Differences in the typology of dairy systems producing artisanal cheese and those producing only raw milk in Paraná state, Brazil

We sought to develop a typology describing structural, production, and socioeconomic characteristics of dairy systems that produce artisanal cheese and compare it with that of systems that produce only raw milk. Data on 204 raw milk producers and 58 artisanal cheese producers in Paraná State, Brazil, were collected through on-site surveys and subjected to descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and means tests. Descriptive analyses were applied to characterize the sample and artisanal cheese production processes. Factor analysis identified the following three typological components: system production capacity, herd breed and milking characteristics, and farmer social characteristics. Farmers were divided into two groups, as follows: non-cheese producers (NCP) and artisanal cheese producers (ACP). Groups of farmers were compared in terms of typological components. It was found that ACP have smaller structure and production scale and focus less on herd breed and practices for improving milk quality than NCP. These results suggest that artisanal cheese production is a strategy to add value to milk that does not meet institutional or market requirements for transactions with the dairy industry, providing a foothold for producers to remain in the dairy business. Groups of farmers (ACP and NCP) do not differ in social indicators of typology.

Markets and commercialization channels in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul: relevant factors for fruit and vegetable producers / Mercados e canais de comercialização na região central do Rio Grande do Sul: fatores relevantes para os produtores de frutas e hortaliças

This article presents statistical analysis that verified the diversity of markets and marketing channels used by family farmers in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul/ Brazil, examining the occurrence of variables associated with the number of channels accessed. The non-probabilistic sample included 129 family farmers who produce fruits and vegetables in four municipalities in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the years 2019-2021. Nonparametric tests and bivariate statistical analysis were used, considering the significance level (≤) of 0.05. There was an average number of 2.4 channels in the Local and Conventional Markets, and 3.1 for the Local/Territorial and Public/Institutional Markets. However, a maximum of three channels is used in 75% of establishments. There was a low negative correlation between the mean age of the family farmers and the degree of diversification of the channels used to market the products and a positive correlation between infrastructure and diversificationof channels adopted and,family work and diversification. Finally, a dependency relationship was reported between the number of public policies accessed and the diversification of channels.

Este artigo apresenta análise estatística que visa verificar a diversidade de mercados e canais de comercialização utilizados pelos agricultores familiares na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, examinando a ocorrência de variáveis associadas ao número de canais acessados. A amostra não probabilística incluiu 129 agricultores familiares que produzem frutas e hortaliças em quatro municípios da Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos 2019-2021. Foram utilizados testes não paramétricos e análise estatística bivariada, considerando o nível de significância (≤) de 0,05. Houve um número médio de 2,4 canais nos Mercados Local e Convencional, e 3,1 para os Mercados Local/Territorial e Público/Institucional. No entanto, um máximo de três canais é utilizado em 75% dos estabelecimentos. Houve baixa correlação negativa entre a idade média dos agricultores e o grau de diversificação dos canais utilizados para comercialização dos produtos e uma correlação positiva entre infraestrutura, e a diversificação dos canais adotados e mão-de-obra familiar e diversificação. Por fim, descobriu-se uma relação de dependência entre o número de políticas públicas acessadas e a diversificação de canais.

Productive diagnosis offrog culture in the state of Rio de Janeiro / Diagnóstico produtivo da ranicultura no estado do Rio de Janeiro

Brazilian frog farming has a history of production that began in the state of Rio de Janeiro in 1935. Over the years, this activity has spread throughout Brazil, with technological advances that have improved the productivity and health of enterprises. However, structuring the production chain has presented moments of growth and decline, culminating in low production compared with other aquaculture activities. Despite efforts focused on restructuring the chain, data on enterprises and their actors remain scarce. To obtain information on the current scenario of frog farming in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in this study, an online survey of data on frog producers in Rio de Janeiro was conducted. In general, frog farming in Rio de Janeiro has not shown substantial improvements in terms of structuring. Its dynamics are still linked to lowproduction, family run enterprises, little insertion into the market, and not being formalized, encompassing aspects related to fiscal, environmental, and health issues. Therefore, the restructuring process of the frog chain in the state depends on overcoming the bottlenecks mentioned in this study. These predominantly refer to the availability of information on the relevant aspects of management and regularization of production.(AU)

A ranicultura brasileira apresenta um histórico de produção que se iniciou no estado do Rio de Janeiro em 1935. Com o passar dos anos essa atividade se difundiu para todo o Brasil, apresentando avanços tecnológicos que melhoraram o manejo sanitário e a produtividade dos empreendimentos. Contudo, a estruturação da cadeia produtiva apresentou momentos de crescimento e declínio, culminando com uma baixa produção em comparação com outras atividades aquícolas. Apesar dos esforços focados na reestruturação da cadeia, ainda são escassos dados sobre os empreendimentos e seus atores. Com o objetivo de obter informações acerca do cenário atual da ranicultura no estado do Rio de Janeiro, o presente trabalho executou levantamento de dados referentes aos produtores de rã fluminense por meio de formulário online. De uma maneira geral, a ranicultura no Rio de Janeiro não conseguiu apresentar grandes melhorias em termos de estruturação. Sua dinâmica ainda está atrelada a empreendimentos com baixa produção, familiar, pouca inserção no mercado e não formalizados, englobando aspectos relacionados às questões fiscais, ambientais e sanitárias. Assim, o processo de reestruturação da cadeia ranícola no estado depende da superação dos gargalos apontados neste estudo, principalmente referentes à disponibilização de informação acerca dos aspectos de manejo e regularização da produção.(AU)

Mechanisms of acaricide resistance in ticks

Background: In several countries, including Brazil, the livestock industry plays a key role in the country's economy. Brazil has the second largest bovine herd in the world and the biggest commercial herd. Ticks are an ongoing problem for both large operation cattle producers and small family farmers. Rhipicephalus microplus causes expressive losses in cattle breeding, since it occurs in important beef production zones like South America, Africa, and Oceania. Some of the negative consequences of tick infestation to cattle breeding are anemia, loss in milk and beef production, and transmission of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Significant losses are caused by the cattle tick (R. microplus) in several regions of the world, costing around US$ 3.3 billion per year to the Brazilian livestock industry alone. The tick control methods are mainly based on synthetic acaricides. However, the improvement of current tick control requires the identification of new molecular targets in tick physiology and development of molecule compounds to target important physiology pathways. The strategies proposed to address this issue are expand the knowledge about the molecules involved in the detoxification of chemicals to enhance the efficacy of the acaricides as well as to develop new compounds for chemical control. Review: Tick control is currently based on chemical acaricides; however, effective control and prevention of tick infestation remain distant goals. In recent decades, a progressive decrease in the efficiency of acaricides due to drug resistance has been observed. Acaricide resistance is an evolutionary adaptation, which implies the existence of behavioral and physiological mechanisms that allow the survival of resistant individuals. Four resistance mechanisms are described: behavioral resistance, reduced drug penetration, target site insensitivity and increased drug detoxification. Augmented drug detoxification may be due to increased activity of enzymes or transporters due to increased gene expression or mutations in some genes. Research focus on mechanisms of acaricide resistance in ticks characterized detoxification pathways based on (1) increased activity of enzymes (cytochrome p450, esterase and GST) which play a role in biochemically altering acaricides towards decreased toxicity and, (2) enhanced excretion of the modified less toxic compounds. To bypass the current problems, a better understanding of the biology, physiology, and molecular biology of the mechanisms of resistance to acaricides is fundamental to prolong their efficiency in controlling ticks. Moreover, identifying the genes and proteins associated with resistance can support in the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods to identify acaricide resistance, as well as improving control strategies. Discussion: In the last years, many researchers have been studying resistance mechanisms and important advances have been made which showed that, in several tick species, ABC transporters, esterases, P-450 cytochromes and glutathione-S-transferases participate in acaricide resistance. The characterization of the alterations in the targets in tick physiology and identification of new drugs with potential to tick control are crucial goals to increase tick control

Socioeconomic and investment profile of environment control in a swine integration system

The objective of this study was to characterize and understand the investment profile towards technologies for control and automation of climate control on swine farms, focused on integrated producers on the same integration system. A structured questionnaire including open, dichotomic, or multiple-choice questions was responded by 190 integrated producers classified as nursery (28,300 swines), wean-to-finish (WTF; 144,388 swines), or finishing unit (FU; 164,185 swines) farms. Data were described and categorized according to the type of integrated producer (nursery, WTF, and FU) and income history during a 24-month interval. The most predominant farmer profile was of a 44.5-year-old man, with incomplete secondary education. Furthermore, the majority of the farms had family-based labor with an average area of 43.6±65.5 ha and ~2.4 economic activities developed. Overall, a reduced labor availability was observed, although the integrated producers declared to be satisfied with the activities. Interestingly, integrated producers with a better income history declared a longer working (high = 37; average = 31; regular = 31; low = 28 min). The investment profile in automation technologies is conservative; however, potential improvements in pig performance were the most popular justification for potential investments. Furthermore, high costs, knowledge in technologies, interest rates, and quality of the available material are the limiting factors for investing in environment control. A total of 74% of the integrated producers considered the activity as economically profitable. Lastly, the uptake of environmental control technologies is strongly associated with the average income received by farmers.(AU)

Orchidists' profile, management and perception of the main pests in orchid cultivation

This study investigated the profile of orchidists, their cultivation practices, and their knowledge about pests in orchid cultivation in the state of Bahia. There were applied 74 questionnaires to producers (amateurs and commercials) in 23 municipalities. The data were submitted to univariate statistics using the chi-square test, the Mann­Whitney U-test and the Kruskal­Wallis H-test. The survey shows that orchid cultivation is mostly practiced by women (67.6%) and those with higher education (48.7%). Most respondents were amateurs (87.8%). Insects (39.9%) and diseases (32.5%) were the main organisms associated with phytosanitary problems. The presence of insects was reported to occur mainly in the leaves (47%), mainly mealybugs (46.3%). Correspondence was significant between commercial and amateur groups according to the pairwise Mann­Whitney U-test(1) = 370.04 and p < 0.01. The Kruskal­Wallis H-test(27) = 924.78 and p < 0.01 discriminated categories between the groups. Despite the growing interest in orchid cultivation in the state of Bahia, most orchidists are amateurs. The study warns about the risk of pest dispersion between crops since exchanging plants and purchasing specimens in open markets are common practices.

Mitigation of the effects of salt stress in cowpea bean through the exogenous aplication of brassinosteroid / Mitigação dos efeitos do estresse salino em feijão-caupi através da aplicação exógena de brassinosteroide

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume widely cultivated by small, medium and large producers in several Brazilian regions. However, one of the concerns for the production of cowpea in Brazil in recent years is the low rainfall activity in these regions, which generates the accumulation of salts on the surface. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of salt stress on growth parameters and enzyme activity in cowpea plants at different concentrations of brassinosteroids. Experiment was developed in a greenhouse using a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of three levels of brassinosteroids (0, 3 and 6 µM EBL) and three levels of salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). Growth factors (height, diameter and number of leaves) decreased in the saline condition. With the presence of brassinosteroid the height did not increase, but the number of leaves did, mainly in the saline dosage of 100 mM NaCl. In the variable membrane integrity, brassinosteroid was efficient in both salinity dosages, the same not happening with the relative water content, where the saline condition did not affect the amount of water in the vegetable, with the application of brassino it remained high, decreasing only at dosage 100 mM NaCl. The nitrate reductase enzyme was greatly affected in the root system even with the application of increasing doses of brassino. Therefore, brassinosteroids as a promoter of saline tolerance in cowpea seedlings was positive. The concentration of 3µM of EBL provided the most satisfactory effect in tolerating the deleterious effects of the saline condition. The same cannot be concluded for the concentration of 6µM of EBL that did not promote tolerance to some variables.(AU)

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é uma leguminosa amplamente cultivada por pequenos, médios e grandes produtores em diversas regiões brasileiras. No entanto, uma das preocupações para a produção de feijão-caupi no Brasil nos últimos anos é a baixa atividade pluviométrica nessas regiões, o que gera o acúmulo de sais na superfície. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do estresse salino nos parâmetros de crescimento e atividade enzimática em plantas de feijão-caupi em diferentes concentrações de brassinosteróides. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3. Os tratamentos consistiram de três níveis de brassinosteróides (0, 3 e 6 µM EBL) e três níveis de estresse salino (0, 50 e 100 mM NaCl). Os fatores de crescimento (altura, diâmetro e número de folhas) diminuíram na condição salina. Com a presença do brassinosteroide a altura não aumentou, mas o número de folhas sim, principalmente na dosagem salina de 100 mM NaCl. Na variável integridade de membrana, o brassinosteróide foi eficiente em ambas as dosagens de salinidade, o mesmo não ocorrendo com o teor relativo de água, onde a condição salina não afetou a quantidade de água na hortaliça, com a aplicação de brassino manteve-se elevada, diminuindo apenas na dosagem de NaCl 100 mM. A enzima nitrato redutase foi bastante afetada no sistema radicular mesmo com a aplicação de doses crescentes de brassino. Portanto, o uso de brassinosteroides como promotor de tolerância salina em plântulas de feijão-caupi foi positivo. A concentração de 3µM de EBL proporcionou o efeito mais satisfatório em tolerar os efeitos deletérios da condição salina. O mesmo não pode ser concluído para a concentração de 6µM de EBL que não promoveu tolerância a algumas variáveis.(AU)

Behind the forest restoration scene: a socio-economic, technical-scientific and political snapshot in Amazonas, Brazil / Por trás do cenário da restauração florestal: um panorama socioeconômico, técnico-científico e político no Amazonas, Brasil

Conservation of the Amazon rainforest is a global concern and is supported by the Brazilian government's ratification of the Bonn Challenge and Paris Agreement and the introduction of national regulations on vegetation protection and restoration. Amazonas is the largest and least deforested of the states occupied by the Brazilian Amazon (< 3%). We carried out a survey on the current state and growth potential of seed and seedling production in Amazonas state, pointing out constraints where future investment can promote the achievement of large-scale restoration commitments. We visited the 35 officially registered seed producers or nurseries working with native seeds and interviewed their owners or managers using open and closed questions. Enterprises were mainly privately-owned family businesses with small production (10,001 - 100,000 seedlings per year) and concentrated in the metropolitan area of the state capital Manaus. We uncovered a further 54 non-officially registered nurseries. Annual production (2018) was almost four tons of seeds and nearly ten million seedlings. According to the owners, production could be increased five to seven times with existing infrastructure. Production is focused foremost on species for food production (48% seeds, 74% seedlings), while ecological restoration only makes up 35% of seed and 8% of seedling use. Major bottlenecks cited by the producers were low demand for native tree species, high transportation costs and excessive bureaucracy. To achieve large-scale restoration, we recommend enforcement of national policies for vegetation protection and restoration, and a restructuring of the seed and seedling sector with a bottom-up approach.(AU)

A conservação da Amazônia é uma preocupação global, apoiada pela ratificação do Bonn Challenge e do Acordo de Paris pelo governo brasileiro e pelas regulamentações nacionais de proteção e restauração da vegetação. O Amazonas é o maior e menos desmatado estado da Amazônia brasileira (<3%). Realizamos um levantamento do estado atual e potencial da produção de sementes e mudas no Amazonas, indicando os principais obstáculos e gargalos onde investimentos futuros podem ajudar a alcançar o compromisso da restauração ecológica em larga escala. Visitamos os 35 produtores de sementes ou mudas de espécies nativas oficialmente registrados, e entrevistamos seus proprietários ou responsáveis técnicos, utilizando um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os empreendimentos eram predominantemente privados, familiares, com pequena produção (10.001 - 100.000 mudas por ano) e concentrados na região metropolitana de Manaus. Detectamos outros 54 viveiros não oficialmente registrados. A produção anual (2018) foi de quase quatro toneladas de sementes e quase dez milhões de mudas. Segundo os proprietários, esta produção poderia aumentar de cinco a sete vezes com a infraestrutura existente. A produção foi focada principalmente em espécies para produção alimentar (48% sementes, 74% mudas), enquanto apenas 35% de sementes e 8% de mudas foram destinadas para restauração ecológica. Os principais gargalos citados pelos produtores foram baixa demanda por espécies nativas, alto custo de transporte e excessiva burocracia. Para alcançar restauração em larga escala, recomendamos o cumprimento de políticas de proteção e restauração da vegetação e uma reestruturação do setor de sementes e mudas em uma abordagem ascendente (bottom-up).(AU)

Labour costs on the vegetables: a research on the location effect on salaries in Jiangsu Province, China / Custos trabalhistas nas hortaliças: uma pesquisa sobre o efeito da localização nos salários na província de Jiangsu, China

In this study, the labour requirement and labour cost of common vegetable cultivation were investigated to help agricultural enterprises and family farms establishing reasonable "working hour" management systems in Jiangsu Province. The labour requirement of each step of three type of producers, agriculture enterprises, family farms, and private vegetable growers, in three regions in Jiangsu Province, named north, middle and south Jiangsu, was investigated by on-site observation or questionnaire survey during 2018 and 2019. The labour cost of each step and each vegetable was counted according to the labour requirement and the salary level. The results indicated that "residue cleaning", "soil preparation and bedding", "plant regulation", "auxin treatment of tomato flowers" and "hand pollination" accounted for higher proportions of labour cost amongst the entire vegetable culture process. No significant differences in the labour requirements of the investigated vegetables were reported amongst three regions in Jiangsu Province. However, the order of labour cost is south Jiangsu > north Jiangsu > middle Jiangsu, due to the salary difference amongst three regions. Watermelon, broccoli and chive are more suitable for growing by agricultural enterprises since they have relatively low unit labour and high prices. We established a method to calculate and analyze labour requirement and cost of vegetable production in Jiangsu Province, which also may be instructive for other regions. In addition, our results provided useful data for various vegetable producers to improve their labour management.

Neste estudo, a necessidade de trabalho e o custo do cultivo comum de vegetais foram investigados para ajudar as empresas agrícolas e fazendas familiares a estabelecer sistemas de gestão de "horas de trabalho" razoáveis ​​na província de Jiangsu. A necessidade de trabalho de cada etapa de três tipos de produtores, empresas agrícolas, fazendas familiares e horticultores privados, em três regiões da província de Jiangsu, denominadas norte, centro e sul de Jiangsu, foi investigada por observação no local ou pesquisa por questionário durante 2018 e 2019. O custo da mão de obra de cada etapa e de cada hortaliça foi contabilizado de acordo com a necessidade de mão de obra e o nível salarial. Os resultados indicaram que "limpeza de resíduos", "preparo de solo e cama", "regulação de plantas", "tratamento com auxina de flores de tomate" e "polinização manual" foram responsáveis por maiores proporções de custo de mão de obra em todo o processo de cultivo de vegetais. Nenhuma diferença significativa nas necessidades de trabalho dos vegetais investigados foi encontrada entre as três regiões da província de Jiangsu. No entanto, a ordem do custo da mão-de-obra é sul de Jiangsu> norte de Jiangsu> meio de Jiangsu, devido à diferença salarial entre as três regiões. Melancia, brócolis e cebolinha são mais adequados para o cultivo por empresas agrícolas, uma vez que têm uma unidade de trabalho relativamente baixa e preços altos. Estabelecemos um método para calcular e analisar a necessidade de mão de obra e o custo da produção de vegetais na província de Jiangsu, que também pode ser empregado para outras regiões. Além disso, nossos resultados forneceram dados úteis para vários produtores de vegetais melhorarem sua gestão de mão de obra.

Salmonella Pullorum em criação de galinhas caipiras no Oeste da Bahia, Brasil / Salmonella Pullorum in a free-range chicken farm in Western Bahia, Brazil

Background: Industrial poultry farming has developed progressively in Brazil, conferring the country a prominent position on the national and international scene. Likewise, alternative poultry farming is an important economic activity for small-scale family farmers. However, shortcomings related to sanitary management lead to increased occurrence of avian diseases, such as those caused by Salmonella spp. Despite salmonellosis has been described in industrial establishments, reports in alternative farms are less common, therefore the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of salmonellosis in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra, Western Bahia, Brazil. Cases: The poultry farmer reported the occurrence of diarrhoea in his chicken flock since the acquisition of the batch of chicks. Initially, carrying out the medicinal treatment of the birds, there was clinical improvement, however, successive recurrences of clinical signs occurred, such as diarrhoea, apathy, anorexia, and death of some birds. Upon learning about the case, an epidemiological investigation of the flock was carried out, and it was noted that some of the birds were retracted, apathetic, anorexic, and a lot of diarrheic faeces of a yellowish-white appearance were also observed. The entire flock had a history of vaccination against diseases: newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, gumboro disease, and fowlpox. For better evaluation, five birds were necropsied, enabling the observation that the animals had a good body score. However, the necropsy revealed lesions such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enteritis in the three birds initially analysed (Animals 1, 2, and 3). The other birds (Animals 4 and 5) were submitted to evaluation for Eimeria sp. oocysts by means of scrapings from the intestinal mucosa, and there were no structures compatible with oocysts. Faecal samples were collected from another six birds in the flock for coproparasitological examination, and the presence of oocysts was not detected. Finally, sera from 20 birds in the flock were collected for the Rapid Serum Agglutination Test (SAR) for the detection anti-Salmonella Pullorum antibodies. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation, post mortem pathological findings of the necropsied birds, epidemiological data and confirmed with SAR testing, whereby 11 birds were seropositive for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Pullorum. The prevalence of S. Pullorum is poorly described in alternative farming. Based on the farmer's report, it is believed that the chicks were purchased already infected, because birds from the same batch, also purchased by neighbouring producers, showed the same clinical signs. The unsatisfactory sanitation in the flock was another factor that may have favoured the persistence of the bacteria, since, the lack of removal of organic matter is a source of nutrients for microorganisms, and this may have favoured the multiplication and maintenance of the bacteria in the down feathers, feed, and water. The elimination of S. Pullorum through the faeces, in addition to the density of the birds, may have led to transmission to the other healthy birds. However, the knowledge and adoption of prophylactic measures in free-range chicken farms is a crucial factor in minimizing the occurrence of outbreaks and thus avoiding a future public Health Problem.

Análise histórica da implantação do Serviço de Inspeção Municipal em Uberlândia e sua adesão ao SISBI/POA / Historical analysis of the implementation of the Municipal Inspection Service, in Uberlândia and its adhesion to SISBI/POA

O Serviço de Inspeção Municipal (SIM) de Uberlândia/MG foi criado em 1993, a princípio com o objetivo de coibir a prática do abate clandestino no município. Em 2009, houve a adesão ao SISBI/POA, que tem por objetivo estabelecer métodos universalizados e aplicados equitativamente em todos os estabelecimentos inspecionados e, por conseguinte, habilitar as indústrias sob inspeção municipal, que antes tinham o comércio restrito aos limites do município, a comercializarem seus produtos em todo o território nacional, promovendo maior desenvolvimento econômico, geração de renda e aumento de divisas para o município. Atualmente, 35 indústrias estão registradas no SIM de Uberlândia/MG, com programas de autocontrole implantados para assegurar a inocuidade, a identidade, a qualidade e a integridade dos produtos. Ao longo dos anos de atuação do SIM, houve a necessidade de estabelecer princípios e técnicas que permitissem de forma objetiva o diagnóstico das não conformidades e a definição de soluções mais específicas e eficientes frente à realidade do serviço e para a definição das fiscalizações oficiais. O fomento ao desenvolvimento de agroindústrias rurais de pequeno porte possibilitou a regularização da produção informal da agricultura familiar, gerando oportunidades de renda aos produtores rurais. Com 29 anos de atuação, o SIM de Uberlândia/MG serve de incentivo e modelo a outros municípios.

The Municipal Inspection Service (MIS) of Uberlândia/MG was created in 1993, initially to curb the practice of clandestine slaughter in the city. In 2009, the MIS adhered to SISBI/POA, which aims to establish universal methods applied equitably in all inspected establishments and, therefore, enable industries under municipal inspection, which previously had commerce restricted to the limits of the municipality, to market their products throughout the national territory, promoting greater economic development, income generation, and increase in foreign exchange for the municipality. Currently, 35 industries are registered in the MIS of Uberlândia/MG, with self-control programs implemented to ensure the safety, identity, quality, and integrity of the products. Over the years of MIS's activities, there was a need to establish principles and techniques that objectively allow the diagnosis of non-conformities and the definition of more specific and efficient solutions in view of the reality of the service and for the definition of official inspections. Fostering the development of small-scale rural agro-industries enabled the regularization of informal family farming production, generating income opportunities for rural producers. With 29 years of operation, the MIS of Uberlândia/MG serves as an incentive and model for other municipalities.

Influence of agricultural extension activities on tick control among cattle on family dairy farms in the southeast Brazil

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of tick populations on 16 family farms that were members of the agricultural producers cooperative of the São Pedro region of the state of São Paulo (COOPAMSP). Bioassays were conducted on nine commercial products in 2018 and 2019. Their active agents were as follows: deltamethrin, amitraz, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + citronella, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + fenthion, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + piperonyl butoxide, dichlorvos + chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, chlorfenvinphos + dichlorvos, and ivermectin. On some farms, a larval packet test (LPT) was also performed. Overall, four acaricides presented mean efficacy greater than 89%, among which two were associations of pyrethroids + organophosphates and two were associations of organophosphates + organophosphates. Deltamethrin, cypermethrin and ivermectin presented mean efficacy lower than 50%. In the bioassays using the LPT, all five farms showed resistance to diazinon, while only one farm presented resistance to cypermethrin. The results were handed over to each farmer with appropriate guidance for treatments. This study demonstrated that the important points to be implemented related directly to use control strategies, based on direct assistance for farmers and diagnosis of tick population sensitivities.

Response of Bahiagrass hybrids to nitrogen fertilization or mixture with legumes

The objective of this work was to determine Paspalum notatum genotypes appropriate for the establishment of mixtures with temperate legumes and compare the productivity of mixtures with mineral-fertilized systems along two years. Four hybrids of P. notatum, ecotype Bagual and cv. Pensacola, were either subjected to mixtures with white clover (Trifolium repens) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) or fertilized with 0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha−1 year−1. P. notatum leaf blades and stems and herbage accumulation denoted a management × year interaction. Herbage accumulation varied between the mixtures and fertilized systems in first year, while in the second year, herbage accumulation of mixed systems employing the B26, B43, C22, C9, and Bagual genotypes were similar to that of systems fertilized with 120 and 240 kg N ha−1. Hybrids B26 and C9 and ecotype Bagual, once made available to producers, could be indicated for mixtures with temperate legumes because they are superior to cv. Pensacola. Herbage accumulation in mixtures involving white clover plus birdsfoot trefoil and P. notatum genotypes is similar to that of mineral nitrogen-fertilized systems with 240 kg N ha−1, emphasizing the viability of mixed between these species.

Influence of agricultural extension activities on tick control among cattle on family dairy farms in the southeast Brazil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of tick populations on 16 family farms that were members of the agricultural producers' cooperative of the São Pedro region of the state of São Paulo (COOPAMSP). Bioassays were conducted on nine commercial products in 2018 and 2019. Their active agents were as follows: deltamethrin, amitraz, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + citronella, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + fenthion, cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + piperonyl butoxide, dichlorvos + chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, chlorfenvinphos + dichlorvos, and ivermectin. On some farms, a larval packet test (LPT) was also performed. Overall, four acaricides presented mean efficacy greater than 89%, among which two were associations of pyrethroids + organophosphates and two were associations of organophosphates + organophosphates. Deltamethrin, cypermethrin and ivermectin presented mean efficacy lower than 50%. In the bioassays using the LPT, all five farms showed resistance to diazinon, while only one farm presented resistance to cypermethrin. The results were handed over to each farmer with appropriate guidance for treatments. This study demonstrated that the important points to be implemented related directly to use control strategies, based on direct assistance for farmers and diagnosis of tick population sensitivities.

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.(AU)

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.(AU)

Diagnóstico da produção de morangos no oeste catarinense -Safra 2020 / Diagnosis of strawberry production in western Santa Catarina State -2020 crop cycle

Atividades agrícolas alternativas, comoa cultura do morango, têm despertado o interesse de agricultores no Oeste Catarinense (região sul). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção comercial de morangos na safra 2020 desta região, possibilitando o planejamento de ações de assistência técnica no cultivo e de desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva. As informações foram coletadas através de questionários aplicados aos extensionistas rurais da Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina) responsáveis pelos municípios pertencentes à Unidade de Gestão Técnica 1 (UGT 1 -Oeste Catarinense), englobando 36 municípios. Os dados foram sistematizados, a fim de definir os parâmetros: número de produtores e de plantas por município; número de plantas porcultivar; porcentagem de plantas de “primeiro ciclo” ou com “dois ou mais ciclos”; número e percentual de produtores quanto a: i) origem das mudas utilizadas; ii) recebimento de assistência técnica; iii) sistema de produção; iv) sistema de cultivo; v) rastreabilidade da produção; e vi) valor e forma de comercialização. De acordo com os dados coletados, verificou-se que o Oeste Catarinense possui 68 produtores, que estão presentes em 67% dos municípios e cultivam 358.565 plantas. As cultivares Albion e San Andreas são as mais utilizadas. A maior parte dos cultivos é convencional (70,6%), com uso do sistema semi-hidropônico em bancadas e túnel alto (60,3%). A comercialização in naturae direta ao consumidor é feita por grande parte dos produtores, com valor médio de comercialização deR$ 19,81/kg (3.70 US$). Estas características devem ser levadas em consideração para o planejamento do desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva na região.

Alternative agricultural activities, such as the strawberry crop, have attracted the interest of some farmers in western Santa Catarina (southern Brazil). The objective of this workwas to carry out a diagnosis of the commercial production of strawberries of this region in the 2020 harvest cycle, enabling the planning of technical assistance actions in the cultivation and development of the production chain. Data were collected throughspecific questionnaires applied to Epagri (Agricultural Research and Extension Company of the State of Santa Catarina) rural extensionists responsible for the municipalities belonging to Technical Management Unit 1 (UGT 1 -Western Santa Catarina), which encompasses 36 municipalities. Data were systematized according to the following parameters: number of producers and plants per municipality; number of plants per cultivar; percentage of “first cycle” or “two or more cycles” plants; number and percentageof farmers that: i) adopted the same origin of the seedlings used; ii) received or not some technical assistance; iii) have a proper production system; iv) adopted a proper cultivation system; v) have a production traceability; and vi) adopted commercialvalue and form of commercialization. Results show that the Western administrative region of the Santa Catarina state has 68 strawberry producers, and they are present in 67% of the municipalities and cultivating 358.565 plants. The cultivars Albion and SanAndreas are being the most one used. Most cultivated areas are conventional (70,6%), and use the semi-hydroponic system in benches and high tunnels (60,3%). Sales in natura and directly to the consumer are carried out by most growers, with an average sales value of R$ 19,81/kg offruit (3.70 USD).Theseoutcomes must be taken into account when planning the development of the production chain in the selected region

Diagnóstico da produção de morangos no oeste catarinense -Safra 2020 / Diagnosis of strawberry production in western Santa Catarina State -2020 crop cycle

Atividades agrícolas alternativas, comoa cultura do morango, têm despertado o interesse de agricultores no Oeste Catarinense (região sul). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção comercial de morangos na safra 2020 desta região, possibilitando o planejamento de ações de assistência técnica no cultivo e de desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva. As informações foram coletadas através de questionários aplicados aos extensionistas rurais da Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina) responsáveis pelos municípios pertencentes à Unidade de Gestão Técnica 1 (UGT 1 -Oeste Catarinense), englobando 36 municípios. Os dados foram sistematizados, a fim de definir os parâmetros: número de produtores e de plantas por município; número de plantas porcultivar; porcentagem de plantas de “primeiro ciclo” ou com “dois ou mais ciclos”; número e percentual de produtores quanto a: i) origem das mudas utilizadas; ii) recebimento de assistência técnica; iii) sistema de produção; iv) sistema de cultivo; v) rastreabilidade da produção; e vi) valor e forma de comercialização. De acordo com os dados coletados, verificou-se que o Oeste Catarinense possui 68 produtores, que estão presentes em 67% dos municípios e cultivam 358.565 plantas. As cultivares Albion e San Andreas são as mais utilizadas. A maior parte dos cultivos é convencional (70,6%), com uso do sistema semi-hidropônico em bancadas e túnel alto (60,3%). A comercialização in naturae direta ao consumidor é feita por grande parte dos produtores, com valor médio de comercialização deR$ 19,81/kg (3.70 US$). Estas características devem ser levadas em consideração para o planejamento do desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva na região.(AU)

Alternative agricultural activities, such as the strawberry crop, have attracted the interest of some farmers in western Santa Catarina (southern Brazil). The objective of this workwas to carry out a diagnosis of the commercial production of strawberries of this region in the 2020 harvest cycle, enabling the planning of technical assistance actions in the cultivation and development of the production chain. Data were collected throughspecific questionnaires applied to Epagri (Agricultural Research and Extension Company of the State of Santa Catarina) rural extensionists responsible for the municipalities belonging to Technical Management Unit 1 (UGT 1 -Western Santa Catarina), which encompasses 36 municipalities. Data were systematized according to the following parameters: number of producers and plants per municipality; number of plants per cultivar; percentage of “first cycle” or “two or more cycles” plants; number and percentageof farmers that: i) adopted the same origin of the seedlings used; ii) received or not some technical assistance; iii) have a proper production system; iv) adopted a proper cultivation system; v) have a production traceability; and vi) adopted commercialvalue and form of commercialization. Results show that the Western administrative region of the Santa Catarina state has 68 strawberry producers, and they are present in 67% of the municipalities and cultivating 358.565 plants. The cultivars Albion and SanAndreas are being the most one used. Most cultivated areas are conventional (70,6%), and use the semi-hydroponic system in benches and high tunnels (60,3%). Sales in natura and directly to the consumer are carried out by most growers, with an average sales value of R$ 19,81/kg offruit (3.70 USD).Theseoutcomes must be taken into account when planning the development of the production chain in the selected region(AU)

Ecosystem services and production systems of family cattle farms: an analysis of animal production in Pampa biome / Serviços ecossistêmicos e o sistema de produção de pecuaristas familiares: uma análise da produção animal no bioma Pampa

This paper aims at discussing the beef cattle production system, related to ecosystem services, to emphasize the case of Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito (Association of Rincão do Vinte e Oito Producers). The main objective is to analyze the offer of ecosystem services in the Ibirapuitã Environmental Protection Area (EPA), regarding the beef cattle production and sheep farming in the natural grassland. A case study with nine producers of the Association, considered as an analysis unit, was conducted in 2017 through semi-structured interviews. According to the producers, the preservation of animal production was valid, as they believed that it can provide welfare for their families and the remaining population. The respondents mentioned that, in the past, the tradition of producing beef cattle and sheep was very strong in the region, but nowadays, besides the tradition, they produce for profit, to be able to remain in rural areas. Beef cattle through the ecosystem supply service providers food for the population through meat production and sheep farming through meat and wool. Although the main theme of the research is directly related to the provisioning services, mainly focusing on beef cattle in the natural grassland, the cultural ecosystem services were widely cited during the research. The interviewers strongly highlighted the preservation of the traditional activities, conducted since the early days of occupation of the territory of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the issues related to the preservation of the environment in which they live, the solidarity between the producers, and the natural grassland maintenance. Moreover, the observed landscapes indicated that the maintenance of rural agroecosystems in the region was preserved, thus putting even more emphasis on the range of ecosystem regulatory services.(AU)

Este artigo visa abordar o sistema de produção da bovinocultura de corte, relacionado aos serviçosecossistêmicos, de modo a dar ênfase ao caso da Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito. Oprincipal objetivo é analisar a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA)do Ibirapuitã, relacionados à bovinocultura de corte e a ovinocultura em campo nativo. Como unidadede análise, foi realizado um estudo de caso com nove produtores da Associação, através de entrevistassemiestruturadas, no ano de 2017. A manutenção da produção animal é considerada válida segundo osprodutores, pois acreditam que pode proporcionar o bem-estar para as suas famílias e para o restanteda população. Os entrevistados mencionam que antigamente a tradição de produzir bovinos de corte eovinos era muito forte na região, mas que, atualmente, além da tradição, produzem por conta do lucro,para conseguirem se manter no meio rural. A pecuária de corte por meio do serviço ecossistêmico deprovisão fornece alimento para a população através da produção de carne e a ovinocultura através dacarne e lã. Apesar da principal temática da pesquisa ser diretamente relacionada com os serviços deprovisão, principalmente com enfoque na bovinocultura de corte em campo nativo, durante a realizaçãoda pesquisa, os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais foram amplamente citados. A manutenção dasatividades tradicionais, realizadas desde os primórdios da ocupação do território gaúcho, as questõesvoltadas à preservação do meio em que vivem, a solidariedade entre os produtores e a manutençãodos campos foram muito destacadas pelos entrevistados. Além disso, pôde-se constatar a partir daobservação das paisagens, que a manutenção dos agroecossistemas rurais da região estão preservados,proporcionando, assim, ainda mais ênfase na gama de serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação.(AU)

The glyphosate controversy: an update / A controvérsia do glifosato: uma atualização

The demand for food in the world grows year after year due in part to population growth, but also to the improvement of emerging markets. Brazil is one of the largest food producers in the world. In 2017, its cereal, legume and oilseed crops totaled 238.6 million tons, 29.2% more than the year before. Much of the great increase in productivity is due to the incorporation of transgenic seeds, especially cotton, maize and soybean, which possess genes that will increase plant's adaptability to harsh soil and water conditions and, resistance to pests, but also tolerance to herbicides. Virtually, all transgenic soybeans planted in Brazil are resistant to glyphosate, the herbicide initially launched on the market by Monsanto in the 1970s under the trade name Roundup. Due to the existence of several transgenic crops tolerant to glyphosate, such as soy, wheat, corn and canola, this product is the most commercialized herbicide in the world. The use of glyphosate allows the sowing of transgenic crops immediately after application, making the planting and maintenance processes very practical. Soybeans, such as other transgenics, have biological safety already well defined, but the use of glyphosate is still an extremely controversial subject. This review presents some historical aspects of the binomial Roundup Ready soybean/glyphosate and discusses the most recent controversies about the use of glyphosate in Brazil and worldwide.(AU)

A demanda por alimentos no mundo cresce ano após ano devido em parte pelo aumento populacional, mas também pela melhoria dos mercados emergentes. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de alimentos do mundo. Em 2017, a safra nacional de cereais, leguminosas e oleaginosas totalizou 238,6 milhões de toneladas, 29,2% superior à obtida em 2016. Boa parte do grande aumento da produtividade se dá pela incorporação de sementes transgênicas, especialmente de algodão, milho e soja, que apresentam genes que conferem maior adaptabilidade da planta ao solo, pragas, condições hídricas, mas também conferem resistência a herbicidas. Praticamente toda a soja transgênica plantada no país é resistente ao glifosato, inicialmente lançado no mercado pela empresa Monsanto nos anos 1970 pelo nome comercial Roundup, que é hoje o herbicida mais utilizado no mundo, principalmente pela disseminação da soja e outros produtos transgênicos como trigo, milho e canola. A utilização do glifosato permite a semeadura de culturas transgênicas imediatamente após a aplicação, tornando o processo de plantio muito prático. A soja, como outros transgênicos, apresenta segurança biológica já definida, mas a utilização do glifosato ainda é um assunto extremamente controverso. Esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos históricos do binômio soja transgênica Roundup Ready/glifosato e discute as controvérsias mais recentes sobre o uso do glifosato no Brasil e no mundo.(AU)