Hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival flaps in dogs

Background: Hydrodissection is a minimally invasive procedure that consists of injecting fluid into an anatomical space to facilitate dissection during surgery. Although this procedure is employed in several areas of veterinary medicine, including ophthalmology, there are no reports of the use of this maneuver in conjunctival procedures in dogs. The use of this technique can facilitate the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps, thereby improving the results. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 20 eyes from 10 healthy dogs that had been subjected to elective surgical procedures of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy. The dogs were divided into 2 groups; the 1st group of 10 eyes underwent hydrodissection and the 2nd group of 10 eyes did not. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and assessment of their systemic conditions. The patients were then anesthetized and the procedures were performed under a surgical microscope. In the group subjected to hydrodissection, the conjunctival flap was prepared by means of a previous subconjunctival injection of 0.7 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, followed by preparation of the flap. In the group without hydrodissection, the flap was prepared by means of conventional divulsion using iris scissors. After producing the conjunctival flaps, a conjunctival fragment was collected from both groups for histological analysis and evaluation of the presence of the Tenon capsule. The operating time, degree of hemorrhage and ease of handling the conjunctiva in the intraoperative period were evaluated. Postoperative evaluations were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after surgery and included: blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and edema, which were classified as absent, mild, moderate or severe; tear production was evaluated using the Schirmer test, and the appearance of the conjunctival scar was assessed based on photographs taken in the postoperative period, and by a visual analogue scale, with healing classified as fair, good or excellent. The 2 groups showed no statistical difference in terms of operating time, bleeding, ease of handling and conjunctival divulsion. A volume of 0.48 ± 0.12 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered to the conjunctiva. Postoperative assessments of hyperemia, blepharospasm, conjunctival edema, and tear production also did not differ statistically. Conjunctival scarring was considered optimal until the 14th postoperative day, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. These results demonstrate that both maneuvers are effective in creating conjunctival flaps. The Tenon capsule could not be identified in histological stains. Discussion: The literature offers numerous descriptions of the use of hydrodissection in surgical procedures in humans in order to facilitate dissection and reduce surgical duration and handling, thereby improving the clinical recovery of patients. Conversely, this technique has not been described frequently in veterinary medicine, notably with respect to conjunctival procedures. In this study, we demonstrated that conjunctival hydrodissection was perfectly feasible, contributing to the divulsion and preparation of conjunctival flaps, thus proving to be a viable option for this type of procedure. The absence of the Tenon capsule in the evaluated samples demonstrates that, in both groups, the techniques were effective in separating them from the conjunctiva. It was therefore concluded that the hydrodissection technique is a feasible maneuver in the construction of conjunctival flaps, providing a new option for surgeons, especially for novice ophthalmologists.

Exérese tumoral seguida de blefaroplastia no tratamento de carcinoma de células escamosas em pálpebra inferior de equino / Tumoral resection followed by blepharoplasty in squamous cell carcinoma treatment in the lower eyelid of a horse

Background: Equines are routinely subjected to enucleation due to palpebral tumors. Blepharoplasties in horses, especially in the lower eyelid, are rarely performed due to the difficulty of sliding once the tissue around the eyes presents low mobility. Defects involving more than 50% of the lower eyelid is considered challenging after tumor removal. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most reported neoplasm in horses, being very common in regions of the lower eyelid, third eyelid, sclera and or cornea. The aim of this study is to present the Destro VY skin advancement flap as a blepharoplasty technique performed after surgical excision of a SCC, with total commitment of the lower eyelid, completely covering the right eye of a mare. Case: A 8-year-old mare Paint Horse, weighing 420 kg, was referred for evaluation of tumor tissue of 6.0 x 4.0 x 2.0 cm, with nodular and ulcerated appearance, involving the right lower eyelid, in its total extension and completely covering the eye, without adhering to it. Considering the initial suspicion of SCC, the treatment strategy performed was surgical eyelid excision and maintenance of the eye, followed by blepharoplasty as an attempt to reconstruct the eyelid. Under general inhalation anesthesia, the animal was placed in left lateral recumbency, when the surgical region was prepared and local anesthetic block was performed. After antisepsis, a skin incision was made circumscribing the tumor, respecting a margin of 10 mm apart and excision of all visible tumor tissue was performed followed by intralesional ozone therapy. Blepharoplasty was performed to cover the portions of the exposed lacrimal and zygomatic bones, as well as correction of the eyelid aesthetics. For this, Destro VY skin advancement flap was performed for reconstruction of the lower eyelid. An incision of approximately 7 cm in Vshaped skin was performed, and the subcutaneous tissue under the V was dissected, maintaining a central pedicle, responsible for the vascularization of the flap, which was slid, approximately 20 mm, towards the eye. After obtaining the desired skin approximation, Y-suture was performed, covering the exposed bone and reconstructing the lower eyelid. In the postoperative period, local instillation of mitomycin eye drops and systemic meloxicam administration were instituted. The mare had her vision restored, presenting satisfactory morpho functional and aesthetic results and no tumor recurrence during 1-year of follow-up. Discussion: The repair of lower eyelid imperfections is challenging, especially when they have large defects, and there are no reports of performing the Destro VY skin advancement flap technique in horses for lower eyelid reconstruction. In this case, the importance of the blepharoplasty technique is emphasized, avoiding enucleation, preserving horse's vision and aesthetics. In addition, aiming to avoid tumor recurrence, especially if surgical safety margins can not be achieved, other complementary treatments should be associated, including intralesional ozone therapy, mitomycin, an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug, and meloxicam, a COX-2 selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, as performed in this study. It is concluded that the use of the Destro VY skin advancement flap technique for reconstruction of the external lamella in cases of SCC in the lower eyelid of horses is a feasible technique, which preserves the animal's vision, as well as aesthetics. The safety margin in the surgical excision of the SCC and the association of complementary therapies in the resolution of the condition are important points also to be considered.

Enxerto cutâneo em semeadura associado à malha não aderente em membro pélvico de um cão / Island skin graft associated with non-adherent mesh in a dog's pelvic limb

Background: Large skin defects are caused by tumor excision, making appropriate reconstruction and complete healingof the lesion a challenge for surgeons. There are some difficulties in reaching these goals, especially in cases of surgicalwound in the limbs, due to the scarce amount of skin and its reduced elasticity, which limit the possibility of flaps whencompared to the head, neck, and trunk. This study reports a case of wound closure on the lateral skin in the femoral regionof a dog’s pelvic limb via island skin graft associated with the implantation of a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh andintensive postoperative care.Case: An 8-year-old Rottweiler female dog was attended at Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná’s Veterinary Clinic(CVE) in Curitiba, Paraná, presenting a tumor located laterocaudally to the right stifle joint. After preoperative examinations the patient underwent tumor surgery; however, two more surgical procedures were required due to suture dehiscence in the region, which resulted in increased wound size. At first, the wound was treated for granulation tissue to beformed. Subsequently, the island skin grafting technique was chosen to close the wound, associated with the implantationof a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh imbibed with petrolatum emulsion to keep the grafted fragments in place. Themesh was fixed in a simple interrupted suture pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The lateral regions of the chest and abdomen were chosen as donor skin beds due to their large dimensions, skin elasticity, and ease in defect reconstruction. Thefragments were obtained using a 10-mm biopsy punch and scalpel, and the defects were sutured in a simple interruptedpattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The patient remained hospitalized for movement restriction and postoperative monitoringfor 72 h, and the bandage remained untouched during this time interval. Thereafter, the patient...

Enxerto cutâneo em semeadura associado à malha não aderente em membro pélvico de um cão / Island skin graft associated with non-adherent mesh in a dog's pelvic limb

Background: Large skin defects are caused by tumor excision, making appropriate reconstruction and complete healingof the lesion a challenge for surgeons. There are some difficulties in reaching these goals, especially in cases of surgicalwound in the limbs, due to the scarce amount of skin and its reduced elasticity, which limit the possibility of flaps whencompared to the head, neck, and trunk. This study reports a case of wound closure on the lateral skin in the femoral regionof a dogs pelvic limb via island skin graft associated with the implantation of a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh andintensive postoperative care.Case: An 8-year-old Rottweiler female dog was attended at Pontifical Catholic University of Paranás Veterinary Clinic(CVE) in Curitiba, Paraná, presenting a tumor located laterocaudally to the right stifle joint. After preoperative examinations the patient underwent tumor surgery; however, two more surgical procedures were required due to suture dehiscence in the region, which resulted in increased wound size. At first, the wound was treated for granulation tissue to beformed. Subsequently, the island skin grafting technique was chosen to close the wound, associated with the implantationof a non-adherent cellulose acetate mesh imbibed with petrolatum emulsion to keep the grafted fragments in place. Themesh was fixed in a simple interrupted suture pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The lateral regions of the chest and abdomen were chosen as donor skin beds due to their large dimensions, skin elasticity, and ease in defect reconstruction. Thefragments were obtained using a 10-mm biopsy punch and scalpel, and the defects were sutured in a simple interruptedpattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The patient remained hospitalized for movement restriction and postoperative monitoringfor 72 h, and the bandage remained untouched during this time interval. Thereafter, the patient...(AU)

Analysis of effect isoxsuprine hydrochloride and nicotine in the Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of isoxsuprine and nicotine on TRAM. METHODS: Forty eight 48 Wistar rats distributed into four Groups (n=12). All rats received medication managed daily for 20 days: saline solution (SA), nicotine solution (NI), isoxsuprine solution (IS) and nicotine solution (NI) + isoxsuprine solution (IS). On day 21st the rats were submitted to the caudally based, right unipedicled TRAM flap and after 48 hours, made the macroscopic evaluation of the surface of the flap, photographic documentation and collection of material for histology. Data from macroscopic evaluation were analyzed by ANOVA and microscopic evaluation by Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the macroscopic evaluation of isoxsuprine Group retail presented absolute numbers: final area (p=0.001*) and viable area (p=0.006*) with the highest values; necrosis (p=0.001*) had the lowest value. Microscopic examination revealed no significant findings in the study of TRAM under the action of isoxsuprine and nicotine to the percentage of necrosis in the left and right cranial and caudal regions. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant improvement in viability of TRAM using the isoxsuprine solution alone. No influence using nicotine alone and in association with isoxsuprine.(AU)

Medical and surgical management of a large thermal burn in a dog

Background: Thermal wounds are relatively uncommon in veterinary practice and most of them are the result of accidental burns. Patients with severe burns are among the most challenging cases presented to veterinarians, because severe burn injury leads to significant hemodynamic instability, massive fluid shifts, and hypovolemia requiring prompt and aggressive therapy. Because severe burn injury in small animals has been poorly described in the veterinary literature, this case study describes the presentation, complications, medical and surgical treatment of a female dog with an accidental severe burn wound caused by a thermal mattress during an elective surgery. Case: A 6-month-old 9.6 kg female crossbred was referred with 20% total body surface area burned by a thermal mattress during an ovariohysterectomy procedure two days before. The dog presented a severe burn and systemic complications as anemia, leukocytosis, total protein at the lower limit and hyperlactatemia, which were managed with intensive medical care, including administration of crystalloid fluids, colloids, antibiotics, analgesics and enteral nutrition. The large wound was treated with debridement and the use of different kind of dressing to obtain a healthy granulation tissue. As a large portion of the trunk was lost, it was not possible to use axial pattern flaps, so skin-stretching devices and multiple surgic...(AU)

Medical and surgical management of a large thermal burn in a dog

Background: Thermal wounds are relatively uncommon in veterinary practice and most of them are the result of accidental burns. Patients with severe burns are among the most challenging cases presented to veterinarians, because severe burn injury leads to significant hemodynamic instability, massive fluid shifts, and hypovolemia requiring prompt and aggressive therapy. Because severe burn injury in small animals has been poorly described in the veterinary literature, this case study describes the presentation, complications, medical and surgical treatment of a female dog with an accidental severe burn wound caused by a thermal mattress during an elective surgery. Case: A 6-month-old 9.6 kg female crossbred was referred with 20% total body surface area burned by a thermal mattress during an ovariohysterectomy procedure two days before. The dog presented a severe burn and systemic complications as anemia, leukocytosis, total protein at the lower limit and hyperlactatemia, which were managed with intensive medical care, including administration of crystalloid fluids, colloids, antibiotics, analgesics and enteral nutrition. The large wound was treated with debridement and the use of different kind of dressing to obtain a healthy granulation tissue. As a large portion of the trunk was lost, it was not possible to use axial pattern flaps, so skin-stretching devices and multiple surgic...

The effects of local nitroglycerin on the surgical delay procedure in prefabricated flaps by vascular implant in rats / Efeitos da nitroglicerina tópica na autonomização de retalhos pré-fabricados por implante vascular em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of local nitroglycerin on the viable area of a prefabricated flap for vascular implant in rats, and to investigate the surgical delay procedure. METHODS: A femoral pedicle was implanted under the skin of the abdominal wall in forty Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups of ten: group 1 - without surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin; group 2 - with surgical delay procedure, but without local nitroglycerin; group 3 - without surgical delay procedure, but with local nitroglycerin; and group 4 - with simultaneous surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin. The percentages of the viable areas, in relation to the total flap, were calculated using AutoCAD R 14. RESULTS: The mean percentage value of the viable area was 8.9% in the group 1. 49.4% in the group 2; 8.4% in the group 3 and 1.1% in the group 4. There was significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.005), 1 and 4 (p=0.024), 2 and 3 (p=0.003), 2 and 4 (p=0.001). These results support the hypothesis that the closure of the arterial venous channels is responsible for the phenomenon of surgical delay procedure. CONCLUSION: Local nitroglycerin did not cause an increase in the prefabricated viable flap area by vascular implantation and decreased the viable flap area that underwent delay procedures.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da nitroglicerina tópica sobre a área viável de um modelo de retalho pré-fabricado por implante vascular em ratos e analisar o mecanismo de autonomização cirúrgica aplicada a retalhos pré-fabricados. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar. No primeiro tempo cirúrgico - 20 ratos foram submetidos a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal, e 20 submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica de retalho cutâneo de parede abdominal e, simultaneamente, implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho. No segundo tempo - após três semanas e em todos os animais, era elevado um retalho cutâneo ilhado, pediculado unicamente nos vasos implantados e divididos em quatro grupos de dez animais: grupo 1, com retalhos submetidos unicamente a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal; grupo 2, com retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica e implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho; grupo 3, com retalhos submetidos unicamente a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal tratados com nitroglicerina tópica; grupo 4, com retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica e implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho tratados com nitroglicerina tópica. O percentual de área viável, em relação à área total do retalho, foi calculado sete dias após o segundo tempo cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: O valor médio de área viável alcançou 8,9% no grupo 1; 49,4% no grupo 2; 8,4% no grupo 3; e 1,1% no grupo 4. Houve diferença significante entre os grupos 1 e 2 (p=0,005); 1 e 4 (p=0,024); 2 e 3 (p=0,003) e 2 e 4 (p=0,001). Os resultados fortaleceram a hipótese de que o fechamento dos canais arteriovenosos é o principal mecanismo responsável pelo aumento da área viável observada em retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica.CONCLUSÃO: A nitroglicerina tópica não induziu ao aumento da área viável dos retalhos pré-fabricados por implante vascular e diminuiu a área viável dos retalhos submetidos à autonomização.(AU)

Capsaicin on the viability of random-pattern skin flaps in rats / Capsaicina na viabilidade de retalhos isquêmicos randômicos em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of capsaicin on the viability of ischemic random-pattern skin flaps in rats. METHODS:Forty EPM1-Wistar rats were randomized into two groups of 20 animals each, the capsaicin group and the control group. A random-pattern skin flap measuring 10 x 4cm was raised and a plastic barrier was placed between the flap and the donor site. After the surgical procedure, the control group was treated with an inert vehicle in the form of a cream applied uniformly to a rayon bandage which, in turn, was applied to the surface of the skin flap. The capsaicin group was treated in the same way, but in this case capsaicin was added to the cream. This procedure was repeated for two consecutive days. RESULTS: There was a significantly smaller amount of flap necrosis in the capsaicin group (35.07 percent) than in the control group (44.75 percent) (p=0.035). CONCLUSION:Topical administration of capsaicin improved the viability of ischemic random-pattern skin flaps in rats.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da capsaicina na viabilidade de retalhos isquêmicos randômicos em ratos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos EPM1-Wistar foram distribuídos ao acaso em dois grupos de 20 animais cada, um grupo capsaicina e um grupo controle. Um retalho isquêmico randômico medindo 10 x 4cm foi elevado e uma barreira plástica foi colocada entre o retalho e a área doadora. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, o grupo controle foi tratado com um veículo inerte sob a forma creme aplicado uniformemente sobre uma atadura de rayon, que, por sua vez, foi aplicada à superfície do retalho. O grupo capsaicina foi tratado da mesma forma, porém a capsaicina foi adicionada ao creme. Este procedimento foi repetido por dois dias consecutivos. RESULTADOS: Houve uma quantidade significativamente menor da necrose do retalho no grupo capsaicina (35,07 por cento) comparado ao grupo controle (44,75 por cento) (p=0,035). CONCLUSÃO: A administração tópica da capsaicina melhorou a viabilidade de retalhos isquêmicos randômicos em ratos.(AU)

Testicular histology after intestinal pedicle flap (cecum) apposition in rats / Histologia testicular depois da aposição de um retalho intestinal (ceco) em ratos

PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.(AU)

OBJETIVOS: Estudar histologicamente a vascularização entre um retalho cecal e o testículo de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três ratos foram estudados. G1, submetidos a (a) celiotomia, (b) mobilização do testículo direito (TD) para o abdome, (c) sutura do retalho cecal ao TD, (d) fechamento da cavidade. G2, procedimentos (a, b e d), com o TD fixado no abdome. G3, procedimentos (a, b e d), com exposição do TD ao ar e retorno ao escroto. G4 não operados. Após 20 dias, eutanásia e histologia. Realizou-se histometria e classificação segundo escore de lesão. Avaliou-se a vascularização testicular, comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3. Considerou-se significativo um p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Diâmetros dos TD no G1, iguais ao G2 e diferentes de G3 e G4. O escore de lesão nos TD foi de 5,83 pontos para o G1, de 3,3 pontos para o G2, não havendo diferença significativa, porém diferentes de G3 e G4 (sem lesão). A vascularização no G1 teve média de 16,9 vasos por campo de grande aumento no TD. No G3 a média foi de 0,96 no TD e 0,92 no TE, com diferença significativa. O peso médio do G1 foi igual ao G2 e diferente de G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo da vascularização entre o retalho e o testículo do rato.(AU)

Effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap / Efeitos da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap in rats. METHODS: 20 Wistar rats were randomized in 2 groups: control group (C), all had flaps raised based on the deep inferior epigastric perforator vessels (DIEP), and experimental group (E), which was identical to group C, except that the contralateral superficial inferior epigastric vein was also kept with the flap. Flow studies using laser Doppler flowmetry where performed daily in the four zones of the flap. On the 7th postoperative day rats were killed and flap survival was determined using digital planimetry. RESULTS: Flow values were presented as a percentage of the baseline flow after incision of the flap edges. The surviving flap area was demonstrated as a percentage of the total flap area. Evaluation by digital planimetry showed that flap survival in group E was higher than in group C (97,38 percent±1,32 percentvs.44,13 percent±4,83 percent, p=0,0006). CONCLUSION: This study shows that venous supercharging of the rat DIEP flap results in greater flap survival(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda em ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle(C), no qual se realizou o retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda e experimento(E), no qual se realizou o mesmo retalho e se manteve a veia epigástrica superficial inferior contralateral ao pedículo. Foi realizada determinação diária do fluxo sanguíneo por fluxometria por laser-doppler em quatro quadrantes do retalho previamente estabelecidos e a viabilidade foi determinada, no 7º pós-operatório, através de planimetria. RESULTADOS: A análise do fluxo sangüíneo demonstrou não haver diferença entre o grupo C e E nas médias de fluxo entre as zonas do retalho (Zona I:103,44±8,09vs.84,70±7,98, p=0,114)(Zona II: 109,18±6,99 vs. 113,67±26,89, p=0,401)(Zona III: 89,15±11,11 vs. 106,79±15,93, p=0,599)(Zona IV: 104,43±11,50 vs. 124,90±23,17, p=1,00). A viabilidade do grupo E foi superior do que no grupo C quando determinada por planimetria digital (97,38 por cento±1,32 por cento vs. 44,13 por cento±4,83 por cento, p=0,0006). CONCLUSÃO: Há aumento da viabilidade do retalho DIEP submetidos à supercharging(AU)

Circular local skin flap: a new approach to areola reconstruction / Retalho circular de pele local. Uma nova abordagem para a reconstrução da aréola

PURPOSE: Despite the numerous surgical options available today for nipple-areola reconstruction, the results are often unsatisfactory. The present study proposes a simple and efficient method for areola reconstruction that uses a circular local skin flap. METHODS: We prospectively followed five patients that underwent areola reconstruction using a circular local skin flap. A circle, approximately 5 cm in diameter, was marked on the desired area for the new areola. A thin centripetal undermining of 1.5-2 cm was performed, which created a flap with a central pedicle of approximately 1-2 cm. After hemostasis, the thin flap was fixed in its former position with continuous sutures. RESULTS:The mean procedure time was 20 minutes (± 9). The postoperative results were classified as satisfactory by four of the five patients at six months postoperative. Due to superficial undermining, the resulting scar resembled the appearance of the transition from the mammary skin to the areola. Dermopigmentation was only required in one areola. No complications such as dehiscence, necrosis, hematoma, or infection occurred. CONCLUSION: This technique achieved satisfactory results with low morbidity and few complications, and is thus a potentially promising resource for areola reconstruction.(AU)

OBJETIVO: A reconstrução da aréola tem sofrido muitas inovações. Apesar do grande número de opções cirúrgicas, os resultados são muitas vezes insatisfatórios. Este estudo descreve um procedimento simples e eficiente para a reconstrução da aréola com um retalho circular de pele local. MÉTODOS: Os autores avaliaram prospectivamente cinco pacientes submetidas à reconstrução da aréola no período de 2004 a 2005. A reconstrução da aréola foi baseada em um retalho circular de pele local. A técnica inicia com a marcação de um círculo de aproximadamente cinco centímetros de diâmetro no local da nova aréola. Um descolamento centrípeto superficial de 1,5-2 cm é realizado, criando um retalho com pedículo central de aproximadamente 1-2 cm de diâmetro. Após a hemostasia, o fino retalho é suturado em sua antiga posição, com pontos contínuos. RESULTADOS: O procedimento levou em média 20 minutos (± 9). O resultado pós-operatório foi classificado como satisfatório por quatro das cinco pacientes no sexto mês de pós-operatório. Em virtude do descolamento superficial, o aspecto final da cicatriz simulou a transição entre a pele da mama e a aréola. Dermopigmentação foi necessária em apenas uma aréola. Não ocorreram complicações como deiscência, necrose, hematoma ou infecção. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica descrita apresentou resultados satisfatórios com morbidade reduzida e baixos índices de complicações; tornando-se, no arsenal do Cirurgião Plástico, uma alternativa interessante para a reconstrução da aréola.(AU)

Circular local skin flap: a new approach to areola reconstruction / Retalho circular de pele local. Uma nova abordagem para a reconstrução da aréola

PURPOSE: Despite the numerous surgical options available today for nipple-areola reconstruction, the results are often unsatisfactory. The present study proposes a simple and efficient method for areola reconstruction that uses a circular local skin flap. METHODS: We prospectively followed five patients that underwent areola reconstruction using a circular local skin flap. A circle, approximately 5 cm in diameter, was marked on the desired area for the new areola. A thin centripetal undermining of 1.5-2 cm was performed, which created a flap with a central pedicle of approximately 1-2 cm. After hemostasis, the thin flap was fixed in its former position with continuous sutures. RESULTS:The mean procedure time was 20 minutes (± 9). The postoperative results were classified as satisfactory by four of the five patients at six months postoperative. Due to superficial undermining, the resulting scar resembled the appearance of the transition from the mammary skin to the areola. Dermopigmentation was only required in one areola. No complications such as dehiscence, necrosis, hematoma, or infection occurred. CONCLUSION: This technique achieved satisfactory results with low morbidity and few complications, and is thus a potentially promising resource for areola reconstruction.

OBJETIVO: A reconstrução da aréola tem sofrido muitas inovações. Apesar do grande número de opções cirúrgicas, os resultados são muitas vezes insatisfatórios. Este estudo descreve um procedimento simples e eficiente para a reconstrução da aréola com um retalho circular de pele local. MÉTODOS: Os autores avaliaram prospectivamente cinco pacientes submetidas à reconstrução da aréola no período de 2004 a 2005. A reconstrução da aréola foi baseada em um retalho circular de pele local. A técnica inicia com a marcação de um círculo de aproximadamente cinco centímetros de diâmetro no local da nova aréola. Um descolamento centrípeto superficial de 1,5-2 cm é realizado, criando um retalho com pedículo central de aproximadamente 1-2 cm de diâmetro. Após a hemostasia, o fino retalho é suturado em sua antiga posição, com pontos contínuos. RESULTADOS: O procedimento levou em média 20 minutos (± 9). O resultado pós-operatório foi classificado como satisfatório por quatro das cinco pacientes no sexto mês de pós-operatório. Em virtude do descolamento superficial, o aspecto final da cicatriz simulou a transição entre a pele da mama e a aréola. Dermopigmentação foi necessária em apenas uma aréola. Não ocorreram complicações como deiscência, necrose, hematoma ou infecção. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica descrita apresentou resultados satisfatórios com morbidade reduzida e baixos índices de complicações; tornando-se, no arsenal do Cirurgião Plástico, uma alternativa interessante para a reconstrução da aréola.

Effect of high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on viability of random skin flap in rats / Efeito da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea em alta freqüência na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) em alta freqüência na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 75 ratos da linhagem Wistar. O retalho cutâneo apresentava 10 x 4 cm, sendo que entre o mesmo e a área doadora foi realizada a interposição de uma barreira plástica. Após o procedimento operatório todos os animais permaneceram anestesiados por mais uma hora com os eletrodos posicionados na base do retalho e submetidos ao tratamento de acordo com seus respectivos grupos. Este procedimento se repetiu nos outros dois dias subseqüentes. G1: simulação da TENS, G2: TENS (f = 80 Hz e I = 5 mA), G3: TENS (f = 80 Hz e I = 10 mA), G4: TENS (f = 80 Hz e I = 15 mA), G5: TENS (f = 80 Hz e I = 20 mA). RESULTADOS: A porcentagem média de área de necrose foi de 43,11, 34,65, 49,44, 23,52, 45,10 nos grupos 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os animais estimulados com amplitude de 15 mA apresentaram menor área de necrose quando comparados ao grupo controle e a Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea foi eficiente no aumento de viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos.(AU)

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of high frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on viability of random skin flap in rats. METHODS: The sample of this study was 75 Wistar rats. The skin flap measured 10 x 4 cm and a plastic barrier was interposed between the flap and donor site. After the operative procedure, animals of all groups were maintained anesthetized one more hour with electrodes positioned in the base of the flap and submitted to treatment according of their respective group. This procedure was repeated on the two subsequent days. G1: sham stimulation (control), G2: TENS (f = 80 Hz and I = 5 mA), G3: TENS (f = 80 Hz and I = 10 mA), G4: TENS (f = 80 Hz and I = 15 mA), G5: TENS (f = 80 Hz and I = 20 mA). RESULTS: The average percentage of necrotic area was 43,11, 34,65, 49,44, 23,52, 45,10 in groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. CONCLUSION: The amplitude of 15 mA presented a lower necrotic area than control group and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation was efficient in increasing the random skin flap viability.(AU)

Administração tópica de cloridrato de hidralazina na viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos / Topical administration of hydralazine hydrochloride on the viability of randon skin flaps in rats

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da administração do cloridrato de hidralazina, por iontoforese, na viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos da linhagem Wistar foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=15), estes animais foram submetidos a retalho cutâneo randômico dorsal, de base cranial, com dimensões de 10X4cm. Os animais do grupo 1 foram utilizados como controle, os do grupo 2 foram submetidos a eletroestimulação com corrente direta 4mA-20' imediatamente após a técnica operatória e nos dois dias subseqüentes. No grupo 3 simulação de estímulo elétrico com Cloridrato de Hidralazina. No grupo 4 iontoforese com Cloridrato de Hidralazina 4mA-20'. A análise dos resultados foi realizada no sétimo dia pós-operatório e interpretada com o Teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: A media da área de necrose foi: grupo 1 = 45 por cento; grupo 2 = 39 por cento; grupo 3 = 46 por cento e grupo 4 = 41 por cento, sendo que a análise estatística não evidenciou diferença significante entre os grupos (p>0,05). CONCLUSAO: o Cloridrato de Hidralazina, quando administrado por iontoforese, não é eficaz em aumentar a área de viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. (AU)

Influence of minoxidil on ischemic cutaneous flaps in rats / Influência do minoxidil sobre retalhos cutâneos isquêmicos em ratos

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a influência do minoxidil, um vasodilatador, na prevenção de necrose, em retalhos isquêmicos, em ratos. MÉTODOS: Preparam-se retalhos cutâneos ventrais, medindo 8x4 cm, baseados na artéria epigástrica cranial direita, em 20 ratos - Wistar. Administrou-se 50 mg/kg/dia de sulfato de minoxidil aos ratos do grupo experimento e o mesmo volume de solução salina isotônica aos do grupo controle, por sonda oro-gástrica. Iniciou-se o tratamento 24 horas antes da operação e manteve-se, diariamente, por 7 dias, no pós-operatório. Realizou-se a avaliação da microcirculação dos retalhos fluxometria a laser 24 horas antes da operação, no pós-operatório imediato e após 7 dias. Desenhou-se a área de necrose do retalho em molde e avaliou-se em relação ao tamanho total por 2 métodos: planimetria e peso/papel. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se aumento de fluxo na extremidade distal e medial (M1) (p=0,0484), no grupo experimento. Houve diferença na prevenção da necrose nos retalhos do grupo experimento (p=0,0433), porém quando esta se instalou, não houve diferença quanto ao tamanho da área necrosada (p=0,1051 e p=0,2799). CONCLUSÃO: O uso de minoxidil é efetivo para evitar a instalação da necrose de retalhos potencialmente isquêmicos, porém, quando o processo se instala, não existe diferença na sobrevida destes, com a dose e a via empregadas neste estudo, em ratos.(AU)

Ceratoplastia com enxerto autógeno lamelar livre de córnea e pediculado de conjuntiva fixados com adesivo de cianoacrilato em cães

The cornea is frequently exposed to traumas, lacerations, perfurations and ulcers, needing in most cases surgical correction. The conjunctival pedicle grafts are indicated in these cases, giving protection and support for ulcers, but obstructing the visual capacity of the affected eye. The lamelar grafts are other indications for treatment, mainly when preventing the visual loss. The cianoacrylate adhesive was discovered at the end of the forthies, but started to be used in ophtalmology in the begigning of the sixties. Due to its properties, as good tissue adhesion, quick dried and polimerization, it has been indicated in the treatment of deep or refractive corneal ulcers, descemetoceles and in punctiform corneal perforations. With the objective to test the cianoacrylate adhesive in the fixation and maintenance of corneolamelar grafts and conjunctival pedicle grafts in corneal ulcer, 10 male and female mongrel dogs from the Central Bioterio of Santa Maria Federal University were used. After anesthesia protocol and routine eyeball fixation, a trephination was performed, involving 2/3 of the corneal stroma, being 5.5mm in diameter in the left eye and 5mm in the right eyes. The lamelar corneal grafts from the left eyes were fixed in the recipient cornea of the right eyes, using the adhesive in the margin of the graft. In the left eyes, a conjunctival pedicle flaps were fixed in the corneal deffects, using the same adhesive in the margins. Daily ophtalmologic control was made during 30 days. The corneal lamelar grafts were incorporated to the recipient cornea. The fixation technique was rapid and easily performed, with low cost. The eyes had 20% opacities with the use of the lamelar corneal graft, and 80% with no vascularization and opacities present in 30 days. When conjunctival flaps technique was used, it has 100% dehiscence of the cases.

A córnea, devido a sua localização externa e exposta, está freqüentemente sujeita a traumas ou processos lesivos como lacerações, perfurações e ulcerações, havendo, em muitos casos a necessidade de correção cirúrgica. Os enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva têm seu uso indicado nestes casos e se prestam bem como medidas de proteção e suporte para as ulcerações, porém impedem a capacidade visual plena do olho afetado. Os transplantes lamelares são outra indicação de tratamento, principalmente quando se deseja prevenir a ocorrência da perda visual. Os adesivos de cianoacrilato foram descobertos no final da década de 40, mas somente foram utilizados em oftalmologia no início da década de 60. Devido a propriedades como boa aderência aos tecidos biológicos, rápida secagem e polimerização, têm sido indicados no tratamento de úlceras profundas ou refratárias, descemetoceles e ainda em pequenas perfurações corneanas. Com o objetivo de testar o adesivo de cianoacrilato na fixação e manutenção de botões córneo-lamelares autógenos e de enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva em úlceras corneanas experimentais, foram utilizados 10 cães, machos ou fêmeas, provenientes do Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Após anestesia, blefarostase e fixação do globo ocular como de rotina, foram realizadas trepanações compreendendo 2/3 da espessura da córnea sendo de 5,5 mm de diâmetro no olho esquerdo (OE) e de 5 mm no olho direito (OD). O botão lamelar resultante do OE foi fixado no leito receptor do OD com o uso de adesivo ao longo das bordas do enxerto e da córnea receptora. No olho esquerdo, após sua confecção, o enxerto de conjuntiva pediculado foi fixado à área receptora também por meio da colocação de adesivo sobre suas bordas. Foi realizada avaliação oftalmológica diária durante 30 dias. Os botões lamelares permaneceram fixados e foram incorporados à córnea receptora. A técnica de fixação foi de fácil realização, sendo rápida e de baixo custo com opacidade leve em 20% dos casos e ausente em 80% e ausência de vascularização aos 30 dias. Porém, houve 100% de deiscência total nos enxertos pediculados. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar autógena com o uso de adesivo de n-butil cianoacrilato pode ser indicada como opção terapêutica nas úlceras profundas em cães.

Ceratoplastia com enxerto autógeno lamelar livre de córnea e pediculado de conjuntiva fixados com adesivo de cianoacrilato em cães

The cornea is frequently exposed to traumas, lacerations, perfurations and ulcers, needing in most cases surgical correction. The conjunctival pedicle grafts are indicated in these cases, giving protection and support for ulcers, but obstructing the visual capacity of the affected eye. The lamelar grafts are other indications for treatment, mainly when preventing the visual loss. The cianoacrylate adhesive was discovered at the end of the forthies, but started to be used in ophtalmology in the begigning of the sixties. Due to its properties, as good tissue adhesion, quick dried and polimerization, it has been indicated in the treatment of deep or refractive corneal ulcers, descemetoceles and in punctiform corneal perforations. With the objective to test the cianoacrylate adhesive in the fixation and maintenance of corneolamelar grafts and conjunctival pedicle grafts in corneal ulcer, 10 male and female mongrel dogs from the Central Bioterio of Santa Maria Federal University were used. After anesthesia protocol and routine eyeball fixation, a trephination was performed, involving 2/3 of the corneal stroma, being 5.5mm in diameter in the left eye and 5mm in the right eyes. The lamelar corneal grafts from the left eyes were fixed in the recipient cornea of the right eyes, using the adhesive in the margin of the graft. In the left eyes, a conjunctival pedicle flaps were fixed in the corneal deffects, using the same adhesive in the margins. Daily ophtalmologic control was made during 30 days. The corneal lamelar grafts were incorporated to the recipient cornea. The fixation technique was rapid and easily performed, with low cost. The eyes had 20% opacities with the use of the lamelar corneal graft, and 80% with no vascularization and opacities present in 30 days. When conjunctival flaps technique was used, it has 100% dehiscence of the cases.

A córnea, devido a sua localização externa e exposta, está freqüentemente sujeita a traumas ou processos lesivos como lacerações, perfurações e ulcerações, havendo, em muitos casos a necessidade de correção cirúrgica. Os enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva têm seu uso indicado nestes casos e se prestam bem como medidas de proteção e suporte para as ulcerações, porém impedem a capacidade visual plena do olho afetado. Os transplantes lamelares são outra indicação de tratamento, principalmente quando se deseja prevenir a ocorrência da perda visual. Os adesivos de cianoacrilato foram descobertos no final da década de 40, mas somente foram utilizados em oftalmologia no início da década de 60. Devido a propriedades como boa aderência aos tecidos biológicos, rápida secagem e polimerização, têm sido indicados no tratamento de úlceras profundas ou refratárias, descemetoceles e ainda em pequenas perfurações corneanas. Com o objetivo de testar o adesivo de cianoacrilato na fixação e manutenção de botões córneo-lamelares autógenos e de enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva em úlceras corneanas experimentais, foram utilizados 10 cães, machos ou fêmeas, provenientes do Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Após anestesia, blefarostase e fixação do globo ocular como de rotina, foram realizadas trepanações compreendendo 2/3 da espessura da córnea sendo de 5,5 mm de diâmetro no olho esquerdo (OE) e de 5 mm no olho direito (OD). O botão lamelar resultante do OE foi fixado no leito receptor do OD com o uso de adesivo ao longo das bordas do enxerto e da córnea receptora. No olho esquerdo, após sua confecção, o enxerto de conjuntiva pediculado foi fixado à área receptora também por meio da colocação de adesivo sobre suas bordas. Foi realizada avaliação oftalmológica diária durante 30 dias. Os botões lamelares permaneceram fixados e foram incorporados à córnea receptora. A técnica de fixação foi de fácil realização, sendo rápida e de baixo custo com opacidade leve em 20% dos casos e ausente em 80% e ausência de vascularização aos 30 dias. Porém, houve 100% de deiscência total nos enxertos pediculados. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar autógena com o uso de adesivo de n-butil cianoacrilato pode ser indicada como opção terapêutica nas úlceras profundas em cães.

Peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina por iontoforese na viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos

Purpose: Assess the effect of the local administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by iontophoresis on the viability of random skin flap in rats. Methods: Sixty Wistar-EPM 1 rats were submitted to dorsal skin flap of cranial base 10 x 4 cm with interposition of a plastic barrier between the skin flap and the donnor site. The animals were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 15 in each group) and were treated as follows: in group 1 (control), animals were submitted to a simulation of electrical current for 20 minutes; group 2, (iontophoresis placebo) animals were submitted to direct current of 4mA amplitude for 20 minutes; group 3 (absorption control) receive simulation of electrical current for 20 minutes with CGRP on one of the electrodes; group 4 (iontophoretically treated) treated by iontophoresis with CGRP. In all groups the procedures were performed immediately after the surgery and the two subsequent days. Results: The percentage of the necrosis area was calculated in all groups on the seventh postoperative day and results were as follows: group 1- 48%; group 2 - 51%; group 3 - 46% and group 4 - 28%. The statistical analysis presented significant difference when the comparison of group 4 to the other groups. Conclusion: The topical administration of the CGRP by iontophoresis is efficient to increase the viability of the random skin flap random in rats.

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da administração tópica do peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP) por iontoforese na viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. Métodos: Sessenta ratos Wistar EPM-1, adultos e machos foram submetidos a retalho cutâneo randômico. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. Nos animais do grupo 1 (controle, n=15) realizou-se simulação de estímulo elétrico, no grupo 2 (iontoforese placebo, n=15) os animais foram submetidos à corrente contínua, no grupo 3 (controle de absorção, n=15) os animais receberam simulação de estímulo elétrico com CGRP e, por fim os animais do grupo 4 (tratado, n=15) foram tratados com iontoforese de CGRP. Em todos os grupos estes procedimentos foram realizados imediatamente após a técnica operatória e nos dois dias subsequentes. A porcentagem da área de necrose foi avaliada no sétimo dia de pós-operatório. Resultados: A média das porcentagens das áreas de necrose foram: grupo 1- 48%, grupo 2 - 51%, grupo 3 - 46% e, grupo 4 - 28%. A análise estatística, através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, evidenciou diferença significante (p 0,001). Conclusão: a administração tópica de CGRP por iontoforese é eficaz em aumentar a viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos.

Mannitol in reperfusion skin island flaps injury

In the skin, the concept of reperfusion injury is well established. The application of this knowledge to deal with skin flap surgery problems, has a great prophylactic potential. This experimental study was performed to evaluate the action of mannitol as a scavenger of oxygen-free radicals, after an ischemia-reperfusion injury on skin island flaps. Thirty six male Wistar rats were divided into three test groups (n = 12): a non-ischemic group (group I), and two others (groups II and III) which were subjected to nine hours of ischemia following by 30 minutes of reperfusion. After seven days, all animals of group II, treated with saline, showed full skin flap necrosis. The assessment of group III, that received a 20% solution of mannitol prior to the onset of reperfusion, revealed 75% (9/12) of flap viability. These results suggest that pre-treatment with mannitol is able to enhance flaps survival with significantly less tissue necrosis (p 0.02).

O conhecimento acerca da lesão decorrente da reperfusão na pele, já encontra-se consolidado. A aplicação destes conceitos revela uma perspectiva muito promissora na profilaxia de problemas cirúrgicos resultantes do manuseio de retalhos cutâneos em ilha. Este estudo experimental foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a ação do manitol, na qualidade de inativador dos radicais oxigênio livres, após isquemia e reperfusão sobre retalhos cutâneos em ilha. Trinta e seis ratos machos, do tipo Wistar, foram divididos em três grupos (n =12, cada) com a seguinte distribuição: Grupo I - sem isquemia, grupos II e III - submetidos durante nove horas a isquemia seguida por 30 minutos de reperfusão. Após sete dias, todos os animais do grupo II, tratados com solução salina, apresentaram necrose e em toda extensão dos retalhos. Na análise do grupo III, que recebeu solução de manitol a 20% previamente ao inicio da reperfusão, verificou-se viabilidade de 75% (9/12) dos retalhos. Estes resultados sugerem que o pré tratamento com manitol é capaz de melhorar a sobrevida dos retalhos, com uma expressiva redução da necrose tecidual (p 0.02).