Fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos: métodos de tratamento e desfechos / Appendicular fractures in dogs and cats: treatment methods and outcome

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi identificar a ocorrência de fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos, os métodos de tratamento e os resultados obtidos com os mesmos, no Hospital Veterinário (HV) da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), no município de Ijuí - RS, no período de abril de 2013 a abril de 2022. De um total de 370 procedimentos cirúrgicos para tratamento de fraturas do esqueleto apendicular, 117 foram em fêmur (31,6%), 77 em tíbia e fíbula (20,8%), 62 em rádio e ulna (16,8%), 49 em úmero (13,2%), 45 em pelve (12,2%), 7 em metatarso e metacarpo (1,9%), 7 em tarso e carpo (1,9%), 4 em escápula (1,1%) e 2 em falanges (0,5%). O número de procedimentos foi superior ao número de animais, pois alguns apresentavam mais de uma fratura em diferentes ossos. Entre os 329 animais reportados neste estudo, concluiu-se que a principal causa de fraturas em cães e gatos foi atropelamento, sendo os filhotes os mais acometidos e as fraturas femorais as mais frequentes. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos destacaram-se como o método mais utilizado e o desfecho das osteossínteses foi satisfatório, sendo que a maior casuística correspondeu a fraturas cicatrizadas.

This retrospective study aimed to identify the occurrence of appendicular fractures in dogs and cats, treatment methods, and results obtained with them, at the Veterinary Hospital (VH) of the Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), in the city of Ijuí/RS, from April 2013 to April 2022. A total of 370 surgical procedures for the treatment of fractures of the appendicular skeleton was performed: 117 were in the fêmur (31,6%), 77 in the tíbia and fíbula (20,8%), 62 in the radius and ulna (16,8%), 49 in the humerus (13,2%), 45 in pélvis (12,2%), 7 in metatarsus and metacarpus (1,9%), 7 in tarsus and carpus (1,9%), 4 in the scapula (1,1%), and 2 in phalanges (0,5%). The number of procedures was higher than the number of animals, as some had more than one fracture in different bones. Among the 329 animals reported in this study, it was concluded that the main cause of fractures in dogs and cats was being run over, puppies were the most affected, and femoral fractures were the most frequent. External skeletal fixators stood out as the most used method and the outcome of osteosynthesis was satisfactory, with the largest number of cases corresponding to healed fractures.

Surgical correction of metatarsal angular deviation in a Thoroughbred filly using wedge metatarsal ostectomy: a case report / Correção cirúrgica de desvio angular metatársico em uma potra Puro-Sangue utilizando ostectomia em cunha: um relato de caso

This study describes a corrective procedure for a metatarsal angular malformation using wedge ostectomy in a 41-day-old Thoroughbred filly. A 41.6 °angular malformation of the metatarsus was corrected with wedge ostectomy of the left hindlimb in association with a type II external fixator and methyl methacrylate resin. The animal was subjected to the surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The filly was placed in dorsal recumbency with the left hind limb free for manipulation. A bone saw was used for the wedge ostectomy, while the bars for external fixation were placed using a drill. A Kirschner pin and acrylic resin were then applied. Radiographic images obtained immediately after surgery confirmed a total malformation reduction of 32.6 (from 41.6° to 9°). With medication and a Robert Jones bandage, intensive postoperative care was instituted to ensure that the animal adapted properly to the linear external fixator without overloading the pins and connection bars. No postoperative complications were observed. On the day after surgery, the filly was standing and walking with no signs of pain. After 180 days, total osseous calcification was achieved, and the implants were removed during the second surgery. The filly demonstrated adequate locomotion, performed all the movements, and ran without any difficulty in the paddock. The remaining discrete angular deviations were partially corrected using hoof trimming.

O objetivo desse estudo é descrever o procedimento de correção da malformação de desvio angular metatársico, utilizando ostectomia em cunha, em uma potra puro-sangue de 41 dias de idade. Uma malformação metatársica angular de 41.6º foi corrigida com a técnica de ostectomia em cunha, em associação com fixador externo tipo II e resina de metilmetacrilato, no membro pélvico esquerdo. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia sob protocolo de anestesia geral. A potra foi posicionada em decúbito dorsal, com o membro pélvico esquerdo livre para manipulação. Para a realização da ostectomia em cunha, foi utilizada uma serra óssea. Para a instalação das barras do fixador externo, uma furadeira foi utilizada e, para fixá-los, pinos de Kirschner e resina acrílica foram aplicados. Logo após a cirurgia, imagens radiográficas foram obtidas para confirmar a redução total de 32,6º (de 41,6º para 9º) de angulação. Para garantir que o animal se adaptasse ao fixador externo linear e não sobrecarregasse os pinos e barras, foram instituídos cuidados pós-operatórios intensos, com medicações e bandagem de Robert Jones. Não houve complicações no pós-operatório. No dia seguinte à cirurgia, a potra estava em pé, caminhando e sem sinais de dor. Após 180 dias, alcançou total calcificação óssea e os implantes puderam ser removidos em um segundo tempo cirúrgico. A potra demonstrou locomoção adequada, realizando todos os movimentos normais e pôde correr pelo pasto sem dificuldades. Um discreto desvio angular remanescente foi parcialmente corrigido por casqueamento.

Consolidação de fraturas de tíbia em coelhos / Consolidation of tibia fractures in rabbits

Background: Disorders of the locomotor system are among the main treatments for this species, among the main causes are falls from a cage, arms or stairs and aggression by animals, such as dogs and cats. Biological osteosynthesis promotes early formation of secondary bone callus and allows a less accurate reconstruction of difficult interfragmentary apposition of 100% of the fragments. The objective of this work is to report the method of external immobilization with an aluminum channel aiming at the use of bone biology for the healing of unexposed tibial fractures in 3 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cases: Between 2020 and 2021, 3 cases of rabbits with unexposed tibial fractures were treated at the Veterinary Hospital. The 3 patients were diagnosed through physical examination and radiographic examination. All patients underwent anesthesia, underwent external immobilization with an aluminum channel, received analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, and recommended rest and care with the maintenance of external immobilization. Approximately at 30 days of rigid immobilization, all cases were evaluated by means of radiographic examination revealing the formation of bone callus at different post-immobilization times in the case 1 - 30 days, case 2 - 23 days and case 3 - 37 days. Discussion: Some surgical principles in rabbits must be followed, such as preserving vascularity if the open technique is decided, providing adequate diet, controlling edema, promoting analgesia and deciding on closed reduction if the fracture is recent and stable. The external coaptation method is a non-invasive method for the treatment of fractures and is also indicated with a high success rate for fractures of metacarpal, metatarsal and phalange bones in rabbits. The patient's age contributed to the early healing, which corroborates with case 1 (3-month-old), case 2 (6-month-old) and a little later the healing in case 3 (24-month-old), allowing unrestricted use of the member. It is worth reinforcing the point of view which defends that "biological osteosynthesis" promotes a favorable environment, especially in the preservation of the vascular supply of the periosteum when compared to traditional open surgical approaches. In this species, the surgical approach is a challenge due to the fact that the bones break or crack very easily, because the bones have a low density and higher mineral composition. Together, the skeleton represents 7% of the body weight, lower when compared to dogs and cats, which is 12%. In addition to these factors, rabbits are prone to secondary fractures, postoperative infections and rapid development of osteomyelitis, which significantly worsens the prognosis. The aluminum used in the manufacture of the aluminum channel has properties that offer resistance, lightness and radio transparency radiographic examination without removal of the channel, avoiding excessive micro-movement of the focus of the fracture due to lack of stabilization and possible refracture of the tibia. Rigid external immobilization with an aluminum channel was satisfactory in the 3 patients evaluated and preserved bone biology and anatomical axis. The treatment of choice was easy to apply, in addition to enabling better radiographic follow-up, promoting rapid bone healing for patients and early use of limbs without restrictions. However, for the effectiveness of the technique, the collaboration of tutors is essential.

Fratura exposta do fêmur em preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - tratamento e reabilitação / Open fracture of the femur in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - treatment and rehabilitation

Background: The Choloepus didactylus is characterized by having 2 fingers on the forelimbs and 3 on the hind limbs, being found more frequently in northern South America, in countries such as Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. In Brazil, deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has threatened the survival of C. didactylus. In addition, these animals can be affected by several diseases, being those of the musculoskeletal system with limited reports. Thus, the present report aimed to describe the treatment and evolution of an open fracture of the femur in a free-living Choloepus didactylus, which after rehabilitation was released back to the wild. Case: A free-living female two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), weighing 7.0 kg, was found in Manaus city and referred to the Wild Animal Treatment Center (CETAS - IBAMA-AM) located in Amazonas, Brazil, after initial treatment and osteosynthesis in a private clinic (CVMinasPet). According to history, the animal had suffered electrocution 30 days ago and, as a result, had an extensive wound that resulted in the exposure of the knee joint, distal fracture of the femur, and areas of necrosis in the right pelvic limb. After cleansing of the area and removal of necrotic tissues, the fracture was stabilized with the cross-pinning technique (2 Steinmann pins). Then, the stifle joint was stabilized with external skeletal fixation (Type 1b, unilateral biplanar). The external fixator and cross-pins were removed 2 months after the surgical procedure, being observed bone healing. Next, the animal underwent physical rehabilitation for 30 days. After the rehabilitation period, a microchip and a radio collar were applied, and the sloth was released back to the wild. Discussion: Electrocution has been one of the causes of wildlife rescue, with consequences varying depending on the degree of the burn. Generally, the burn is most severe at the entry and exit sites. Since suspensory quadrupedal locomotion requires that sloths have specialized hands and feet to connect with the supports, probably the animal of the current report touched the right pelvic limb on a high-tension pole. The cross-pinning technique combined with the external fixator was used because the animal had an exposed Salter-Harris type I fracture with soft tissue loss. The younger the animal presents physeal fractures, the greater is the chance of developing growth abnormalities due to growth plate closure caused by fracture type or immobilization method. Since the sloth was a free-living animal, the age was unknown. However, pelvic limb length discrepancy was not observed after removing the implants. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were not done and may be considered a limitation of this report. However, the application of ceftriaxone was adequate to control the infection, since the animal did not show signs of infection or draining sinus tracts. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation antibiotic that can be used in chronic osteomyelitis. In addition, the animal in the present report showed good adaptation to captive conditions that contributed to the clinical management. The longevity of the sloth in captivity can reach more than 30 years, but the goal is always to return the animal to nature after the treatment. Surgical treatment of the fracture and physical therapy after implant removal allowed this action in the current report, confirmed by monitoring with the radio collar.

Treatment of fractures and other orthopedic problems in cats and dogs using versatile external fixator / Tratamento de fraturas de extremidades de cães e gatos usando fixador externo versátil

Many complicated bone fractures can be healed by different techniques including linear external fixation. New generation linear external fixators enhanced the scope of application for bone fractures by mechanical progress. Difficulties include implementing enough pins through fixation clamps to the comminuted fragments or clamp addition and fixing it properly to the rod with the correct pin insertion angle. Effective configurations may not always result. This study sought to reveal the clinical efficiency of modified clamps of a versatile external fixator (VEF) to fix different types of fractures and orthopedic problems according to the radiographic and clinical results. We used this fixator on 17 cats and 17 dogs of different ages and sizes, having different types of antebrachium, humerus, tibia, ulna fractures, and bone-muscle deformities. Clamps had different features to connect fixator pins. Many fixator configurations were created according to the fracture type and body weight of the animals. The most used ones were unilateral and bilateral configurations. The callus formation and visual gait analysis were observed after the operations, until the removal of the fixator. After fixator removal, the visual gait status of the limbs was excellent in 67% of the cases, good in 15%, fair in 12%, and poor in 6%. We found that rods and fixator pins were connected easily by semi-locked clamps. Also, the double pin holding clamps saved space on the fixation rod by the application of two pins through one clamp. We think that clamps of versatile external fixators can easily be constructed to limb fractures and save time during surgery.(AU)

Diversas fraturas ósseas complicadas podem ser tratadas por diferentes técnicas, incluindo fixadores externos lineares. Os fixadores externos lineares de nova geração aumentaram o escopo de aplicação para fraturas ósseas devido ao progresso mecânico. A dificuldade é implementar um número suficiente de pinos através de clamps de fixação aos fragmentos osseos ou adição de clamps com fixação adequadamente à haste com o ângulo correto de inserção do pino. As configurações eficazes nem sempre podem ser realizadas. Este estudo pretendia revelar a eficácia clínica das clamps modificadas de um fixador externo versátil para corrigir diferentes tipos de fraturas e problemas ortopédicos de acordo com os resultados radiográficos e clínicos. O fixador foi utilizado em 17 gatos e 17 cães de diferentes idades e tamanhos, com diferentes tipos de antebraço, úmero, tíbia, fratura de ulna e deformidades ósseo-musculares. Os clamps tinham recursos diferentes para conectar os pinos do fixador. Muitas configurações de fixadores foram criadas de acordo com o tipo de fratura e peso corporal dos animais. As mais utilizadas foram as configurações unilateral e bilateral. A formação do calo e a análise visual da marcha foram observadas após as cirurgias, até a retirada do fixador. Após a retirada do fixador, a utilização dos membros foi excelente em 67% dos casos, bom em 15% dos casos, regular em 12% dos casos, ruim em 6% dos casos. Concluímos que as hastes e os pinos do fixador foram facilmente conectados por clamps semi-travados. Além disso, os clamps de fixação de pino duplo economizaram espaço na haste de fixação com a aplicação de dois pinos em clamp. Acreditamos que os clamps de fixadores externos versáteis podem ser facilmente construídas para fraturas de membros, economizando tempo na cirurgia.(AU)

Tratamento do rádio curvo em cão jovem com associação das técnicas de grampeamento fisário radial, ostectomia ulnar e fixador externo dinâmico transarticular / Treatment of radius curvus in a young dog with association of radial physeal stapling, ulnar ostectomy and transarticular dynamic external fixator techniques

Background: Radius curvus is a clinical manifestation of the premature closure of the distal ulnar physis and the mostcommon physeal disease in dogs, representing 63% of all physeal injuries. There are few reports indicating the techniqueof stapling for treatment of radius curvus in squeletically immature dogs. The aim of this study is to report a case of radiuscurvus in a young dog successfully treated with a combination of 3 surgical tecniques: 1- Stapling the medial and cranialportions of the distal radial physis; 2- Oblique osteotomy of the proximal ulna and ostectomy of the distal ulna, and 3-Dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint.Case: A 5-month-old female dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of left thoracic limb deformity for 2 months. There was a history of possible traumatic event on the front limb, in addition to providing nutritionalsupplements daily. In the radiographic evaluation the changes were identified in the left thoracic limb: shortening of theulna, procurvatum and medial angulation of the distal radius, increased joint space and articular incongruity of the elbowjoint. The dog was subjected to surgical treatment by the combination of three main surgical techniques. For the staplingof the distal radial physis the surgical approach on the cranial-medial surface of the distal radius was made. Two surgicalstaples were positioned in the distal radial physis. Thereafter a caudal approach was made to the distal region of the ulnardiaphysis for the distal ostectomy of the ulna. A bone segment of 1 cm in length of the distal ulnar diaphysis was removed.Another caudal approach was made to the proximal region of the ulnar diaphysis and a proximal oblique osteotomy of theulna was performed. For the dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint two Steinmann pins were inserted. Thefirst pin was proximal to the supracondilar...

Tratamento do rádio curvo em cão jovem com associação das técnicas de grampeamento fisário radial, ostectomia ulnar e fixador externo dinâmico transarticular / Treatment of radius curvus in a young dog with association of radial physeal stapling, ulnar ostectomy and transarticular dynamic external fixator techniques

Background: Radius curvus is a clinical manifestation of the premature closure of the distal ulnar physis and the mostcommon physeal disease in dogs, representing 63% of all physeal injuries. There are few reports indicating the techniqueof stapling for treatment of radius curvus in squeletically immature dogs. The aim of this study is to report a case of radiuscurvus in a young dog successfully treated with a combination of 3 surgical tecniques: 1- Stapling the medial and cranialportions of the distal radial physis; 2- Oblique osteotomy of the proximal ulna and ostectomy of the distal ulna, and 3-Dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint.Case: A 5-month-old female dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of left thoracic limb deformity for 2 months. There was a history of possible traumatic event on the front limb, in addition to providing nutritionalsupplements daily. In the radiographic evaluation the changes were identified in the left thoracic limb: shortening of theulna, procurvatum and medial angulation of the distal radius, increased joint space and articular incongruity of the elbowjoint. The dog was subjected to surgical treatment by the combination of three main surgical techniques. For the staplingof the distal radial physis the surgical approach on the cranial-medial surface of the distal radius was made. Two surgicalstaples were positioned in the distal radial physis. Thereafter a caudal approach was made to the distal region of the ulnardiaphysis for the distal ostectomy of the ulna. A bone segment of 1 cm in length of the distal ulnar diaphysis was removed.Another caudal approach was made to the proximal region of the ulnar diaphysis and a proximal oblique osteotomy of theulna was performed. For the dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint two Steinmann pins were inserted. Thefirst pin was proximal to the supracondilar...(AU)

A utilização do laser de baixa intensidade na cicatrização de ferida em cão / The use of low intensity laser in wound healing in dog

Background: Low-intensity laser is effective in cellular metabolism, analgesia, and tissue repair. The bioelectric, bioenergetic, and biochemical effects of laser therapy stimulate local circulation, collagen formation, and epithelization. The objective of this study was to report the use of gallium-aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (830 nm) in healing two woundscaused by necrosis in a dog. Case: An 8-year-old bitch, a rescued victim of animal abuse, had tibiotarsal dislocation in the left posterior limb. Orthopedic surgery was performed with the placement of an external fixation device with six pins in the distal third of the left posterior limb. A radiographic examination performed 42 days after the surgery revealed the loss of the tibiotarsal ratio, decreased radiopacity of the carpal bones, edema, inflammation, muscle atrophy, and the rotation of the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and phalanges. It was then decided to perform a second orthopedic surgery, in which a bone graft and arthrodesis with an 8-screw titanium plate were performed. Four of the plate screws were placed proximally to the tibia and four distally to the tarsus in addition to a screw and a pin transfixed through the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia and calcaneus. Traction was felt during suturing in the dermis and epidermis of the limb, suggesting the possibility of dehiscence of the stitches. After 3 h of surgery, the limb was cold and edematous. After 5 days, the tissue of the medial region of the tarsus developed necrosis, exposing a wound 6 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 2 mm deep (wound 1). Another necrotic lesion was observed in the dorsal region of the tarsos - 6.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, 3 mm deep, and exposing 5 cm of the titanium plate (wound 2). Therapy with GaAlAs laser was then performed over the entire length of the wounds. In each therapeutic session, the laser was first used in punctual mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 20 s at each point of the length of the lesion and then in scan mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 1000 Hz, and 40 s continuously. Laser therapy sessions were conducted at 2-4 day intervals, with a 12-day interval between the eighth and ninth sessions. During the entire treatment, cleansing and debridement of the wounds were performed every 48 h with saline and chlorhexidine digluconate, using a compression bandage, as described earlier. Wound 1 healed completely after two laser therapy sessions. In wound 2, tissue repair stagnated after the ninth and last laser session, leaving 4 cm of the titanium plate still exposed. The limb could not support the body weight of the patient, and radiographic examination revealed that the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and the phalanges was rotated and bone conformation was poor. Given the anatomical conditions associated with the patient's clinical picture, it was decided to amputate the limb between the femur and tibia. Discussion: Therapeutic lasers act on mitochondrial respiration, increasing respiratory metabolism and stimulating DNA synthesis and tissue proliferation. In the present case, there was a decrease in inflammatory cells, edema, and the size of the wounds. The pathological conditions of the affected site, influence of trauma, and degree of tissue damage affected the results of the laser therapy. Despite the size difference between wounds 1 and 2, the exposed titanium plate was a determining factor for the partial healing of wound 2.

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.(AU)

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.(AU)

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.(AU)

Correção de fratura Salter-Harris tipo I em porquinho-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) - relato de caso / [Correction of Salter-Harris type 1 fracture in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) - case report]

Um filhote de porquinho-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) foi recebido para atendimento após histórico de ataque por cão. Na avaliação física, observou-se edema, dor e crepitação em membro pélvico direito, sugestivo de fratura. Na avaliação radiográfica, confirmou-se fratura Salter-Harris tipo I em epífise distal da tíbia. A resolução cirúrgica escolhida foi a associação de pino transarticular e coaptação externa com tala de Altman. O paciente teve acompanhamento radiográfico semanal e obteve alta médica no 35o dia de pós-cirúrgico, quando se observou consolidação com completo remodelamento ósseo.(AU)

A guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) cub presented edema, pain, and crepitus in the right pelvic limb after being attacked by a dog. Radiographic examination revealed Salter-Harris type 1 fracture on the distal region of the tibia. The surgery technique to correct the fracture involved an association of transarticular pinning and external coaptation with Altman splint. After surgery, radiographs of the patient were performed weekly and on the 35th post-surgery day, the bone was completely remodeled and healed, and the animal was dismissed.(AU)

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.(AU)

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.(AU)

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.(AU)

Reconstrução cirúrgica da tíbia em fratura mal consolidada em um cão / Surgical reconstruction of tibia in poorly consolidated fracture in a dog

Objetiva-se com este trabalho relatar um caso de reconstrução cirúrgica tibial em uma fratura mal consolidada em um canino, salientando a versatilidade do fixador esquelético externo (FEE) e a importância do enxerto esponjoso como coadjuvante da cicatrização. Para a reconstrução cirúrgica da tíbia, esta foi refraturada, e em seguida, alinhada com o auxílio de pino intramedular de Steinmann temporário. Empregou-se fixação esquelética externa associada à enxertia óssea esponjosa autógena coletada da asa do ílio. No protocolo pós-cirúrgico, foi recomendado os mesmos cuidados e medicações de uma osteossíntese habitual. Decorridos 35 dias da cirurgia, observou-se perda da linha de fratura e formação de calo ósseo, permitindo a remoção do FEE. O animal voltou a apoiar o membro normalmente, apenas com um leve encurtamento do mesmo, mas sem prejuízo à deambulação.

The aim of this study is to report a case of tibial surgical reconstruction in a poorly consolidated canine fracture, emphasizing the versatility of the external skeletal fixator (ESF) and the importance of the cancellous graft as an adjunct to healing. For surgical reconstruction of the tibia, it was refracted and then aligned with support by temporary Steinmann intramedullary pin. External skeletal fixation was applied in association with bone grafting of spongy autogenous tissue collected by iliac wing. In the post-surgical protocol, the same care and medications as usual for osteosynthesis were recommended. Fracture line loss and bone callus formation were observed thirty-five days after the surgery, allowing the removal of the ESF. The animal returned to support the limb normally, only with a slight shortening of the limb, but without prejudice to the walking.

Reconstrução cirúrgica da tíbia em fratura mal consolidada em um cão / Surgical reconstruction of tibia in poorly consolidated fracture in a dog

Objetiva-se com este trabalho relatar um caso de reconstrução cirúrgica tibial em uma fratura mal consolidada em um canino, salientando a versatilidade do fixador esquelético externo (FEE) e a importância do enxerto esponjoso como coadjuvante da cicatrização. Para a reconstrução cirúrgica da tíbia, esta foi refraturada, e em seguida, alinhada com o auxílio de pino intramedular de Steinmann temporário. Empregou-se fixação esquelética externa associada à enxertia óssea esponjosa autógena coletada da asa do ílio. No protocolo pós-cirúrgico, foi recomendado os mesmos cuidados e medicações de uma osteossíntese habitual. Decorridos 35 dias da cirurgia, observou-se perda da linha de fratura e formação de calo ósseo, permitindo a remoção do FEE. O animal voltou a apoiar o membro normalmente, apenas com um leve encurtamento do mesmo, mas sem prejuízo à deambulação.(AU)

The aim of this study is to report a case of tibial surgical reconstruction in a poorly consolidated canine fracture, emphasizing the versatility of the external skeletal fixator (ESF) and the importance of the cancellous graft as an adjunct to healing. For surgical reconstruction of the tibia, it was refracted and then aligned with support by temporary Steinmann intramedullary pin. External skeletal fixation was applied in association with bone grafting of spongy autogenous tissue collected by iliac wing. In the post-surgical protocol, the same care and medications as usual for osteosynthesis were recommended. Fracture line loss and bone callus formation were observed thirty-five days after the surgery, allowing the removal of the ESF. The animal returned to support the limb normally, only with a slight shortening of the limb, but without prejudice to the walking.(AU)

Topografia e morfometria do timo em aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95) / Topography and morphometry of timo in fowl (Gallus domesticus) from Ross 308 AP LINEAGE (AP95)

Objetivou-se descrever a topografia e morfometria do timo em 30 aves domésticas da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95), 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com idade de 14 a 16 semanas e massa corporal média de 2,1 kg e 1,7 kg, respectivamente nos machos e fêmeas. Após a fixação em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, as peças foram dissecadas. Os lobos tímicos localizavam-se desde o terço cranial do pescoço até os ossos claviculares, de forma linear, longitudinal e lateralmente no pescoço, paralelos ao nervo vago, veia jugular externa e artéria comum do nervo vago. Os lobos apresentaram formatos ovalados e triangulares e o número foi de quatro a oito. Agrupando os lobos de acordo com a localização no pescoço, nos terços cranial, médio e caudal, as médias de comprimento x largura x espessura variaram, nessa ordem, de 1,93 a 52,1 mm, 0,98 a 23,15 mm e 0,32 a 8,52 mm. O timo das aves AP95 apresentou características topográficas e morfológicas similares àquelas de outras linhagens, porém, quanto à morfometria, foram observadas características singulares.

The objective of this study was to describe the topography and morphometry of the thymus in 30 domestic fowl of the Ross 308 AP (AP95) lineage, 15 males and 15 females, with an approximate age of 15 weeks and a mean weight of 2.1 kg for males and 1.7 for females. After fixation in 10 % formalin aqueous solution, the specimens were dissected. The thymic lobes were located from the cranial third of neck to clavicular bones, linearly, longitudinally and laterally in neck, parallel to the vagus nerve, external jugular vein and common vagus nerve artery. The lobes presented oval and triangular shapes and the number varies from four to eight. Grouping the thymic lobes according to the location in neck in cranial, middle or caudal thirds, the averages of length x widths x thickness varied from 1.93 to 52.1 mm, 0.98 to 23.15 mm and 0.32 to 8.52 mm. The thymus of AP95 chicken presented topographic and morphological characteristics similar to those of other strains, but, regarding morphometry, unique characteristics were observed.

Topografia e morfometria do timo em aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95) / Topography and morphometry of timo in fowl (Gallus domesticus) from Ross 308 AP LINEAGE (AP95)

Objetivou-se descrever a topografia e morfometria do timo em 30 aves domésticas da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95), 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com idade de 14 a 16 semanas e massa corporal média de 2,1 kg e 1,7 kg, respectivamente nos machos e fêmeas. Após a fixação em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, as peças foram dissecadas. Os lobos tímicos localizavam-se desde o terço cranial do pescoço até os ossos claviculares, de forma linear, longitudinal e lateralmente no pescoço, paralelos ao nervo vago, veia jugular externa e artéria comum do nervo vago. Os lobos apresentaram formatos ovalados e triangulares e o número foi de quatro a oito. Agrupando os lobos de acordo com a localização no pescoço, nos terços cranial, médio e caudal, as médias de comprimento x largura x espessura variaram, nessa ordem, de 1,93 a 52,1 mm, 0,98 a 23,15 mm e 0,32 a 8,52 mm. O timo das aves AP95 apresentou características topográficas e morfológicas similares àquelas de outras linhagens, porém, quanto à morfometria, foram observadas características singulares.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the topography and morphometry of the thymus in 30 domestic fowl of the Ross 308 AP (AP95) lineage, 15 males and 15 females, with an approximate age of 15 weeks and a mean weight of 2.1 kg for males and 1.7 for females. After fixation in 10 % formalin aqueous solution, the specimens were dissected. The thymic lobes were located from the cranial third of neck to clavicular bones, linearly, longitudinally and laterally in neck, parallel to the vagus nerve, external jugular vein and common vagus nerve artery. The lobes presented oval and triangular shapes and the number varies from four to eight. Grouping the thymic lobes according to the location in neck in cranial, middle or caudal thirds, the averages of length x widths x thickness varied from 1.93 to 52.1 mm, 0.98 to 23.15 mm and 0.32 to 8.52 mm. The thymus of AP95 chicken presented topographic and morphological characteristics similar to those of other strains, but, regarding morphometry, unique characteristics were observed.(AU)

Xenarthras: topografia intestinal e relações vasculares com a serosa / [Xenarthras: intestinal topography and vascular relationships with serosa]

Xenarthras (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) das espécies Dasypus novemcinctus e Euphractus sexcinctus tiveram sua anatomia científica estudada em relação à topografia dos intestinos delgado e grosso, suas relações peritoniais, morfologia externa e irrigação. Medidas dos diferentes segmentos intestinais e do número de vasos a eles destinados foram tomadas para fins comparativos. O método previu: fixação (formol 7%); injeção de látex; dissecação e fotodocumentação. Espacialmente, embora os intestinos sejam fixados por dupla membrana peritoneal, como em outros vertebrados, nestes a serosa conectou o duodeno, o jejuno, o íleo e os cólons em um único ligamento fixado no dorso do animal. Duodeno e pâncreas, intraperitoniais, como o reto, fixaram-se nas pelves maior e menor, respectivamente e dorsalmente. Vasos derivados do tronco celíaco mesentérico e da aorta percorreram o interior do mesoduodeno, do mesentério comum, do mesocólon e do mesorreto, estando estes, ao longo de seus trajetos, relacionados às cadeias linfonodulares intestinais. O modelo de rotação peritoneal, a morfologia externa, bem como o modelo de vascularização intestinal, foram interpretados como basais, diferindo dos vertebrados recentes, conforme o suporte literário.(AU)

Xenarthras (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) of the species Dasypus novemcinctus and Euphractus sexcinctus had their scientific anatomy studied in relation to the topography of the small and large intestines, their peritoneal relationships, external morphology and irrigation. Measurements of the different intestinal segments and the number of vessels destined for them were taken for comparative purposes. The method predicted: fixation (7% formaldehyde); latex injection; dissection and photo documentation. Spatially, the intestines, although fixed by a double peritoneal membrane, as in other vertebrates, in these, the serosa connected the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the colon in a single ligament fixed to the animal's back. Duodenum and pancreas, intraperitoneal, like the rectum, were fixed in the major and minor pelvis respectively and dorsally. Vessels derived from the mesenteric celiac trunk and the aorta traveled through the interior of the mesoduodenum, common mesentery, mesocolon and mesoride, being related to the lymph node chains along their pathways. The peritoneal rotation model, the external morphology as well as the model of intestinal vascularization were interpreted as basal, differing from recent vertebrates, according to literary support.(AU)

Physics behind the implants used for high strain fractures: literature review / A física por trás dos implantes utilizados para fraturas de alto strain: revisão de literatura

Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perren's concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gap's conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.(AU)

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos.(AU)

Physics behind the implants used for high strain fractures: literature review / A física por trás dos implantes utilizados para fraturas de alto strain: revisão de literatura

Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perren's concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gap's conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.(AU)

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos.(AU)