Acute effects of whole-body vibration on dopplerfluxometry of the common carotid artery parameters among adult and elderly non-athletes healthy dogs

Background: Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) is an oscillatory mechanical stimulus spreading throughout the body and considered a type of physical exercise because of the activation of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neuroendocrine systems. It is a physical exercise modality since it promotes cardiovascular resistance, increase in muscular strength and neurosensitivity, and motor coordination improvement. For use of WBV as an exercise modality for dogs, it is necessary to evaluate the Dopplerfluxometry parameters of the common carotid artery in healthy dogs in order to perform a safe protocol without inducing any cerebral alteration. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of WBV on systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the both common carotid artery among adults and elderly non-athletes healthy dog. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen clinically healthy, neutered crossbreed male dogs, non-athlete were divided into two groups of seven dogs, according to the age group: Group 1 (G1)- Adult dogs: age between 12 and 84 months; Group 2 (G2)- Elderly dogs: aged over 84 months. All dogs were submitted to sessions of WBV using the protocol of 30 Hz for 5 min, followed by an increase to 50 Hz for 5 more min and ending with 5 min at 30 Hz, without rest between the variation of the vibration frequency. The systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the common carotid artery were assessed in two time-points: 5 min before the WBV sessions (5PRE) and 1 min after the WBV (1POS). No significant variations in the SPS, RI, and PI of both common carotid artery of the G1 and G2 were identified. The anatomic reference for the left and right common carotid artery was the right and left extern jugulars veins, which were...

B-Mode and Doppler ocular ultrasound evaluation in healthy and positive dogs for visceral canine leishmaniasis

Background: The use of ultrasound examination in the evaluation of ophthalmopathies has been gaining more and more space within the ophthalmologic clinical routine. The hemodynamic study of ocular vascularization may anticipate future changes, aiding in the adequate establishment of therapeutic conduits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structures of the ocular bulb and to perform the hemodynamic evaluation of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) correlating with healthy animals. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 100 animals were used, of these 70 positive for CVL and 30 healthy animals, submitted to B-mode and Doppler ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional evaluation included identification of ocular changes and biometry of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), glass chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve length (M7). The Doppler velocimetric evaluation included the identification and hemodynamic evaluation of the external ophthalmic artery, being measured: systolic peak velocity (SPV), final diastolic velocity (FDV), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Ophthalmopathies were frequent in animals with leishmaniasis in both right (91.42%) and left (29.14%) eyes, with identification of capsular cataract, lens dislocation, retinal detachment and lens rupture. No significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) was observed when comparing the biometric values between the right and left eyes of the animals with CVL, as well as for the measurements between healthy and CVL animals. Hemodynamic indexes of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery presented narrow limits for the right and left eyes of the positive animals, not statistically...

Doppler velocimetry in fetal rats exposed to enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) during pregnancy

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) administered in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on fetal vessels in healthy pregnant Wistar rats, according to Doppler velocimetry measurements. Methods: Fifty animals were assigned to one of five groups: controls (saline), prophylactic and therapeutic enoxaparin (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively), and prophylactic and therapeutic UFH (72 and 400 UI/kg/day, respectively). Uterine horns were examined by ultrasound for identification of live fetuses. A sample of these fetuses underwent Doppler velocimetry. Spectral curves, peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, and umbilical artery were investigated. Differences were considered statistically significant when p 0.05. Results: No significant differences in PSV, PI, or RI values were observed among the groups. Conclusion: Doppler velocimetry measurements revealed no significant effects of enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin on fetal vessels in pregnant Wistar rats.(AU)

Blood flow indices in single and multiple bearing does

The aim of present study was to examine the changes in blood flow indices throughout pregnancy in singleton and multiple pregnant does. Doppler scanning was done to assess resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) and blood flow volume (Vol). The placentomes were investigated for blood indices on day 45 as an echogenic structure on the surface of the endometrium. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed every 30 days during the overage of the pregnancy. Diameters of largest six placentomes from each doe were measured using an ultrasonography device, and the mean values of placentome diameters were calculated. Values of RI and PI exhibited a steady decrease toward term and declined more rapidly and earlier in multiple than in single pregnancies. Values of RI and PI were negatively correlated with placetome size; however, values of TAMV and Vol were positively correlated with placentome size. In singleton and multiple pregnancies, the placentome size showed an increase toward term, but there is no difference in placentome size between single and multiple bearing does. In conclusion, the values of TAMV and Vol for multiple pregnancies were significantly higher than for singleton at any gestational month to satisfy the high foetal demand of nutrients and dissolved oxygen for foetal progression. Knowing the relationship between the foetal number and blood flow parameters could be used in the clinical management of such pregnancies and the early detection or prediction adverse pregnancy outcome.

Blood flow indices in single and multiple bearing does

The aim of present study was to examine the changes in blood flow indices throughout pregnancy in singleton and multiple pregnant does. Doppler scanning was done to assess resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) and blood flow volume (Vol). The placentomes were investigated for blood indices on day 45 as an echogenic structure on the surface of the endometrium. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed every 30 days during the overage of the pregnancy. Diameters of largest six placentomes from each doe were measured using an ultrasonography device, and the mean values of placentome diameters were calculated. Values of RI and PI exhibited a steady decrease toward term and declined more rapidly and earlier in multiple than in single pregnancies. Values of RI and PI were negatively correlated with placetome size; however, values of TAMV and Vol were positively correlated with placentome size. In singleton and multiple pregnancies, the placentome size showed an increase toward term, but there is no difference in placentome size between single and multiple bearing does. In conclusion, the values of TAMV and Vol for multiple pregnancies were significantly higher than for singleton at any gestational month to satisfy the high foetal demand of nutrients and dissolved oxygen for foetal progression. Knowing the relationship between the foetal number and blood flow parameters could be used in the clinical management of such pregnancies and the early detection or prediction adverse pregnancy outcome.(AU)

Sedation effect of acepromazine and butorphanol in dopplervelocimetric parameters in great abdominal arteries and femoral artery in dogs / Efeito da sedação com acepromazina e butorfanol nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos de grandes artérias abdominais e da femoral em cães

Background: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that allows vascular anatomical and dynamics evaluation. Each artery has flow velocity profiles and different Doppler spectrum. The purpose of this study was to determine if sedation with acepromazine and butorphanol in dogs alters Doppler velocimetric values and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries of healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy female dogs, aged 1 to 5 years, with body weight ranging from 10 to 25 kg, were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound in order to obtain: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time average medium velocity, time average maximum velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries. The same animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buthorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and the same parameters were reevaluated. The heart rate was also measured. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UFRGS, under the 25552 protocol, and the owners signed an informed consent form. Statistical analysis was performed with pared t test.The heart rate was statistically significant different, 98 ± 20.13 bpm before and 79 ± 17.74 after sedation. The exam was done before and after [...](AU)

Sedation effect of acepromazine and butorphanol in dopplervelocimetric parameters in great abdominal arteries and femoral artery in dogs / Efeito da sedação com acepromazina e butorfanol nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos de grandes artérias abdominais e da femoral em cães

Background: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that allows vascular anatomical and dynamics evaluation. Each artery has flow velocity profiles and different Doppler spectrum. The purpose of this study was to determine if sedation with acepromazine and butorphanol in dogs alters Doppler velocimetric values and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries of healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy female dogs, aged 1 to 5 years, with body weight ranging from 10 to 25 kg, were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound in order to obtain: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time average medium velocity, time average maximum velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries. The same animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buthorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and the same parameters were reevaluated. The heart rate was also measured. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UFRGS, under the 25552 protocol, and the owners signed an informed consent form. Statistical analysis was performed with pared t test.The heart rate was statistically significant different, 98 ± 20.13 bpm before and 79 ± 17.74 after sedation. The exam was done before and after [...]

Diferença esperada na progênie (DEP) para precocidade de tourinhos Nelore e sua relação entre adipogênese, fibrogênese, lipogênese e metabolismo lipídico

Objetivou-se avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, bem como identificar por meio da ferramenta de proteômica diferencial, as principais diferenças no perfil proteico do músculo longissimus thoracis (LT) e da espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) de progênies Nelore, filhos de touros com DEP contrastante para precocidade sexual e crescimento. Para isso, o presente estudo foi dividido em 3 manuscritos. Em síntese, foram utilizados 105 bovinos, machos não castrados, com idade média de 20 ± 2 meses e 400 ± 24 kg, provenientes de um mesmo rebanho, com informações genéticas para precocidade e crescimento. Os animais foram confinados por 100 dias e realizada a ultrassonografia de carcaça a cada 28 dias. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar as concentrações metabólicas e hormonais na última pesagem. Os animais foram abatidos após 100 dias e durante o abate foram colhidas amostras do músculo LT e da EGS entre a 12a e 13a costelas além de amostras da gordura visceral (GV). Todas essas amostras foram imediatamente congeladas em nitrogênio líquido e mantidas em freezer 80ºC até a realização das análises de expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real (RT-qPCR) e análise e SDS-PAGE, seguida de identificação proteica pela análise de espectrometria de massas acoplada a cromatografia liquida (LC-MS/MS). Durante a desossa foi avaliada a gordura intramuscular (MAR) no músculo LT. Também foram coletados bifes para lipídeos totais, perfil de ácidos graxos e solubilidade do colágeno. Os animais foram selecionados de acordo com a DEP de seus pais (touros). Do total de 105 animais, foram selecionados 6 pais com DEPs simultaneamente contrastantes para precocidade e crescimento, de forma que cada grupo experimental tivessem 3 pais. A partir dos pais, foram formados 2 grupos contrastantes denominados de alta DEP (H_EPD; N=16) e baixa DEP (L_EPD; N=16). Os animais do grupo H_EPD tiveram maior EGS (P=0,006); menor LDL (P=0,014); maior IGF-1 (P=0,064); maior solubilidade do colágeno (P=0,098); menor expressão do gene LPL, no LT (P=0,045). Também este grupo apresentou maior expressão dos genes envolvidos na lipogênese avaliados na EGS: ACACA (P=0,060), LPL (P=0,085), ACOX1 (P= 0,100), LEP (P=0,030), SDC (P= 0,009), e GAPDH (P=0,081), do que os animais do grupo L_DEP. Uma banda eletroforética foi detectada como diferentemente abundante no músculo LT (banda 16) e três bandas eletroforéticas foram detectadas como diferentemente abundantes na EGS (bandas 24, 30, 32). As vias KEGG do metabolismo de piruvato, glicólise/gluconeogênese, metabolismo de carbono, biossíntese de aminoácidos, dentre outras, foram enriquecidas para as proteínas diferencialmente abundantes identificadas no LT e na EGS. A seleção genética para precocidade e crescimento afeta o proteoma muscular e consequentemente o metabolismo lipídico e proteico de bovinos não castrados. O hormônio IGF-1, o gene LPL e as proteínas PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2 and ACY1 podem ser considerados futuros biomarcadores candidatos para EGS. Palavras-chave: Bovinos de corte. Espessura de gordura subcutânea. Vias metabólicas. Metabolismo proteico e lipídico. Proteômica.

This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, as well as to identify, through the proteomics tool, differences in the protein profile of Longissimus thoracis (LT) and backfat thickness (BFT) proteins of Nelore progenies, offspring of bulls with contrasting factors of expected progeny difference (EPD) for precocity and growth. For this, the present study was divided into 3 manuscripts. In summary, 105 male bulls were used, with a mean age of 20 ± 2 months and 400 ± 24 kg, from the same herd, with the genetic information of precocity and growth. The animals remained confined for 100 days, and the carcass ultrasound was performed every 28 days. Blood samples were collected to determine the metabolic and hormonal profile. The animals were slaughtered after 100 days and during slaughter, muscle LT and BFT were collected between the 12th and 13th ribs, in addition to visceral fat (GV). All of these were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in a freezer - 80ºC until the analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and analysis and SDSPAGE, followed by the identification of proteins by coupled mass spectrometry liquid chromatography (LC-MS / MS). During boning, the intramuscular fat (MAR) in the LT muscle was evaluated. Steaks for total lipids, fatty acid profile, and collagen solubility were also collected. The animals were selected according to a EPD from their parent bulls. Were selected 6 parents with EPD contrasting simultaneously for precocity and growth, so that each experimental group had 3 parents bulls. Then, were formed, 2 contrasting groups called high EPD (H_EPD; N = 16) and low EPD (L_EPD; N = 16), using 32 progenies. The animals in the H_EPD group had higher BFT (P = 0.006); lower LDL (P = 0.014); higher IGF-1 (P = 0.064); greater collagen solubility (P = 0.098); lower expression of the LPL gene, in LT (P = 0.045). This group also showed greater expression of the genes involved in lipogenesis evaluated in BFT: ACACA (P = 0.060), LPL (P = 0.085), ACOX1 (P = 0.100), LEP (P = 0.030), SDC (P = 0.009), and GAPDH (P = 0.081), than the animals in the L_EPD group. One electrophoretic band was detected as differently abundant in the LT muscle (band 16) and three electrophoretic bands were detected as differently abundant in the BFT (bands 24, 30, 32). The KEGG pathways of pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, among others, were enriched for the differentially abundant proteins identified in the LT and BFT. The genetic selection for precocity and growth affects the muscle proteome and consequently the lipid and protein metabolism of noncastrated cattle. The IGF-1 hormone, the LPL gene, and the PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2, and ACY1 proteins can be considered future biomarkers candidates for BFT. Keywords: Beef Cattle. Backfat thickness. Metabolic pathways. Protein and lipid metabolism. Proteomics.

Avaliação eletrocardiográfica de Sagui-una (Saguinus ursulus) sob contenção química com cetamina e dexmedetomidina

Saguinus ursulus é uma espécie de primata endêmica do Brasil, classificada como vulnerável de extinção. Constantemente S. ursulus necessitam de anestesia para realização de procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, sendo fundamental o monitoramento da função cardiorrespiratória durante a anestesia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer parâmetros eletrocardiográficos e valores de referência para S. ursulus, nas posições decúbito lateral direita (DLD) e decúbito dorsal (DD), anestesiados com cetamina e dexmedetomidina. Foram utilizados 10 espécimes de S. ursulus, quatro machos e seis fêmeas, jovens e adultos, pesando entre 375 e 574 g. Os eletrocardiogramas revelaram que S. ursulus machos e fêmeas apresentaram ritmo sinusal normal em 100% dos animais estudados. Não houve diferença estatística entre os parâmetros extraídos do eletrocardiograma nas posições DLD e DD. No entanto, observou-se que o sexo influenciou nos resultados do parâmetro de amplitude de onda P nas duas posições (p = 0,047). Em conclusão, os valores de ECG obtidos no presente estudo em S. ursulus, podem ser utilizados como fonte de referência por médicos veterinários e pesquisadores, demonstrando que a imobilização química com a combinação de cetamina e dexmedetomidina é segura e eficaz para a espécie na dose utilizada

Saguinus ursulus is a primate species endemic to Brazil, classified as vulnerable to extinction. S. ursulus constantly needs anesthesia to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, therefore, monitoring cardiorespiratory function during anesthesia is essential. The aim of the present study was to establish electrocardiographic parameters and reference values for S. ursulus, in the right lateral decubitus (RLD) and dorsal decubitus (DD) positions, under the effects of anesthetics ketamine and dexmedetomidine. Ten specimens of S. ursulus were used, four males and six females, young and adults, weighing between 375 and 574 g. Electrocardiograms revealed that male and female S. ursulus showed normal sinusrhythm in 100% of the animals studied. There was no statistical difference between the parameters extracted from the electrocardiogram in the RLD and DD positions. However, it was observed that gender influenced the results of the P wave amplitude parameter in both positions (p = 0.047). In conclusion, the ECG values obtained in the present study in S. ursulus, can be used as a reference source to veterinarians and researchers, demonstrating that chemical immobilization with the combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine is safe and effective for the species at the dose used in the study

Intra and postoperative evaluations of microcirculation and micro-rheological parameters in a rat model of musculocutaneous flap ischemia-reperfusion

To examine how the ischemia-reperfusion injury of latissimus dorsi-cutaneous maximus (LDCM) musculocutaneous flap affects the microcirculatory (flap's skin surface) and hemorheological parameters, and whether an intraoperative deterioration would predictively suggest flap failure in the postoperative period. Ten healthy male rats were subjected to the study. In Group I the left flap was sutured back after 2-hour, while the contralateral side was right after its elevation. In Group II the same technique was applied, but the pedicle of the left flap was atraumatically clamped for 2-hour. The contralateral side was left intact. On the flap skin surface laser Doppler tissue flowmetry measurements were done before and after and during the protocols applied in the groups. Microcirculatory and hemorheological examinations were done postoperatively. The microcirculatory parameters significantly decreased during immobilization and ischemia. Afterwards, all the regions showed normalization. In the retrospective analysis there was a prominent difference between the microcirculatory parameters of necrotic and survived flap during the early postoperative days (1-3) in Group II. Erythrocyte aggregation and deformability showed only slight differences.CONCLUSIONS: Two-hour ischemia and reperfusion caused deterioration in latissimus dorsi-cutaneous maximus flap microcirculation. Predicting the possible postoperative complication, the intraoperative laser Doppler measurement can be informative.(AU)

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P < 5 %) to the uteroplacental, fetal aorta and umbical arteries, constant values in the uteroplacental artery EDV (P > 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...(AU)

Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes / Avaliação Triplex Doppler dos testículos de cães de tamanhos diferentes

This study aimed to assess whether there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes. Twenty dogs were equally divided into small and large groups used in this study. The dogs were evaluated using Triplex ultrasound. Testicular artery was located by Colour Doppler in the spermatic cord, marginal to the testes and intratesticular segments and then, spectral Doppler were used to calculate: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). The mean testicular volume in the left side was significantly higher than the right side, in both groups. Doppler examination showed higher velocities (EDV) at spermatic cord in large dogs; marginal to the testes was observed higher velocities in small dogs; intratesticular region no differences were observed (P < 0.05) and within the groups differences between segments of the artery were also observed for each parameter. The results showed that there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se existem diferenças nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos entre cães de diferentes portes. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 cães, sendo 10 cães de pequeno porte e 10 cães de grande porte. Foram avaliados pelo Triplex Doppler para localização da artéria testicular nos segmentos de cordão espermático, marginal ao testículo e intratesticular. Após isso, o Doppler espectral foi acionado para cálculo dos parâmetros de velocidade de pico sistólico (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF) e índices de resistência (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP). O volume testicular médio do testículo esquerdo foi significativamente maior que o direito em ambos os grupos. Ao Doppler, foram observadas diferenças dos valores entre os portes, sendo as velocidades no cordão espermático superiores nos animais de grande porte (P < 0,05) e dentro dos grupos também foram observadas diferenças entre as regiões da artéria testicular. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que existem diferenças nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos quando comparados animais de diferentes portes, além disso, os parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos são diferentes dependendo da região em que são mensurados.(AU)

RELAÇÃO DA RESPOSTA INFLAMATÓRIA PELA INALAÇÃO DA FUMAÇA DA QUEIMA DA CANA DE AÇÚCAR (Saccharum officinarum L.) NO SISTEMA RESPIRATÓRIO DE RATOS WISTAR COM A FUNÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA DE TRABALHADORES DO SETOR DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS. SALVADOR 2016

Introdução: Em razão do aumento excessivo do preço do petróleo e da discussão mundial sobre a diminuição das emissões de CO2 e consequente diminuição do efeito estufa pelo uso de energias renováveis, os biocombustíveis passaram a ser uma das opções para o setor de transportes. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento do sistema respiratório de trabalhadores do setor de biocombustíveis, relacionando com a resposta inflamatória pela inalação da fumaça da queima de cana de açúcar no sistema respiratório de ratos Wistar. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo comparativo experimental e humano, dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa foram utilizados 20 ratos machos, raça Wistar, com peso corporal de 250g a 300g, provenientes do Centro de Criação de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da UFBA, divididos em dois grupos. GC, considerado como controle negativo, contendo quatro animais, que ficaram sob as condições padrão de laboratório por 24 horas e grupo experimental (GE) que recebeu inalação de fumaça de biomassa da cana de açúcar durante períodos diferentes. Este grupo foi redivididos em outros grupos cada um deles com oito animais. Grupo (GE1) = 1 dia de inalação e grupo (GE2) = 7 dias de inalação e na segunda etapa foi realizado uma pesquisa exploratória, de corte transversal, utilizando o procedimento de pesquisa de campo com amostra constituída por 55 indivíduos, sendo desses 45 trabalhadores do setor de biocombustíveis da cidade de Salvador-BA, e grupo controle composto de 10 voluntários sem envolvimento na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustíveis, de ambos os sexos, sendo esses na faixa etária de 18 a 60 anos. Resultados: É possível identificar alterações histológicas já nas primeiras 24 horas após duas horas de exposição, sendo estas mais graves após sete dias. A investigação experimental confirma que se pode obter alargamento dos espaços aéreos e destruição do parênquima pulmonar, consequente à ruptura de septos interalveolares, sugerindo assim, que a exposição prolongada ao material particulado da biomassa da cana de açúcar é indutora de alterações alveolares progressivas e degenerativas. O estudo da função respiratória pela espirometria em 45 trabalhadores em diferentes postos de combustíveis, expostos a inalações periódicas de vapores provenientes de biocombustíveis e de combustíveis fósseis não revelaram diferenças significativas quando comparados ao grupo controle em relação aos volumes expirados, presença de sintomas respiratórios através da aplicação do questionário respiratório (ATS DLD modificado), nem de possíveis sintomas relacionados à poluição atmosférica. Quando relacionamos os dados do estudo experimental aos estudos em trabalhadores de postos de combustíveis, é possível perceber um maior potencial lesivo dos componentes presentes do Material Particulado (MP) em relação aos presentes nos vapores inspirados pelos trabalhadores mesmo em um longo período de tempo. Conclusão: Apesar de estudos apontarem que exposição aos vapores de combustíveis podem produzir sintomas respiratórios e repercussões na função pulmonar, concluímos que o material particulado proveniente da queima da biomassa da cana de açúcar é mais nocivo e tóxico mesmo em curtos períodos de exposição.

Introduction: Due to the excessive increase in oil prices and the global discussion on the reduction of CO2 emissions and consequent reduction of the greenhouse effect by using renewable energy, biofuels have become one of the options for the transportation sector. Objective: To evaluate the respiratory system behavior of workers in the biofuels sector, relating to the inflammatory response by the inhalation of smoke from burning cane sugar in the respiratory system of Wistar rats. Methodology: This is an experimental and human comparative study, divided into two stages, with the first stage were used 20 male rats, Wistar, with body weight of 250g to 300g, from the Animal Breeding Center of the School of Veterinary medicine of UFBA, divided into two groups. GC considered a negative control, containing four animals that were under standard laboratory conditions for 24 hours and experimental group (SG) received from smoke inhalation from biomass from sugar cane during different periods. This group was redivididos other groups each of eight animals. Group (SG1) = 1 inhalation day and group (SG2) = 7 days of inhalation and the second stage was performed an exploratory, cross-sectional, using field research procedure with sample of 55 individuals, these 45 biofuel sector workers in the city of Salvador, Bahia, and control group of 10 volunteers with no involvement in the production chain of biofuels, of both sexes, and those aged 18-60 years. Results: It is possible to identify histological changes within the first 24 hours after a two hour exposure, which were more severe after seven days. The experimental research confirms that one can get enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung parenchyma, resulting in rupture of septum, thus suggesting that prolonged exposure to particulate matter from biomass sugarcane is inducer of progressive and degenerative cellular changes. The study of respiratory function by spirometry in 45 workers in different gas stations, exposed to periodic inhalation of vapors from biofuels and fossil fuels revealed no significant differences when compared to the control group in relation to the expired volumes, respiratory symptoms through application of respiratory questionnaire (ATS modified LTU) or of possible symptoms related to air pollution. When we relate the data from experimental studies to studies in gas stations workers, it is possible to realize a greater potential for harm of gifts Particulate Matter components (PM) than those present in the vapors inspired by the workers even in a long time. Conclusion: Although studies suggest that exposure to fuel vapors can produce respiratory symptoms and effects on lung function, we conclude that the particulate matter from burning biomass of cane sugar is more harmful and toxic even in short periods of exposure.

Efeitos do modo ventilatório sobre variáveis hemogasométricas em equinos submetidos à mudança de decúbito durante a anestesia geral inalatória com halotano / Effects of the ventilatory regimen on arterial blood gas variables in horses that underwent a change in body position during halothane anesthesia

Compararam-se os efeitos da ventilação espontânea (V E) e controlada (V C) em equinos submetidos à mudança de decúbito durante anestesia. Dezesseis animais foram equitativamente divididos em dois grupos: V E e V C. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram iniciados com os animais em decúbito lateral esquerdo (DLE) e, após 75 minutos, os animais foram reposicionados em decúbito lateral direito (DLD). Análises hemogasométricas do sangue arterial foram realizadas após 30 e 75 minutos com os animais posicionados em cada decúbito (M1 e M2 no DLE e M3 e M4 no DLD, respectivamente). Durante a V E, observaram-se hipercapnia (PaCO2 >45mmHg), acidose respiratória (pH <7,35), redução significativa da oxigenação sanguínea após 75min da mudança de decúbito (M4: 205,8±124,7mmHg) em relação aos valores de PaO2 observados antes da mudança de posicionamento (M1: 271,8±84,8mmHg). A Vc foi associada a valores de PaCO2 e pH mais próximos da normalidade bem como resultou em valores de PaO2 significativamente maiores (52 a 96 por cento de elevação nos valores médios) que a V E. Conclui-se que a mudança de decúbito, em equinos anestesiados com halotano e mantidos sob V E, resulta em hipercapnia, acidose respiratória e diminuição dos valores de PaO2. A instituição de V C, desde o início da anestesia, previne a acidose respiratória, além de resultar em valores de PaO2 mais próximos do ideal para animais respirando O2 a 100 por cento.(AU)

The effects of spontaneous (SV) and controlled ventilation (CV) were compared in horses undergoing changes in body position during anesthesia. Sixteen animals were equally distributed in two groups: SV and CV. All surgical procedures were commenced on left lateral recumbency (LLR) and 75 minutes later the animals were repositioned on right lateral recumbency (RLR). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed at 30 and 75 minutes after each recumbency (M1 and M2 for LLR and M3 and M4 for RLR). Hypercapnia (PaCO2 >45mmHg), respiratory acidosis (pH <7.35), and significant decrease in PaO2 after 75min of change in body position (M4: 205.8±124.7mmHg) in comparison to PaO2 values before the change of position (M1: 271.8±84.8mmHg) were observed during SV. When compared to the SV group, CV resulted in significantly higher PaO2 levels (52 to 96 percent increase). It was concluded that the change in the body position in spontaneously ventilating halothane-anesthetized horses causes impairment in arterial oxygenation. The use of CV since the beginning of anesthesia prevents the respiratory acidosis and maintains arterial oxygen levels that are closer to values expected during the use of 100 percent O2.(AU)

Dopplerfluxometria das artérias renais: valores normais das velocidades sistólica e diastólica e do índice resistivo nas artérias renais principais / Renal arteries Dopplerfluxometry: normal systolic and diastolic flow velocities and resistive index values in the main renal arteries

Dopplerfluxometry of renal arteries has been used to estimate renal perfusion in humans. The aim of this study was to use Dopplerfluxometry technique to calculate the resistive index of main renal arteries in dogs, measuring their systolic and diastolic blood flow velocities. Twenty (10 males, 10 females), adult mongrel dogs, were used in this study. The dogs were submitted to Doppler sonographic evaluation of left and right main renal arteries. The systolic and diastolic blood flow velocities, expressed (in centimeters per second) as mean and standard deviation were 79.96± 8.82 and 28.86± 5.11 in the right main renal artery and 80.22± 6.99 and 29.62± 4.14 in the left main renal artery. The value of resistive index expressed as mean ± standard deviation was 0.64± 0.04 for the right main renal artery and 0.63± 0.028 in the left main renal artery.(AU)

Fluxometria eco-power-doppler da artéria oftálmica externa em gatos (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) / Eco-power-doppler arterial flow from the external ophthalmic artery in cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) / Flujometria por ultrasonido de la arteria oftálmica externa en gatos (felix catus linnaeus, 1758)

Os avanços tecnológicos dos meios diagnósticos beneficiam a Medicina Veterinária. Para que novas tecnologias sejam utilizadas, são necessárias informações sobre os padrões normais para cada tipo de exame, o que possibilita sua utilização na rotina e destinação, adequadamente, a cada paciente. A fluxometria ultra-sonográfica está começando a ser utilizada em Medicina Veterinária com finalidades e propósitos diversos. Para destiná-la a um fim específico, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a fluxometria ultra-sonográfica da artéria oftálmica externa em gatos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 gatos sem raça definida, 12 machos e 8 fêmeas, com massa corporal entre 2,0 e 4,0 kg, hígidos, provenientes da Sociedade de Amparo aos Animais de Umuarama PR. Os animais foram anestesiados pela associação de tiletamina e zolazepam, administrada por via intramuscular, na dose de 6,0 mg/kg. A fluxometria da artéria oftálmica externa foi obtida por meio do equipamento de ultra-sonografia Toshiba Powervision ATL-HDI 3500, dotado de eco-doppler, com transdutor setorial de 6,0 MHz, aplicado diretamente sobre a córnea. Cada olho teve o fluxo de sua artéria aferido pelo programa do próprio aparelho, sendo tomadas três amostras. O índice de resistência vascular foi calculado com base nos valores do fluxo sistólico e diastólico médio de cada vaso. Os valores foram tabulados e teste t de Student foi aplicado para verificação de diferenças entre as médias. No olho direito, obteve-se velocidade de fluxo de 41,3 + ou - 14,28 cm/seg para a artéria oftálmica externa, em sístole, e 23,95 + ou - 11,46 cm/seg, em diástole. No olho esquerdo, 42,75 + ou - 12,64 cm/seg, em sístole, e 25,45 + ou - 9,61 cm/seg, em diástole. Não houve diferença significativa entre os olhos. O índice de resistência vascular calculado foi de 0,4175 para a artéria oftálmica externa, no olho direito, e 0,4015 no olho esquerdo, sem diferença significativa entre os olhos. Os resultados apontam para um mecani...(AU)

Veterinary medicine is benefi ted by technological advances in diagnosis. In order that new technologies may be used, information about normal standards for each type of examination is necessary, so that they may be used routinely and adequately prescribed for each patient. The Doppler ultrasound is beginning to be used in veterinary medicine for diverse purposes. The objective of this study is to verify the Doppler ultrasound fl ow of the external ophthalmic artery in cats. There were used 20 mixed breed cats, being 12 males and eight females, weighing from 2.0 to 4.0 kg, supplied by the Amparo aos Animais Society, an animal shelter from the city of Umuarama, State of Paraná, Brazil. The animals were anesthetized with 6.0 mg/kg of the association tiletamine plus zolazepam, given by intramuscular route. The fl ow of the external ophthalmic artery was measured through the ultrasound equipment Toshiba Powervision ATL-HDI 3500, with an echo-Doppler and a sectorial transducer of 6.0 MHz, directly applied to the cornea. Each eye had the artery fl ow surveyed by the equipments own software, in which three samples have been taken. The vascular resistance index was calculated based on the mean values of systolic and diastolic fl ow of each vessel. The values were tabulated and Student t test was applied to verify differences between the averages. In the right eye, the value for the external ophthalmic artery fl ow was 41.30 ± 14.28 cm/sec, in systole, and 23.95 ± 11.46 cm/seg, in diastole. For the left eye, the value was 42.75 ± 12.64 cm/sec, in systole, and 25.45 ± 9.61 cm/sec, in diastole. There were no signifi cant differences between the eyes. The calculated index of vascular resistance was 0.4175 ± 0.0774 for the external ophthalmic artery in the right eye, and 0.4015 ± 0.0719 for the left eye, without signifi cant difference between the eyes. (AU)

La medicina veterinaria se benefi cia de los adelantos tecnológicos en diagnóstico. El conocimiento de los padrones normales para cada tipo y examen es fundamental para que se puedan usar nuevas tecnologías, posibilitando su empleo rutinario y la indicación adecuada a cada paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue verifi car la fl ujometría por ultrasonido de la arteria oftálmica externa en gatos. Se emplearon 20 gatos sin raza defi nida, 12 machos y ocho hembras, que provinieron de la Sociedad de Amparo a los Animales de la ciudad de Umuarama, Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Los animales fueron anestesiados con 6.0 mg/kg de la asociación de tiletamina y zolazepam, ministrados por vía intramuscular. El fl ujo de la arteria oftálmica externa fue mensurado por medio del equipo del ultrasonido Toshiba Powervision ATL-HDI 3500, con un eco-doppler y un transductor sectorial de 6.0 MHz, directamente aplicado a la córnea. Cada ojo tenía el fl ujo de la arteria evaluado por el propio programa del equipo, tomándose tres muestras. El índice de resistencia vascular se calculó basado en los valores promedios de fl ujo sistólico y diastólico de cada vaso. Los valores fueron tabulados y se aplicó el teste t de Student para verifi car diferencias entre los promedios. En el ojo derecho, el valor para el fl ujo de la arteria oftálmica externa fue 41,30 ± 14.28 cm/sec, en sístole, y 23,95 ± 11,46 cm/seg, en diástole. Para el ojo izquierdo, el valor fue 42,75 ± 12,64 cm/seg, en sístole, y 25,45 ± 9,61 cm/sec, en diastole. No se observó diferencia signifi cante entre los ojos. El índice calculado de resistencia vascular fue 0,4175 ± 0,0774 para la arteria oftálmica externa en el ojo derecho, y 0.4015 ± 0.0719 para el ojo izquierdo, sin diferencia signifi cante entre los ojos. Los resultados apuntan para un mecanismo intrínseco de control de fl ujo, controlado por factores locales en la arteria oftálmica externa, y los valores del índice de resistencia denotan una arteria de bajo flujo.(AU)

Efeitos do modo ventilatório sobre as variáveis hemogasométricas em equinos submetidos à mudança de decúbito durante a anestesia geral inalatória com halotano

Em eqüinos, mudanças de decúbito durante anestesias prolongadas podem contribuir para a redução da oxigenação sanguínea; uma vez que o lobo pulmonar não dependente (funcional) é repentinamente comprimido. Hipotetizou-se que a mudança de decúbito durante a anestesia reduziria significativamente a oxigenação sanguínea (PaO2) e que a instituição da ventilação controlada seria capaz de prevenir a diminuição da PaO2 após a mudança de decúbito. Foram utilizados 16 eqüinos adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, com peso corpóreo de 444,3 ± 42,5 Kg, provenientes do Regimento de Cavalaria ?Dragões da Independência?. Os animais foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos onde fosse necessária a mudança de decúbito. Mediante jejum alimentar de 12 horas e hídrico de 4 horas, os animais foram premedicados com acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg, IM) e após 30 minutos, com xilazina (0,5 mg/kg, IV). A anestesia foi induzida com diazepam (0,1 mg/kg, IV) e cetamina (2,2 mg/kg, IV) e mantida com halotano diluído em O2. A dobutamina foi empregada para manter a pressão arterial média acima de 70 mm Hg durante todo o procedimento. Os animais foram equitativamente divididos em 2 grupos, sendo que no grupo VE a anestesia foi mantida sob ventilação espontânea, enquanto no grupo VC a anestesia foi mantida sob ventilação controlada (frequência respiratória: 6 mov/min, relação inspiração/expiração: 1/3, volume corrente: 15 mL/kg e pressão de pico inspiratório entre 25 a 30 cm H2O). Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram iniciados em decúbito lateral esquerdo (DLE) e, após 75 minutos, os animais foram reposicionados em decúbito lateral direito (DLD) até o término da cirurgia. Análises hemogasométricas do sangue arterial foram realizadas após 30 e 75 minutos de posicionamento em cada decúbito (M1 e M2 no DLE e M3 e M4 no DLD, respectivamente). Durante a VE, observou-se ...

In horses, changes in body position during anesthesia may contribute to a reduction in arterial oxygenation because the non-dependent lung (functional) is suddenly compressed. It was hypothesized that the change in recumbency during anesthesia would significantly reduce the arterial oxygenation (PaO2) and the institution of controlled ventilation would prevent the descrease in PaO2 after the change in body position. A total of 16 healthy adult mixed breed horses horses of the Cavalry Regiment ?Dragões da Independência?, weighting 444,3 ± 42,5 Kg, were used. All animals underwent procedures in which a change in body position would be necessary to perform surgery. Food and water were withheld for 12 and 4 hours respectively. All animals received acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), followed 30 minutes later by xylazine (0.5 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.1 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Dobutamine was used to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 70 mmHg throughout the procedure. The animals were equally divided into 2 groups: in the SV group anesthesia was maintaned under spontaneous ventilation whereas in the CV group anesthesia was maintained under controlled ventilation (respiratory rate: 6 breaths/min, inspiration-to-expiration ratio: 1/3, tidal volume: 15 ml/kg, and peak inspiratory pressure between 20 and 30 cmH2O). All surgical procedures were commenced in left lateral recumbency (LLR) and 75 minutes later the animals were repositioned in right lateral recumbency (RLR). Arterial blood gas analysis was performed at 30 and 75 minutes after the animals were placed in left recumbency (M1 and M2, respectively), and at 30 and 75 minutes after the animals were repositioned in right lateral recumbency (M3 and M4, respectively). Hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg) and respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.35)...

Prevalência de tabagismo no Campus de BotucatuUNESP

A Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO) estima que haja cerca de 1100000 tabagistas, representando um terço da população mundial aproximadamente. As pesquisas mostram que o tabagismo é a principal causa prevenível de mortalidade nos países desenvolvidos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a prevalência do hábito de fumar e identificar os sintomas respiratórios entre o corpo discente, docente e técnico-administrativo do Campus de Botucatu/Unesp. O estudo englobou as unidades do campus, discriminadas em Administração Geral e Unidades Universitárias (IB, FM, FMVZ e FCA), bem como os Cursos de Graduação relacionados (Biologia, Medicina, Enfermagem, Medicina Veterinária, Zootecnia, Engenharia Agronômica e Florestal). O instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi o questionário da ATS-DLD, 78, adaptado à população local. Três mil e noventa indivíduos participaram da pesquisa, subdivididos em 1008 discentes, 302 docentes, 1673 servidores e 107 classificados como outros. A classificação da população de acordo com o hábito de fumar revelou 21,4% de fumantes, 15,9% de ex-fumantes e 62,7% de não fumantes. A variável sexo não apresentou diferença de proporção entre os fumantes. A maioria dos tabagistas consumia de meio a um maço diariamente, utilizava cigarro com filtro, tragava constantemente a fumaça e iniciou no hábito entre 11 e 21 anos. Os estados de estresse e as reuniões sociais foram as situações mais relacionadas ao tabagismo. Sintomas como tosse, catarro e chiado foram mais freqüentes entre os fumantes, ao passo que a falta de ar, entre os não fumantes. A maior proporção de tabagistas ocorreu entre indivíduos com graus de escolaridade primário e secundário incompleto, mais especificamente entre os servidores...

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about 1100 million smokers, representing approximately one third of the world population. Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable mortality in developed countries. This study was designed to verify the smoking habit prevalence and identify smoking-related respiratory symptoms among the students, teachers and technical-administrative employees of the Campus from Botucatu/UNESP. The study involved all Units of the Campus, including the Courses of Biology, Medicine, Nursing, Veterinary, Zootechny, Agronomy and Forestry Engineering. Modified ATS-DLD questionnaire, 78 was the instrument used to collect the data. Three thousand ninety individuals answered the questionnaire: 1008 students, 302 teachers, 1673 employees and 107 classified as others. According to the smoking habit 21,4% were smokers, 15,9% ex-smokers and 62,7% no-smokers. The proportion of smoking between males and females was not statiscally different. The majority of the smokers was between 11 and 21 years old when started the habit, consumed a half to one pack daily, used filter cigarette and inhaled the smoke. Stress and social meetings were the most probable situations to trigger the smoking. Symptoms as coughing, expectoration and wheezes were more frequent among the smokers and dyspnea, among no-smokers. The higher proportion of smokers occurred among individuals with lower degree of formal education, more specifically among the technical-administrative employees. Among undergraduates there was a tendency for a higher proportion of smokers...