Redescription and taxonomical considerations about Aonchotheca (Aonchotheca) pulchra n. comb. (Enoplida: Trichuridae), a nematode of Nyctinomops spp / Redescrição e considerações taxonômicas sobre Aonchotheca (Aonchotheca) pulchra n. comb. (Enoplida: Trichuridae), um nematódeo de Nyctinomops spp

Pterothominx pulchra (Freitas, 1934) are little known gastric nematodes of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Information about the occurrence and host range of these parasites in Neotropical region is still scanty, and the only two morphological descriptions available in the literature are divergent about the presence or absence of a spiny spicular sheath in males, which may lead to incorrect taxonomical positioning, since this feature represents the main difference between the genera Pterothominx and Aonchotheca. Based on the absence of this morphological feature in specimens of this nematode obtained from N. laticaudatus and Nyctinomops macrotis bats captured in two municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the present study reclassifies the aforementioned species in the genus Aonchotheca and allocates it to the subgenus Aonchotheca. Additional morphometric data and new host and locality records are also provided.

Pterothominx pulchra (Freitas, 1934) são nematódeos gástricos pouco conhecidos de Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Informações referentes à ocorrência e variedade de hospedeiros desses parasitos ainda são escassas na região Neotropical. As únicas duas descrições morfológicas disponíveis na literatura são divergentes entre si quanto à presença de bainha espicular espinhosa nos machos, o que resultou no posicionamento taxonômico equivocado desta espécie, uma vez que, é a principal característica para diagnóstico dos gêneros Pterothominx e Aonchotheca. Baseado na ausência dessa característica morfológica em espécimes desse nematódeo, obtidos em morcegos N. laticaudatus e Nyctinomops macrotis capturados em dois municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, o presente estudo classifica a referida espécie no gênero Aonchotheca e a aloca no subgênero Aonchotheca, além de fornecer dados morfométricos adicionais e novos registros de hospedeiro e localidades.

Bat assemblages in conservation areas of a metropolitan region in southeastern Brazil, including an important karst habitat / Assembleias de morcegos em áreas de conservação de uma região metropolitana no sudeste do Brasil, incluindo um importante hábitat cárstico

Species richness and abundance of bats were studied in four nature reserves, including a karst area which has many potential rocky shelters for bats, such as caves and rock crevices. The reserves were located in the greater Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, one of the most populated regions of Brazil, within the Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) ecological domains. Bats were sampled using mist-nets and, in the karst area, also by active searches in shelters. A total of 1,599 bats were captured representing 30 species belonging to four families. There was little similarity among the four chiropteran faunas. The greatest species richness was found in the karst area with 22 species recorded whereas richness estimates in the other areas indicated the need for further studies. Two hundred and sixty-five individuals of 14 species were captured from 56 shelters. Most of the shelters were frequently used for diurnal roosts, and all the bats found belonged to the Phyllostomidae, with the exception of Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) and Peropteryx macrotis (Emballonuridae). The sanguinivorous Desmodus rotundus was the most common species in the shelters. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of maintaining multiple protected areas to ensure a representative fauna of bats in a region characterized by a vegetation transition zone and with intense economic activity and high environmental impact. This study also demonstrates the importance of rock shelters for maintaining local bat richness and the importance of active searches for bats in their diurnal roosts for a more thorough sampling of the bat fauna at a given locality.(AU)

Neste estudo, a riqueza e a abundância de espécies de morcegos foram estudadas em quatro reservas naturais, incluindo uma área cárstica com muitas cavernas e fendas em rochas, que constituem abrigos rochosos potenciais para os morcegos. As reservas encontram-se dentro da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-MG, uma das mais povoadas do Brasil, e dentro dos domínios de Floresta Atlântica e do Cerrado. Os morcegos foram amostrados com redes de neblina (mist-nets) e, na área cárstica, também foi realizada busca ativa por morcegos em seus abrigos. Foram capturados 1.599 morcegos de 30 espécies, pertencentes a quatro famílias. Houve pouca similaridade entre as faunas de quirópteros analisadas. A maior riqueza foi encontrada na área cárstica, com 22 espécies registradas com redes de neblina e em seus abrigos; entretanto, estimativas de riqueza indicaram a necessidade de mais estudos nas outras áreas. Do total amostrado, 265 indivíduos de 14 espécies foram capturados em 56 abrigos. A maioria dos abrigos era ocupada no período diurno e de uso frequente; os morcegos presentes eram filostomídeos, exceto Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) e Peropteryx macrotis (Emballonuridae). O hematófago Desmodus rotundus foi o mais frequente nos abrigos. O resultado deste estudo indica a importância da manutenção de diferentes áreas para a conservação dos quirópteros em região caracterizada como zona de transição vegetacional e com intensa atividade econômica e impacto ambiental. Este estudo demonstra também a importância dos abrigos rochosos para a riqueza local de espécies e a importância de busca ativa por morcegos em seus abrigos diurnos para uma amostragem mais efetiva da fauna local destes quirópteros.(AU)

Falco sparverius (Aves: Falconiformes) preying upon Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

In Brazil, there are two published references on the diet of American kestrel falcons, Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, and one is for the Cerrado biome. The only mammal prey so far found in the diet of F. sparverius was the rodent Calomys tener (Winge, 1887). Herein we report on daily hunting activities by American kestrel falcons at a factory in the city of Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, during an attempt to remove a bat colony. Two American kestrel falcons were observed on 14 occasions during two consecutive days: in two of these occasions, they were hunting in pairs, from 12:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. on 06/X/2003, and from 07:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on 07/X/2003. During this period, American kestrel falcons made 27 hunting attempts and captured four bats of the same species, Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1805) (14.81% success). This report corroborates observations made in the Northern hemisphere, where bats are a dietary item of this falcon. Our findings are noteworthy because they reveal that the known natural predators of bats are few not only in Brazil but also worldwide.

Falco sparverius (Aves: Falconiformes) preying upon Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

In Brazil, there are two published references on the diet of American kestrel falcons, Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, and one is for the Cerrado biome. The only mammal prey so far found in the diet of F. sparverius was the rodent Calomys tener (Winge, 1887). Herein we report on daily hunting activities by American kestrel falcons at a factory in the city of Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, during an attempt to remove a bat colony. Two American kestrel falcons were observed on 14 occasions during two consecutive days: in two of these occasions, they were hunting in pairs, from 12:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. on 06/X/2003, and from 07:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on 07/X/2003. During this period, American kestrel falcons made 27 hunting attempts and captured four bats of the same species, Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1805) (14.81% success). This report corroborates observations made in the Northern hemisphere, where bats are a dietary item of this falcon. Our findings are noteworthy because they reveal that the known natural predators of bats are few not only in Brazil but also worldwide.

Falco sparverius (Aves: Falconiformes) preying upon Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

In Brazil, there are two published references on the diet of American kestrel falcons, Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, and one is for the Cerrado biome. The only mammal prey so far found in the diet of F. sparverius was the rodent Calomys tener (Winge, 1887). Herein we report on daily hunting activities by American kestrel falcons at a factory in the city of Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, during an attempt to remove a bat colony. Two American kestrel falcons were observed on 14 occasions during two consecutive days: in two of these occasions, they were hunting in pairs, from 12:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. on 06/X/2003, and from 07:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on 07/X/2003. During this period, American kestrel falcons made 27 hunting attempts and captured four bats of the same species, Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1805) (14.81% success). This report corroborates observations made in the Northern hemisphere, where bats are a dietary item of this falcon. Our findings are noteworthy because they reveal that the known natural predators of bats are few not only in Brazil but also worldwide.

FAMÍLIA MOLOSSIDAE (MAMMALIA, CHIROPTERA) DE OCORRÊNCIA EM BIOMAS MARANHENSES NO ENFOQUE MORFOLÓGICO, MOLECULAR E CIRCULAÇÃO DO VÍRUS RÁBICO

Os morcegos pertencem à ordem Chiroptera, segunda maior ordem de mamíferos em diversidade de espécies. Os Molossídeos compõem um importante segmento da fauna de quirópteros, com implicações ecológicas, econômicas e sanitárias. Apesar do grande número de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares utilizados para a identificação e reconstruções filogenéticas das espécies de morcegos, os resultados ainda são inconclusivos. Marcadores moleculares têm sido amplamente usados como ferramentas em estudos populacionais e filogenéticos, aumentando a capacidade em identificar espécies. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar através da morfologia, morfometria, craniometria e dados moleculares os morcegos da família Molossidae de ocorrência nos biomas Cerrado e Amazônia maranhenses, bem como, detectar presença/ausência do vírus rábico. Para tanto fez-se expedições para os municípios maranhenses: Godofredo Viana, Carutapera, Cândido Mendes e Caxias. Após a coleta os morcegos foram levados ao Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular do CESC/UEMA, onde ocorreu a identificação morfológica com base em chaves de classificação, retirada do tecido muscular, que foi armazenado e fixado em álcool a 90% para a realização dos estudos moleculares, e tecido encefálico para o teste de Imunofluorescência Direta. Após identificação, fotografias e retirada das medidas morfométricas foi realizada a retirada da estrutura craniana dos espécimes pela abertura bucal com o rebatimento da pele. Com auxílio de paquímetro manual, foram aferidas 15 medidas morfométricas e 25 craniométricas. O DNA total foi obtido utilizando o kit PROMEGA, o isolamento e amplificação dos genes rRNA 16S e COI ocorreu via Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) usando-se primes específicos e os produtos das PCRs purificados foram sequenciados. As análises moleculares foram realizadas por softwares como: BIOEDIT 7.0 e MEGA 7.0. Para a identificação correta das espécies e análises de similaridades foram usadas as plataformas BOLD Systems v3 e BLAST. A análise multivariada foi realizada no software STATISTICA 7.0. O diagnóstico para o vírus da raiva ocorreu através da técnica da Imunofluorescência Direta (IFD) no Laboratório de Virologia da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís. Nesse estudo, 115 espécimes distribuídos em seis espécies e quatro gêneros, pertencentes à família Molossidae foram registrados para os biomas maranhenses. Para as espécies do gênero Molossus, a discriminação entre as variáveis pelo método de stepwise foi significativa, tanto para os machos =00020, F= (26,8) =21.516 p< 0001, quanto para as fêmeas com valores de = 00430, F= (36,59) =8.8476 p< 0000. Os dados moleculares a partir do gene rRNA 16S mostraram uma média de divergência intraespecífica variando de 0 a 1,4%. Para o gene COI a média divergência intraespecífica variou de 0,7 a 1%. A morfologia, considerando morfometria, craniometria e dados moleculares registram a ocorrência de seis espécies para a família Molossidae sendo elas: Molossus rufus (Geoffroy, 1805) Cynomops abrasus (Temminck,1826) Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy 1805) Molossops temminckii (Williams e Genoways, 1980) e Cynomops planirostris (Peters,1866) para o bioma Cerrado e Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) para o bioma Amazônia. As amostras de tecido encefálico submetidas ao teste de (IFD), apresentaram resultados negativos.

The bats belong to the order Chiroptera, the second largest order of mammals in species diversity. The Molossids make up an important segment of the fauna of bats, with ecological, economic and sanitary implications. Despite the large number of morphological and molecular characters used for identification and phylogenetic reconstructions of bat species, the results are still inconclusive. Molecular markers have been widely used as tools in population and phylogenetic studies, increasing the ability to identify species. Thus, the present study aims to characterize through morphology, morphometry, craniometry and molecular data the bats of the Molossidae family occurring in the Cerrado and Amazonian Maranhenses biomes, as well as to detect the presence/absence of the rabies virus. For this purpose, expeditions were made to the municipalities of Maranhão: Godofredo Viana, Carutapera, Cândido Mendes and Caxias. After the collection, the bats were taken to the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology of the CESC/UEMA, where morphological identification occurred based on classification keys, removal of muscle tissue, which was stored and fixed in 90% alcohol for the molecular studies, and encephalic tissue for the Direct Immunofluorescence test. After identification, photographs and removal of the morphometric measurements, the cranial structure of the specimens was removed through the mouth opening with the skin folded. Using a manual pachymeter, 15 morphometric and 25 craniometric measures were measured. Total DNA was obtained using the PROMEGA kit, isolation and amplification of the genes rRNA 16S and COI occurred via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers and the purified PCRs products were sequenced. The molecular analyzes were performed by software such as: BIOEDIT 7.0 and MEGA 7.0. For the correct species identification and analysis of similarities The BOLD Systems v3 and BLAST platforms were used. The multivariate analysis was performed in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The diagnosis for the rabies virus occurred through the technique of Direct Immunofluorescence (IFD) in the Laboratory of Virology of the Universidade Estadual of Maranhão, Campus São Luís. In this study, 115 specimens distributed in six species and four genera belonging to the Molossidae family were registered for the Maranhão biomes. For species of the genus Molossus, the discrimination between the variables by the stepwise method was significant, for males = 00020, F = (26.8) = 21.516 p <0001, and for females with values of = 00430, F = (36.59) = 8.8476 p <0000. Molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene showed an average intraspecific divergence ranging from 0 to 1.4%. For the COI gene the mean intraspecific divergence ranged from 0.7 to 1%. The morphology, considering morphometry, craniometry and molecular data record the occurrence of six species for the Molossidae family: Molossus rufus (Geoffroy, 1805) Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1826) Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy 1805) Molossops temminckii (Williams and Genoways, 1980) and Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866) for the Cerrado biome and Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) for the Amazon biome. The brain tissue samples submitted to the test (IFD), were negative.

Real-time PCR and nested-PCR assays for detection of Pneumocystis sp. in lung tissues of bats

Background: Pneumocystis constitutes a highly diversified biological group, with numerous species, which are strongly host-specific and well adapted to live inside the lungs of a diverse range of mammals. The detection of DNA from Pneumocystis in clinical specimens by PCR assays is leading to important advances in pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis and its epidemiology. The aim of this study was to analyze two different diagnostic methods, real-time PCR (qPCR) using primers based in the Major Surface Glycoprotein (MSG) of Pneumocystis sp. and conventional nested PCR using primers designed to the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA (mtSSU rRNA) for detection of Pneumocystis DNA in lung tissue from bats. Materials, Methods & Results: Bats (195 samples) were captured (2007-2009) in caves, forests, and urban areas, were obtained from the Program of Rabies Control of two states in Brazil: Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul, located respectively in the Mid-Western and Southern regions of the country approximately 2000 km apart. Lung tissue (250 mg) was finely minced, homogenized with crushing and DNA extraction was carried out with commercial kit. DNA samples the lung tissue of bats were analyzed by nested PCR, using oligonucleotide primers designed for the gene encoding the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (mtSSU rRNA) and Taqman probe and primers for qPCR were selected based on the Major Surface Glycoprotein (MSG) of Pneumocystis sp. Chi-square (P < 0.001 was considered signifi cant) and the McNemar's test was used to analyze nested PCR and qPCR as methods of detection of Pneumocystis sp. and the Kappa was calculated by Win Episcope 2.0. To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the qPCR assay, a nested PCR assay was considered as the reference method. The positivity was 36.4% in the nested PCR and 24.1% using the qPCR. Concordance was obtained in 68.2% of the samples (133/195). It was demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the techniques used and, both tests proved to be specific for the detection of Pneumocystis species. Specificity was 71% for the nested PCR and 84.6% for the qPCR. Pneumocystis was detected (71/195) by the nested PCR assay in 14 species:. Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Desmodus rotundus, Molossus molossus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Promops nasutus, Artibeus sp., Eptesocus furinalus, Lasurus blossevillii, Molossus currentium, Molossus rufus, Myotis levis and Nyctinomops macrotis. Discussion: This study detected the DNA from Pneumocystis through the nested PCR and qPCR assays, and the frequency found is comparable to that obtained in a previous study, which used the nested PCR in Central American, South American and European countries. Pneumocystis sp. was observed in a high number of different bat species (14) in two Brazilian States (RS and MT). The qPCR showed a higher specificity in comparison to the nested PCR. The literature has similar findings to the results obtained by this research, employing the same tests and genes. The nested PCR and qPCR assays are indicated in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis sp. in bats and it is important to highlight that a better diagnostic precision is achieved with the association of both tests. Additionally, this study was the first to detect Pneumocystis sp. in the lungs of bats using qPCR.

HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM EM PULMÕES DE MORCEGOS NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO

A histoplasmose é uma micose causada pelo fungo dimórfico Histoplasma capsulatum, está distribuido em áreas tropicais ou subtropicais e acomete mamíferos, principalmente os morcegos. Os propágulos infectantes do fungo são encontrados nas excretas dos quirópteros e a transmissão ocorre pela inalação dos mesmos, podendo causar infecção primária assintomática, uma infecção pulmonar aguda ou crônica, ou uma forma disseminada tanto em humanos quanto em animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Histoplasma capsulatum em amostras pulmonares de espécies de morcegos provenientes do Estado de Mato Grosso. Foram capturados 75 morcegos entre 2007-2009 em cavernas, florestas e áreas urbanas do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT). Os morcegos foram capturados pelo INDEA/MT, órgão Oficial responsável pelo controle da Raiva dos Herbívoros. O H. capsulatum foi detectado pelo nested PCR que amplificou o gene 100kDA. A amplificação dos produtos da PCR foram sequenciados para confirmação da presença do fungo nos pulmões dos morcegos. H. capsulatum foi observado em 16,0% (12) das 75 amostras dos pulmões de morcegos e com maior ocorrência nas espécies Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16,7%) e nas espécies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. O presente estudo detecta o primeiro estudo sobre H. capsulatum em regiões do Estado de Mato Grosso tanto em área urbana como silvestre. Estes resultados revelaram uma positividade alta de H. capsulatum nos morcegos nesta região, comparando com a literatura descrita em amostras também provenientes de áreas urbanas do Estado de São Paulo, além de resultados similares aos achados nas espécies Eumops glaucinus e N. macrotis. A maior ocorrência nas amostras analisadas no presente estudo podem terem ocorrido devido a técnica (nested PCR) processada e o órgão utilizado (pulmão). O nested PCR é um método mais sensível para avaliar colonização do agente. Tal colonização nos permite inferir que os quirópteros do Estado de Mato Grosso são reservatórios do H. capsulatum e enfatizam o potencial dos morcegos na transmissão do fungo.

Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is distributed in tropical or subtropical areas affecting mammals especially bats. The infectious propagules are found in the bat guano and transmission occurs by inhalation of the same, allowing either an asymptomatic primary infection, acute or chronic pulmonary infection, or disseminated form in humans or animals. The aim of the present research was to detect the presence of the Histoplasma capsulatum in lung samples of bat species from state of Mato Grosso/Brazil. For this purpose, a highly sensitive nested PCR was used with specific molecular markers for pathogen. Seventy-five bats were captured between 2007and 2009 in caves, florests, and urban areas of Mato Grosso (MT), located in the Mid-Western region. The bats were captured by the official agency responsible for rabies control of herbivores (INDEA / MT) following the guidelines of rabies control manual, standardized by the Ministry of the Agriculture. Detection of H. capsulatum DNA was amplified the HCp 100 locus. Amplification products were sequenced to confirm fungal presence in bat lungs. The amplifications results for H. capsulatum were positive in 12 (16.0%) samples. The greatest occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16.7%) and in the spicies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. This study detects the first survey of Histoplasma capsulatum in regions of Mato Grosso in both urban and wild. These results revealed a high positivity of H. capsulatum in bats in this region, compared with the literature described in samples also from urban areas of São Paulo, and results similar to those found in species Eumops glaucinus and N. macrotis. The highest occurrence in the samples analyzed in this study may have occurred due to technical (nested PCR) processed and used organ (lung). The nested PCR is a more sensitive method for assessing agent colonization. Such colonization allows us to infer that the bats in the State of Mato Grosso are reservoirs of H. capsulatum and emphasize the potential of bats in the transmission of the fungus

Detection of Pneumocystis in lungs of bats from Brazil by PCR amplification / Detecção de Pneumocystis em pulmões de morcegos no Brasil por Nested-PCR

Pneumocystis has been isolated from a wide range of unrelated mammalian hosts, including humans, domestic and wild animals. It has been demonstrated that the genome of Pneumocystis of one host differs markedly from that of other hosts. Also, variation in the chromosome and DNA sequence of Pneumocystis within a single host species has been observed. Since information about the occurrence and nature of infections in wild animals is still limited, the objective of this work was to detect the presence of Pneumocystis sp. in lungs of bats from two states from Brazil by Nested-PCR amplification. The bats, captured in caves and in urban areas, were obtained from the Program of Rabies Control of two States in Brazil, Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul, located in the Mid-Western and Southern regions of the country, respectively. DNAs were extracted from 102 lung tissues and screened for Pneumocystis by nested PCR at the mtLSU rRNA gene and small subunit of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (mtSSU rRNA). Gene amplification was performed using the mtLSU rRNA, the primer set pAZ102H - pAZ102E and pAZ102X - pAZY, and the mtSSU rRNA primer set pAZ102 10FRI - pAZ102 10R-RI and pAZ102 13RI - pAZ102 14RI. The most frequent bats were Tadarida brasiliensis (25), Desmodus rotundus (20), and Nyctinomops laticaudatus (19). Pneumocystis was more prevalent in the species Nyctinomops laticaudatus (26.3 percent = 5/19), Tadarida brasiliensis (24 percent = 6/25), and Desmodus rotundus (20 percent = 4/20). Besides these species, Pneumocystis also was detected in lungs from Molossus molossus (1/11, 9.1 percent), Artibeus fimbriatus (1/1, 100 percent), Sturnira lilium (1/3, 33.3 percent), Myotis levis (2/3, 66.7 percent)and Diphylla ecaudata (1/2, 50 percent). PCR products which could indicate the presence of Pneumocystis (21.56 percent) were identified in DNA samples obtained from 8 out of 16 classified species from both states (5 bats were not identified). This is the ...(AU)

Pneumocystis tem sido isolado de uma grande variedade de hospedeiros mamíferos, incluindo humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. Tem se demonstrado que o genoma do Pneumocystis de um hospedeiro difere marcadamente do de outros, assim como há variação no cromossomo e na seqüência de DNA dentro de uma única espécie de hospedeiro. Sabendo que a informação da ocorrência e natureza da infecção em animais silvestres ainda é limitada, o objetivo do trabalho foi detectar, por Nested-PCR, a presença de Pneumocystis sp. em pulmões de diferentes espécies de morcegos de dois estados do Brasil. Estes mamíferos voadores foram capturados em cavernas, áreas florestadas, de campo e urbanas pelo Programa de Controle da Raiva do Mato Grosso (região Centro-Oeste) e do Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (RS) e Instituto Sauver no Rio Grande do Sul (região Sul). Os DNAs foram extraídos de 102 pulmões e realizado Nested-PCR utilizando os primers pAZ102H-pAZ102E e pAZ102X/R1-pAZY/R1 para amplificação do gene mtLSU-rRNA, e pAZ102 10F-RI - pAZ102 10R-RI e pAZ102 13-RI - pAZ14-RI para amplificação do gene mtSSU-rRNA. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Tadarida brasiliensis (25), Desmodus rotundus (20) e Nyctinomops laticaudatus (19). Pneumocystis foi detectado com maior prevalência nas Nyctinomops laticaudatus (26,3 por cento = 5/19), Tadarida brasiliensis (24 por cento = 6/25) e Desmodus rotundus (20 por cento = 4/20). Além destas espécies, Pneumocystis foi também detectado nos pulmões de Molossus molossus (1/11, 9,1 por cento), Artibeus fimbriatus (1/1, 100 por cento), Sturnira lilium (1/3, 33 por cento), Myotis levis (2/3, 66,7 por cento)e Diphylla ecaudata (1/2, 50 por cento). Os produtos de PCR indicaram a presença de Pneumocystis (21.56 por cento) em amostras obtidas de 8 das 16 espécies classificadas para ambos os estados (cinco morcegos não foram classificados). Este é o primeiro registro de detecção de Pneumocystis em morcegos no Brasil.(AU)

Confirmation of the presence of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Southwestern Colombia

We confirm the presence of the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus in southwestern Colombia, by the record of a colony of the species in the urban area of the town of Cartago municipality, Valle del Cauca department, at a 950 m elevation. This new record supports the distribution of the species in the geographic valley of the Cauca River and in southwestern Colombia, where it was previously regarded as hypothetical.

Confirmation of the presence of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Southwestern Colombia

We confirm the presence of the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus in southwestern Colombia, by the record of a colony of the species in the urban area of the town of Cartago municipality, Valle del Cauca department, at a 950 m elevation. This new record supports the distribution of the species in the geographic valley of the Cauca River and in southwestern Colombia, where it was previously regarded as hypothetical.(AU)

Nuevos registros de Molósidos (Chiroptera: Molossidae) para el estado de Guerrero, México / New Molossid Records (Chiroptera: Molossidae) for the State of Guerrero, Mexico

Se registra la presencia de 13 especies de murciélagos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) en el municipio de Chilpancingo de los Bravo, seis de los cuales son murciélagos molósidos que ocurren en simpatría. Tres corresponden a nuevos registros para la entidad (Eumops ferox, E. underwoodi y Nyctinomops aurispinosus) aumentando la lista estatal de murciélagos a 73 especies y la de mamíferos a 151. Se obtiene el segundo registro estatal para las especies Cynomps mexicanus y Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Se indican medidas externas y craneales, la condición reproductiva y las características del hábitat donde fueron capturados.

New records for 13 bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Municipality of Chilpancingo de los Bravo, State of Guerrero, Mexico are provided, six of which are simpatric molossid bats. Three species are new for the state (Eumops ferox, E. underwoodi and Nyctinomops aurispinosus), increasing the state known bats to 73, and the overall terrestrial mammal to 151 species. Also Cynomops mexicanus and Nyctinomops laticaudatus are recorded for the second time for the state. External and cranial measurements, reproductive condition, and habitat characteristics of the collect sites are reported.

Primeiro registro de Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) no Brasil

The parasitism of Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) is described in Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera) in the county of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Descreve-se o parasitismo de Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera) no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Primeiro registro de Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) no Brasil

The parasitism of Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) is described in Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera) in the county of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Descreve-se o parasitismo de Rhynchopsyllus pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera) no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Epidemiologia molecular do gene da glicoproteína entre isolados do vírus da raiva provenientes de morcegos e herbívoros domésticos do Estado do Espírito Santo no período de 2006 a 2010

A raiva é uma doença causada por um vírus da família Rhabdoviridae e gênero Lyssavirus. Essa enfermidade tem distribuição cosmopolita, incluindo o Brasil. O estado do Espírito Santo apresenta alta prevalência, sobretudo da raiva transmitida por morcegos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus) aos bovinos e equinos, além de ser isolado em espécies de morcegos frugívoros e insetívoros. Objetivou-se realizar uma análise filogeográfica dos isolados do vírus da raiva do estado do Espírito Santo entre os anos de 2006 e 2010, além de realizar uma análise filogenética dos isolados de morcegos frugívoros e insetívoros. Foram isoladas 42 amostras de vírus da raiva, 41 amostras do estado do Espírito Santo provenientes de bovinos, equinos, morcegos insetívoros (Nyctinomops laticaudatus) e frugívoros (Artibeus lituratus); e uma isolada do morcego hematófago do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram sequenciados 807 nucleotídeos do gene G. Todas as sequências, exceto a isolada de N. laticaudatus, foram semelhantes aos isolados de D. rotundus em outras regiões do país, compatível com a variante 3 do vírus clássico da raiva. A partir das sequências com características do vírus da raiva rural, foi realizada uma análise filogeográfica com o modelo de substituição de nucleotídeos TIMef+G+?4, e o modelo de dispersão contínua usando relaxed random walks (RRW). A árvore filogenética apresentou três clusters principais. A análise filogeográfica demonstrou que as três linhagens do vírus se dispersam independentemente umas das outras, sendo separadas pela cadeia de montanhas no centro do estado. No entanto, em alguns pontos essa barreira física foi superada, ocorrendo a sobreposição de linhagens diferentes nas mesmas microrregiões. Foi construída uma árvore filogenética com o modelo evolutivo Kimura-2-parâmetros, comparando as sequências de morcegos não-hematófagos do Espírito Santo com isolados de diversos hospedeiros, recuperados no GenBank. A sequência de nucleotídeo isolada do morcego N. laticaudatus apresentou grande semelhança com sequências isoladas da mesma espécie em outros estados brasileiros. As sequências de aminoácidos dessa espécie apresentaram marcadores moleculares específicos, o aminoácido valina nas posições 12 e 121 e o aminoácido serina na posição 110. Entre as sequências de nucleotídeos de A. lituratus foram observados seis marcadores moleculares específicos, no entanto nenhuma destas variações de nucleotídeos resultou em alteração de aminoácido. As sequências de A. lituratus formaram um sub-cluster exclusivo com sequências isoladas nessa mesma espécie no Espírito Santo e em outros estados brasileiros, sugerindo a presença de um ciclo epidemiológico distinto nesta espécie. A raiva está distribuída em todas as regiões do estado do Espírito Santo, causando enorme prejuízo à pecuária e, além da zona rural, o vírus também é encontrado em áreas urbanas

Record of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) Partial Albinism, in the South of Brazil / Registro de albinismo parcial em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1805) (chiroptera: Molossidae) no sul do Brasil

In specimens carriers of partial albinism melanin is irregulary distributed. An individual can displaysmelanin agglomerated as withe/light spots on the skin or fur tufts (Herreid II & Davis 1960, Constantine 1957,Uieda 2000). Between December 2002 and February 2004, around 40 Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy,1805) bats observed among approximately 2.300 individuals lead to a partial albinism study. The group has beensheltered at a building located in a Rio Grande do Sul inner city, South Brazil (29o 33 33,1 S e 052o 38 16,2 W).The accompaniment was realized once or twice a month, from 09h00 to 18h00 h, eventually at sunset. Edges weredefined sharing roof in smaller areas so that better research could be done about number of bats sheltered,morphological and biometrical analysis, behavior, tracks and environmental conditions. It was found outNyctinomops laticaudatus displaying typically partial albinism characteristics like irregular spread melanin,clear skin, clear fur tufts, unpigmented membranes, individuals presenting half dorsal fur normal and the other indifferent color. This paper intent to increase the data information records around bat partial albinism.

In specimens carriers of partial albinism melanin is irregulary distributed. An individual can displaysmelanin agglomerated as withe/light spots on the skin or fur tufts (Herreid II & Davis 1960, Constantine 1957,Uieda 2000). Between December 2002 and February 2004, around 40 Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy,1805) bats observed among approximately 2.300 individuals lead to a partial albinism study. The group has beensheltered at a building located in a Rio Grande do Sul inner city, South Brazil (29o 33 33,1 S e 052o 38 16,2 W).The accompaniment was realized once or twice a month, from 09h00 to 18h00 h, eventually at sunset. Edges weredefined sharing roof in smaller areas so that better research could be done about number of bats sheltered,morphological and biometrical analysis, behavior, tracks and environmental conditions. It was found outNyctinomops laticaudatus displaying typically partial albinism characteristics like irregular spread melanin,clear skin, clear fur tufts, unpigmented membranes, individuals presenting half dorsal fur normal and the other indifferent color. This paper intent to increase the data information records around bat partial albinism.

Nuevos registros de Molósidos (Chiroptera: Molossidae) para el estado de Guerrero, México / New Molossid Records (Chiroptera: Molossidae) for the State of Guerrero, Mexico

Se registra la presencia de 13 especies de murciélagos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) en el municipio de Chilpancingo de los Bravo, seis de los cuales son murciélagos molósidos que ocurren en simpatría. Tres corresponden a nuevos registros para la entidad (Eumops ferox, E. underwoodi y Nyctinomops aurispinosus) aumentando la lista estatal de murciélagos a 73 especies y la de mamíferos a 151. Se obtiene el segundo registro estatal para las especies Cynomps mexicanus y Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Se indican medidas externas y craneales, la condición reproductiva y las características del hábitat donde fueron capturados.

New records for 13 bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Municipality of Chilpancingo de los Bravo, State of Guerrero, Mexico are provided, six of which are simpatric molossid bats. Three species are new for the state (Eumops ferox, E. underwoodi and Nyctinomops aurispinosus), increasing the state known bats to 73, and the overall terrestrial mammal to 151 species. Also Cynomops mexicanus and Nyctinomops laticaudatus are recorded for the second time for the state. External and cranial measurements, reproductive condition, and habitat characteristics of the collect sites are reported.

Record of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) Partial Albinism, in the South of Brazil. / Registro de albinismo parcial em Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1805) (chiroptera: Molossidae) no sul do Brasil

In specimens carriers of partial albinism melanin is irregulary distributed. An individual can displaysmelanin agglomerated as withe/light spots on the skin or fur tufts (Herreid II & Davis 1960, Constantine 1957,Uieda 2000). Between December 2002 and February 2004, around 40 Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy,1805) bats observed among approximately 2.300 individuals lead to a partial albinism study. The group has beensheltered at a building located in a Rio Grande do Sul inner city, South Brazil (29o 33 33,1 S e 052o 38 16,2 W).The accompaniment was realized once or twice a month, from 09h00 to 18h00 h, eventually at sunset. Edges weredefined sharing roof in smaller areas so that better research could be done about number of bats sheltered,morphological and biometrical analysis, behavior, tracks and environmental conditions. It was found outNyctinomops laticaudatus displaying typically partial albinism characteristics like irregular spread melanin,clear skin, clear fur tufts, unpigmented membranes, individuals presenting half dorsal fur normal and the other indifferent color. This paper intent to increase the data information records around bat partial albinism.

In specimens carriers of partial albinism melanin is irregulary distributed. An individual can displaysmelanin agglomerated as withe/light spots on the skin or fur tufts (Herreid II & Davis 1960, Constantine 1957,Uieda 2000). Between December 2002 and February 2004, around 40 Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy,1805) bats observed among approximately 2.300 individuals lead to a partial albinism study. The group has beensheltered at a building located in a Rio Grande do Sul inner city, South Brazil (29o 33 33,1 S e 052o 38 16,2 W).The accompaniment was realized once or twice a month, from 09h00 to 18h00 h, eventually at sunset. Edges weredefined sharing roof in smaller areas so that better research could be done about number of bats sheltered,morphological and biometrical analysis, behavior, tracks and environmental conditions. It was found outNyctinomops laticaudatus displaying typically partial albinism characteristics like irregular spread melanin,clear skin, clear fur tufts, unpigmented membranes, individuals presenting half dorsal fur normal and the other indifferent color. This paper intent to increase the data information records around bat partial albinism.