Pivalato de desoxicorticosterona no controle do hipoadrenocorticismo canino - relato de casos / Deoxycorticosterone pivalate in the control of canine hypoadrenocorticism reports - case / Pivalato de desoxicorticosterona en el control del hipoadrenocorticismo canino - reporte de casos

O hipoadrenocorticismo primário ou doença de Addison é uma endocrinopatia que envolve a deficiência de glicocorticoides, comumente associada a deficiência mineralocorticoide. O tratamento mais utilizado para reposição hormonal envolve a associação de fludrocortisona e prednisona. O pivalato de desoxicorticosterona (DOCP) tem sido demonstrado na literatura como superior no controle eletrolítico no paciente com hipoadrenocorticismo, e sempre deve ser associado a prednisona/prednisolona. Neste trabalho, relatamos o benefício do DOCP e o protocolo de ajuste de dose desse fármaco em duas etapas em dois casos distintos. Houve uma eficácia superior no controle eletrolítico e redução dos efeitos colaterais com o protocolo de DOCP e prednisolona em relação ao uso de fludrocortisona em ambos os pacientes.(AU)

Primary hypoadrenocorticism or Addison's disease is an endocrinopathy involving glucocorticoid deficiency, commonly associated with mineralocorticoid deficiency. The most commonly used treatment for hormone replacement involves the combination of fludrocortisone and prednisone. Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) has been shown in the literature to be superior in electrolyte control in patients with hypoadrenocorticism, and should always be associated with prednisone/prednisolona. In this study, we report the benefit of DOCP and the two-stage dose adjustment protocol for this drug in 2 different cases. There was superior efficacy in electrolyte control and reduction of side effects with the DOCP and prednisolone protocol compared to the use of fludrocortisone in both patients.(AU)

El hipoadrenocorticismo primario o enfermedad de Addison es una endocrinopatía que cursa con deficiencia de glucocorticoides, comúnmente asociada con deficiencia de mineralocorticoides. El tratamiento más utilizado para el reemplazo hormonal consiste en la combinación de fludrocortisona y prednisona. El pivalato de desoxicorticosterona (DOCP) ha demostrado en la literatura ser superior en el control de electrolitos en pacientes con hipoadrenocorticismo, y siempre debe asociarse con prednisona/prednisolona. En este trabajo, reportamos el beneficio de DOCP y el protocolo de ajuste de dosis en dos etapas para este fármaco en 2 casos diferentes. Hubo una eficacia superior en el control de electrolitos y la reducción de los efectos secundarios con el protocolo DOCP y prednisolona en comparación con el uso de fludrocortisona en ambos pacientes.(AU)

Ultrasonographic findings in dogs diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism ­ retrospective study (2013 to 2020) / Achados ultrassonográficos em cães diagnosticados com hiperadrenocorticismo ­ estudo retrospectivo (2013 a 2020)

Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrinopathy in middle-aged and older dogs, which has become increasingly frequent in the clinical routine. The diagnosis is made by information obtained by history, physical exam findings and results of screening and specific endocrine tests. In addition to laboratory tests, imaging diagnosis, such as ultrasound, can aid on evaluation of possible changes in these cases; also, they may reveal the possible involvement of other organs and systems. The aim of this study was to present the main ultrasonographic changes observed in 18 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, diagnosed from 2013 to 2020 by the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, among which hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, gallbladder sludge, renal changes, cystitis and changes in adrenal size, such as bilateral and/or unilateral adrenomegaly, can be cited. Ultrasound examination, therefore, is an examination that can help the clinician in confirming the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, in addition to allowing differentiation between pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and adrenal tumors, and the evaluation of possible secondary changes to the disease.(AU)

iperadrenocorticismo é uma endocrinopatia relativamente comum em cães de meia idade e idosos, que tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente na rotina clínica O diagnóstico é confirmado por informações obtidas pelo histórico, achados de exame físico e resultados de exames de triagem e endócrinos específicos. Além dos exames laboratoriais, os exames de ima-gem, como a ultrassonografia, podem auxiliar na avaliação de possíveis alterações nesses casos; ademais, eles também podem revelar o possível envolvimento de outros órgãos e sistemas. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar as principais alterações ultrassonográficas observadas em 18 cães com hiperadrenocorticismo, diagnosticados de 2013 a 2020 pelo teste de supressão por dexametasona em baixa dose, dentre as quais podem ser citadas hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia, lama biliar, alterações renais, cistite e alterações no tamanho e formato das adrenais, como adrenomegalia bilateral e/u unilateral. A avaliação ultras-sonográfica, portanto, é um exame que pode ajudar o clínico a confirmar o diagnóstico de hiperadrenocorticismo, além de ajudar a diferenciar entre hiperadrenocorticismo hipófise-dependente (HHD) e tumores adrenais, e na avaliação de possíveis alterações secundárias à doença.(AU)

Non-invasive assessment of physiological stress in captive common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) in Vietnam

Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) is a rare mammal appearing in South and Southeast Asia, first described in 1777. An expensive coffee is made of beans eaten and rejected by civets. In Vietnam, the animals are increasingly captured and kept captive to sell these beans, which has adversely affected their population. Because of the detrimental effects of stress, studying stress responses is important for this wildlife conservation. The stress response of the Common Palm Civet was investigated through the concentration of glucocorticoid hormones in feces under different conditions such as translocation and forced-pairing during the breeding season, among others. This is a non-invasive method for measuring glucocorticoid hormones in captive Common Palm Civet in Vietnam. Our results validated that fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) accurately reflect circulating glucocorticoid stress hormones in Common Palm Civet. FGM increased under adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation and during the breeding season (April and NovemberDecember). FGM during estrus and parturition was high as well in female civets. Stress response was also observed in case of forced-pairing or residence change. These data could be useful for research and the conservation of this species.

Adenocarcinoma de la glándula suprarrenal en una perra / Adenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland in a female dog / Adenocarcinoma da glândula adrenal em uma cadela

El objetivo de este artículo es describir un caso de neoplasia adrenocortical con manifestación de hiperadrenocorticismo. Los tumores adrenocorticales se originan a partir de diferentes tipos de células y presentan una variada manifestación clínica, que puede ser funcionante o no funcionante. Los adenocarcinomas son autónomos y funcionales en la mayoría de los casos, lo que lleva a una secreción excesiva de glucocorticoides, independientemente del control pituitario. Corroboran la aparición de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) al interferir con la síntesis de cortisol. Los signos clínicos observados pueden ser poliuria, polidipsia compensatoria, polifagia, alteraciones de la presión arterial, disfunciones cardíacas, renales y endocrinas, entre otras, estas manifestaciones clínicas pueden presentarse de forma aislada o en asociación. El diagnóstico se puede obtener de varias maneras, como mediciones de cortisol urinario, estimulación con hormona adrenocorticotrópica, pruebas de supresión con dosis bajas de dexametasona y pruebas de imagen. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico definitivo se basa en el uso de la histopatología. Este artículo reporta el caso de una mujer mestiza de 13 años con signos de poliuria y polidipsia. Tras descartar los diagnósticos iniciales (diabetes mellitus y/o alteraciones renales), se sospechó HAC, realizándose nuevas pruebas. Los resultados de los exámenes mostraro

The aim of this article is to describe a case of adrenocortical neoplasm with manifestation of hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenocortical tumors originate from different types of cells and present varied clinical manifestations, which can be functional or non-functional. Adenocarcinomas are autonomous and functional in most cases, leading to excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, regardless of pituitary control. They corroborate the occurrence of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) due to interference in the synthesis of cortisol. Clinical signs can be observed, as polyuria, compensatory polydipsia, polyphagia, blood pressure alterations, cardiac, renal and endocrine dysfunctions, among others. Diagnosis can be made in various ways, such as urinary cortisol measurements, adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests, and imaging tests and histopathology. This article reports the case of a 13-year-old mixed-breed female dog with signs of polyuria and polydpsia. After discarding the initial diagnoses (diabetes mellitus and/or renal alterations), HAC was suspected, with further tests being performed. The test results showed an increase in the adrenal region, and adrenalectomy and hormone replacement with trilostane were recommended. The diagnosis of HAC was confirmed by histopathology as HAC secondary to adrenal gland adenocarcinoma. The patient also develope

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um caso de neoplasia adrenocortical com manifestação de hiperadrenocorticismo. Tumores adrenocorticais são originados de diversos tipos de células e apresentam manifestação clínica variada, podendo ser funcionantes ou não funcionantes. Os adenocarcinomas são autônomos e funcionantes na maioria dos casos, levando a secreção excessiva de glicocorticóides, independente do controle da hipófise. Eles corroboram com a ocorrência de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) por interferência na síntese de cortisol. Os sinais clínicos observados podem ser poliúria, polidipsia compensatória, polifagia, alterações pressóricas, disfunções cardíacas, renais e endócrinas, entre outros, estas manifestações clínicas podem se apresentar de forma isolada ou associada. O diagnóstico pode ser obtido de diversas formas, como dosagens de cortisol urinário, estimulação de hormônio adrenocorticotrópico, testes de supressão com baixa dose de dexametasona e por testes de imagem. No entanto, o diagnóstico definitivo baseia-se no uso da histopatologia. Este artigo relata o caso de uma fêmea sem raça definida, de 13 anos de idade, com sinais de poliúria e polidpsia. Após o descarte dos diagnósticos iniciais (diabetes mellitus e/ou alterações renais), suspeitou-se de HAC, com a realização de novos exames. Os resultados dos exames evidenciaram aumento da região adrenal, sendo recomenda

Adenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland in a female dog / Adenocarcinoma da glândula adrenal em uma cadela / Adenocarcinoma de la glándula suprarrenal en una perra

The aim of this article is to describe a case of adrenocortical neoplasm with manifestation of hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenocortical tumors originate from different types of cells and present varied clinical manifestations, which can be functional or non-functional. Adenocarcinomas are autonomous and functional in most cases, leading to excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, regardless of pituitary control. They corroborate the occurrence of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) due to interference in the synthesis of cortisol. Clinical signs can be observed, as polyuria, compensatory polydipsia, polyphagia, blood pressure alterations, cardiac, renal and endocrine dysfunctions, among others. Diagnosis can be made in various ways, such as urinary cortisol measurements, adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests, and imaging tests and histopathology. This article reports the case of a 13-year-old mixed-breed female dog with signs of polyuria and polydpsia. After discarding the initial diagnoses (diabetes mellitus and/or renal alterations), HAC was suspected, with further tests being performed. The test results showed an increase in the adrenal region, and adrenalectomy and hormone replacement with trilostane were recommended. The diagnosis of HAC was confirmed by histopathology as HAC secondary to adrenal gland adenocarcinoma. The patient also developed diabetes mellitus during postoperative treatment with prednisone, which made it necessary to discontinue the medication.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um caso de neoplasia adrenocortical com manifestação de hiperadrenocorticismo. Tumores adrenocorticais são originados de diversos tipos de células e apresentam manifestação clínica variada, podendo ser funcionais ou não funcionais. Os adenocarcinomas são autônomos e funciona na maioria dos casos, levando a secreção excessiva de glicocorticóides, independente do controle da hipófise. Eles corroboram com a ocorrência de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) por interferência na síntese de cortisol. Os sinais clínicos observados podem ser poliúria, polidipsia compensatória, polifagia, alterações pressóricas, disfunções cardíacas, renais e endócrinas, entre outros. Estas manifestações clínicas podem se apresentar de forma isolada ou associada. O diagnóstico pode ser obtido de diversas formas, como dosagens de cortisol urinário, estimulação de hormônio adrenocorticotrópico, testes de supressão com baixa dose de dexametasona e por testes de imagem. No entanto, o diagnóstico definitivo baseia-se no uso da histopatologia. Este artigo relata o caso de uma fêmea sem raça definida, de 13 anos de idade, com sinais de poliúria e polidpsia. Após o descarte dos diagnósticos iniciais (diabetes mellitus e/ou alterações renais). suspeitou-se de HAC, com a realização de novos exames. Os resultados dos exames evidenciaram aumento da região adrenal, sendo recomendada a adrenalectomia e reposição hormonal com trilostano. O diagnóstico de HAC foi confirmado pela histopatologia como sendo HAC secundário a adenocarcinoma de glândula adrenal. A paciente desenvolveu ainda um quadro de diabetes mellitus durante o tratamento com prednisona no pós-operatório, sendo necessário interromper a medicação.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir un caso de neoplasia adrenocortical con manifestación de hiperadrenocorticismo. Los tumores adrenocorticales se originan a partir de diferentes tipos de células y presentan una variada manifestación clínica, que puede ser funcionante o no funcionante. Los adenocarcinomas son autónomos y funcionales en la mayoría de los casos, lo que lleva a una secreción excesiva de glucocorticoides, independientemente del control pituitario. Corroboran la aparición de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) al interferir con la síntesis de cortisol. Los signos clínicos observados pueden ser poliuria, polidipsia compensatoria, polifagia, alteraciones de la presión arterial, disfunciones cardíacas, renales y endocrinas, entre otras. Estas manifestaciones clínicas pueden presentarse de forma aislada o en asociación. El diagnóstico se puede obtener de varias maneras, como mediciones de cortisol urinario, estimulación con hormona adrenocorticotrópica, pruebas de supresión con dosis bajas de dexametasona y pruebas de imagen. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico definitivo se basa en el uso de la histopatología. Este artículo reporta el caso de una perra mestiza de 13 años con signos de poliuria y polidipsia. Tras descartar los diagnósticos iniciales (diabetes mellitus y/o alteraciones renales), se sospechó HAC, realizándose nuevas pruebas. Los resultados de los exámenes mostraron un aumento en la región suprarrenal, por lo que se recomendó adrenalectomía y reemplazo hormonal con trilostano. El diagnóstico de CAH se confirmó por histopatología como CAH secundaria a adenocarcinoma de la glándula suprarrenal. La paciente también desarrolló diabetes mellitus durante el tratamiento con prednisona en el postoperatorio, siendo necesario suspender la medicación.

Corticoterapia intralesional no tratamento de otohematoma em cães / Treating otohematomas in dogs with intra-lesional corticotherapy

Background: Otohematoma is common in dogs and is characterized by blood accumulation between the skin and cartilageof the outer ear. While the etiology is related to trauma, most cases have a predisposing condition. Treatment must drainthe hematoma and maintain appropriate skin apposition to the ear cartilage. Treatment can be surgical, but there are alsoconservative options such as puncture drainage, followed by intralesional injection of glucocorticoids. This alternativemethod is less invasive than surgery, with an equivalent success rate. This study aimed to describe intralesional injectionof corticosteroids for the treatment of dogs with otohematoma at a veterinary clinic.Materials, Methods & Results: Otohematoma was diagnosed and treated in 23 dogs (14 males and 9 females, weighing9.6 ± 2.7 kg) at a reference private veterinary clinic. The dogs were chemically restrained, and their ears were cleanedwith chlorhexidine. The lower face of each ear with otohematoma was then punctured with a needle coupled to a syringeto drain the liquid. Following drainage, the equipment was removed and the collected liquid volume was measured. A0.5 mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone acetate was prepared and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) to a volume equivalent to1/10 of the previously drained content volume from the otohematoma. The prepared solution was then injected into thedrained ear. Additionally, each patient was treated for the original cause of the otohematoma, according to conventionalprotocols. Eight animals (34.78%) had bilateral otohematoma and 15 (65.22%) presented with unilateral lesions. Leukocytosis was observed in most patients. Other laboratory alterations present in the studied dogs were thrombocytopenia,leukopenia, and anemia. Twenty (86.96%) patients presented with otitis externa. All patients were reassessed one weekafter the initial treatment, and 19 (82.60%) fully recovered. The remaining...

Corticoterapia intralesional no tratamento de otohematoma em cães / Treating otohematomas in dogs with intra-lesional corticotherapy

Background: Otohematoma is common in dogs and is characterized by blood accumulation between the skin and cartilageof the outer ear. While the etiology is related to trauma, most cases have a predisposing condition. Treatment must drainthe hematoma and maintain appropriate skin apposition to the ear cartilage. Treatment can be surgical, but there are alsoconservative options such as puncture drainage, followed by intralesional injection of glucocorticoids. This alternativemethod is less invasive than surgery, with an equivalent success rate. This study aimed to describe intralesional injectionof corticosteroids for the treatment of dogs with otohematoma at a veterinary clinic.Materials, Methods & Results: Otohematoma was diagnosed and treated in 23 dogs (14 males and 9 females, weighing9.6 ± 2.7 kg) at a reference private veterinary clinic. The dogs were chemically restrained, and their ears were cleanedwith chlorhexidine. The lower face of each ear with otohematoma was then punctured with a needle coupled to a syringeto drain the liquid. Following drainage, the equipment was removed and the collected liquid volume was measured. A0.5 mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone acetate was prepared and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) to a volume equivalent to1/10 of the previously drained content volume from the otohematoma. The prepared solution was then injected into thedrained ear. Additionally, each patient was treated for the original cause of the otohematoma, according to conventionalprotocols. Eight animals (34.78%) had bilateral otohematoma and 15 (65.22%) presented with unilateral lesions. Leukocytosis was observed in most patients. Other laboratory alterations present in the studied dogs were thrombocytopenia,leukopenia, and anemia. Twenty (86.96%) patients presented with otitis externa. All patients were reassessed one weekafter the initial treatment, and 19 (82.60%) fully recovered. The remaining...(AU)

Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.(AU)

Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.

Adrenal function evaluation in critically ill dogs with low doses of synthetic ACTH / Avaliação da função adrenal em cães portadores de doenças críticas com baixa dose de ACTH sintético

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function may be impaired in patients with critical illnesses, especially cases of sepsis, named critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). This study examined the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal dogs (n = 10) and dogs with critical diseases (n = 16), through determinations of endogenous ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), basal cortisol and cortisol after stimulation in low doses of synthetic ACTH (1.0µg/kg/IV). The stimulation test with ACTH dose tested was verified as effective for evaluation of adrenal function in healthy and sick dogs. Ill dogs differed from healthy dogs by presenting higher basal cortisol values. Eight sick dogs presented a decrease in endogenous ACTH, basal cortisol, or Δ-cortisol. No significant differences were found between the control groups and critically ill dogs for the values of endogenous ACTH, cortisol after stimulation or Δ-cortisol. We concluded that the stimulation test with low-dose ACTH was effective for evaluation of adrenal function, as well as the fact that a considerable portion of critically ill dogs studied here, especially with sepsis, had evidence of inadequate corticosteroid response to stress.(AU)

A função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal pode estar comprometida em pacientes com doenças críticas, em especial casos de sepse, sendo nomeada de Insuficiência Corticosteroide Relacionada à Doença Crítica (ICRDC). O presente trabalho analisou a função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal em cães normais (n=10) e cães portadores de doenças críticas (n=16), por meio de determinações de ACTH (hormônio adrenocorticotrófico) endógeno, de cortisol basal e de cortisol após estímulo com baixa dose de ACTH sintético (1,0µg/kg/IV). Constatou-se que o teste de estimulação com ACTH na dose testada se mostrou eficaz para avaliação da função adrenal em cães sadios e doentes. Os cães doentes diferiram dos sadios ao apresentar valores maiores de cortisol basal. Oito cães doentes apresentaram diminuição do ACTH endógeno, do cortisol basal ou do Δ-cortisol. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos Controle e Criticamente enfermos para os valores de ACTH endógeno, cortisol após estimulação ou Δ-cortisol. Concluiu-se que o teste de estimulação com baixa dose de ACTH mostrou-se eficaz para avaliação da função adrenal, assim como, uma parcela considerável da população de cães críticos aqui estudados, em especial com sepse, apresentaram evidências de resposta corticosteroide inadequada frente ao estresse.(AU)

Cats with central nervous system cryptococcosis

Background: Cryptococcosis is a serious fungal infection contracted by humans and animals, and the most common systemic mycosis found in cats. This disease is often contracted through inhalation of fungal propagules. The Central Nervous System (CNS) may be infected through local extension (nasal and frontal sinuses) or via hematogenous route. Similarly to CNS bacterial infection, the clinical signs of neurological dysfunction may be attributed to mass effect (gelatinous mass of fungal microorganisms and fungal granuloma formation) or to a more disseminated inflammatory response to invading microorganisms. The objective of this study is to report one case of a patient with cryptococcal granulomas in the central nervous system and one case of a patient with neurological signs associated to a cryptococcosis. Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old male mixed breed feline was admitted to a veterinary clinic, located in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil. The patient presented unsourced behavioral changes, vestibular ataxia and dysphagia caused by inability of coordination. The following tests were performed: complete blood count test, biochemical analysis, computed tomography scan (CT scan), fluid analysis, radiography and toxoplasmosis test. The following medicine were administrated for treatment: fluconazole, dexamethasone, mannitol, phenobarbital and levetiracetam. Fluid therapy was also part of the treatment. Immediately after death, the cat was submitted for necropsy, and a fungal granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was diagnosed. Cryptococcus sp. was identified as the causal agent through pathological findings, fungal culture and PCR analysis. Case 2. One year later, another feline was admitted to the same clinic (a 2-year-old female mixed breed) presenting hypersalivation, tremors and excessive vocalization. The patient had contact with the deceased feline. The following tests were performed: complete blood count...

Adrenal function evaluation in critically ill dogs with low doses of synthetic ACTH / Avaliação da função adrenal em cães portadores de doenças críticas com baixa dose de ACTH sintético

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function may be impaired in patients with critical illnesses, especially cases of sepsis, named critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). This study examined the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal dogs (n = 10) and dogs with critical diseases (n = 16), through determinations of endogenous ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), basal cortisol and cortisol after stimulation in low doses of synthetic ACTH (1.0µg/kg/IV). The stimulation test with ACTH dose tested was verified as effective for evaluation of adrenal function in healthy and sick dogs. Ill dogs differed from healthy dogs by presenting higher basal cortisol values. Eight sick dogs presented a decrease in endogenous ACTH, basal cortisol, or Δ-cortisol. No significant differences were found between the control groups and critically ill dogs for the values of endogenous ACTH, cortisol after stimulation or Δ-cortisol. We concluded that the stimulation test with low-dose ACTH was effective for evaluation of adrenal function, as well as the fact that a considerable portion of critically ill dogs studied here, especially with sepsis, had evidence of inadequate corticosteroid response to stress.(AU)

A função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal pode estar comprometida em pacientes com doenças críticas, em especial casos de sepse, sendo nomeada de Insuficiência Corticosteroide Relacionada à Doença Crítica (ICRDC). O presente trabalho analisou a função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal em cães normais (n=10) e cães portadores de doenças críticas (n=16), por meio de determinações de ACTH (hormônio adrenocorticotrófico) endógeno, de cortisol basal e de cortisol após estímulo com baixa dose de ACTH sintético (1,0µg/kg/IV). Constatou-se que o teste de estimulação com ACTH na dose testada se mostrou eficaz para avaliação da função adrenal em cães sadios e doentes. Os cães doentes diferiram dos sadios ao apresentar valores maiores de cortisol basal. Oito cães doentes apresentaram diminuição do ACTH endógeno, do cortisol basal ou do Δ-cortisol. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos Controle e Criticamente enfermos para os valores de ACTH endógeno, cortisol após estimulação ou Δ-cortisol. Concluiu-se que o teste de estimulação com baixa dose de ACTH mostrou-se eficaz para avaliação da função adrenal, assim como, uma parcela considerável da população de cães críticos aqui estudados, em especial com sepse, apresentaram evidências de resposta corticosteroide inadequada frente ao estresse.(AU)

Cats with central nervous system cryptococcosis

Background: Cryptococcosis is a serious fungal infection contracted by humans and animals, and the most common systemic mycosis found in cats. This disease is often contracted through inhalation of fungal propagules. The Central Nervous System (CNS) may be infected through local extension (nasal and frontal sinuses) or via hematogenous route. Similarly to CNS bacterial infection, the clinical signs of neurological dysfunction may be attributed to mass effect (gelatinous mass of fungal microorganisms and fungal granuloma formation) or to a more disseminated inflammatory response to invading microorganisms. The objective of this study is to report one case of a patient with cryptococcal granulomas in the central nervous system and one case of a patient with neurological signs associated to a cryptococcosis. Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old male mixed breed feline was admitted to a veterinary clinic, located in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil. The patient presented unsourced behavioral changes, vestibular ataxia and dysphagia caused by inability of coordination. The following tests were performed: complete blood count test, biochemical analysis, computed tomography scan (CT scan), fluid analysis, radiography and toxoplasmosis test. The following medicine were administrated for treatment: fluconazole, dexamethasone, mannitol, phenobarbital and levetiracetam. Fluid therapy was also part of the treatment. Immediately after death, the cat was submitted for necropsy, and a fungal granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was diagnosed. Cryptococcus sp. was identified as the causal agent through pathological findings, fungal culture and PCR analysis. Case 2. One year later, another feline was admitted to the same clinic (a 2-year-old female mixed breed) presenting hypersalivation, tremors and excessive vocalization. The patient had contact with the deceased feline. The following tests were performed: complete blood count...(AU)

Hepatopatia esteroidal em gatas após terapia com prednisolona: aspectos laboratoriais, tomográficos e histopatológicos / [Steroid hepatopathy in cats after prednisolone use: laboratory, tomographic, and histopathologic aspects]

Glicocorticoides são amplamente utilizados na clínica de pequenos animais, entretanto seu uso contínuo pode causar efeitos colaterais. Os gatos são considerados menos susceptíveis a esses efeitos do que outras espécies, mas existem poucos trabalhos abordando os efeitos adversos em felinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis alterações laboratoriais, histopatológicas e do grau de atenuação radiográfica do parênquima hepático de gatas submetidas à terapia com prednisolona. Um ensaio clínico foi realizado em quatro gatas hígidas, as quais receberam prednisolona, por via oral, na dose de 3mg/kg, durante 60 dias consecutivos. Nos achados histopatológicos após 60 dias de tratamento, observou-se desorganização dos cordões de hepatócitos e degeneração vacuolar, além de necrose de hepatócitos, porém não foram observados sinais de fibrose no parênquima hepático. Os dados da tomografia computadorizada demonstram aumento do grau de atenuação do parênquima hepático a partir do 30º dia da administração de prednisolona, que persistiu até o final do experimento. No presente estudo, foi possível caracterizar a existência de hepatopatia esteroidal em gatos em estágios precoces da terapia com prednisolona.(AU)

Glucocorticoids are widely used medications in small animal practice; however, its continuous use can have side effects. Cats are considered less susceptible than other species, however, the literature does not usually address adverse effects in felines. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible laboratory and histopathologic changes, as well as changes to the degree of radiographic attenuation of the hepatic parenchyma in cats treated with prednisolone. A clinical trial was done in four healthy cats, who received prednisolone orally at 3mg/kg during 60 consecutive days. In the histopathologic findings at 60 days of treatment, there were disorganized hepatocyte chords and vacuolar degeneration, as well as hepatocyte necrosis, however, there were no signs of fibrosis in the hepatic parenchyma. Data obtained via computed tomography showed increase of the degree of attenuation in the hepatic parenchyma from day 30 of prednisolone therapy, which persisted until the end of the experiment. In the present study, it was possible to characterize the existence of steroidal hepathopathy in cats in the early stages of prednisolone therapy.(AU)

Hepatopatia esteroidal em gatas após terapia com prednisolona: aspectos laboratoriais, tomográficos e histopatológicos / [Steroid hepatopathy in cats after prednisolone use: laboratory, tomographic, and histopathologic aspects]

Glicocorticoides são amplamente utilizados na clínica de pequenos animais, entretanto seu uso contínuo pode causar efeitos colaterais. Os gatos são considerados menos susceptíveis a esses efeitos do que outras espécies, mas existem poucos trabalhos abordando os efeitos adversos em felinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis alterações laboratoriais, histopatológicas e do grau de atenuação radiográfica do parênquima hepático de gatas submetidas à terapia com prednisolona. Um ensaio clínico foi realizado em quatro gatas hígidas, as quais receberam prednisolona, por via oral, na dose de 3mg/kg, durante 60 dias consecutivos. Nos achados histopatológicos após 60 dias de tratamento, observou-se desorganização dos cordões de hepatócitos e degeneração vacuolar, além de necrose de hepatócitos, porém não foram observados sinais de fibrose no parênquima hepático. Os dados da tomografia computadorizada demonstram aumento do grau de atenuação do parênquima hepático a partir do 30º dia da administração de prednisolona, que persistiu até o final do experimento. No presente estudo, foi possível caracterizar a existência de hepatopatia esteroidal em gatos em estágios precoces da terapia com prednisolona.(AU)

Glucocorticoids are widely used medications in small animal practice; however, its continuous use can have side effects. Cats are considered less susceptible than other species, however, the literature does not usually address adverse effects in felines. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible laboratory and histopathologic changes, as well as changes to the degree of radiographic attenuation of the hepatic parenchyma in cats treated with prednisolone. A clinical trial was done in four healthy cats, who received prednisolone orally at 3mg/kg during 60 consecutive days. In the histopathologic findings at 60 days of treatment, there were disorganized hepatocyte chords and vacuolar degeneration, as well as hepatocyte necrosis, however, there were no signs of fibrosis in the hepatic parenchyma. Data obtained via computed tomography showed increase of the degree of attenuation in the hepatic parenchyma from day 30 of prednisolone therapy, which persisted until the end of the experiment. In the present study, it was possible to characterize the existence of steroidal hepathopathy in cats in the early stages of prednisolone therapy.(AU)

Feline plasm cell pododermatitis: case report / Pododermatite plasmocitária felina: relatode caso

Feline Plasmacytic Pododermatitis is an uncommon dermatological disorder that affects one or multiple paw pads and leads to swelling, ulceration, hemorrhage, scaling, erythema, and striation. Its etiopathogenesis is poorly understood, however, an immune-mediated basis is strongly suggested. A two-year-old neutered, mixed breed, male cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos Campus, with a brief clinical history of progressive lesions on palmar and plantar pads for one month. On physical examination, the patient had enlarged popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes, and paw pads with thin, swollen, hyperemic, erythematous, and purple color skin with multiple white striations. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed plasmacytic pododermatitis, and glucocorticoid therapy with prednisolone was prescribed. In the present report, the patient's clinical follow-up was compromised, as the tutor did not perform the prescribed treatment and did not return with the animal for further evaluations.

A pododermatite plasmocitáriafelina é uma desordem dermatológica incomum que acomete os coxins plantares e/ou palmares, levando a edema, ulceração, hemorragia, descamação, eritema e estrias esbranquiçadas. Sua etiologia e patogenia são desconhecidas, mas acredita-se que tenha origem imunomediada. Foi atendido na Clínica Veterinária Escola da UFSC, CampusCuritibanos, um felino, macho, sem raça definida, 2 anos de idade, castrado, com histórico de lesões nos coxins palmares e plantares há um mês, com evolução progressiva. Ao exame físico apresentava-se com os linfonodos poplíteos e inguinais aumentados, além de coxins com pele fina, edemaciada, hiperêmica, com eritema, púrpura e estrias esbranquiçadas. O diagnóstico histopatológico confirmou pododermatite plasmocitária e foi prescrito tratamento à base de prednisolona. Não foi possível acompanhar a evolução clínica do paciente, pois o tutor não realizou o tratamento prescrito e não trouxe o animal para novas avaliações.

Feline plasm cell pododermatitis: case report / Pododermatite plasmocitária felina: relatode caso

Feline Plasmacytic Pododermatitis is an uncommon dermatological disorder that affects one or multiple paw pads and leads to swelling, ulceration, hemorrhage, scaling, erythema, and striation. Its etiopathogenesis is poorly understood, however, an immune-mediated basis is strongly suggested. A two-year-old neutered, mixed breed, male cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos Campus, with a brief clinical history of progressive lesions on palmar and plantar pads for one month. On physical examination, the patient had enlarged popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes, and paw pads with thin, swollen, hyperemic, erythematous, and purple color skin with multiple white striations. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed plasmacytic pododermatitis, and glucocorticoid therapy with prednisolone was prescribed. In the present report, the patient's clinical follow-up was compromised, as the tutor did not perform the prescribed treatment and did not return with the animal for further evaluations.(AU)

A pododermatite plasmocitáriafelina é uma desordem dermatológica incomum que acomete os coxins plantares e/ou palmares, levando a edema, ulceração, hemorragia, descamação, eritema e estrias esbranquiçadas. Sua etiologia e patogenia são desconhecidas, mas acredita-se que tenha origem imunomediada. Foi atendido na Clínica Veterinária Escola da UFSC, CampusCuritibanos, um felino, macho, sem raça definida, 2 anos de idade, castrado, com histórico de lesões nos coxins palmares e plantares há um mês, com evolução progressiva. Ao exame físico apresentava-se com os linfonodos poplíteos e inguinais aumentados, além de coxins com pele fina, edemaciada, hiperêmica, com eritema, púrpura e estrias esbranquiçadas. O diagnóstico histopatológico confirmou pododermatite plasmocitária e foi prescrito tratamento à base de prednisolona. Não foi possível acompanhar a evolução clínica do paciente, pois o tutor não realizou o tratamento prescrito e não trouxe o animal para novas avaliações.(AU)

Pênfigo foliáceo em um gato de oito meses de idade: possível reação cutânea adversa a fármacos? / Pemphigus foliaceus in an eight-month-old cat: possible cutaneous adverse drug reaction?

Background: Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune skin disease whose the occurrence in feline clinic is uncommom. The etiology is unknown in most cases. Althought it is a rare condition in cats, pemphigus foliaceus can be induced by drugs. It may affect both adult and old cats with no sexual or racial predilection and diagnosis is based on animal historical, clinical examination and skin histopathology. Moreover, the treatment consists in immunosuppressive-based drugs. This paper describes a pemphigus foliaceus case in an eight-month-old kitten, probably due a cutaneous adverse drug reaction.Case: A 8-month-old, neutered male mongrel cat with crusted lesions located on face was examinated at the Veterinary Hospital. The owners reported that they had adopted the patient two months before the clinical presentation suggesting that this background was unknown. The cat was treated in a local veterinary clinic with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory for rhinotracheitis and herpetic dermatitis on face due to the occurrence of sneezing and crusted pruriginous dermatitis. The kitten presented erosions, purulent exudation and crusts on pinnae, nasal and supra ocular areas, paronychia with purulent exudate and alopecia at distal portion of the tail. Supplementary exams such as skin scraping, cytology and fungal culture were performed to rule out other agents and confirm the diagnosis. The parasitological and fungal examination resulted negative despite the fact that cytological exam showed coccoid bacteria. Complete blood count and biochemical profile showed no alteration and the test for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) resulted negative. Histological changes were consistent with intra-epidermal pustular subcorneal with acantholysis dermatitis. An immunosuppressive dose of prednisolona was prescribed for 15 days...

Pênfigo foliáceo em um gato de oito meses de idade: possível reação cutânea adversa a fármacos? / Pemphigus foliaceus in an eight-month-old cat: possible cutaneous adverse drug reaction?

Background: Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune skin disease whose the occurrence in feline clinic is uncommom. The etiology is unknown in most cases. Althought it is a rare condition in cats, pemphigus foliaceus can be induced by drugs. It may affect both adult and old cats with no sexual or racial predilection and diagnosis is based on animal historical, clinical examination and skin histopathology. Moreover, the treatment consists in immunosuppressive-based drugs. This paper describes a pemphigus foliaceus case in an eight-month-old kitten, probably due a cutaneous adverse drug reaction.Case: A 8-month-old, neutered male mongrel cat with crusted lesions located on face was examinated at the Veterinary Hospital. The owners reported that they had adopted the patient two months before the clinical presentation suggesting that this background was unknown. The cat was treated in a local veterinary clinic with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory for rhinotracheitis and herpetic dermatitis on face due to the occurrence of sneezing and crusted pruriginous dermatitis. The kitten presented erosions, purulent exudation and crusts on pinnae, nasal and supra ocular areas, paronychia with purulent exudate and alopecia at distal portion of the tail. Supplementary exams such as skin scraping, cytology and fungal culture were performed to rule out other agents and confirm the diagnosis. The parasitological and fungal examination resulted negative despite the fact that cytological exam showed coccoid bacteria. Complete blood count and biochemical profile showed no alteration and the test for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) resulted negative. Histological changes were consistent with intra-epidermal pustular subcorneal with acantholysis dermatitis. An immunosuppressive dose of prednisolona was prescribed for 15 days...(AU)

Calcinose cutânea associada a Hiperglicocorticoidismo em cão: Relato de Caso / Calcinosis cutis associated to Hyperadrenocorticism in a dog: case report

Cutaneous calcinosis is an uncommon condition where it is mostly shown the deposition ofcalcium in the skin layers, generally associated with by endocrinopathies of the adrenalcortex. Here we report a case of a dog with adrenal gland hyperplasia that developedcalcinosis cutis in a middle-aged dog. In this case, the clinical typical presentation,together with histopathological and ultrasonographical findings were extremely importantin the elucidation.