Grãos secos de destilaria de milho na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de cria / Dried corn distillery grains in the diet of japanese quailsin the brooding phase / Granos secos de destilería de maíz en la dieta de las codornices japonesas en fase de cría

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de codornas japonesas na fase de cria emfunçãodosníveis de inclusão de grãos secos de destilaria (DDG) de milho na dieta. Foramutilizadas 720 codornas poedeiras (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 1 dia de vida até 21 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos eseisrepetições, com 24 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dietacontrole com 0% de DDG, dieta com 5% de inclusão de DDG, dieta com10%de inclusãodeDDG, dieta com 15% de inclusão de DDG e dieta com 20% de inclusão de DDG. Foi avaliado o consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), o ganho de peso (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar(kg/kg) e a viabilidade das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de regressão a 5%deprobabilidade e pelo teste de Dunnet. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) para ganho empeso, maspara o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar não houve diferença entre as dietas (P>0,05). Conclui-se que a inclusão de 14,8% de DDG de milho na dieta de codornas japonesas maximizou o ganho de peso e não prejudicou o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar dasaves.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the performance of Japanese quails in the brooding phaseasafunction of the levels of inclusion of corn distillers dried grains (DDG) in the diet. Weused720 laying quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 1 day of life and 21 days of age, distributed in internally randomized delineation with five treatments and six repetitions, with24 quails per experimental unit. The treatments used were control diet with 0%DDG, diet with 5% inclusion of DDG, diet with 10% inclusion of DDG, diet with 15% inclusion of DDG and diet with 20% inclusion of DDG. feed intake (g / bird / day), weight gain (g/ bird/ day), feed conversion (kg / kg) and bird viability were evaluated. The data were submittedtoregression analysis at 5% probability and by the Dunnet test. There was an effect (P<0.05) forweight gain, but for feed intake and feed conversion there was no difference between the diets (P>0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of 14.8% corn DDG in the diet of Japanesequails maximized weight gain and did not affect feed intake and feed conversion of the birds.(AU)

El objetivo fue evaluar el desempeño zootécnico de las codornices japonesas en la etapadecrianza en función de los niveles de inclusión de grano seco de destilería (DDG) de maízenladieta. Se utilizaron 720 codornices ponedoras (Coturnix coturnix japonica) de 1 día a 21díasde edad, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos yseisrepeticiones, con 24 codornices por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: dieta control con 0% de DDG, dieta con 5% de inclusión de DDG, dieta con 10%de inclusiónde DDG, dieta con 15% de inclusión de DDG y dieta con 20% de inclusión de DDG. Seevaluó el consumo de alimento (g/ave/día), la ganancia de peso (g/ave/día), la conversiónalimenticia (kg/kg) y la viabilidad del ave. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de regresiónal 5% de probabilidad y mediante la prueba de Dunnet. Hubo un efecto (P<0,05) paralaganancia de peso, pero para el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimenticia nohubodiferencia entre las dietas (P>0,05). Se concluyó que la inclusión de 14,8%de DDGdemaízen la dieta de las codornices japonesas maximizó la ganancia de peso y no afectó el consumode alimento ni la conversión alimenticia de las aves.(AU)

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of maize silage with citrus pulp / Composição química e características fermentativas da silagem de milho aditivada com polpa cítrica

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including citrus pulp in maize silage on chemical composition and fermentation parameters. The experimental design was fully randomized with four replicates. Maize silage consisting of 0­50% citrus pulp was produced and analyzed. The pH linearly decreased with the increased inclusion of citrus pulp (3.49 at 50% citrus pulp), which is far below what is considered adequate (3.8­ 4.2). However, not all fermentation parameters were compromised. At 33% citrus pulp, we estimated 30.82 g/kg total nitrogen. At 49% citrus pulp, we estimated 95.16 g/kg of crude protein. At 21% and 22% citrus pulp, we estimated 549.89 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 678.11 g/kg of total digestible nutrients, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 30% citrus pulp improves the complete chemical composition of maize silage owing to the reduction in structural carbohydrate values and increases in total digestible nutrient and protein content.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica na silagem de milho sobre a composição química e parâmetros de fermentação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: Silagem de milho sem polpa cítrica (0%); silagem de milho com 10% 39 de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 20% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 30% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 40% de polpa cítrica e silagem de milho com 50% de polpa cítrica. O pH diminuiu linearmente com à inclusão de polpa cítrica, gerando valores distantes do considerado adequado (3,8 a 4,2). Por outro lado, é possível inferior que nem todos os parâmetros fermentativos foram comprometidos, uma vez que, com a inclusão de 33% de polpa cítrica, é possível estimar 30,82 g/kg total N. Com a utilização 45 de 49% de polpa cítrica, é possível obter 95,16 g/kg de proteína bruta. De 21% a 22% de polpa cítrica, foi obtido 549,89 g/kg de fibra em detergente neutro e 678,11 g/kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais. A inclusão de até 30% de polpa cítrica melhorará significativamente a composição química da silagem de milho, devido à redução nos valores de carboidrato estrutural e aumentos nos nutrientes digestíveis totais e proteína.(AU)

Inclusion of residue meat flour in growing pigs diet (30-50 kg) / Inclusão de resíduo de farinha de carne em dietas para suínos em crescimento (30-50 kg)

A study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of a residue from the rendering plant after obtaining meat and bone meal for growing pigs on performance, carcass characteristics, incidence of diarrhea and economic viability of the diets. Forty-eight pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of residue inclusion), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (barrows and females) with 30 ± 0.662 kg of initial weight in a 24-day trial period. Statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneity were verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Barllet tests, respectively, at 5% probability. The assumptions were met and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance. The performance variables, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence did not show significant differences (P<0.05) between the levels of inclusion of residue in the diet. The residue can be used up to 6% in the feed without affecting performance, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence in growing pigs, however, the inclusion of 4% of the residue presents greater economic viability.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de um resíduo, proveniente da graxaria, após a obtenção de farinha de carne e ossos de abatedouro de bovinos, para suínos em fase de crescimento sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, incidência de diarreia e viabilidade econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 48 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 4 tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão do resíduo), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental (machos castrados e fêmeas) com 30 ± 0,662 kg de peso inicial em período experimental de 24 dias. Foram verificadas as pressuposições estatísticas de normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e homogeneidade pelo teste de Barllet a 5% de probabilidade. As pressuposições foram atendidas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. As variáveis de desempenho, características de carcaça e incidência de diarreia não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os níveis inclusão do resíduo na ração. O resíduo pode ser utilizado em até 6% na ração sem afetar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e causar diarreia em suínos em fase de crescimento, no entanto, a inclusão de 4% do resíduo apresenta maior viabilidade econômica.

Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.(AU)

Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals’ food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.

Resíduo do processamento do milho doce em diferentes níveis e frequências para bovinos confinados / Sweet corn residue processed offered at different levels and frequencies for feedlot cattle

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados recebendo diferentes níveis e frequências do resíduo do processamento do milho doce como volumoso. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos, totalizando 30 animais por tratamento: 1) relação volumoso: concentrado (V:C) de 50:50 do início ao final do experimento; 2) 30 dias com 100% V, seguidos de 30 dias com relação V:C de 50:50, e posteriormente relação V:C de 30:70 até o final do período experimental; 3) 45 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 4) 30 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 5) 100% de volumoso. O fornecimento exclusivo de volumoso durante o período total do confinamento proporcionou aos animais os menores peso vivo final, ganho médio diário e consumo de matéria seca, porém, apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar entre os tratamentos avaliados e menor custo por arroba produzida. A inclusão de concentrado proporcionou, de maneira geral, maior desempenho dos animais, porém, aumento dos custos de produção.

Feedlot cattle performance was evaluated upon diets offering different levels and frequencies of sweet corn residue as source of roughage. The animals were divided into five groups, in a total of 30 animals per treatment. 1) roughage:grain ratio (R:G) of 50:50 from the start to the end of experiment , 2) 30 days with 100% roughage, followed by 30 days with R:G ratio of 50:50, and then R:G ratio of 30:70 until the end of the experimental period; 3) first 45 days at feedlot condition with 100% of roughage and then R:G ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 4) 30 days at start of feedlot with 100% of roughage, and then a ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 5) 100% of roughage. The lowest body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake were achieved by animals receiving only roughage during the total period of feedlot; however, these animals presented the best feed conversion between evaluated treatments and lowest cost per pound produced. The concentrate inclusion offered, in general, highest animal performance, but with high-cost production.

Resíduo do processamento do milho doce em diferentes níveis e frequências para bovinos confinados / Sweet corn residue processed offered at different levels and frequencies for feedlot cattle

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados recebendo diferentes níveis e frequências do resíduo do processamento do milho doce como volumoso. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos, totalizando 30 animais por tratamento: 1) relação volumoso: concentrado (V:C) de 50:50 do início ao final do experimento; 2) 30 dias com 100% V, seguidos de 30 dias com relação V:C de 50:50, e posteriormente relação V:C de 30:70 até o final do período experimental; 3) 45 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 4) 30 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 5) 100% de volumoso. O fornecimento exclusivo de volumoso durante o período total do confinamento proporcionou aos animais os menores peso vivo final, ganho médio diário e consumo de matéria seca, porém, apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar entre os tratamentos avaliados e menor custo por arroba produzida. A inclusão de concentrado proporcionou, de maneira geral, maior desempenho dos animais, porém, aumento dos custos de produção.(AU)

Feedlot cattle performance was evaluated upon diets offering different levels and frequencies of sweet corn residue as source of roughage. The animals were divided into five groups, in a total of 30 animals per treatment. 1) roughage:grain ratio (R:G) of 50:50 from the start to the end of experiment , 2) 30 days with 100% roughage, followed by 30 days with R:G ratio of 50:50, and then R:G ratio of 30:70 until the end of the experimental period; 3) first 45 days at feedlot condition with 100% of roughage and then R:G ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 4) 30 days at start of feedlot with 100% of roughage, and then a ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 5) 100% of roughage. The lowest body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake were achieved by animals receiving only roughage during the total period of feedlot; however, these animals presented the best feed conversion between evaluated treatments and lowest cost per pound produced. The concentrate inclusion offered, in general, highest animal performance, but with high-cost production.(AU)

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.(AU)

Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis / Bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility feeding of distiller’s dried grain with solubles

A demanda mundial por biocombustíveis fez com que as destilarias enxergassem na produção de etanol de milho uma opção à ociosidade na entressafra da cana de açúcar. Desse processo, a pecuária pode ser beneficiada com o coproduto, utilizando como fonte de proteína e energia na alimentação animal, o resíduo de destilaria de grãos. O objetivo foi avaliar grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grain with solubles - DDGS) de milho e/ou sorgo quanto à composição químico-bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro. Foram analisadas 11 amostras de DDGS de milho e/ou sorgo, coletadas entre abril de 2015 e maio de 2016, originadas de duas destilarias comerciais processadoras de grãos. Diante dos resultados, verificou-se que o DDGS é um ingrediente alternativo na dieta para ruminantes, porém, apresentaram variações de grande amplitude entre as amostras avaliadas, o que torna indispensável a análise bromatológica nas diferentes partidas para garantir sua correta utilização.

The global demand for biofuels has made distilleries see the production of corn ethanol as an option to idleness in the offseason of sugarcane. From this process, livestock can benefit from the co-product, which can be used as a source of protein and energy in animal feed, the grain distillery residue. The objective was to evaluate distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) of maize and/or sorghum for chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro digestibility. Eleven samples of DDGS from corn and/or sorghum, collected between April 2015 and May 2016, from two commercial grain processing distilleries, were analyzed. In view of the results, it was found that DDGS is an alternative ingredient in the diet for ruminants, however, it showed wide variations between the samples evaluated, which makes chemical analysis essential in the different batches to ensure its correct use.

Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis / Bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility feeding of distillers dried grain with solubles

A demanda mundial por biocombustíveis fez com que as destilarias enxergassem na produção de etanol de milho uma opção à ociosidade na entressafra da cana de açúcar. Desse processo, a pecuária pode ser beneficiada com o coproduto, utilizando como fonte de proteína e energia na alimentação animal, o resíduo de destilaria de grãos. O objetivo foi avaliar grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grain with solubles - DDGS) de milho e/ou sorgo quanto à composição químico-bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro. Foram analisadas 11 amostras de DDGS de milho e/ou sorgo, coletadas entre abril de 2015 e maio de 2016, originadas de duas destilarias comerciais processadoras de grãos. Diante dos resultados, verificou-se que o DDGS é um ingrediente alternativo na dieta para ruminantes, porém, apresentaram variações de grande amplitude entre as amostras avaliadas, o que torna indispensável a análise bromatológica nas diferentes partidas para garantir sua correta utilização.(AU)

The global demand for biofuels has made distilleries see the production of corn ethanol as an option to idleness in the offseason of sugarcane. From this process, livestock can benefit from the co-product, which can be used as a source of protein and energy in animal feed, the grain distillery residue. The objective was to evaluate distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) of maize and/or sorghum for chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro digestibility. Eleven samples of DDGS from corn and/or sorghum, collected between April 2015 and May 2016, from two commercial grain processing distilleries, were analyzed. In view of the results, it was found that DDGS is an alternative ingredient in the diet for ruminants, however, it showed wide variations between the samples evaluated, which makes chemical analysis essential in the different batches to ensure its correct use.(AU)

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.(AU)

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.

Acerola seed meal (Malpighia emarginata) as a source of dietary fibre in starter piglet diets / Farelo de semente de acerola (Malpighia emarginata) como fonte de fibra dietética em dietas de leitões iniciantes

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and the effect of acerola seed meal (ASM) for starter piglet diets on feed digestibility, nitrogen balance (NB), growth performance and blood metabolites. Twenty-four crossbred entire male piglets (21.07 ± 3.07 kg) were assigned to a digestibility assay (Exp. I) and distributed in a randomised block design (RBD) with two treatments composed of reference diet (RD) or test diet (20% replacement with ASM), 12 replications and with one pig per experimental unit (EU). An NB study (Exp. II) was conducted with four levels of ASM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and 24 crossbred entire male piglets (20.78 ± 1.84 kg) allocated in an RBD of six replications and one pig per EU. The growth performance study (Exp. III) involved 120 crossbred piglets: 60 entire males and 60 females (13.85 ± 1.49 kg). Treatments consisted of a gender combination and five levels of ASM (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%), distributed in an RBD with six replications and four animals per EU. The physicochemical composition results indicated 86.12% of dry matter (DM), 8.03% of crude protein (CP) and 4,553 kcal kg-1 of gross energy (GE) as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of 39.04 and 28.21% for CP and GE, respectively. The levels of ASM that provided the maximum estimate for final body weight, daily body weight gain and average daily feed intake were 2.93% (p = 0.037), 3.05% (p = 0.040) and 4.27% (p = 0.043), respectively. ASM can be indicated as a dietary fibre source for starter piglet diets because it contains relevant nutritional and energy values, without affecting the nitrogen balance and blood urea concentration.(AU)

Três experimentos foram realizados para determinar o valor nutricional e o efeito do uso do farelo da semente de acerola (FSA) na dieta de leitões em fase inicial sobre a digestibilidade de ração, balanço de nitrogênio (BN), desempenho zootécnico e metabólito sanguíneo. Vinte e quatro leitões mestiços, machos inteiros (21,07 ± 3,07 kg) foram atribuídos a um ensaio de digestibilidade (Exp. I.) e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de bloco ao acaso (DBC), com dois tratamentos, compostos de uma dieta referência ou teste (substituição em 20% por FSA na dieta referência), 12 repetições e com um suíno por unidade experimental (UE). O ensaio de BN (Exp. II) foi conduzido com quatro níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 4, 8 e 12%) e 24 leitões mestiços machos inteiros (20,78 ± 1,84 kg), alocados em um DBC de seis repetições e um suíno por UE. O estudo de desempenho zootécnico (Exp. III) envolveu 120 leitões mestiços, 60 machos inteiros e 60 fêmeas (13,85 ± 1,49 kg). Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de dois gêneros e cinco níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), distribuídos em um DBC com seis repetições e quatro animais por UE. Os resultados de composição físico-química do FSA indicaram 86,12% de matéria seca (MS), 8,03% de proteína bruta (PB) e 4.553 kcal kg -1 de energia bruta (EB), e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de 39,04 e 28,21% para PB e EB, respectivamente. Os níveis de FSA que proporcionaram a máxima estimativa de peso corporal final, ganho de peso corporal diário (GPCDM) e consumo de ração diário médio foram 2,93% (p = 0,0372), 3,05% (p = 0,0407) e 4,27% (p = 0,0432), respectivamente. O FSA pode ser indicado como uma fonte de fibra dietética na alimentação de suínos em fase inicial por conter valores nutricionais e de energia relevantes sem afetar o balanço de nitrogênio e concentração de ureia no sangue.(AU)

Intoxicação por lasalocida em bezerros búfalos no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves in the state of Pará, Brazil

Background: Ionophore antibiotics are food additives with coccidiostatic or antimicrobial action; they are also used as growth promoters, ruminal pH regulators, volatile fatty acid molar modifiers, and methanogenesis reducers. However, these compounds have the potential to cause microbial resistance, in addition to the risk of intoxication. Ionophore poisoning may be caused by excessive intake, sensitivity of certain animal species, and concomitant use with other drugs. In Brazil, cases of ionophore poisoning in buffalos are rare. This study aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves. Case: A visit was made to a farm in the municipality of Mojú, Pará state to care for Murrah buffalo calves. After weaning, the buffalos were grazed in paddocks with Panicum spp., and received a supplement of mineral, protein, and vitamin. This supplement contained, per kg, 250 g PB, 50 g Ca, 20 g P, 8 g S, 39 g Na, 20 mg Co, 557 mg Cu, 200 mg Fe, 12.4 mg Se, 2040 mg Zn, 0.19 mg biotin, 26750 IU of vitamin A, 4175 IU of vitamin D, 155 IU of vitamin E and 300 mg/kg of lasalocid. The product was made available to all calves, at 1-2 g/kg body weight (BW), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Older calves were raised together with those less than 30 days old; as a result, the older calves tended to eat more, which could lead to a supplementation consumption of more than 1 kg body weight per animal per day. It was reported that between 40 and 60 days after the introduction of this supplement, 16 calves fell ill and died due to apathy, motor instability, tremors, and distended neck. The herd had a mortality rate of 33.3%. Two calves underwent a necroscopic examination at the Pathology Section of the Veterinary Institute of the Federal University of Pará. Macroscopic examination revealed extensive pale areas in the skeletal muscles, myocardium, and tongue. Fragments of these muscles and various organs were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed according to the routine histological technique, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain. Microscopic examination of the histologic samples revealed foci of muscle atrophy and necrosis characterized by an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia associated with the loss of stretch marks, and hyperchromatic nuclei that were displaced to the periphery. The necrosis of the muscle fibers was highlighted by Masson's trichrome staining. Discussion: The diagnosis of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves was based on epidemiological data, clinical findings, results of macroscopic and histopathological examination, and based on the estimated ionophore intake, obtained directly from the supplement label and by the calf's handler. Based on the absence of stratification of the calves by similarity of age and because the buffalo calves older than 30 days could eat more than 1 kg of the supplement (containing 300 mg/kg of lasalocid), it was possible to estimate the intake of lasalocid per kg CP (body weight). Therefore, the intake of lasalocid by a 70-kg buffalo calf in approximately 90 days and daily supplement consumption between 1 and 1.5 kg would be between 4.2 and 6.4 mg/kg of body weight. This report reinforces that notion that buffalo calves should never ingest ionophores; however, if necessary, strict protocols must be followed to avoid poisoning in these animals. This study highlighted the fact that stratification of buffaloes by different age groups during feeding became a risk factor that allowed greater consumption by older animals; this led to the estimated consumption of 4.2-6.4 mg/kg of lasalocid.

Soybean molasses: an alternative to sheep’s supplementation / Melaço de soja: uma alternativa de suplementação para ovinos

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper -Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses increased allowing the fit of linear regressions (P0.05). Also, ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolic mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.

Objetivou-se avaliar o melaço de soja como suplemento em níveis crescentes para ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas ½ Dorper-Santa Inês com massa corporal de 45 ± 3,5 kg e 12 ± 2 meses de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % de melaço de soja a uma dieta basal composta de silagem de milho, a qual como alimento exclusivo atende os requerimentos nutricionais de ovelhas em mantença. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5. Cinco períodos experimentais de 12 dias foram adotados do 1º ao 5º dia: período de adaptação das dietas; do 6º ao 12º dia: coleta de dados e período de amostragem. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por regressão considerando 5 % de significância. A ingestão de proteína bruta e água aumentou à medida que aumentaram os níveis de suplementação de melaço de soja, permitindo o ajuste de regressões lineares (P0,05). Também o comportamento ingestivo e as variáveis sanguíneas de perfil metabólico e mineral, não foram afetados (P>0,05). O melaço de soja pode ser utilizado como suplemento para ovinos até 12% da ração diária, sem afetar a digestibilidade dos alimentos, o comportamento ingestivo e o perfil metabólico e mineral.

Soybean molasses: an alternative to sheeps supplementation / Melaço de soja: uma alternativa de suplementação para ovinos

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper -Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses increased allowing the fit of linear regressions (P<0.05). Supplementation up to 12 % did not affect the intake of dry matter, energy and neutral detergent fiber or the digestibility of dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fiber (P>0.05). Also, ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolic mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o melaço de soja como suplemento em níveis crescentes para ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas ½ Dorper-Santa Inês com massa corporal de 45 ± 3,5 kg e 12 ± 2 meses de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % de melaço de soja a uma dieta basal composta de silagem de milho, a qual como alimento exclusivo atende os requerimentos nutricionais de ovelhas em mantença. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5. Cinco períodos experimentais de 12 dias foram adotados do 1º ao 5º dia: período de adaptação das dietas; do 6º ao 12º dia: coleta de dados e período de amostragem. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por regressão considerando 5 % de significância. A ingestão de proteína bruta e água aumentou à medida que aumentaram os níveis de suplementação de melaço de soja, permitindo o ajuste de regressões lineares (P<0,05). A suplementação de até 12% não afetou o consumo de matéria seca, energia e fibra em detergente neutro ou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e fibra em detergente neutro (P>0,05). Também o comportamento ingestivo e as variáveis sanguíneas de perfil metabólico e mineral, não foram afetados (P>0,05). O melaço de soja pode ser utilizado como suplemento para ovinos até 12% da ração diária, sem afetar a digestibilidade dos alimentos, o comportamento ingestivo e o perfil metabólico e mineral.(AU)

Low-purity crude glycerin as a nutrient substitute for corn: the effect on yields of goat organs and viscera

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.(AU)

Energetic Values and Inclusion Levels of the Dry Residue of Cassava in Broiler Diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energetic values of dry residue of cassava (DRC) and the effects of its inclusion in broiler diets on performance, intestinal morphometry, protein and fat deposition rate, and carcass and cut yields. In experiment I, two metabolism trials were carried out from 11-21 and from 31-41 days of age. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design and DRC was included at levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40% in the basal diet. In experiment II, 980 male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments (0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12% DRC) and seven replicates. DRC levels did not influence (p>0.05) the energetic values. From days 1-7, weight gain (WG) had a linear adjustment, and the inclusion of up to 6% of DRC from d 1-7, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) had a tendency (p=0.060) with quadratic effect (p=0.001), and the worst FCR was observed with the inclusion of 5.81% of DRC. From d 1-21 of age, the WG decreased linearly, with the increasing of DRC while the FCR increased linearly. Breast yield decreased linearly with increasing levels of DRC inclusion. The addition of the residue reduced the protein deposition rate (PDR) and did not alter the (fat deposition rate) FDR. The metabolizable energy of DRC was 1534 kcal kg-1 (11-21 d), 1746 kcal kg-1 (d 31-42) and can be included up to 6% until d 42 in the broiler`s diet without harming the performance.(AU)

Low-purity crude glycerin as a nutrient substitute for corn: the effect on yields of goat organs and viscera

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.