Effect of a Combination of Propionic-Acetic Acid on Body Weight, Relative Weight of Some Organs, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Intestinal pH of Neonatal Broilers

This study was designed to determine the effect of a combination of propionic-acetic acid on body weight, the relative weight of some organs, lactic acid bacteria, and intestinal pH of neonatal broilers. A total of 60 1-day-old Ross 308® broiler chickens were randomly placed in metabolic cages to two treatments, three replicates, and ten birds per replicates. The treatments consisted of a control diet (CD) and CD + 0.03% of propionic acid and acetic acid in the drinking water at a rate of 4 ml/L of water. The combination of organic acids depressed the body weight in neonatal broilers (p 0.05) and increased the relative weight (p 0.05) of gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, and liver; also acidified the cecum with a significant decrease (p 0.05) of the pH. Also, these organic acids increased (p 0.05) the count of green bacilli with a white halo in the small intestine and decreased (p 0.05) the proliferation of irregular flat green bacilli in the cecum, although for both intestinal portions, the total lactic acid bacteria count was not different (p>0.05) between treatments. The combined use in the diet and drinking water of the propionic and acetic organic acids, respectively, reduced the bodyweight of neonatal broilers (10 days) and the cecal pH, as well as modified the relative weights of some digestive organs and the growth of some morphological groups of lactic acid bacteria.(AU)

Effect of a Combination of Propionic-Acetic Acid on Body Weight, Relative Weight of Some Organs, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Intestinal pH of Neonatal Broilers

This study was designed to determine the effect of a combination of propionic-acetic acid on body weight, the relative weight of some organs, lactic acid bacteria, and intestinal pH of neonatal broilers. A total of 60 1-day-old Ross 308® broiler chickens were randomly placed in metabolic cages to two treatments, three replicates, and ten birds per replicates. The treatments consisted of a control diet (CD) and CD + 0.03% of propionic acid and acetic acid in the drinking water at a rate of 4 ml/L of water. The combination of organic acids depressed the body weight in neonatal broilers (p 0.05) and increased the relative weight (p 0.05) of gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, and liver; also acidified the cecum with a significant decrease (p 0.05) of the pH. Also, these organic acids increased (p 0.05) the count of green bacilli with a white halo in the small intestine and decreased (p 0.05) the proliferation of irregular flat green bacilli in the cecum, although for both intestinal portions, the total lactic acid bacteria count was not different (p>0.05) between treatments. The combined use in the diet and drinking water of the propionic and acetic organic acids, respectively, reduced the bodyweight of neonatal broilers (10 days) and the cecal pH, as well as modified the relative weights of some digestive organs and the growth of some morphological groups of lactic acid bacteria.

Phytobiotic Effect of Anacardium occidentale L. Leaves Powder on Performance, Carcass Traits, and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers

In order to evaluate the phytobiotic effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves powder (CLP) on growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and cecal lactic-acid bacteria in broilers, a total of 720 unsexed broilers of the Ross 308® genetic line were distributed according to a completely randomized design with three experimental treatments, five repetitions and 48 chickens per repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (DB; T0) and DB + supplementation with 0.50 (T1) and 0.75% (T2) of CLP. At 32 days, the body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not modified (p>0.05) by the experimental groups; however, T1 increased (p 0.05) the viability compared to T0. Additionally, T2 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and leg yields, although without significant changes (p>0.05) for the other edible portions. Moreover, this natural product (A. occidentale) increased (p 0.05) the ash content and the range of the red tone and decreased (p 0.05) the L* in the breast, although moisture, fat, pH, and b* were not affected by the experimental diets (p>0.05). Similarly, T1 favored (p 0.05) the growth of green bacterial colonies with a white halo, and both treatments with CLP the total cecal acid-lactic bacteria. No significant changes were observed (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen). Dietary supplementation with cashew leaves powder enhanced the viability of the batch (0.5%), some edible portions (0.75%), the breast pigmentation, and the cecal beneficial bacteria count in broilers.(AU)

Phytobiotic Effect of Anacardium occidentale L. Leaves Powder on Performance, Carcass Traits, and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers

In order to evaluate the phytobiotic effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves powder (CLP) on growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and cecal lactic-acid bacteria in broilers, a total of 720 unsexed broilers of the Ross 308® genetic line were distributed according to a completely randomized design with three experimental treatments, five repetitions and 48 chickens per repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (DB; T0) and DB + supplementation with 0.50 (T1) and 0.75% (T2) of CLP. At 32 days, the body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not modified (p>0.05) by the experimental groups; however, T1 increased (p 0.05) the viability compared to T0. Additionally, T2 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and leg yields, although without significant changes (p>0.05) for the other edible portions. Moreover, this natural product (A. occidentale) increased (p 0.05) the ash content and the range of the red tone and decreased (p 0.05) the L* in the breast, although moisture, fat, pH, and b* were not affected by the experimental diets (p>0.05). Similarly, T1 favored (p 0.05) the growth of green bacterial colonies with a white halo, and both treatments with CLP the total cecal acid-lactic bacteria. No significant changes were observed (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen). Dietary supplementation with cashew leaves powder enhanced the viability of the batch (0.5%), some edible portions (0.75%), the breast pigmentation, and the cecal beneficial bacteria count in broilers.

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.(AU)

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.

Lactobacillus Pentosus Ita23 and L. Acidipiscis Ita44 Enhance Feed Conversion Efficiency and Beneficial Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens

Although the use of probiotics especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species on growth and feed utilization in poultry production has been extensively studied, the results were inconsistent presumably because the mode of action of probiotic is multi-factorial and each probiotic strain may affect the host in a specific manner. This study investigated the probiotic effect of two strains of Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus pentosus ITA23 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ITA44; 109 cells/kg feed) isolated from mulberry (Morus Alba) silage on the growth performance, cecal microbial population, and blood cholesterol of broiler chickens. One hundred twenty male broiler chicks (Cobb500) were randomLy allocated to two groups (control and treatment) of six replicates (cages) with 10 chicks per cage. Chicks in the control group received a standard diet and those in the treatment group received the same diet supplemented with 109 cells of the above Lactobacillus per kg feed. Supplementation of Lactobacillus did not affect body weight gain (averaged 1604 g at 35 days old) but feed conversion ratio improved (p 0.01) by 6.4% due to reduction in feed intake (p 0.01) by birds in the treatment group. Supplementation also increased the population of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced pathogens E. coli in the cecal samples. Although Lactobacillus supplementation tends to reduce serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations, these values were not significantly different from those of the control group. Results of this study showed that L. pentosus ITA23 and L. acidophilus ITA44 are potential probiotics to be used in poultry diets.(AU)

Lactobacillus Pentosus Ita23 and L. Acidipiscis Ita44 Enhance Feed Conversion Efficiency and Beneficial Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens

Although the use of probiotics especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species on growth and feed utilization in poultry production has been extensively studied, the results were inconsistent presumably because the mode of action of probiotic is multi-factorial and each probiotic strain may affect the host in a specific manner. This study investigated the probiotic effect of two strains of Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus pentosus ITA23 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ITA44; 109 cells/kg feed) isolated from mulberry (Morus Alba) silage on the growth performance, cecal microbial population, and blood cholesterol of broiler chickens. One hundred twenty male broiler chicks (Cobb500) were randomLy allocated to two groups (control and treatment) of six replicates (cages) with 10 chicks per cage. Chicks in the control group received a standard diet and those in the treatment group received the same diet supplemented with 109 cells of the above Lactobacillus per kg feed. Supplementation of Lactobacillus did not affect body weight gain (averaged 1604 g at 35 days old) but feed conversion ratio improved (p 0.01) by 6.4% due to reduction in feed intake (p 0.01) by birds in the treatment group. Supplementation also increased the population of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced pathogens E. coli in the cecal samples. Although Lactobacillus supplementation tends to reduce serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations, these values were not significantly different from those of the control group. Results of this study showed that L. pentosus ITA23 and L. acidophilus ITA44 are potential probiotics to be used in poultry diets.

Efeitos dos ácidos orgânicos e do óleo essencial de canela na modulação da microbiota cecal e no desempenho de leitões desmamados desafiados com Escherichia coli K88

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de uma mistura de ácidos orgânicos associado ao óleo essencial de canela frente a colistina, sobre o desempenho, controle da diarreia e modulação da microbiota intestinal de leitões em fase de creche desafiados com Escherichia coli K88. Foram utilizados 114 leitões desmamados, metade machos castrados e metade fêmeas, com idade média inicial de 28 dias e 6,60 Kg ± 0,25 Kg de peso vivo, submetidos a 3 tratamentos durante 35 dias, que corresponderam a: Controle (CON): ração livre de antimicrobianos e aditivos; Colistina (COL): Controle + Colistina (200 mg/kg); Ácidos orgânicos + óleo essencial (AO+OE): Controle + 1kg/ton AO+OE (ácido fórmico (180 mg/Kg); ácido acético (90 mg/Kg); ácido propiônico (45 mg/Kg); ácido fumárico (35 mg/Kg); óleo essencial de canela) + AO (ácido fórmico (180000 mg/L); ácido acético (90 mg/L); ácido propiônico (45000 mg/L); ácido fumárico (35000 mg/L) via água potável (para atingir um pH de 4,5). Todos os animais foram desafiados com Escherichia coli (E. coli) K88 por via oral (5mL 1,1x109 UFC/mL ). A unidade experimental foi representada pela baia para as variáveis de desempenho e análise bacteriológica, e pelo animal para a análise metagenômica e ocorrência de diarreia. Não houve diferença (P> 0,05) entre os tratamentos para o desempenho (351, 377 e 354 g/dia; 637, 667 e 605 g/dia; 1,826, 1,769 e 1,709 para o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar na fase, para CON, AO+OE e COL, respectivamente) A COL mostrou maior efetividade contra a infecção induzida com E. coli, apresentando menor número de animais acometidos com diarreia (P< 0,05) e menor quantidade de E. coli nas fezes (P< 0,05), no entanto, houve tendência (P< 0,10) de aumento na quantidade de bactérias da ordem Bifidobacteriales no grupo AO+OE. A dose terapêutica da colistina foi mais efetiva sobre a prevenção da diarreia e excreção de E. coli nas fezes. A associação AO+OE demonstrou efetividade nos parâmetros de desempenho, com um efeito de tendência da modulação da microbiota benéfica do trato gastrintestinal.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the addition of a mixture of organic acids associated to the essential cinnamon oil against the Colistin on performance, control of diarrhea and intestinal microbiota modulation of nursery pigs challenged with Escherichia coli k88. A total of 114 weaned piglets were used, half males castrated and half females, with a mean initial age of 28 days and 6.60 Kg ± 0,250 Kg of live weight, submitted to 3 treatments during 35 days, corresponding to: Control (CON): antibiotic free ration and additives; Colistin (COL): Control + colistin (200 mg/Kg); Organic acids + essential oil (AO+OE): Control + 1Kg/ton AO+OE (formic acid (180000 mg/Kg); Acetic acid (90000 mg/Kg); Propionic acid (45000 mg/Kg); Fumaric acid (35000 mg/Kg); Cinnamon essential oil) + AO (formic acid (180000 mg/L); Acetic acid (90000 mg/L); Propionic acid (45000 mg/L); Fumaric acid (35000 mg/L) via potable water (in order to achieve a pH of 4,5). All the animals were oral challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli) K88 (5 mL 1,1 x 109 UFC/mL). The experimental unit was represented by the pen for the variables of performance and bacteriological analysis and by the animal for a metagenomics analysis and incidence of diarrhea. No difference was observed (P> 0,05) between the treatments for the performance (351, 377 e 354 g/day; 637, 667 e 605 g/day; 1,826, 1,769 e 1,709 for feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion in the phase for CON, AO+OE and COL, respectively). The COL treatment showed greater efficacy against the induced infection with E. coli, presenting a lower number of animals affected by diarrhea (P< 0,05) and a lower amount of E. coli in feces (P< 0,05), however, there was a tendency (P< 0,10) of increase in the bacteria amount of the order Bifidobacteriales in the AO+OE group. The therapeutic dose of colistin was more effective in preventing diarrhea and on excretion of E. coli in feces. The AO+OE association showed effectiveness in the performance parameters with a tendency effect of the modulation of the beneficial gastrointestinal tract microbiota.

MODULAÇÃO DA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL DE PERUS DE CORTE DESAFIADOS COM SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG E SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES PROGRAMAS DE CONTROLE

O presente estudo avaliou uso de ácidos orgânicos (AOs), probiótico e produto de exclusão competitiva (EC) administrados continuadamente, via ração, no controle de Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) e a ação sobre a microbiota e morfometria intestinal. Cento e setenta perus de corte fêmeas foram distribuídas, aleatoriamente, em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições de oito aves cada. No terceiro e no décimo dia de vida, os animais foram submetidos ao desafio oral de SH. No sétimo, 19º e 35º de vida as aves foram eutanasiadas (n=10 por tratamento) e colhido amostras de segmentos do inglúvio, duodeno, jejuno, íleo e ceco para quantificação de SH, quantificação relativa do microrganismo Faecalibacterium prausnitzii e análise morfométrica. No decorrer do período experimental foram realizadas colheitas de suabes cloacais para pesquisa de SH. A administração do probiótico e produto de EC foi capaz de reduzir a incidência e a colonização de SH no inglúvio. Nos cecos os tratamentos reduziram a colonização de SH somente aos 19 dias de idade. Somente a dieta suplementada com AOs influenciou positivamente na quantidade de F. prausnitizii no ceco (19 e 35 dias) e não houve correlação entre a quantidade relativa desse microrganismo e o número de UFCs de SH. A excreção fecal de SH, foi influenciada pelos tratamentos a partir dos 26 dias de vida das aves, aos 34 dias todos os tratamentos reduziram a excreção fecal. A morfometria intestinal foi influenciada pelos tratamentos somente aos sete dias de vida, onde os animais que receberam AOs apresentaram maiores alturas de vilosidades de jejuno quando comparado com o grupo controle positivo. A administração dos aditivos via ração demonstrou eficácia no controle e na persistência da infecção por SH. No entanto, o uso de AOs foi mais eficaz para modular a microbiota cecal, provando que a composição da dieta pode modular populações de bactérias benéficas, mas tais microrganismos podem não estar correlacionadas com a redução da colonização cecal por SH.

The present study evaluated the use of organic acids (AOs), probiotic and competitive exclusion (CE) product administered continuously in the feed on the control Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and action microbiota and morphometry intestinal. One hundred and seventy poults females were randomly distributed in five treatments with four replicates of eight birds each. In the 3rd and 10th day of life, the animals were submitted to the challenge with SH. In the 7th, 19th and 35th of life the birds were euthanized (n = 10) and samples of the crop, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were removed to quantification of SH, quantification relative of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and morphometric analysis. During the experimental period were perfomerd clocal swabs for SH research. The administration of probiotic and CE product was able to reduce the incidence and colonization of SH in the crop. In the caecum the treatments reduced SH only 19 days of age. Only the diet supplemented with AOs influenced positively on amount of F. prausnitizii in the cecum (19 and 35 days) and there was no correlation between the amount on the microorganism and the number of UFCs of SH. Fecal excretion of SH, was influenced by the treatments from 26 days of life, at 34 days all treatments reduced faecal excretion. The intestinal morphometry was influenced by the treatments only to seven days of age, where the animals that received AOs had higher jejunal villus heights of villi when compared with the positive control. The feed additives administration demonstrated effectiveness in controlling and in the persistence of the infection by SH. However, the use of AOs was most effective to modulate the cecal microbiota, proving that the composition of the diet can modulate populations of beneficial bacteria, but such microorganisms may not be correlated with the reduction of the SH.

Detecção de línfócitos T no intestino de frangos de corte tratados com lactobacillus spp. e desafiados com Salmonella enteritidis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar por meio de imunoistoquímica se a inoculação oral de culturas de Lactobacillus acidophillus, L. reuteri, L. salivarius e a microbiota cecal de aves estimula a resposta imune celular no intestino de pintos de linhagem comercial, desafiadas ou não por Salmonella Enteritidis, na forma de infiltrado leucocitário por células T CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+. Foram utilizados 320 aves com um dia de vida, não sexados e livres de quimioterápicos. Cada grupo foi subdividido em quatro subgrupos com 20 aves cada e classificados em grupo que não recebeu tratamento (controle negativo), tratamento com L. spp ou MC, tratamento com L. spp ou MC e desafio com S. Enteritidis e tratamento com S. Enteritidis (controle positivo). Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tratamento com L. reuteri, L. salivarius, L. acidophillus ou microbiota cecal e o desafio com S. Enteritidis, determina resposta imune na forma de infiltrado leucocitário por linfócitos CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+ no epitélio e na lâmina própria do duodeno, jejuno e ceco de aves com até 12 dias de idade

The bacteria of the Lactobacillus sort have been very studied currently had to its important paper in the process of competitive exclusion where they contribute in the reduction of pathogenically genus, in special infections for Salmonella spp. it saw oral in the first days of life. These bacteria with probiotically characteristics provide beneficial effect to the general health of the host, through the stimulation and anti tumor modulation of the immune reply and properties, had probably the action on the cellular immune system. The objective of this work was to verify if Lactobacillus acidophillus, L. reuteri, L. salivarius and microbiota cecal of broiler chicken have been imunostimulated activities through its inoculation in birds of commercial ancestry with one day of life, defied or not for Salmonella Enteritidis, determining immune reply in the form of infiltrated leucocytes for cells T in the epithelium and intestinal proper blade.The gotten results demonstrate that the cultures of L. acidophillus, L. reuteri, L. salivarius and microbiota cecal defy or not with S. Enteritidis, they determine immune reply on the part of the host in the infiltrated form of leucocytes for lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+