Effects of ketamine, midazolam and methadone, combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy / Efeitos da cetamina, midazolam e metadona, associados à anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia

Different anesthetic combinations are used for orchiectomy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects on the physiological variables of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy (n = 19 cats). The time for lateral recumbency, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and nociception were recorded preoperatively. The propofol rescue dose was recorded. The time to head up and quality of recovery were evaluated postoperatively. The time for lateral recumbency was 5 ± 2 minu-tes. Fifteen minutes after the administration of the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination, a greater sedative effect, muscle relaxation and less response to noxious stimulation were observed. Propofol was administered to twelve cats under local anesthesia, at a total dose of 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Surgery was started 28 ± 5 minutes after the administration of ketamine--midazolam-methadone combination. There were no differences in the physiological variables evaluated over the other evalu-ation times (p > 0.05). The recovery quality scores were adequate, and the time to head up was 51 ± 10 minutes. Under the conditions of this study, the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination did not allow local anesthesia for orchiectomy. Many cats required propofol rescue prior to surgery. This combination promoted minimal changes in physiological variables and prolonged anesthetic recovery.(AU)

Diferentes combinações anestésicas são usadas para orquiectomia em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anestésico e as alterações promovidas nas variáveis fisiológicas pela cetamina (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) e metadona (0.3 mg/kg), combinados com anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia (n = 19 gatos). O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral, grau de sedação, relaxamento muscular e nocicepção foram registrados no pré-operatório. A dose de resgate de propofol foi registrada. O tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça e a qualidade da recuperação foram avaliados no pós-operatório. O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral foi de 5 ± 2 minutos. Quinze minutos após a administração da associação cetamina-midazolam-metadona, observou-se maior efeito sedativo e relaxamento muscular, e menor resposta à estimulação nociva. O propofol foi administrado em doze gatos para realização de anestesia local, utilizando a dose total de 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. A cirurgia foi iniciada 28 ± 5 minutos após a administração de cetamina-midazolam-metadona. Não houve diferença nas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas em relação aos demais tempos de avaliação (p > 0.05). Os escores de qualidade de recuperação foram adequados e o tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça foi de 51 ± 10 minutos. Nas condições deste estudo, cetamina-midazolam-metadona não permitiu a realização da anestesia local para orquiectomia. Muitos gatos precisaram de resgate com propofol antes de iniciar a cirurgia. Essa associação promoveu alterações mínimas nas variáveis fisiológicas e longa recuperação anestésica.(AU)

Oxygen supply as a refining technique for injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats

Well-controlled anesthesia is critical to reducing potential surgical complications and ensuring safe and successful procedures. Respiratory depression, inducing hypoxia, and hypercapnia are adverse effects of injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats. This study aimed to determine the effect of oxygen supply in laboratory rats anesthetized with the combination of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) plus acepromazine (A) or methadone (Me). The results showed that oxygenation allowed adequate levels of SO2 and paO2, avoiding hypoxemia. However, all anesthetized rats showed respiratory acidosis with low pH and high paCO2 levels, which was not reversed after oxygen administration. The acidosis could be related to hypoventilation due to respiratory depression induced by the XKMe association, as well as absorption atelectasis with the CO2 accumulation during anesthesia. Despite respiratory acidosis, oxygen administration was beneficial for anesthetized rats preventing hypoxemia. This makes it possible to prevent all the metabolic alterations that cause cell death by hypoxia, improving the well-being of anesthetized rats, as well as the quality of the results obtained.

Analgesia pós-operatória com Fentanil transdérmico ou Metadona intramuscular em cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia toracolombar / Postoperative analgesia with transdermal Fentanyl or intramuscular Methadone in dogs submitted to thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy

Background: Postoperative care after thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs generally includes rest, physical therapy,and analgesics such as opioids. Currently, there is no established standard for the management of postoperative pain inpatients undergoing hemilaminectomy. Ideally, an analgesic protocol should provide adequate pain relief with limited sedation, low adverse effects, and postoperative patient comfort. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate postoperative analgesiausing transdermal fentanyl or intramuscular methadone in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy associatedwith intervertebral disc fenestration (HT) for the treatment of intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE).Materials, Methods & Results: Eight dogs from the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of a Veterinary TeachingHospital, submitted to HT for the treatment of IVDE, were included. The dogs were randomly distributed into 2 groups ofequal numbers, namely the transdermal fentanyl (FT) group and the intramuscular methadone (IM) group. At the end ofthe surgical procedure, a fentanyl adhesive patch was applied to the animals in the FT group, which remained there for 72h. In the IM group, analgesia was induced by intramuscular administration of methadone at intervals of 6 h until 72 h aftersurgery. The animals were evaluated using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pains Scale (CMPS-SF).Evaluations of physiological parameters, side effects, and pain were performed by 2 assessors who had experience usingthe pain scale and were blinded to the analgesic protocol. Pain evaluations were performed every 2 h (from T4) until 24h after the surgical procedure. Evaluations were performed every 4 h from 24 h to 48 h after the surgical procedure and...

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...(AU)

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animal’s body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patient’s skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animals body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patients skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...(AU)

Ropivacaína isolada ou associada à metadona ou à morfina, pela via epidural, em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia / Ropivacaine sole or associated to methadone or morphine, by epidural route, in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos, sedativos e analgésicos da administração peridural de ropivacaína isolada ou associada à morfina ou à metadona. Para tal, 24 cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia receberam acepromazina, e a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com propofol e isoflurano (FiO2 = 1,0), respectivamente. De acordo com o protocolo peridural, formaram-se três grupos de igual número: GR (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg); GRMETA (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg e metadona - 0,3mg/kg) e GRMORF (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg e morfina - 0,1mg/kg). Registraram-se os parâmetros fisiológicos intraoperatórios e os graus de sedação e analgesia pós-operatórios. No GR constataram-se maiores médias de pressões arteriais 30 minutos após a anestesia epidural em relação ao GRMETA (sistólica e média) e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico comparativamente ao GRMORF (sistólica, diastólica e média). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos relativamente à analgesia e ao grau de sedação pós-operatórios. A administração epidural de ropivacaína é segura e eficaz e proporciona boa analgesia, independentemente da sua associação com morfina ou metadona.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological, sedative and analgesic effects of epidural administration of ropivacaine sole or associated to morphine or methadone. Twenty-four bitches were submitted to ovariohysterectomy and received acepromazine and after, propofol and isoflurane (FiO 2 = 1.0) for anesthesia induction and maintenance, respectively. Based on established epidural protocol (L7-S1), three groups were formed: GR (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg); GRMETA (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg and methadone - 0.3mg/kg) and GRMORF (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg and morphine - 0.1mg/kg). Intraoperative physiological parameters and degrees of postoperative sedation and analgesia were recorded. In the GR, the means of arterial pressures, 30 minutes after epidural anesthesia, were higher compared with GRMETA (systolic and mean) and, at the end of the clinical procedure, compared to GRMORF (systolic, diastolic and mean). Differences between groups were not observed for postoperative analgesia and degree of sedation. Epidural administration of ropivacaine is safe and effective and provides good analgesia regardless of its association with morphine or methadone.(AU)

Ropivacaína isolada ou associada à metadona ou à morfina, pela via epidural, em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia / Ropivacaine sole or associated to methadone or morphine, by epidural route, in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos, sedativos e analgésicos da administração peridural de ropivacaína isolada ou associada à morfina ou à metadona. Para tal, 24 cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia receberam acepromazina, e a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com propofol e isoflurano (FiO2 = 1,0), respectivamente. De acordo com o protocolo peridural, formaram-se três grupos de igual número: GR (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg); GRMETA (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg e metadona - 0,3mg/kg) e GRMORF (ropivacaína - 2,0mg/kg e morfina - 0,1mg/kg). Registraram-se os parâmetros fisiológicos intraoperatórios e os graus de sedação e analgesia pós-operatórios. No GR constataram-se maiores médias de pressões arteriais 30 minutos após a anestesia epidural em relação ao GRMETA (sistólica e média) e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico comparativamente ao GRMORF (sistólica, diastólica e média). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos relativamente à analgesia e ao grau de sedação pós-operatórios. A administração epidural de ropivacaína é segura e eficaz e proporciona boa analgesia, independentemente da sua associação com morfina ou metadona.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological, sedative and analgesic effects of epidural administration of ropivacaine sole or associated to morphine or methadone. Twenty-four bitches were submitted to ovariohysterectomy and received acepromazine and after, propofol and isoflurane (FiO 2 = 1.0) for anesthesia induction and maintenance, respectively. Based on established epidural protocol (L7-S1), three groups were formed: GR (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg); GRMETA (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg and methadone - 0.3mg/kg) and GRMORF (ropivacaine - 2.0mg/kg and morphine - 0.1mg/kg). Intraoperative physiological parameters and degrees of postoperative sedation and analgesia were recorded. In the GR, the means of arterial pressures, 30 minutes after epidural anesthesia, were higher compared with GRMETA (systolic and mean) and, at the end of the clinical procedure, compared to GRMORF (systolic, diastolic and mean). Differences between groups were not observed for postoperative analgesia and degree of sedation. Epidural administration of ropivacaine is safe and effective and provides good analgesia regardless of its association with morphine or methadone.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

Efeitos adversos da morfina, metadona e tramadol no pós-operatório de cães submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral: 180 casos (2011-2016) / Adverse effects of morphine, methadone and tramadol in the postoperative period of dogs undergone vertebral surgery: 180 cases (2011-2016)

A dor pós-operatória em cães que são submetidos a cirurgias da coluna vertebral é considerada severa e seu manejo inadequado pode influenciar no tempo de recuperação do paciente, na qualidade de vida e no resultado cirúrgico. Dentre os analgésicos indicados para uso no pós-operatório dessas cirurgias tem-se os opioides, que podem apresentar inúmeros efeitos adversos que requerem atenção. Devido à escassez de estudos clínicos acerca desse assunto em se tratando do pós-operatório de cães, objetivou-se com o presente estudo retrospectivo apresentar os efeitos adversos da morfina, metadona e tramadol utilizados no pós-operatório de cirurgias da coluna vertebral. Foram revisadas e avaliadas as fichas de 180 cães e anotadas as alterações observadas no pós-operatório e decorrentes do uso de opioides. Os principais efeitos adversos observados foram anorexia, hiporexia, vômito, salivação, vocalização, bradicardia, hipotermia, ofegação e sedação. Também foi observada persistência da dor em alguns cães mesmo com o uso de analgésicos. Houve diferença na ocorrência de anorexia nos cães tratados com morfina e nos tratados com metadona em relação aos tratados com tramadol. Ocorreu diferença também entre a observação de dor dos grupos morfina e tramadol. A associação de dipirona com morfina e com metadona não revelou diferença com relação à ocorrência de efeitos adversos, bem como a variação de doses. Conclui-se que a morfina, a metadona e o tramadol apresentam efeitos adversos quando empregados para tratamento da dor pós-operatória em cães submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral; a anorexia, a hiporexia e o vômito foram os efeitos adversos frequentes com o uso de morfina e de metadona e, mesmo que o tramadol apresente menor ocorrência desses efeitos, seu uso, na dose estudada, pode não ser vantajoso quando se leva em consideração o grau de dor para cirurgias da coluna vertebral.(AU)

Postoperative pain in dogs undergone vertebral surgery is classified as severe and it's important an adequate approach to it, because it can influence recovery time, quality of life and surgery outcome. Opioids are indicated for postoperative pain treatment in these surgeries. Opioids may have adverse effects that may require attention. There are few clinical studies that present the adverse effects of these analgesics in canine postoperative period. The aim of this retrospective study was to present the adverse effects of morphine, methadone and tramadol in canine vertebral surgery postoperative period. There were revised the postoperative records of 180 dogs and the changes resulted from the opioids use were noted. The adverse effects observed were anorexia, hyporexia, vomiting, vocalization, bradycardia, hypothermia, panting, sedation. Pain was also observed in some dogs. A significant difference was found in anorexia between dogs treated with morphine and tramadol and methadone and tramadol. Significant difference was also found in pain between dogs treated with morphine and tramadol. The association of metamizole and morphine or metamizole and methadone was not different in relation to the adverse effects. There was also no difference with the dosage variation and the adverse effects. In conclusion, morphine, methadone and tramadol have adverse effects when used for pain control in the postoperative period of dogs submitted to vertebral surgery. Anorexia, hypophagia and emesis were frequent the adverse effects observed with morphine and methadone and, despite tramadol presented less adverse effects, its use may be not beneficial in the studied doses when we consider the degree of pain, however more controlled studies with clinical situation are needed to confirm this.(AU)

Efeitos adversos da morfina, metadona e tramadol no pós-operatório de cães submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral: 180 casos (2011-2016) / Adverse effects of morphine, methadone and tramadol in the postoperative period of dogs undergone vertebral surgery: 180 cases (2011-2016)

A dor pós-operatória em cães que são submetidos a cirurgias da coluna vertebral é considerada severa e seu manejo inadequado pode influenciar no tempo de recuperação do paciente, na qualidade de vida e no resultado cirúrgico. Dentre os analgésicos indicados para uso no pós-operatório dessas cirurgias tem-se os opioides, que podem apresentar inúmeros efeitos adversos que requerem atenção. Devido à escassez de estudos clínicos acerca desse assunto em se tratando do pós-operatório de cães, objetivou-se com o presente estudo retrospectivo apresentar os efeitos adversos da morfina, metadona e tramadol utilizados no pós-operatório de cirurgias da coluna vertebral. Foram revisadas e avaliadas as fichas de 180 cães e anotadas as alterações observadas no pós-operatório e decorrentes do uso de opioides. Os principais efeitos adversos observados foram anorexia, hiporexia, vômito, salivação, vocalização, bradicardia, hipotermia, ofegação e sedação. Também foi observada persistência da dor em alguns cães mesmo com o uso de analgésicos. Houve diferença na ocorrência de anorexia nos cães tratados com morfina e nos tratados com metadona em relação aos tratados com tramadol. Ocorreu diferença também entre a observação de dor dos grupos morfina e tramadol. A associação de dipirona com morfina e com metadona não revelou diferença com relação à ocorrência de efeitos adversos, bem como a variação de doses. Conclui-se que a morfina, a metadona e o tramadol apresentam efeitos adversos quando empregados para tratamento da dor pós-operatória em cães submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral; a anorexia, a hiporexia e o vômito foram os efeitos adversos frequentes com o uso de morfina e de metadona e, mesmo que o tramadol apresente menor ocorrência desses efeitos, seu uso, na dose estudada, pode não ser vantajoso quando se leva em consideração o grau de dor para cirurgias da coluna vertebral.(AU)

Postoperative pain in dogs undergone vertebral surgery is classified as severe and it's important an adequate approach to it, because it can influence recovery time, quality of life and surgery outcome. Opioids are indicated for postoperative pain treatment in these surgeries. Opioids may have adverse effects that may require attention. There are few clinical studies that present the adverse effects of these analgesics in canine postoperative period. The aim of this retrospective study was to present the adverse effects of morphine, methadone and tramadol in canine vertebral surgery postoperative period. There were revised the postoperative records of 180 dogs and the changes resulted from the opioids use were noted. The adverse effects observed were anorexia, hyporexia, vomiting, vocalization, bradycardia, hypothermia, panting, sedation. Pain was also observed in some dogs. A significant difference was found in anorexia between dogs treated with morphine and tramadol and methadone and tramadol. Significant difference was also found in pain between dogs treated with morphine and tramadol. The association of metamizole and morphine or metamizole and methadone was not different in relation to the adverse effects. There was also no difference with the dosage variation and the adverse effects. In conclusion, morphine, methadone and tramadol have adverse effects when used for pain control in the postoperative period of dogs submitted to vertebral surgery. Anorexia, hypophagia and emesis were frequent the adverse effects observed with morphine and methadone and, despite tramadol presented less adverse effects, its use may be not beneficial in the studied doses when we consider the degree of pain, however more controlled studies with clinical situation are needed to confirm this.(AU)

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da metadona, da cetamina ou da sua associação em gatas submetidas a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of methadone, ketamine or their associations in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

A prevenção e o controle da dor são componentes básicos para um procedimento anestésico adequado. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória da cetamina, em dose subanestésica, da metadona e da associação de ambas pela via intramuscular em felinos. Foram utilizadas 24 gatas, hígidas, submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia eletiva. No dia anterior ao início do estudo, os animais foram anestesiados para colocação de cateter na veia jugular, para posterior coleta de sangue para mensuração da concentração sérica do cortisol. No dia do experimento, os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=oito), os quais receberam cetamina (GC), na dose de 0,5mg/kg; ou metadona (GM), na dose de 0,3mg/kg; ou cetamina e metadona (GCM), nas doses de 0,5mg/kg e 0,3mg/kg, respectivamente, todos pela via intramuscular. Todos os grupos receberam os fármacos 20 minutos antes da indução anestésica, a qual foi realizada com propofol, e a manutenção com isoflurano. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a mensuração do cortisol nos momentos M0 (basal - antes da cirurgia), M1(transoperatório), M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 e M24 (duas, três, quatro, oito, 12 e 24 horas após o término da cirurgia),e a do escore de dor por meio da escala multidimensional de dor aguda em felinos nos momentos M0, M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 e M24. Os valores de cortisol foram maiores no GC em comparação ao GM e ao GCM em M2 e M3. Os escores de dor foram maiores no GC nos momentos M2 e M3 em comparação ao GM e ao GCM, respectivamente. No somatório de pontos, no M2, o GC apresentou valores maiores que o GM e o GCM, e, no M4, o GC obteve valores maiores que o GCM. Em relação ao número de resgates no pós-operatório no GC, 8/8 dos animais necessitaram de resgate, no GM 5/8 e no GCM 3/8. Conclui-se que a associação de metadona e cetamina em gatas submetidas à OSH eletiva promove analgesia pós-operatória adequada e, assim, reduz o requerimento de analgésicos no período pós-operatório.(AU)

The prevention and control of pain are basic components to have an adequate anesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the postoperative analgesia of ketamine in subanestesica dose, of methadone and the association of both intramuscularly in cats. A total of 24 cats proven healthy were referred for elective ovariossalpingohisterectomia. The day before the beginning of the experiment animals were anesthetized for placing a catheter in the jugular vein for subsequent blood sampling for measurement of serum concentration of cortisol. The next day, animals were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 8), which received ketamine (GC) at a dose of 0.5mg/kg; methadone (GM) at a dose of 0.3mg/kg; methadone and ketamine (GCM) at doses of 0.5mg/kg and 0.3mg/kg, respectively, all in the intramuscular route. All groups received the drug 20 minutes before induction of anesthesia, which was performed with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. The parameters evaluated were the measurement of cortisol in moments M0 (baseline-before surgery), M1(intraoperative), M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 and M24 (2,3,4,8,12 and 24 hours after the end of surgery) and evaluation of pain score by multidimensional scale of acute pain in cats in the moments M0, M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 and M24. The cortisol levels were higher in GC compared to GM and GCM in M2 and M3. Pain scores were higher in GC in moments M2 and M3 compared to GM and GCM, respectively. In summation of points in M2, GC showed higher values than GM and GCM, and M4, GC obtained values greater than GCM. Comparing the number of rescues postoperatively in GC 8/8 of animals required rescue, in GM /8 and in GCM 3/8. It was concluded that the combination of methadone and ketamine in cats undergoing elective OSH provides adequate postoperative analgesia, reducing the requirement for analgesics in the postoperative period.(AU)

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da metadona, da cetamina ou da sua associação em gatas submetidas a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of methadone, ketamine or their associations in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

A prevenção e o controle da dor são componentes básicos para um procedimento anestésico adequado. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória da cetamina, em dose subanestésica, da metadona e da associação de ambas pela via intramuscular em felinos. Foram utilizadas 24 gatas, hígidas, submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia eletiva. No dia anterior ao início do estudo, os animais foram anestesiados para colocação de cateter na veia jugular, para posterior coleta de sangue para mensuração da concentração sérica do cortisol. No dia do experimento, os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=oito), os quais receberam cetamina (GC), na dose de 0,5mg/kg; ou metadona (GM), na dose de 0,3mg/kg; ou cetamina e metadona (GCM), nas doses de 0,5mg/kg e 0,3mg/kg, respectivamente, todos pela via intramuscular. Todos os grupos receberam os fármacos 20 minutos antes da indução anestésica, a qual foi realizada com propofol, e a manutenção com isoflurano. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a mensuração do cortisol nos momentos M0 (basal - antes da cirurgia), M1(transoperatório), M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 e M24 (duas, três, quatro, oito, 12 e 24 horas após o término da cirurgia),e a do escore de dor por meio da escala multidimensional de dor aguda em felinos nos momentos M0, M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 e M24. Os valores de cortisol foram maiores no GC em comparação ao GM e ao GCM em M2 e M3. Os escores de dor foram maiores no GC nos momentos M2 e M3 em comparação ao GM e ao GCM, respectivamente. No somatório de pontos, no M2, o GC apresentou valores maiores que o GM e o GCM, e, no M4, o GC obteve valores maiores que o GCM. Em relação ao número de resgates no pós-operatório no GC, 8/8 dos animais necessitaram de resgate, no GM 5/8 e no GCM 3/8. Conclui-se que a associação de metadona e cetamina em gatas submetidas à OSH eletiva promove analgesia pós-operatória adequada e, assim, reduz o requerimento de analgésicos no período pós-operatório.(AU)

The prevention and control of pain are basic components to have an adequate anesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the postoperative analgesia of ketamine in subanestesica dose, of methadone and the association of both intramuscularly in cats. A total of 24 cats proven healthy were referred for elective ovariossalpingohisterectomia. The day before the beginning of the experiment animals were anesthetized for placing a catheter in the jugular vein for subsequent blood sampling for measurement of serum concentration of cortisol. The next day, animals were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 8), which received ketamine (GC) at a dose of 0.5mg/kg; methadone (GM) at a dose of 0.3mg/kg; methadone and ketamine (GCM) at doses of 0.5mg/kg and 0.3mg/kg, respectively, all in the intramuscular route. All groups received the drug 20 minutes before induction of anesthesia, which was performed with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. The parameters evaluated were the measurement of cortisol in moments M0 (baseline-before surgery), M1(intraoperative), M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 and M24 (2,3,4,8,12 and 24 hours after the end of surgery) and evaluation of pain score by multidimensional scale of acute pain in cats in the moments M0, M2, M3, M4, M8, M12 and M24. The cortisol levels were higher in GC compared to GM and GCM in M2 and M3. Pain scores were higher in GC in moments M2 and M3 compared to GM and GCM, respectively. In summation of points in M2, GC showed higher values than GM and GCM, and M4, GC obtained values greater than GCM. Comparing the number of rescues postoperatively in GC 8/8 of animals required rescue, in GM /8 and in GCM 3/8. It was concluded that the combination of methadone and ketamine in cats undergoing elective OSH provides adequate postoperative analgesia, reducing the requirement for analgesics in the postoperative period.(AU)

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli / Comparação entre a associação da detomidina à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos experimentais na cavidade oral

This study aimed to compare the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone and to determine whether the addition of these opioids increases the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli. In a blinded, randomized, experimental study, six adult mares were evaluated using a crossover design with at least 15 days between trials: 10?g/kg detomidine in combination with saline (D/SAL), 0.1mg/kg morphine (D/ MORPH) or 0.1mg/kg methadone (D/METH). The degree of sedation, response to oral stimuli and cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored for 120 minutes. Parametric data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukeys tests, and non- parametric data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedmans tests with the post-Dunn test (P 0.05). The degree of sedation was significantly greater for the D/SAL than for the D/MORPH and D/METH treatments at 30 min. The horses´ responses to the oral stimuli decreased significantly following all treatments at 5 and 30 min from baseline values. The heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial pH and blood gas variables were all similar among the treatment groups. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the D/MORPH group when compared with the D/SAL group between 75 and 120 min. It was concluded that all treatments provided sedative effects with mild cardiopulmonary changes. However the addition of morphine or methadone to detomidine did not improve the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos sedativos e cardiorrespiratórios da detomidina associada à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona e determinar se a associação desses opioides poderia incrementar o grau de sedação em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos na cavidade oral. Em estudo cego, com delineamento aleatório foram avaliadas 06 éguas, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias entre cada avaliação, sendo submetidos aos protocolos de sedação com detomidina (10mg/kg, IV) associada à solução salina (D/SAL), a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de morfina (D/MORF) ou a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de metadona (D/MET). Foram avaliados, durante 120 minutos: grau de sedação, resposta aos estímulos orais e parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. A estatística foi realizada com análise de variância, teste de Tukey e análise de medidas repetidas, para as variáveis paramétricas. Para as variáveis não paramétricas foram empregados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de Friedman com contrastes pelo método de Dunn (P 0,05). O efeito sedativo foi significativamente superior no D/SAL em relação ao D/MORF e D/MET aos 30 minutos após a administração dos fármacos. A resposta dos animais perante os estímulos feitos na cavidade oral diminuiu significativamente aos 5 e 30 minutos em relação ao basal em todos os tratamentos. A frequência cardíaca e respiratória, bem como as variáveis hemogasométricas não diferiram entre os grupos. Valores superiores de cardiopulmonary changes. However the addition of morphine or methadone to detomidinedid not improve the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli.(AU)

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli / Comparação entre a associação da detomidina à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos experimentais na cavidade oral

This study aimed to compare the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone and to determine whether the addition of these opioids increases the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli. In a blinded, randomized, experimental study, six adult mares were evaluated using a crossover design with at least 15 days between trials: 10?g/kg detomidine in combination with saline (D/SAL), 0.1mg/kg morphine (D/ MORPH) or 0.1mg/kg methadone (D/METH). The degree of sedation, response to oral stimuli and cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored for 120 minutes. Parametric data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukeys tests, and non- parametric data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedmans tests with the post-Dunn test (P 0.05). The degree of sedation was significantly greater for the D/SAL than for the D/MORPH and D/METH treatments at 30 min. The horses´ responses to the oral stimuli decreased significantly following all treatments at 5 and 30 min from baseline values. The heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial pH and blood gas variables were all similar among the treatment groups. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the D/MORPH group when compared with the D/SAL group between 75 and 120 min. It was concluded that all treatments provided sedative effects with mild cardiopulmonary changes. However the addition of morphine or methadone to detomidine did not improve the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli.

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos sedativos e cardiorrespiratórios da detomidina associada à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona e determinar se a associação desses opioides poderia incrementar o grau de sedação em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos na cavidade oral. Em estudo cego, com delineamento aleatório foram avaliadas 06 éguas, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias entre cada avaliação, sendo submetidos aos protocolos de sedação com detomidina (10mg/kg, IV) associada à solução salina (D/SAL), a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de morfina (D/MORF) ou a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de metadona (D/MET). Foram avaliados, durante 120 minutos: grau de sedação, resposta aos estímulos orais e parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. A estatística foi realizada com análise de variância, teste de Tukey e análise de medidas repetidas, para as variáveis paramétricas. Para as variáveis não paramétricas foram empregados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de Friedman com contrastes pelo método de Dunn (P 0,05). O efeito sedativo foi significativamente superior no D/SAL em relação ao D/MORF e D/MET aos 30 minutos após a administração dos fármacos. A resposta dos animais perante os estímulos feitos na cavidade oral diminuiu significativamente aos 5 e 30 minutos em relação ao basal em todos os tratamentos. A frequência cardíaca e respiratória, bem como as variáveis hemogasométricas não diferiram entre os grupos. Valores superiores de cardiopulmonary changes. However the addition of morphine or methadone to detomidinedid not improve the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli.

Analgesia pós-operatória com metadona em gatos: administração epidural e intramuscular / Postoperative analgesia of methadone in cats: epidural and intramuscular administration

Compararam-se os efeitos analgésico, sedativo e neuroendócrino decorrentes da administração epidural e intramuscular da metadona em gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingoisterectomia (OSH). Todos os animais foram tranquilizados com acepromazina, 0,1mg kg-1 IM, seguindo-se a indução e manutenção anestésica com tiopental sódico, 12mg kg-1 IV, e halotano, respectivamente. Após a estabilização anestésica, os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos, com oito animais cada, tratados com metadona pela via epidural (EP) ou intramuscular (IM) 0,2mg kg-1, respectivamente, ou com solução salina (S) 0,2mL kg-1. Foram avaliados: graus de analgesia e de sedação, necessidade de analgesia de resgate, efeitos adversos e concentração sérica de cortisol. Os graus de analgesia e de sedação e o cortisol não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Analgesia de resgate foi administrada quatro, nove e 11 vezes nos tratamentos EP, IM e S, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos IM e S, a suplementação analgésica foi necessária a partir da primeira hora pós-cirúrgica, enquanto no tratamento EP, somente a partir da terceira hora após a OSH. Conclui-se que a administração de metadona pela via epidural resulta em menor quantidade do analgésico pós-operatório, e que a analgesia é mais prolongada quando comparada à obtida pela via intramuscular, em gatas submetidas à OSH.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic, sedative and neuroendocrine effects of epidural (EP) and intramuscular (IM) methadone in cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy. The pre-anesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.1mg kg-1, IM) followed by induction of anesthesia with intravenous thiopental, 12mg kg-1, and anesthesia maintenance with halothane. After anesthesia stabilization the cats were randomly assigned to three groups of eight animals each and received EP or IM methadone, 0.2mg kg-1 diluted with saline to 0.2mL kg-1, EP and IM, respectively, or a saline placebo (S), 0.2mL kg-1. Pain measurements, degree of sedation, rescue analgesia requirements, adverse effects and serum cortisol concentration were recorded. Cortisol, pain and sedation scores did not differ among the groups. Rescue analgesia was administered 4, 9 and 11 times in the EP, IM and S treatment, respectively. In the IM and S rescue analgesia treatments were required early (first hour postoperative), whereas in the EP treatment, additional analgesics were required after the third hour postoperative. In conclusion, methadone epidural reduced the postoperative analgesic requirements and produced longer analgesia when compared to intramuscular administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

Analgesia em canino com queimadura extensa / Analgesia in canine with extensive burn / Analgesia en caninos con amplia quemadura

Este trabalho enfatiza o tratamento da dor em um canino, macho, 8 anos de idade, que apresentava lesões em cerca de 40% da superfície corporal devido a queimadura provocada por fogo. Devido a intensidade da enfermidade, é necessário conhecer os mecanismos locais e sistêmicos da queimadura para uma analgesia adequada. O animal foi monitorado diariamente e avaliado através da escala analógica visual por profissional habilitado e treinado para tal, sendo este o suporte para a escolha do protocolo analgésico que baseou-se em tramadol 4 mg/kg a cada 8 horas (TID), cetamina 1mg/kg TID, dipirona 25 mg/kg TID e metadona 0,4 mg/kg a cada 6 horas (QID). Baseado nos resultados obtidos, o protocolo foi considerado adequado devido a remissão dos sinais de dor apresentado pelo animal diariamente, bem como pela não apresentação de efeitos adversos.(AU)

This work emphasizes the treatment of pain in an 8-year-old male canine, which had lesions on about 40% of the body surface due to fire-induced burns. Due to the intensity of the disease, it is necessary to know the local and systemic mechanisms of the burn for an adequate analgesia. The animal was monitored daily and evaluated through the visual analogs called by a trained and trained professional. This was the basis for choosing the analgesic protocol based on tramadol 4 mg/kg every 8 hours (TID), ketamine 1mg/kg TID, dipyrone 25 mg/kg TID and methadone 0.4 mg/kg every 6 hours (QID). Base don't he results obtained, the protocol was considered adequate due to the remission of the pain signals presented by the animal daily as well as by the non-presentation of adverse effects.(AU)

Este trabajo hace enfatiza el tratamiento del dolor en un perro, macho, 8 anos de edad, que presentaba lesiones en el 40% de la superficie corporal debido a las quemaduras causadas por el fuego. Debido a que la intensidad de la enfermedad, es necesario conocer los mecanismos locales y sistémicos de la quemadura para analgesia adecuada. El animal se controló diariamente y se evaluó por la escala visual analógica por un profesional calificado y entrenado para hacer, que es el soporte para la elección del protocolo analgésico tramadol se basó en 4 mg/kg cada 8 horas (TID), ketamina 1 mg/kg TID, dipirona 25 mg/kg tres veces ai día y la metadona 0,4 mg/kg cada 6 horas (QID). Basándose en los resultados, se consideró el protocolo apropiado a causa de la remisión de seriales de dolor presentados por el animal a diario y la no presentación de efectos adversos.(AU)

Analgesia em canino com queimadura extensa / Analgesia in canine with extensive burn / Analgesia en caninos con amplia quemadura

Este trabalho enfatiza o tratamento da dor em um canino, macho, 8 anos de idade, que apresentava lesões em cerca de 40% da superfície corporal devido a queimadura provocada por fogo. Devido a intensidade da enfermidade, é necessário conhecer os mecanismos locais e sistêmicos da queimadura para uma analgesia adequada. O animal foi monitorado diariamente e avaliado através da escala analógica visual por profissional habilitado e treinado para tal, sendo este o suporte para a escolha do protocolo analgésico que baseou-se em tramadol 4 mg/kg a cada 8 horas (TID), cetamina 1mg/kg TID, dipirona 25 mg/kg TID e metadona 0,4 mg/kg a cada 6 horas (QID). Baseado nos resultados obtidos, o protocolo foi considerado adequado devido a remissão dos sinais de dor apresentado pelo animal diariamente, bem como pela não apresentação de efeitos adversos.

This work emphasizes the treatment of pain in an 8-year-old male canine, which had lesions on about 40% of the body surface due to fire-induced burns. Due to the intensity of the disease, it is necessary to know the local and systemic mechanisms of the burn for an adequate analgesia. The animal was monitored daily and evaluated through the visual analogs called by a trained and trained professional. This was the basis for choosing the analgesic protocol based on tramadol 4 mg/kg every 8 hours (TID), ketamine 1mg/kg TID, dipyrone 25 mg/kg TID and methadone 0.4 mg/kg every 6 hours (QID). Base don't he results obtained, the protocol was considered adequate due to the remission of the pain signals presented by the animal daily as well as by the non-presentation of adverse effects.

Este trabajo hace enfatiza el tratamiento del dolor en un perro, macho, 8 anos de edad, que presentaba lesiones en el 40% de la superficie corporal debido a las quemaduras causadas por el fuego. Debido a que la intensidad de la enfermedad, es necesario conocer los mecanismos locales y sistémicos de la quemadura para analgesia adecuada. El animal se controló diariamente y se evaluó por la escala visual analógica por un profesional calificado y entrenado para hacer, que es el soporte para la elección del protocolo analgésico tramadol se basó en 4 mg/kg cada 8 horas (TID), ketamina 1 mg/kg TID, dipirona 25 mg/kg tres veces ai día y la metadona 0,4 mg/kg cada 6 horas (QID). Basándose en los resultados, se consideró el protocolo apropiado a causa de la remisión de seriales de dolor presentados por el animal a diario y la no presentación de efectos adversos.