Princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária / Principles and applications of beta therapy in veterinary medicine / Principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria

A betaterapia é uma forma de braquiterapia onde a fonte emissora de raios beta é posicionada diretamente na área em que se deseja tratar. As principais aplicações são em dermatologia e em oftalmologia no tratamento de lesões superficiais, pois as partículas betas têm grande poder de ionização e pequeno alcance no tecido. A radioterapia em medicina veterinária vem aumentando e apresentando resultados satisfatórios no Brasil e pelo mundo. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária. Para a concretização foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, possibilitando assim, consolidar informações relativas à base teórica e ao tema proposto. Foi observado o uso do Estrôncio-90 (Sr90) nos principais procedimentos realizados em animais domésticos, selvagens e de experimentação, realçando a importância desta técnica adjuvante. A betaterapia mostrou-se exequível e de fácil manuseio para aplicações em medicina veterinária, especialmente nos casos de lesões e neoplasias superficiais. As fontes radioativas emissoras de partículas betas, como as de Sr90 não requerem grandes cuidados com proteção radiológica, o que contribui para a viabilidade da sua manipulação em radioterapia veterinária, principalmente nos procedimentos intra-operatórios.

Beta therapy is a form of brachytherapy where the beta ray emitting source is positioned directly in the area in which it is desired to be treated. The main applications are in dermatology and ophthalmology in the treatment of superficial lesions, since beta particles have great ionization power and small reach in the tissue. Radiotherapy in veterinary medicine has been increasing and presenting results satisfactory in Brazil and around the world. This review aimed to describe the principles and applications of beta-therapy in veterinary medicine. For the realization, a bibliographic research was carried through, making possible, to consolidate information related to the theoretical base and to the proposed theme. The use of Strontium-90 (Sr90) was observed in the main procedures performed on domestic, wild and experimental animals, highlighting the importance of this adjuvant technique. Beta therapy has been shown to be feasible and easy to handle for veterinary medicine applications, especially in cases of superficial lesions and neoplasms. Beta-emitting radioactive sources, such as those of Sr90, do not require great care with radiological protection, which contributes to the viability of their manipulation in veterinary radiotherapy, especially in intraoperative procedures.

La terapia beta es una forma de braquiterapia en la que la fuente emisora de rayos beta se coloca directamente en el área en la que se desea tratar. Las principales aplicaciones son en dermatología y oftalmología en el tratamiento de lesiones superficiales, porque las partículas beta tienen un gran poder de ionización y un alcance pequeño en el tejido. La radioterapia en medicina veterinaria ha ido aumentando y presentando resultados considerablemente en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo describir los principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria. Para la realización, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica que permitió consolidar información relacionada con la base teórica y el tema propuesto. El uso de Estroncio-90 (Sr90) se observó en los principales procedimientos realizados en animales domésticos, salvajes y experimentales, destacando la importancia de esta técnica adyuvante. Se ha demostrado que la terapia beta es factible y fácil de manejar para aplicaciones veterinarias, especialmente en casos de lesiones superficiales y neoplasias. Las fuentes radiactivas emisoras beta, como las de Sr90, no requieren un gran cuidado con la protección radiológica, lo que contribuye a la viabilidad de su manipulación en radioterapia veterinaria, especialmente en procedimientos intraoperatorios.

Princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária / Principles and applications of beta therapy in veterinary medicine / Principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria

A betaterapia é uma forma de braquiterapia onde a fonte emissora de raios beta é posicionada diretamente na área em que se deseja tratar. As principais aplicações são em dermatologia e em oftalmologia no tratamento de lesões superficiais, pois as partículas betas têm grande poder de ionização e pequeno alcance no tecido. A radioterapia em medicina veterinária vem aumentando e apresentando resultados satisfatórios no Brasil e pelo mundo. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária. Para a concretização foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, possibilitando assim, consolidar informações relativas à base teórica e ao tema proposto. Foi observado o uso do Estrôncio-90 (Sr90) nos principais procedimentos realizados em animais domésticos, selvagens e de experimentação, realçando a importância desta técnica adjuvante. A betaterapia mostrou-se exequível e de fácil manuseio para aplicações em medicina veterinária, especialmente nos casos de lesões e neoplasias superficiais. As fontes radioativas emissoras de partículas betas, como as de Sr90 não requerem grandes cuidados com proteção radiológica, o que contribui para a viabilidade da sua manipulação em radioterapia veterinária, principalmente nos procedimentos intra-operatórios.(AU)

Beta therapy is a form of brachytherapy where the beta ray emitting source is positioned directly in the area in which it is desired to be treated. The main applications are in dermatology and ophthalmology in the treatment of superficial lesions, since beta particles have great ionization power and small reach in the tissue. Radiotherapy in veterinary medicine has been increasing and presenting results satisfactory in Brazil and around the world. This review aimed to describe the principles and applications of beta-therapy in veterinary medicine. For the realization, a bibliographic research was carried through, making possible, to consolidate information related to the theoretical base and to the proposed theme. The use of Strontium-90 (Sr90) was observed in the main procedures performed on domestic, wild and experimental animals, highlighting the importance of this adjuvant technique. Beta therapy has been shown to be feasible and easy to handle for veterinary medicine applications, especially in cases of superficial lesions and neoplasms. Beta-emitting radioactive sources, such as those of Sr90, do not require great care with radiological protection, which contributes to the viability of their manipulation in veterinary radiotherapy, especially in intraoperative procedures.(AU)

La terapia beta es una forma de braquiterapia en la que la fuente emisora de rayos beta se coloca directamente en el área en la que se desea tratar. Las principales aplicaciones son en dermatología y oftalmología en el tratamiento de lesiones superficiales, porque las partículas beta tienen un gran poder de ionización y un alcance pequeño en el tejido. La radioterapia en medicina veterinaria ha ido aumentando y presentando resultados considerablemente en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo describir los principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria. Para la realización, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica que permitió consolidar información relacionada con la base teórica y el tema propuesto. El uso de Estroncio-90 (Sr90) se observó en los principales procedimientos realizados en animales domésticos, salvajes y experimentales, destacando la importancia de esta técnica adyuvante. Se ha demostrado que la terapia beta es factible y fácil de manejar para aplicaciones veterinarias, especialmente en casos de lesiones superficiales y neoplasias. Las fuentes radiactivas emisoras beta, como las de Sr90, no requieren un gran cuidado con la protección radiológica, lo que contribuye a la viabilidad de su manipulación en radioterapia veterinaria, especialmente en procedimientos intraoperatorios.(AU)

Absorption and mobility of radio-labelled calcium in chili pepper plants and sweet cherry trees

Calcium (Ca) is often supplied to crop species to prevent the occurrence of Carelated disorders. Mechanisms of Ca absorption and transport are not fully understood and the effectiveness of root and/or foliar Ca fertilization may be variable. To characterize the rate of Ca absorption and transport, trials were developed with chili pepper and sweet cherry plants, using 45CaCl2 as a tracer. The Ca treatments supplied were: (1) No 45Ca (control); (2) 45Ca soil application; (3) 45Ca supply to basal leaves, and (4) 45Ca application to apical leaves. After two months, plants were harvested for biomass and Ca content determination. The recovery of 45Ca in different plant parts was measured with a liquid scintillation counter and leaf traits were observed by scanning electronic microscopy. In general, the highest 45Ca concentrations were recovered in treated organs, while root applications led to highest 45Ca translocation rates, which varied between chili pepper and cherry plants. For chili pepper, 45Ca applied to the soil was detected mainly in roots (44 %) followed by leaves (36.6 %) stems (17.4 %) and fruits (2 %). In sweet cherry trees, soilapplied 45Ca was principally recovered in roots (45.3 %), shoots (28.5 %), leaves (14.3 %) and trunks (11.9 %). The results provide evidence of increased absorption of rootapplied Ca, as well as different degrees of Ca mobility between species. Foliar application led to major Ca increases in treated leaves, with Ca transported to other plant organs after apical leaf Ca supply chiefly in cherry trees.(AU)

Absorption and mobility of radio-labelled calcium in chili pepper plants and sweet cherry trees

Calcium (Ca) is often supplied to crop species to prevent the occurrence of Carelated disorders. Mechanisms of Ca absorption and transport are not fully understood and the effectiveness of root and/or foliar Ca fertilization may be variable. To characterize the rate of Ca absorption and transport, trials were developed with chili pepper and sweet cherry plants, using 45CaCl2 as a tracer. The Ca treatments supplied were: (1) No 45Ca (control); (2) 45Ca soil application; (3) 45Ca supply to basal leaves, and (4) 45Ca application to apical leaves. After two months, plants were harvested for biomass and Ca content determination. The recovery of 45Ca in different plant parts was measured with a liquid scintillation counter and leaf traits were observed by scanning electronic microscopy. In general, the highest 45Ca concentrations were recovered in treated organs, while root applications led to highest 45Ca translocation rates, which varied between chili pepper and cherry plants. For chili pepper, 45Ca applied to the soil was detected mainly in roots (44 %) followed by leaves (36.6 %) stems (17.4 %) and fruits (2 %). In sweet cherry trees, soilapplied 45Ca was principally recovered in roots (45.3 %), shoots (28.5 %), leaves (14.3 %) and trunks (11.9 %). The results provide evidence of increased absorption of rootapplied Ca, as well as different degrees of Ca mobility between species. Foliar application led to major Ca increases in treated leaves, with Ca transported to other plant organs after apical leaf Ca supply chiefly in cherry trees.

Phosphorus acquisition by wheat from organic and inorganic sources labelled with 32P and 33P radioisotopes

Investment in soil phosphorus (P) capital in the tropics is often constrained by poor availability of mineral fertiliser to small-scale farmers. Consequently, new sustainable agricultural cropping strategies are required to maintain fertility and maximise crop yields. The co-application of Tithonia diversifolia (Tithonia) green manure and mineral fertiliser (KH2PO4) together (integrated nutrient management) in comparison to the addition of one or the other alone has been hypothesized to promote crop P uptake. The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the benefits of integrated nutrient management practices in laboratory experiments. Wheat was grown as a test crop in microcosms to which either 32P-labelled mineral fertiliser or 33P-labelled Tithonia was added either singly or in combination. Exclusion meshes were used to determine the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in P uptake from the different P sources. The rate of uptake of both 32P and 33P by mycorrhizas was similar, and the rate of mycorrhizal P capture was comparable to that of roots. Generally, there was little difference in wheat P acquisition under integrated nutrient management treatments in comparison to P acquisition from 32P-mineral fertiliser or the addition of 33P-Tithonia alone. Overall, Tithonia residues were not very effective in supplying P to wheat over a short time evaluation period, suggesting that mineral fertilisers will still be required to satisfy crop demand.

Phosphorus acquisition by wheat from organic and inorganic sources labelled with 32P and 33P radioisotopes

Investment in soil phosphorus (P) capital in the tropics is often constrained by poor availability of mineral fertiliser to small-scale farmers. Consequently, new sustainable agricultural cropping strategies are required to maintain fertility and maximise crop yields. The co-application of Tithonia diversifolia (Tithonia) green manure and mineral fertiliser (KH2PO4) together (integrated nutrient management) in comparison to the addition of one or the other alone has been hypothesized to promote crop P uptake. The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the benefits of integrated nutrient management practices in laboratory experiments. Wheat was grown as a test crop in microcosms to which either 32P-labelled mineral fertiliser or 33P-labelled Tithonia was added either singly or in combination. Exclusion meshes were used to determine the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in P uptake from the different P sources. The rate of uptake of both 32P and 33P by mycorrhizas was similar, and the rate of mycorrhizal P capture was comparable to that of roots. Generally, there was little difference in wheat P acquisition under integrated nutrient management treatments in comparison to P acquisition from 32P-mineral fertiliser or the addition of 33P-Tithonia alone. Overall, Tithonia residues were not very effective in supplying P to wheat over a short time evaluation period, suggesting that mineral fertilisers will still be required to satisfy crop demand.(AU)

Pharmacokinetics of neutron-irradiated meglumine antimoniate in Leishmania amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice

Background:Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. Pentavalent antimonial agents have been used as an effective therapy, despite their side effects and resistant cases. Their pharmacokinetics remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of meglumine antimoniate in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis using a radiotracer approach.Methods:Meglumine antimoniate was neutron-irradiated inside a nuclear reactor and was administered once intraperitoneally to uninfected and L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Different organs and tissues were collected and the total antimony was measured.Results:Higher antimony levels were found in infected than uninfected footpad (0.29% IA vs. 0.14% IA, p = 0.0057) and maintained the concentration. The animals accumulated and retained antimony in the liver, which cleared slowly. The kidney and intestinal uptake data support the hypothesis that antimony has two elimination pathways, first through renal excretion, followed by biliary excretion. Both processes demonstrated a biphasic elimination profile classified as fast and slow. In the blood, antimony followed a biexponential open model. Infected mice showed a lower maximum concentration (6.2% IA/mL vs. 11.8% IA/mL, p = 0.0001), a 2.5-fold smaller area under the curve, a 2.7-fold reduction in the mean residence time, and a 2.5-fold higher clearance rate when compared to the uninfected mice.Conclusions:neutron-irradiated meglumine antimoniate concentrates in infected footpad, while the infection affects antimony pharmacokinetics.(AU)

Development of a new model of actinic enteritis in rats using a cobalt-60 open source and a protection device as a collimator

Purpose: To describe a new model of actinic enteritis that does not use radiotherapy machines. Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into four groups, consisting of four animals each: control (group A), two weeks after irradiation (group B), five weeks after irradiation (group C) and eight weeks after irradiation (group D). Animals were given a 10Gy radiation from a Cobalt-60 natural source in a nuclear technology research center. Protections of the surrounding tissues were obtained through the usage of plumb devices with a hole in the center, which served as a collimator. We obtained irradiated and non-irradiated colons from each animal. Results: In group B we found an important inflammatory response in the irradiated colon, which appeared in a reduced way in group C and was minimal in group D, in which we found a relevant collagen submucosal deposition/fibrosis. In all groups, the non-irradiated colon had a lower pathological damage in comparison with the irradiated colon. Conclusion: We thus described an efficient and feasible technique for obtaining an animal model of actinic enteritis.(AU)

Radioisótopo e modelagem matemática na avaliação da suplementação de fitase em dietas para suínos em crescimento / Radioisotope and mathematical modeling in the assessment of supplementation of Phytase in diets for growing pigs

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis crescentes de enzima fitase em dietas para suínos em fase de crescimento, por meio do uso de modelagem matemática. Foram utilizados dados de 20 leitões mestiços, machos castrados, pesando em média, 26,8kg. Os animais ficaram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais para a coleta de fezes e urina, onde permaneceram por um período de 17 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A dieta experimental fornecida aos leitões foi à base de milho e farelo de soja, suplementada com cinco níveis crescentes de enzima fitase (0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000UF/kg), correspondendo a 0; 0,01; 0,02; 0,03 e 0,04%, respectivamente. As variáveis avaliadas foram: ingestão, excreção, fluxo e refluxo do P nos compartimentos (trato digestivo, corrente sanguínea, tecidos moles e ossos). A enzima fitase não interferiu no P consumido (P>0,05 (F10), no P excretado na urina (F02), no fluxo e refluxo do P nos ossos (F32 e F23) e nos tecidos moles (F42 e F24), entretanto observou-se redução no P excretado nas fezes (F01) em 8,92%; 26,76%; 22,53% e 28,64% para os níveis 0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000UF/kg, respectivamente, e efeito linear positivo para o P endógeno (F12). Pode-se utilizar dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja com 50% de P por fosfato bicálcico, adicionando-se 250UF/kg de dieta para suínos em crescimento, o que reduz em 27% as excreções de P nas fezes.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of including increasing levels of phytase enzyme in pig diets for growing pigs, using the mathematical model. Data from 20 crossbred male piglets, castrated and weighing 26.80 kg on average was used. The animals were housed in individual metabolic cages to collect feces and urine in a 17 day period. A randomized block experimental design containing five treatments and four repetitions was used. The experimental diet provided to piglets contained corn and soybean and was supplemented with five increasing levels of phytase enzyme (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 UF/kg), corresponding to 0.00 %, 0.01 %, 0.02 %, 0.03 % and 0.04 % respectively. The variables evaluated were: intake, excretion, output flow of P in the digestive tract, bloodstream, bones and soft tissues. The phytase enzyme did not affect the P intake (P>0.05 (F 10), the P excreted in urine (F02) and the output flow of P in the bones (F32 e F23) and soft tissue (F42 e F24) , however, there was a reduction in P excreted in feces (F01) of 8.92 %, 26.76 %, 22.53 % and 28.64 % to the levels 0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000UF/kg, respectively and showed a positive linear effect (P<0.08) for the endogenous P (F12) . Corn and soybean meal based diets can be used with 50% of P by dicalcium phosphate, adding 250UF/kg diet for growing pigs, and may cause a reduction of 27 % of P excretion in feces.(AU)

Hystopathological study of the intestinal epithelium submitted to different times of programmed ischemia and twenty four hours reperfusion

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in the intestinal epithelium of rats, when submitted to the ischemia of varied time and scheduled reperfusion. METHODS: For this purpose, the following groups were established six groups: control, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion time (24 hours). Their intestines being resected for histopathological analysis: the length and width of the villus, and mitotic index. The nonparametric test Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparisons test were applied. RESULTS: The qualitatively the intestinal epithelium is regenerated when submitted to different ischemia, and 24 hours reperfusion time. It was observed that morphometry analyzing taking villus length and width and mitotic index as parameter, meaningful alterations were detected. CONCLUSION: The epithelium is regenerated, when subjected to different time planned of ischemia and reperfusion. It was observed: decrease the length and increase the width of the villi, when compared Group VI with I and II, and Group VI with I; increased mitotic index when compared Groups III with I. Every analysis was statistically significant.(AU)

The ileum as a determinant organ of the functional liver cell mass in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate if the ileum resection changes the functioning liver cell mass, the hepatic metabolism and the biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical in rats. METHODS: Twelve Wistar rats weighing 285g±34g were randomly divided into the ileum resection group (n = 6) and sham group rats (n = 6). After 30 days, they were anesthetized and 0.1mL of 99m-Tc-phytate (0.66MBq) was injected via femoral vein. After 30 minutes, blood samples were collected for red blood cells radioactive labeling and serum ALT, AST and gammaGT. Liver samples were used for 99m-Tc-phytate percentage of radioactivity/gram of tissue and histopathology. Student 's t test was used with significance 0.05. RESULTS: There was a higher uptake of 99m-Tc-phytate in the liver of sham rats, compared to the ileum resection group (p<0.05). GammaGT, ALT and AST were increased in ileum resection rats compared to sham (p<0.05). The he patocytes count was significantly lower in ileum resection group than in sham (p<0.05). Liver: body mass ratio was lower in experimental animals than in sham group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support that the ileum has important role in liver function and liver mass regulation, and they have potential clinical implications regarding the pathogenesis of liver injury following lower bowel resection.(AU)

Effect of an extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in rats / Efeito de um extrato de Aloe vera na biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) em ratos

PURPOSE: Aloe vera is a tropical plant popularly known in Brazil as babosa. We have investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 and laboratorial parameters in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twelve animals were divided into treated and control groups. In the treated group, Aloe vera was given by gavage (5mg/mL/day) during 10 days. The control group received sorbitol by the same way and period. One hour after the last dose, we injected 0.1mL of Na99mTcO4 by orbital plexus. After 60 min, all the animals were killed. Samples were harvested from the brain, liver, heart, muscle, pancreas, stomach, femur, kidneys, blood, testis and thyroid and the percentage of radioactivity ( percentATI/g) was determined. Biochemical dosages were performed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of percentATI/g in blood, femur, kidneys, liver, stomach, testis and thyroid and also in blood levels of AST and ALT. A significant decrease in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea occurred. The statistical analyses were performed by Mann-Whitney test and T-Student test (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Aloe vera facilitated the uptake of Na99mTcO4 in organs of rats and it was responsible to a high increase of levels of AST and ALT.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Aloe vera é uma planta tropical popularmente conhecida no Brasil por "babosa". Investigou-se o efeito de extrato aquoso do A. vera na biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) e em parâmetros laboratoriais de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Doze animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: tratado e controle. No grupo tratado, o extrato de A. vera foi administrado via oral (5mg/mL/dia) por 10 dias. O grupo controle recebeu sorbitol do mesmo modo. Uma hora após a última dose, ambos receberam 0,1mL de Na99mTcO4 via plexo orbital. Após 60 minutos, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram retiradas amostras do cérebro, fígado, coração, músculo, pâncreas, estômago, fêmur, rins, sangue, testículos e tiróide e determinou-se o percentual de radioatividade por grama ( por centoATI/g) de cada uma. Dosagens bioquímicas foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Houve um aumento significativo do por centoATI/g no sangue, fêmur, rins, fígado, estômago, testículos e tiróide e nos níveis sanguíneos das enzimas AST e ALT. Ocorreu uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, creatinina e uréia. Análises estatísticas foram feitas pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e T-student (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O extrato aquoso de A. vera facilitou a captação do Na99mTcO4 em órgãos de ratos e foi responsável pelo aumento dos níveis de AST e ALT.(AU)

Radioisotopic perfusional assessment of blood circulation changes in skin under progressive expansion: experimental model with rabbits

The purpose of this experimental model with rabbits is investigating the variation of blood flow in the expanded skin versus expansion time. New Zealand breed rabbits are used. Two groups are studied: F-1 receiving expanders on the right tight and F-2 receiving expanders bilateraly. Progressively, five expansions are performed. The first radioiosotopic perfusional evaluation is performed just after the surgery and the following evaluation are performed at the second, sixth, thirteenth, twentieth and twenty-seventh post-surgical days. As radiotracer, technetium 99m are used in the chemical form of sodium pertechnetate. Scintillographic images are obtained by CGR scintillation camera. The quantitative analysis is done by calculation of the reperfusion rate.

Este modelo experimental em coelhos tem como proposição investigar a variação do fluxo sanguíneo na pele expandida em relação ao tempo de expansão. Utilizam-se coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia. Estudam-se dois grupos: F-1 que recebe expansor na coxa direita e F-2 que recebe expansores bilateralmente. São feitas progressivamente cinco expansões. Realiza-se a primeira avaliação perfusional radioisotópica logo após o ato operatório e as seguintes no segundo, sexto, décimo-terceiro, vigésimo e vigésimo-sétimo dia pós-operatórios. Utiliza-se como radiotraçador o tecnécio 99m na forma química de pertecnetato de sódio. Obtêm-se as imagens cintilográficas em câmara de cintilação CGR. Faz-se a análise quantitativa pelo cálculo do Índice de reperfusão.

Radioisotopic perfusional assessment of blood circulation changes in skin under progressive expansion: experimental model with rabbits

The purpose of this experimental model with rabbits is investigating the variation of blood flow in the expanded skin versus expansion time. New Zealand breed rabbits are used. Two groups are studied: F-1 receiving expanders on the right tight and F-2 receiving expanders bilateraly. Progressively, five expansions are performed. The first radioiosotopic perfusional evaluation is performed just after the surgery and the following evaluation are performed at the second, sixth, thirteenth, twentieth and twenty-seventh post-surgical days. As radiotracer, technetium 99m are used in the chemical form of sodium pertechnetate. Scintillographic images are obtained by CGR scintillation camera. The quantitative analysis is done by calculation of the reperfusion rate.

Este modelo experimental em coelhos tem como proposição investigar a variação do fluxo sanguíneo na pele expandida em relação ao tempo de expansão. Utilizam-se coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia. Estudam-se dois grupos: F-1 que recebe expansor na coxa direita e F-2 que recebe expansores bilateralmente. São feitas progressivamente cinco expansões. Realiza-se a primeira avaliação perfusional radioisotópica logo após o ato operatório e as seguintes no segundo, sexto, décimo-terceiro, vigésimo e vigésimo-sétimo dia pós-operatórios. Utiliza-se como radiotraçador o tecnécio 99m na forma química de pertecnetato de sódio. Obtêm-se as imagens cintilográficas em câmara de cintilação CGR. Faz-se a análise quantitativa pelo cálculo do Índice de reperfusão.

Cinética do fósforo em tecidos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo enzima fitase / Phosphorus kinetics in tissue of growing pigs fed diets containing phytase enzyme

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar a cinética do P em tecidos de suínos em crescimento, alimentados com rações contendo P orgânico e vários níveis de fitase, com o uso do 32P como indicador. Foram usados 12 animais mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio de 31,68± 1,62kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida, contendo quatro tratamentos (253, 759, 1265 e 1748 UF (unidade de fitase) /kg) e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase nas dietas associados aos tecidos dos ossos, fígado, coração, rins e músculos. Os leitões foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas por um período de dez dias de adaptação e sete dias de coletas de sangue. No primeiro dia de coleta, foram injetados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P, como indicador. No final do período experimental os animais foram sacrificados e amostras dos tecidos coletadas. Os níveis da enzima fitase não interferiram na retenção de 32P nos tecidos e nas trocas plasmáticas dos mesmos. A ação da enzima fitase ocorreu, principalmente, na concentração de P nos rins, sendo sua atuação mais efetiva nos níveis entre 253 e 759 UF/kg de ração; o maior intercâmbio do fósforo em suínos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de fitase ocorreu entre os rins e o plasma.(AU)

The research was carried out to study the kinetic of P in tissues of pigs fed rations containing organic P with the addition of different levels of phytase enzyme, using the 32P as a metabolic tracer. Twelve crossbred barrow with 31,68± 1,62kg were divided in a completely randomized design in a split plot arrangement, with four treatments (253, 749, 1265 and 1748 PU (phytase unit)/kg) and three repetitions. Treatments formed the parcels and tissues (bones, liver, heart, kidneys and muscles) the by-parcels. All pigs were kept in a metabolic cage for a seven-day period for sample collection. At the first day of the collection period, each animal was injected intravenously with 7.4 MBq of 32P. On the seventh day all animals were slaughtered and samples of tissues were collected. The phytase enzyme affected the concentration of P in kidney at the levels of 253 and 759 PU/kg.(AU)

Confiabilidade metrológica da determinação de elementos tóxicos e essenciais em leite bovino de raças exploradas no Brasil / Metrological reliability in determining toxic and essential elements in bovine milk of breeds exploited in Brazil

O leite é um alimento completo. Contém micronutrientes, aminoácidos, ácidos graxos em proporções adequadas à nutrição humana. Sua composição pode ser simplificadamente dividida em água, lipídios, glicídios, proteínas e sais minerais. Todavia, a composição do leite não é absoluta. Fatores como raça, sistema de produção, alimentação e clima podem influenciar a qualidade do produto final. Os reflexos da globalização na agropecuária leiteira brasileira resultaram na implantação da Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios Centralizados da Qualidade de Leite (RBQL). A Instrução Normativa nº 51 (IN51), que faz parte do Programa Nacional de Melhoria da Qualidade do Leite (PNMQL), aprovou os regulamentos técnicos de produção, identidade e qualidade do leite tipo A, do leite tipo B, do leite tipo C, do leite pasteurizado e do leite cru refrigerado e o regulamento técnico da coleta de leite cru refrigerado e seu transporte. Cabe à indústria leiteira brasileira, cujo leite é predominantemente oriundo das raças Holandesa, Gir, Girolanda, Jersey, Pardo Suíço e Guzerá, garantir a qualidade do produto comercializado. O desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição confiável é primordial no campo industrial, científico e comercial. Assim sendo, a proposta desse trabalho foi avaliar quimicamente marcas de leite comercial UHT bovino, com diferentes quantidades de gordura e de diferentes unidades federativas do Brasil comprados no comércio da cidade de Piracicaba SP e comparar os valores determinados com os reportados pelos fabricantes na tabela de \"Informações Nutricionais\" nas embalagens, além de investigar a potencialidade da INAA na quantificação química da matriz alimentar em questão. Outro objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar quimicamente o leite oriundo de tanques de resfriamento do estado de Minas Gerais com tanques de resfriamento do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e comparar quimicamente o leite amostrado diretamente de animais de quatro propriedades do estado de São Paulo, fazendo inferências aos limites estabelecidos pela IN51, as legislações vigentes nacional e internacionalmente. Realizou-se também análise exploratória de algumas fontes de nutrientes na alimentação de gado bovino. Com os resultados, observou-se que a preparação das amostras e os procedimentos para a INAA foram empregados com sucesso para a determinação de Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb e Zn. Em relação ao comparativo dos valores determinados com os valores declarados pelos fabricantes, Ca apresentou uma tendência dos valores medidos serem menores que os informados, diferentemente do ocorrido com o Na. Dos 16 elementos químicos quantificados pela INAA e ICP-MS, 10 apresentaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,01) entre as propriedades rurais do estado de Minas Gerais e do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos elementos químicos que foram quantificados pela INAA, Br, Cs, K e Rb já foram mencionados em trabalhos desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Radioisótopos como importantes para a discriminação de sistema de produção de diversas culturas. Para o estudo do leite oriundo dos animais, os valores médios determinados para os parâmetros da qualidade, atendiam os limites estabelecidos pela IN51. Para os 16 elementos químicos determinados pela INAA e ICP-MS, Co e Mn foram os únicos em que não se verificaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre as quatro propriedades pelo teste das comparações múltiplas de Tukey. Pela análise de agrupamento, constatou-se que a raça é primordial para a separação dos grupos, entretanto, o sistema de produção também deve ser levado em consideração. Em relação aos limites máximos de tolerância (LMT) estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e que possuem valores específicos para leite, verificou-se que As não excedeu os limites máximos estabelecidos, contudo, atenção deve ser dada aos elementos químicos Cr e Se por possuírem valores médios superiores aos LMT. Através dos resultados das frações de massa de volumosos e concentrados, destinados à alimentação de gado bovino, foi possível diferenciar a matriz da fonte de nutriente, bem como a origem

Milk is a complete food. It contains micronutrients, aminoacids, and fatty acids in adequate amounts for human intake. In a simple way, its composition can be divided into water, lipids, lactose, proteins and mineral salts. The composition of milk, however, is not an absolute one. Features such as breed, production system, nourishment and climate can affect the final product quality. The reflex of globalization on the Brazilian dairy husbandry resulted in the creation of the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Central Laboratories (Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios Centralizados de Qualidade de Leite - RBQL). The Normative Instruction 51 (IN51), a constituent part of the National Milk Quality Improvement Program (PNMQL) has approved the technical regulations of production, identity and quality of type-A milk, type-B milk, type-C milk, pasteurized milk, and refrigerated raw milk as well as the technical regulation for refrigerated raw milk collecting and transportation. The Brazilian dairy industry, with milk mostly deriving from breeds Holandesa, Gir, Girolanda, Jersey, Pardo Suiço and Guzera, is in charge of insuring the quality of the commercialized product. Developing a reliable measuring system is essential in the industrial, scientific and commercial fields. Thus, the aim of this work is to chemically evaluate the brands of commercial UHT bovine milk with different amounts of fat and from different states of Brazil, purchased in the city of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, and compare the established values with those informed by the manufacturers in the \"Nutritional Facts\" table in the packages labels, in addition to investigating the INAA potentiality in the chemical quantification of the respective feeding matrix. Another goal was to chemically compare the milk deriving from cooling tanks in the state of Minas Gerais and those from cooling tanks in the state of São Paulo, thus inferring on the limits established by the IN51, the national and international legislations in force. Also an exploratory analysis of a few nutrient sources of bovine cattle feeding was observed. The results indicated that the sample preparation and INAA procedures were successfully employed to determine Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb and Zn. As to the comparison between the established values and those stated by the manufacturers, the Ca values tended to be lower than the informed ones, unlike what happened to Na. Out of 16 chemical elements quantified by INAA and ICP-MS, 10 showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between the rural properties in the state of Minas Gerais and those in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Out of the chemical elements quantified by INAA, Br, Cs, K and Rb have already been pointed in works developed at the Laboratory of Radioisotopes as important to discriminate the production system of several crops. In the study of animal-derived milk, the mean values determined for the quality parameters met the limits established by the IN51. For the 16 chemical elements determined by INAA and ICP-MS, Co and Mn were the only ones showing no significant differences (p < 0.05) among all four properties by the Tukey multiple comparison test. Through the cluster analysis the breed was verified to be essential to the separation of groups, however, the production system is also to be taken into account. As to the maximum tolerance limits (MTL) established by the Brazilian legislation and having specific values for milk, the As did not exceed the maximum limits established, yet, attention must be paid to Cr and Se since their mean values are beyond the MTL. The mass fraction results determined in roughages and concentrates for bovine cattle feeding made possible the distinction of the nutrient source matrix and their origin

Determination of plasmatic and blood volumes in underbreed horses through the RIHSA (Radioactive iodinated human serum albumin) / Determinação dos volumes plasmático e sanguíneo em equinos sem raça definida mediante emprego de Rihsa (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin)

The plasmatic and blood volumes of 18 horses, 8 males and 10 females, clinically selected as normal, were determined through RIHSA (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin).The statistical analysis of the results indicated a positive and high intense correlation between the values of plasm and blood volumes and the body weight; thus, it was established the relation of both plasm blood per kg of body weight, being there 54.03 ml and 83,3 ml respectively.

Os volumes plasmáticos e sanguíneos de 18 equinos, 8 machos e 10 fêmeas, clinicamente selecionados como normais, foram determinados com auxílio da RIHSA (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin). A análise estatística revelou correlação positiva e de alta intensidade, entre os valores dos volumes plasmáticos e sanguíneos e pesos corpóreos, permitindo estabelecera relação de 54,03 ml de plasma e 83,3 ml de sangue para cada quilograma de peso.

Determination of plasmatic and blood volumes in underbreed horses through the RIHSA (Radioactive iodinated human serum albumin) / Determinação dos volumes plasmático e sanguíneo em equinos sem raça definida mediante emprego de Rihsa (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin)

The plasmatic and blood volumes of 18 horses, 8 males and 10 females, clinically selected as normal, were determined through RIHSA (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin).The statistical analysis of the results indicated a positive and high intense correlation between the values of plasm and blood volumes and the body weight; thus, it was established the relation of both plasm blood per kg of body weight, being there 54.03 ml and 83,3 ml respectively.

Os volumes plasmáticos e sanguíneos de 18 equinos, 8 machos e 10 fêmeas, clinicamente selecionados como normais, foram determinados com auxílio da RIHSA (Radioactive lodinated Human Serum Albumin). A análise estatística revelou correlação positiva e de alta intensidade, entre os valores dos volumes plasmáticos e sanguíneos e pesos corpóreos, permitindo estabelecera relação de 54,03 ml de plasma e 83,3 ml de sangue para cada quilograma de peso.

Measurement o f glomerular filtration in dog using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mlnDTPA / Medida da filtração glomerular no cão pelo 51Cr-EDTA e 113mIn-DTPA

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured in 15 normal dogs using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mIn-DTPA, by a single injection technique. The results of GFR measurements was 3,01 (S.D.±0,71) ml/min/kg body weight, and 70.44 (S.D.±19,60) ml/min/m2 surface area. Difference in GFR (means) between the measurement by 51Cr-EDTA and 113mln-DTPA and between the male and female group was not statistically significant (P 0,05).

Em 15 cães clinicamente normais foi medida a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) pela técnica de injeção única, com 51Cr-ETA e 113mln-DTPA. A média e desvio padrão das determinações da TFG forma de 3,01 ± 0,71 ml/min/kg de peso e de 70,44 ± 19,60 ml/min/m2 de área corporal. Não foi verificada significância estatística entre as médias das medidas pelo 51Cr-EDTA e oelo 113mIn-DTPA e entre as médias dos grupos segundo o sexo e peso.

Measurement o f glomerular filtration in dog using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mlnDTPA / Medida da filtração glomerular no cão pelo 51Cr-EDTA e 113mIn-DTPA

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured in 15 normal dogs using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mIn-DTPA, by a single injection technique. The results of GFR measurements was 3,01 (S.D.±0,71) ml/min/kg body weight, and 70.44 (S.D.±19,60) ml/min/m2 surface area. Difference in GFR (means) between the measurement by 51Cr-EDTA and 113mln-DTPA and between the male and female group was not statistically significant (P 0,05).

Em 15 cães clinicamente normais foi medida a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) pela técnica de injeção única, com 51Cr-ETA e 113mln-DTPA. A média e desvio padrão das determinações da TFG forma de 3,01 ± 0,71 ml/min/kg de peso e de 70,44 ± 19,60 ml/min/m2 de área corporal. Não foi verificada significância estatística entre as médias das medidas pelo 51Cr-EDTA e oelo 113mIn-DTPA e entre as médias dos grupos segundo o sexo e peso.