagnosis was based on clinical signs and serum insulin dosage at the time of hypoglycemia and more intense, the definitive diagnosis was made by histopathological examination in three of the reported cases. The treatment was varied according to the severity of clinical signs.(AU)

Exocrine pancreatic carcinoma with hypoglycemia in a dog / Carcinoma de pâncreas exócrino com hipoglicemia em um cão

Background: Primary pancreas neoplasms are rare, representing less than 0.5% of all veterinary tumors. They are highly aggressive, and most of the patients have unspecific clinical signs until diagnosis. Although the treatment of choice is surgical resection, only 15 to 20% of the patients may undergo surgery and be cured. Survival is variable after diagnosis, ranging from 4 to 10 months. Prognosis is poor due to the aggressiveness and advanced stage of the disease at the moment of diagnosis, and the weak response to all existing treatments. The objective of this study was to report a case of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in a dog with hypoglycemia. Case: The present study describes a clinical case of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in the Clínica Escola de Veterinária (CEVET) at UNICENTRO-PR. The patient was taken to the CEVET and the main complaint of the owner was a volume increase in the ventral thoracic region. During the physical examination, it was observed that this increased volume was a mammary tumor in the third gland of the right side of the body. The animal showed no other symptoms and the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic cancer was only possible because glucose levels in routine examination were below the normal reference value for the species (47 mg/dL). After the glycemic curve was determined, it was observed that glucose levels were below reference values, even [...]

Exocrine pancreatic carcinoma with hypoglycemia in a dog / Carcinoma de pâncreas exócrino com hipoglicemia em um cão

Background: Primary pancreas neoplasms are rare, representing less than 0.5% of all veterinary tumors. They are highly aggressive, and most of the patients have unspecific clinical signs until diagnosis. Although the treatment of choice is surgical resection, only 15 to 20% of the patients may undergo surgery and be cured. Survival is variable after diagnosis, ranging from 4 to 10 months. Prognosis is poor due to the aggressiveness and advanced stage of the disease at the moment of diagnosis, and the weak response to all existing treatments. The objective of this study was to report a case of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in a dog with hypoglycemia. Case: The present study describes a clinical case of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in the Clínica Escola de Veterinária (CEVET) at UNICENTRO-PR. The patient was taken to the CEVET and the main complaint of the owner was a volume increase in the ventral thoracic region. During the physical examination, it was observed that this increased volume was a mammary tumor in the third gland of the right side of the body. The animal showed no other symptoms and the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic cancer was only possible because glucose levels in routine examination were below the normal reference value for the species (47 mg/dL). After the glycemic curve was determined, it was observed that glucose levels were below reference values, even [...](AU)

Transport stress in ornamental Amazonian armored catfishes Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae) / Estresse de transporte em cascudos amazônicos ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae)

This study evaluated the hematological response of ornamental Amazon plecos Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) subjected to transportation conditions. The erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram, glucose and total plasmatic proteins (TPP) were determined at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after 3-hours simulated transportation. For basal hematological profile, the blood was collected immediately after stress induction. Cochliodon sp. showed reduction in total erythrocyte number after 6 and 24 hours post-transport, and an increase in the glucose level after 6 hours. Hypoglycemia were observed at 6 hours post-transport withal an increase of the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) for Hypostomus sp. Thus, Hypostomus sp. showed higher resistance compared to Cochliodon sp. under transport stress.(AU)

Neste estudo avaliou-se a resposta hematológica dos acaris ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) ao estresse de transporte. Foram determinados o eritrograma, leucograma, trombograma, níveis de glicose e proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) em 0, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após um transporte simulado de 3 horas. Para o perfil hematológico basal o sangue foi coletado imediatamente no local de captura dos peixes sob o mínimo de estresse possível. Cochliodon sp. mostrou redução no número de eritrócitos totais após 6 e 24 horas do estresse de transporte, e aumento da glicose após 6 horas. Em Hypostomus sp. houve hipoglicemia após 6 horas de transporte e ao mesmo tempo aumento do volume corpuscular médio (VCM) pós estresse. Neste estudo observou-se diferenças na resposta ao estresse entre os peixes estudados, pois Hypostomus sp. apresentou maior resistência em comparação a Cochliodon sp. quando submetido ao estresse de transporte.(AU)

Transport stress in ornamental Amazonian armored catfishes Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae) / Estresse de transporte em cascudos amazônicos ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae)

This study evaluated the hematological response of ornamental Amazon plecos Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) subjected to transportation conditions. The erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram, glucose and total plasmatic proteins (TPP) were determined at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after 3-hours simulated transportation. For basal hematological profile, the blood was collected immediately after stress induction. Cochliodon sp. showed reduction in total erythrocyte number after 6 and 24 hours post-transport, and an increase in the glucose level after 6 hours. Hypoglycemia were observed at 6 hours post-transport withal an increase of the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) for Hypostomus sp. Thus, Hypostomus sp. showed higher resistance compared to Cochliodon sp. under transport stress.

Neste estudo avaliou-se a resposta hematológica dos acaris ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) ao estresse de transporte. Foram determinados o eritrograma, leucograma, trombograma, níveis de glicose e proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) em 0, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após um transporte simulado de 3 horas. Para o perfil hematológico basal o sangue foi coletado imediatamente no local de captura dos peixes sob o mínimo de estresse possível. Cochliodon sp. mostrou redução no número de eritrócitos totais após 6 e 24 horas do estresse de transporte, e aumento da glicose após 6 horas. Em Hypostomus sp. houve hipoglicemia após 6 horas de transporte e ao mesmo tempo aumento do volume corpuscular médio (VCM) pós estresse. Neste estudo observou-se diferenças na resposta ao estresse entre os peixes estudados, pois Hypostomus sp. apresentou maior resistência em comparação a Cochliodon sp. quando submetido ao estresse de transporte.

Malignant metastatic insulinoma in a dog

Background: Insulinomas are tumors of the pancreatic islet beta cells that secreting insulin. They are malignant neoplasms and rarely seen in dogs. Because insulinomas secrete excessive insulin and hypoglycemia occur. The most common clinical symptoms are seizures, extreme weakness, and other neurological abnormalities. The tumors typically release insulin episodically, with clinical signs being seen intermittently as a result. These are most often associated with prolonged starvation or prolonged periods of exertion. Insulinoma occurs most often in middle-aged and older dogs, averaging nine years in age. They affect both sexes and are more likely in larger breeds. The most commonly afflicted breeds are German Shepherds, Irish Setters, Boxers, Golden Retrievers and Terriers. Case: In this study, a case of malignant insulinoma with multiorgan metastasis in a 7-year-old hunting dog that brought to the clinic with complaints of constipation and inappetence were evaluated by clinical, cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. Owner stated that the animal suffers from constipation for 4 days, but no vomitus or nervous symptoms were present. Clinical efforts not solved the constipation. For to the definitive diagnosis the dog decided to underwent laparotomy. After a midline abdominal approach multiple whitish, hard and irregular metastatic tumoral masses were[...]

Malignant metastatic insulinoma in a dog

Background: Insulinomas are tumors of the pancreatic islet beta cells that secreting insulin. They are malignant neoplasms and rarely seen in dogs. Because insulinomas secrete excessive insulin and hypoglycemia occur. The most common clinical symptoms are seizures, extreme weakness, and other neurological abnormalities. The tumors typically release insulin episodically, with clinical signs being seen intermittently as a result. These are most often associated with prolonged starvation or prolonged periods of exertion. Insulinoma occurs most often in middle-aged and older dogs, averaging nine years in age. They affect both sexes and are more likely in larger breeds. The most commonly afflicted breeds are German Shepherds, Irish Setters, Boxers, Golden Retrievers and Terriers. Case: In this study, a case of malignant insulinoma with multiorgan metastasis in a 7-year-old hunting dog that brought to the clinic with complaints of constipation and inappetence were evaluated by clinical, cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. Owner stated that the animal suffers from constipation for 4 days, but no vomitus or nervous symptoms were present. Clinical efforts not solved the constipation. For to the definitive diagnosis the dog decided to underwent laparotomy. After a midline abdominal approach multiple whitish, hard and irregular metastatic tumoral masses were[...](AU)

Distocia materna por inércia uterina primária associada ao choque hipoglicêmico em cadela: Relato de caso / Maternal dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in dog: Case report / Distocia materna por inercia uterina primaria asociada a choque hipoglucémico en perra: Relato de caso

Distocia é a incapacidade de expulsão do feto por meio do canal do parto durante a parição. Relata-se um caso de distocia por inércia uterina primária associada o choque hipoglicêmico em uma cadela, SRD, de cinco anos de idade. O animal deu entrada no hospital veterinário, apresentando contrações abdominais e secreção vaginal de coloração esverdeada, hipotermia, obnubilação e hipoglicemia, caracterizando choque hipoglicêmico. Foi realizado tratamento emergencial e reversão da hipoglicemia. Foi realizada radiografia para verificação de fetos remanescentes e avaliação da estática fetal. A bioquímica sérica revelou hipocalcemia moderada e foi realizado tratamento com gluconato de cálcio e ocitocina, havendo a parição dos fetos. A distocia na clínica de cães e gatos é considerada de emergência. A estabilização do animal é de extrema importância. A realização de exames laboratoriais deve ser preconizada para avaliar a ocorrência de distúrbios eletrolíticos, promovendo um adequado tratamento e melhorando o prognóstico da paciente.(AU)

Dystocia is the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal during parturition. This is a report of a case of dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in a five-year-old mongrel bitch. The animal was admitted to the veterinary hospital with abdominal contractions and greenish vaginal secretion, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and numbness, characterized as hypoglycemic shock. Emergency treatment and reversal of hypoglycemia were performed, as well as radiography to check for remaining fetuses and fetal static evaluation. Serum biochemistry revealed mild hypocalcemia and treatment was conducted with calcium gluconate and oxytocin, upon the birth of the fetuses. Clinic dystocia in dogs and cats is considered an emergency. The stabilization of the animal is of utmost importance. Laboratory tests should be recommended to assess the occurrence of electrolyte disturbances, promoting adequate treatment and improving the prognosis of the patient.(AU)

Distocia es la incapacidad de expulsar el feto a través del canal durante el parto. Se presenta un caso de distocia por inercia uterina primaria asociada con el choque hipoglucémico en una perra, SRD, de cinco años de edad. El animal fue ingresado en el hospital veterinario, con contracciones abdominales y secreción vaginal de color verdoso, hipotermia, hipoglucemia y entumecimiento, caracterizando choque hipoglucémico. Se realizó un tratamiento de emergencia y reversión de la hipoglucemia. Se realizó radiografía para verificación de fetos restantes y evaluación de la estática fetal. La bioquímica sérica reveló hipo calcemia moderada y el tratamiento se llevó a cabo con gluconato de calcio y ocitocina, ocurriendo la aparición de los fetos. La distocia en la clínica de perros y gatos es considerada una emergencia. La estabilización del animal es de suma importancia. La realización de exámenes de laboratorio deben ser recomendados para evaluar la ocurrencia de disturbios electrolíticos, promoviendo un tratamiento adecuado y mejorando el pronóstico del paciente.(AU)

Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

The purpose of the study was to study the hypoglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. G. sylvestre was administered at the dose rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg b w and was compared with standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide for its anti hyperglycemic effect. There was improvement in various parameters such as body weight, haemoglobin, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes in all the treatment groups. G. sylvestre elicited dose dependent effect with 100 mg/kg b w being more effective in alleviating most of the diabetic clinical signs. The findings were clearly substantiated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, G. sylvestre has significant antidiabetic effect at 100 mg/kg b w when administered daily for 45 days.

Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

The purpose of the study was to study the hypoglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. G. sylvestre was administered at the dose rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg b w and was compared with standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide for its anti hyperglycemic effect. There was improvement in various parameters such as body weight, haemoglobin, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes in all the treatment groups. G. sylvestre elicited dose dependent effect with 100 mg/kg b w being more effective in alleviating most of the diabetic clinical signs. The findings were clearly substantiated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, G. sylvestre has significant antidiabetic effect at 100 mg/kg b w when administered daily for 45 days.(AU)

Effects of bioflavonoid ternatin on liver regeneration and oxidative stress in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of bioflavonoid ternatin (TRT) on rat liver regeneration and oxidative stress after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS: Thirty six young male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups of 18 animals each - control (G1) and experimental (G2) - and were submitted to PH under inhalatory diethylether anesthesia. G1 rats received daily intraperitoneal (ip) injections of saline (NaCl 0.9% solution) 0.1 mL/kg for 14 days; G2 animals received daily ip injections of TRT 0.1% 1.0mg/kg for 14 days. At 36h (T1), 168h (T2) and 336h (T3) post-PH timepoints, a subgroup of six rats in each group was chosen in a randomized way to complementary hepatectomy (CH) and blood samples haversting. Collected material was saved for laboratory analysis (total bilirubin (TB), D-Glucose, glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and assessment of liver regeneration. RESULTS: TRT induced a significant decrease in liver and plasma GSH concentrations; liver regeneration process was not affected. TRT promoted a significant decrease in blood glucose levels 168h after partial hepatectomy compared with controls. TB levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Intraperitoneal bioflavonoid ternatin injection in partially hepatectomized rats induces a decrease in oxidative stress and a significant hypoglycemic state, but does not promote any change in the evolution of liver regeneration.(AU)

Levan from Bacillus subtilis Natto: its effects in normal and in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Levan is an exopolysaccharide of fructose primarily linked by β-(2→6) glycosidic bonds with some β-(2→1) branched chains. Due to its chemical properties, levan has possible applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacillus subtilis is a promising industrial levan producer, as it ferments sucrose and has a high levan-formation capacity. A new strain of B. subtilis was recently isolated from Japanese food natto, and it has produced levan in large quantities. For future pharmaceutical applications, this study aimed to investigate the effects of levan produced by B. subtilis Natto, mainly as potential hypoglycemic agent, (previously optimized with a molecular weight equal to 72.37 and 4,146 kDa) in Wistar male rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin and non-diabetic rats and to monitor their plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. After 15 days of experimentation, the animals were sacrificed, and their blood samples were analyzed. The results, compared using analysis of variance, demonstrated that for this type of levan, a hypoglycemic effect was not observed, as there was no improvement of diabetes symptoms during the experiment. However, levan did not affect any studied parameters in normal rats, indicating that the exopolysaccharide can be used for other purposes.(AU)

Perreyia flavipes larvae toxicity / Toxicidade das larvas de Perreyia flavipes

Fresh or thawed Perreyia flavipes larvae were ground and mixed with water and orally ad ministered to sheep. At 5mg/kg, neither clinical nor enzymatic changes were observed. Unique do ses of 7.5 and 10mg/kg induced characteristic clinical signs of Perreyia sp. larvae poisoning, increased GGT and AST values, and decreased glycemic curves. However, doses of 5, 10, and 15mg/kg repeated at 30 or 15 days intervals caused no disease and mild disease followed by death, respectively. These fin dings indicate that these animals probably developed some degree of tolerance to the toxins in P. flavipes larvae. Ultrastru ctural examination of liver revealed proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes, which may be associated with an increased ability to metabolize toxins and could consequently lead to the tolerance observed in the present study. Further investigations may elucidate whether such tolerance effects could be applied as a control measure for P. flavipes poioning or other hepatotoxic diseases. In addition, clinicopathological findings were discussed.(AU)

Larvas frescas ou descongeladas de Perreyia flavipes foram moídas e misturadas com água e administradas de forma oral a ovinos. Com 5mg/kg, não foram observados achados clínicos ou enzimáticos. Doses únicas de 7,5 e 10mg/kg induziram a sinais clínicos característicos de intoxicação pelas larvas de Perreyia sp., os níveis de GGT e AST estavam aumentados e as curvas glicêmicas estavam diminuídas. Entretanto, doses de 5, 10 e 15mg/kg repetidas em intervalos de 30 ou 15 dias não causou doença ou causou doença discreta seguida de morte, respectivamente. Estes achados indicam que estes animais provavelmente desenvolveram algum grau de tolerância para as toxinas presentes nas lar-Larvas frescas ou descongeladas de Perreyia flavipes foram vas de P. flavipes. O exame ultraestrutural do fígado revelou moídas e misturadas com água e administradas de forma proliferação do retículo endoplasmático liso de hepatócioral a ovinos. Com 5mg/kg, não foram observados acha-tos, o que pode ser associado a um aumento na capacidade dos clínicos ou enzimáticos. Doses únicas de 7,5 e 10mg/ de metabolizar toxinas e conseqüentemente levar à tolekg induziram a sinais clínicos característicos de intoxicação rância observada no presente estudo. Outras investigações pelas larvas de Perreyia sp., os níveis de GGT e AST estavam poderão esclarecer se os efeitos de tal tolerância poderiam aumentados e as curvas glicêmicas estavam diminuídas. ser aplicados como medida de controle da intoxicação por Entretanto, doses de 5, 10 e 15mg/kg repetidas em interva-P. flavipes ou outras doenças hepatotóxicas. Além disso, os los de 30 ou 15 dias não causou doença ou causou doença resultados clínico-patológicos foram discutidos.(AU)