Clinical and arthroscopic presentation of horses with osteochondral fragmentation at metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints: a 10-year study (2010-2019) / Caracterização clínica e artroscópica de equinos com fragmentação osteocondral em articulações metacarpofalangeana e metatarsofalangeana: estudo de 10 anos (2010-2019)

This study aimed to characterize the clinical and arthroscopic presentations of horses with osteochondral fragmentation at the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of São Paulo in a 10-year period (2010-2019). The hind limbs were affected similarly to the plantar and dorsal fragments from the first phalanx, while the thoracic limbs had a more frequent occurrence on the dorsal aspect of the joint. The Brazilian Sport Horses were the most frequently observed breed. The degree of lameness was variable and might be related to fragment localization, animal age, and physical activity. There was a significant statistical difference between the joint effusion and degree of lameness; therefore, it can be considered that the joint effusion is related to degenerative joint processes and might be triggered by the presence of the osteochondral fragment. Surgical correction, especially when performed in young animals using an arthroscopic procedure is probably the best treatment option for most cases, possibly acting as a minimizer of the occurrence of secondary joint degeneration. Prospective studies of specific breeds with a larger number of animals can expand this clinical characterization and enable a better understanding of the animal's recovery after surgical or conservative management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a apresentação clínica e artroscópica de equinos com fragmentação osteocondral em articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalangeana atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 10 anos (2010-2019). Os membros pélvicos são mais acometidos com fragmentos plantaromediais da primeira falange, enquanto os membros torácicos apresentam uma caracterização de ocorrência de fragmentação dorsal da primeira falange, sendo o Brasileiro de Hipismo a raça de maior ocorrência nesta casuística. O grau de claudicação foi variável e pode relacionar-se com a localização do fragmento, a idade e o nível de atividade atlética desenvolvida. Houve relação estatística significativa entre a presença de efusão articular e o grau de claudicação, por isso suscita-se sobre a efusão relacionar-se com processos degenerativos articulares que podem ser desencadeados pela presença do fragmento osteocondral. A correção cirúrgica por meio de procedimento artroscópico provavelmente consiste na melhor opção de tratamento para a maioria dos casos, principalmente quando realizada em animais jovens, possivelmente atuando como minimizador da ocorrência de degeneração articular secundária. Estudos prospectivos de raças específicas e com um número maior de animais podem ampliar essa caracterização clínica e possibilitar um entendimento sobre a evolução após a opção ou não pelo tratamento cirúrgico.

Trichlorfon for treatment of cutaneous habronemosis - evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion in the distal equine limbs

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, appliedsystemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, itprevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimedto perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, asa possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) beingthe test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venographywere performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositionedfor 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintainedfor 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography wererepeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern,fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining withinthe reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and...

Correção de deformidade flexural da articulação metacarpofalangeana em uma bezerra / Correction of flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint in a calf

Background: The congenital flexural deformity is common in cattle, often affecting the metacarpophalangeal joint of thethoracic limbs. The deformity may be mild, moderate, or severe, and the therapy depends on the limb’s degree of flexionand the affected joint. In severe deformities, tenotomy of the flexor tendons and desmotomy of the suspensor ligament isrecommended. However, this surgical technique may not be sufficient to promote limb extension, and other interventionsmay be necessary. Thus, the purpose of this report is to describe a technique to correct severe flexural deformities of themetacarpophalangeal joint in calves.Case: A 3-month-old, female, Dutch-bred calf weighing 46 kg was referred for treatment of congenital flexural deformity.On attendance, the patient presented severe deformity in the right thoracic limb and mild in the left thoracic limb both at theheight of the metacarpophalangeal joints. During palpation it was possible to notice that the flexor tendons were contractedin both limbs. Radiographic exams were performed to rule out the presence of other diseases, confirming the diagnosis offlexural deformity. The patient was referred to surgery to correct the anatomical anomaly. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia and placed in right lateral decubitus. In the left thoracic limb, an incision was made in the medial region ofthe metacarpal bone, the tissues were divulsioned until the superficial digital and deep digital flexor tendons were exposed;these structures were sectioned with a scalpel, and the limb was extended, returning to the standard anatomical position. Inthe right thoracic limb, the same procedure was performed, but during the limb extension test, we observed that the limbremained flexed, we then followed with a second incision and section of the deep...

Dermatite associada ao consumo de farelo de arroz desengordurado em bovinos na região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Dermatitis associated with the intake of defatted rice bran by cattle in the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul

Background: Dermatitis associated with defatted rice bran (DRB) seems to be an underdiagnosed disease in Brazilian confined herds, characterized by localized skin lesions that develop mainly on hind limbs, and can affect any animal category. In this context, the goal of the present study was to describe an outbreak of dermatitis associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran on a property in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating the clinical, hematological and epidemiological characteristics of the animals, as well as alternatives for the definitive diagnosis. Cases: Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained by anamnesis with the technician responsible for the property. Aberdeen Angus and crossbred males, with 24 to 36 months of age, with an average of 413 kg, from a property in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed. From a batch of 45 cattle, from 24 to 36 months of age, 20 presented lesions on hind limbs 8-17 days after supplementation of a commercial feed containing defatted rice bran. To assist in the diagnosis, blood samples were drawn into vacuum tubes with 10% EDTA, for a complete blood count with the investigation of hemoparasites, and without anticoagulant, for liver function tests. In addition, lesion tissue samples were also collected for bacteriological, mycological and histopathological examination and the ration offered to the animals, for intradermal tests. There were no significant hematological and biochemical changes in animals that developed DRB dermatitis, except when they have an associated secondary infection. The fungal research was negative. The bacterial culture revealed a growth of Staphylococcus aureus, possibly due to secondary infection resulting from the lesions. In histopathological examination, lesions were characterized by areas of alopecia, thickening of the epidermis, forming dry, thick crusts, and some ulcerative and serosanguineous lesions. Histologically, lesions were characterized by marked hyperkeratosis, ulceration, and in the superficial dermis, intense inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Histologic changes, although not pathognomonic, are typically described in this disease. The intradermal test was performed to contribute to the diagnosis of the disease, where a significant increase in volume was found between measurements on animals that developed the disease. It is believed that the disease is produced due to a food hypersensitivity as a consequence of the high protein level in DRB. The results of the intradermal test indicate that the animals developed hypersensitivity and reaction to proteins, and further research is required to determine the protein fraction leading to hypersensitivity reactions. Discussion: In the present study, acute lesions in hind limbs in a significant number of animals of the same batch in a short period of time after supplementation with a diet containing defatted rice bran, enabled a clinical diagnosis suggestive of dermatitis associated with DRB consumption. Through epidemiological data, reactive intradermal test, associated with the findings of the histopathological exam, which showed characteristic lesions of the disease (alopecia, erythema, epidermis thickening, with the formation of thick crusts, usually on hind limbs in the region of the hoof coronary band, progressing to pastern and fetlock), it was possible to establish the clinical-pathological diagnosis of dermatitis associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran.

Manejo da deformidade flexural congênita em bezerro - aspectos cirúrgicos e patológicos / Management of a congenital flexural deformity in a calf - surgical and pathological aspects

Background: Flexural deformities are anatomical deviations, in varying degrees, of one or more joints, and may have a congenital or acquired origin. Congenital contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) affects newborn calves and results in hyperflexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, which in severe cases means that the animal must support its own weight on its fetlock joints. The aim of this study is to report the rapid and successful result of applying bilateral total tenotomy technique on a newborn bovine that had been diagnosed with severe bilateral DDFT contracture in the thoracic limbs. Case: A 3-week-old male bovine with a history of difficulty in maintaining a quadrupedal position was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins. The animal had severe bilateral locomotor alterations in the thoracic members to the point that he walked on his fetlock joints. The physical examination revealed clinical parameters within the normal range. However, the locomotor system examination showed severe flexor deformity in the bilateral metacarpal-phalangeal joints, and the limbs were being supported on the dorsal face of the fetlock joints, which presented ulcerations, and was suggestive of a shortening of the DDFT. Based on the patient’s history and clinical examination, as well as the severity of the tendon contractures, surgical treatment using the DDFT bilateral total tenotomy technique was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin intramuscularly (IM), SID, for 5 days and 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via IM, SID, for 3 days; as well as a dressing (cotton, medical bandage and a PVC mold) on the thoracic limbs to provide support and allow the animal to..

Manejo da deformidade flexural congênita em bezerro - aspectos cirúrgicos e patológicos / Management of a congenital flexural deformity in a calf - surgical and pathological aspects

Background: Flexural deformities are anatomical deviations, in varying degrees, of one or more joints, and may have a congenital or acquired origin. Congenital contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) affects newborn calves and results in hyperflexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, which in severe cases means that the animal must support its own weight on its fetlock joints. The aim of this study is to report the rapid and successful result of applying bilateral total tenotomy technique on a newborn bovine that had been diagnosed with severe bilateral DDFT contracture in the thoracic limbs. Case: A 3-week-old male bovine with a history of difficulty in maintaining a quadrupedal position was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins. The animal had severe bilateral locomotor alterations in the thoracic members to the point that he walked on his fetlock joints. The physical examination revealed clinical parameters within the normal range. However, the locomotor system examination showed severe flexor deformity in the bilateral metacarpal-phalangeal joints, and the limbs were being supported on the dorsal face of the fetlock joints, which presented ulcerations, and was suggestive of a shortening of the DDFT. Based on the patients history and clinical examination, as well as the severity of the tendon contractures, surgical treatment using the DDFT bilateral total tenotomy technique was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin intramuscularly (IM), SID, for 5 days and 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via IM, SID, for 3 days; as well as a dressing (cotton, medical bandage and a PVC mold) on the thoracic limbs to provide support and allow the animal to..(AU)

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...(AU)

Radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging of a dystrophic mineralization on the oblique sesamoidean ligament in a jumping horse. Twenty months follow-up / Acompanhamento radiográfico e ultrassonográfico de calcificação distrófica no ligamento sesamoideo oblíquo em cavalo de salto. Seguimento durante 20 meses

Mineralization of the anatomical structures involved in the limb movement of horses has been reported to induce lameness and interfere with athletic performance. A 4-year-old jumping horse in sport activity was reported at Veterinary Hospital of University of São Paulo, with mild lameness and a mineralized oblique distal sesamoidean ligament (ODSL) of the left forelimb, revealed by a purchase radiographic and ultrasound examination. Mineralization is more common in tendons than ligaments. This report calls for attention to these structures when performing image exams, even in mild lameness. Long-term favorable follow-up by ultrasonographic and radiographic examination showed that the severe ligament injury in this case did not decrease the athletic activity until the present day.

A mineralização de estruturas anatômicas envolvidas na movimentação dos membros predispõe à claudicação e interfere no desempenho atlético. Foi admitido no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP-SP um equino macho, da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de claudicação leve e ligamento sesamoideo oblíquo distal mineralizado do membro torácico esquerdo, diagnosticado por exame de compra. A mineralização apresenta alta incidência em tendões, sendo em menor proporção nos ligamentos. Esse relato visa atentar à essas estruturas ao se realizar exames rotineiros de imagem, apesar de claudicação leve. O acompanhamento a longo prazo por ultrassonografia e radiografia mostrou que lesões graves de ligamentos, como no presente caso, não diminuíram a atividade atlética até o momento.

Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness / Análise e caracterização das fases do andamento normal dos cavalos através da combinação de fotogrametria e acelerometria como ferramenta para o diagnóstico da claudicação

Horses with lameness modify gait behavior, but when it is subtle, it may not be possible to identify it clinically. The objective of this research is to characterize the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses by combining photogrammetry and accelerometry to monitor lameness to indicate a structural or functional disorder in the extremities. The study was conducted in 23 adult male Warmblood horses. Photogrammetry was used to identify the kinematic variables of the limbs and the markers path over time; triaxial accelerometers were used to capture the orthogonal acceleration components. It was determined that only 10 horses showed a normal gait pattern, there was a 43% correspondence between the expert´s judgment and the diagnostic techniques. According to the Stashak classification of the gait phases, cycle phases to forelimb were 34/4/8/13/41, while for hind limb were 54/11/8/8/19 (% of the stride). The range of motion (ROM) of the neck, knee and fetlock joints was 45.52±5.63°, 196.04±19.7° and 209±11.52° respectively. A combination of experimental methods was used to identify the phases of gait cycle of healthy horses. There was a correspondence in the location of the points of maximum displacement of the limbs with both techniques. More detailed information on the limbs movement was obtained using the accelerometer technology. These methods are applicable to other conditions either outdoors or in the lab.(AU)

Os cavalos com claudicação modificam o comportamento do andamento. Porém, uma leve modificação pode não ser identificada clinicamente. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar as fases do andamento normal dos cavalos através da combinação de fotogrametria e acelerometria, para identificar alterações estruturais ou funcionais nos membros. O estudo foi conduzido em 23 cavalos Warmblood machos adultos. A partir da fotogrametria foi possível obter as variáveis cinemáticas das extremidades e a trajetória dos marcadores ao longo do tempo. Por outro lado, os acelerômetros triaxiais foram usados para capturar as componentes ortogonais da aceleração. Determinou-se que apenas 10 cavalos mostraram um padrão de marcha normal, e houve uma correspondência de 43% entre pareceres dos peritos e as técnicas de diagnóstico. De acordo com a classificação das fases da marcha de Stashak, as fases do ciclo da extremidade anterior foram 34/4/8/13/41 enquanto para a extremidade posterior foram 54/11/8/8/19. A amplitude de movimento (ROM) de pescoço, joelho e sesamóide foram 45,52±5,63°, 196,04±19,7° e 209±11,52°, respectivamente. Uma combinação dos métodos experimentais foi utilizada para identificar as fases do ciclo de marcha de cavalos saudáveis. Constatou-se correspondência na localização dos pontos de deslocamento máximo do membro com ambas as técnicas. A informação mais detalhada do movimento dos membros foi obtida usando a acelerometria. Estes métodos são aplicáveis em outras condições, quer a campo ou no laboratório.(AU)

Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness / Análise e caracterização das fases do andamento normal dos cavalos através da combinação de fotogrametria e acelerometria como ferramenta para o diagnóstico da claudicação

Horses with lameness modify gait behavior, but when it is subtle, it may not be possible to identify it clinically. The objective of this research is to characterize the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses by combining photogrammetry and accelerometry to monitor lameness to indicate a structural or functional disorder in the extremities. The study was conducted in 23 adult male Warmblood horses. Photogrammetry was used to identify the kinematic variables of the limbs and the markers path over time; triaxial accelerometers were used to capture the orthogonal acceleration components. It was determined that only 10 horses showed a normal gait pattern, there was a 43% correspondence between the expert´s judgment and the diagnostic techniques. According to the Stashak classification of the gait phases, cycle phases to forelimb were 34/4/8/13/41, while for hind limb were 54/11/8/8/19 (% of the stride). The range of motion (ROM) of the neck, knee and fetlock joints was 45.52±5.63°, 196.04±19.7° and 209±11.52° respectively. A combination of experimental methods was used to identify the phases of gait cycle of healthy horses. There was a correspondence in the location of the points of maximum displacement of the limbs with both techniques. More detailed information on the limbs movement was obtained using the accelerometer technology. These methods are applicable to other conditions either outdoors or in the lab.(AU)

Os cavalos com claudicação modificam o comportamento do andamento. Porém, uma leve modificação pode não ser identificada clinicamente. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar as fases do andamento normal dos cavalos através da combinação de fotogrametria e acelerometria, para identificar alterações estruturais ou funcionais nos membros. O estudo foi conduzido em 23 cavalos Warmblood machos adultos. A partir da fotogrametria foi possível obter as variáveis cinemáticas das extremidades e a trajetória dos marcadores ao longo do tempo. Por outro lado, os acelerômetros triaxiais foram usados para capturar as componentes ortogonais da aceleração. Determinou-se que apenas 10 cavalos mostraram um padrão de marcha normal, e houve uma correspondência de 43% entre pareceres dos peritos e as técnicas de diagnóstico. De acordo com a classificação das fases da marcha de Stashak, as fases do ciclo da extremidade anterior foram 34/4/8/13/41 enquanto para a extremidade posterior foram 54/11/8/8/19. A amplitude de movimento (ROM) de pescoço, joelho e sesamóide foram 45,52±5,63°, 196,04±19,7° e 209±11,52°, respectivamente. Uma combinação dos métodos experimentais foi utilizada para identificar as fases do ciclo de marcha de cavalos saudáveis. Constatou-se correspondência na localização dos pontos de deslocamento máximo do membro com ambas as técnicas. A informação mais detalhada do movimento dos membros foi obtida usando a acelerometria. Estes métodos são aplicáveis em outras condições, quer a campo ou no laboratório.(AU)

ANÁLISE CINEMÁTICA DA ARTICULAÇÃO METACARPOFALANGEANA DURANTE A RECEPÇÃO DO SALTO EM EQUINOS

A cinemática do salto apresenta variações morfológicas entre raças. Fatores específicos dos cavalos Brasileiros de Hipismo motivaram uma investigação buscando identificar fatores que podem influenciar no desempenho e capacidade atlética de animais desta raça. O objetivo foi avaliar, por meio de análise cinemática, a variação do ângulo metacarpofalangeano, durante a recepção do salto em diferentes alturas ou larguras. Para tanto, avaliaram-se 14 equinos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo com marcadores reflexivos na face lateral esquerda da parede do casco dos membros torácicos, na articulação metacarpofalangeana e no carpo. Foram avaliados saltos verticais de 90 e 120 cm de altura (V 90 e V 120), e saltos do tipo oxer nas mesmas alturas (Ox 90 e Ox 120), com 100 cm de largura. As avaliações tomaram como base os ângulos em dois momentos, primeiro com o animal em estação; o segundo, durante a recepção do salto, no momento em que a articulação metacarpofalagenana atingiu sua maior hiperextensão. Os ângulos em estação variaram entre 140,17° e 162,37°, com média 151,35° ± 6,32°. Para o primeiro membro, a variação de percentual entre as médias, na comparação entre estação e saltos foi de 22,53 para Estação e V90; 25,4% para Estação e V 120; 24,1% para Estação e Ox 90; e 26,3% para Estação e Ox 120. Na comparação entre os saltos, a variação percentual foi de 3,7% entre V 90 e V 120; 2% entre V 90 e Ox 90; 4,8% entre V 90 e Ox 120; 1,8% entre V120 e Ox 90; 1,1% entre V 120 e Ox 120; e de 2,9% entre Ox 90 e Ox 120. Já para o segundo membro, a variação de percentual entre as médias foi de 17,36% para Estação e V 90; 18,23% para Estação e V 120; 18,61% para Estação e Ox 90; 19,56% para estação e Ox 120. Já entre os saltos, os valores encontrados foram de 1,05% entre V 90 e V 120; 1,51% entre V 90 e Ox 90; 2,65% entre V 90 e Ox 120; 0,46% entre V 120 e Ox 90; 1,62% entre V 120 e Ox 120; e 1,15% entre Ox 90 e Ox 120. Os resultados demonstraram que com o aumento da complexidade do salto, não houve diferença significativa na variação do ângulo da articulação durante a recepção.

The kinematics of the jump has morphological variations between horse breeds. Specific characteristics of the Brazilian Equestrian horses motivated an investigation seeking to identify the factors that can influence the performance and athletic capacity of animals of this breed. The objective was to evaluate through kinematic analysis the metacarpophalangeal angle variation during the reception of the jump at different heights or widths. Fourteen Brazilian Equestrian horses were evaluated with reflective markers on the left lateral side of the hoof of the thoracic limbs, in the fetlock joint and the carpus. Vertical jumps of 90 and 120 cm in height (V 90 and V 120), and oxer-type jumps at the same heights (Ox 90 and Ox 120), 100 cm wide, were evaluated. The assessments were based on joint angles in two moments, first with the animal in standing position; and second during the reception of the jump, at the moment when the fetlock joint reached its greatest hyperextension. The standing position angles varied between 140,17° and 162,37°, with an average of 151,35 ± 6,32°. For the first limb, the percentage variation between the averages, comparing standing position and jumping, was: 22,53% for Standing and V90; 25,4% for Standing and V120; 24,1% for Standing and Ox 90; and 26,3% for Standing and Ox 120. In the comparison between jumps, the percentage variation was 3,7% between V90 and V120; 2% between V90 and Ox90; 4,8% between V90 and Ox120; 1,8% between V120 and Ox90; 1.1% between V120 and Ox120; and 2,9% between Ox90 and Ox120. For the second limb, the percentage variation between the averages was 17,36% for Standing and V90; 18,23% for Standing and V120; 18,61% for Standing and Ox90; 19.56% for Standing and Ox120. Among the jumps, the values found were 1,05% between V90 and V120; 1,51% between V90 and Ox90); 2,65% between V90 and Ox120; 0.46% between V120 and Ox90; 1,62% between V120 and Ox120; and 1,15% between Ox90 and Ox120. The results showed that, with the increase in the complexity of the jump, there was no significant difference in the variation of the angle of the joint during reception.

Diagnostic value of computed tomography, radiography and ultrasonography in metacarpophalangeal joint disorders in horses / Importância diagnóstica da tomografia computadorizada, radiografia e ultrassonografia nas afecções da articulação metacarpofalangeana em equinos

In modern society the work and athletic performance of horses has led to a very important animal production sector in which Brazil possesses the third largest horse stock. Among all equine lesions described, metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint lesions are considered one of the main causes of lameness. Consequently, there is a need to improve the understanding and diagnosis of these injuries. The most efficient imaging diagnostic methods for the fetlock region are computed tomography, radiography and ultrasound. Imaging studies of the anatomical structures involving this joint are extremely important to obtain a more precise diagnose. The present study was performed in order to evaluate the capacity of different imaging diagnostic modalities to detect a variety of lesions in different fetlock structures. Twenty horses (Equus caballus) used for horsemanship activities were referred to the Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology of São Paulo State University, Botucatu campus, with clinical signs of metacarpophalangeal joint injuries. Horses were submitted to radiographic and ultrasonographic exam and computed tomography scan. Image analysis revealed a significant capacity of these methods to characterize lesions in this region. However, computed tomography provided broader and better evaluation of lesions in bones and adjacent structures, because it allows the analysis to be performed on three-dimensional projections, with attenuation coefficients (window selections) and tissue density measurement through Hounsfield Units (HU).(AU)

As atividades desempenhadas pelo cavalo na sociedade contemporânea são diversas, e o Brasil é portador do terceiro maior plantel mundial de equinos. Entre as várias afecções descritas em cavalos atletas, as lesões na articulação metacarpofalangeana (boleto) são consideradas as principais causas de claudicação. Por isso, continuamente se aprofunda o conhecimento no diagnóstico das enfermidades que acometem essa região. Dentre as modalidades de diagnóstico por imagem, os exames de tomografia computadorizada, radiografia e ultrassonografia constituem os mais eficazes para avaliação da região do boleto. Com o presente trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da tomografia computadorizada, da radiografia e da ultrassonografia nas mais variadas injúrias das estruturas da articulação metacarpofalangeana. Vinte cavalos (Equus caballus), destinados às atividades de horsemanship, foram encaminhados ao Departamento de Reprodução Animal e Radiologia Veterinária da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu, com sinais clínicos de afecções na articulação metacarpofalangeana. Os animais foram submetidos aos exames de radiografia, ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada. As imagens revelaram grande capacidade dos métodos em caracterizar lesões nessa articulação. Entretanto, a tomografia computadorizada possibilitou avaliar de modo mais amplo e aprimorado as lesões em estruturas ósseas e adjacentes dessa articulação, pois permite a análise das imagens por meio de projeções tridimensionais, a seleção de coeficiente de atenuação e a mensuração da densidade dos tecidos em unidade Hounsfield (HU).(AU)

Importancia del gestión racional en examen radiográfico de la articulación metacarpo/metatarsofalángica (menudillo) en caballos - revisión / Importance of rational handling in radiographic examination of metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock) in horses - review / Importância do manejo racional no exame radiográfico da articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalângica (boleto) em equinos - revisão de literatura

Actualmente los caballos han sido incluidos en diversas actividades como el ocio, el deporte y la terapia. Entre los diversos sitios posibles de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los caballos, las lesiones en la articulación metacarpofalángica son consideradas como una de las principales causas de claudicación. La radiografía es uno de los métodos de diagnóstico de mayor accesibilidad y contribuye al diagnóstico de las lesiones del aparato locomotor en la especie equina. Muchas de las tareas asociadas a la gestión de los caballos durante el procedimiento radiográfico, particularmente en las partes distales de las extremidades, pueden aumentar las reacciones de miedo, que conduce a la falta de cooperación del animal con el procedimiento y, en consecuencia, la generación de situaciones adversas para el animal y profesional involucrados. Esta revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de la gestión racional asociado con el examen radiográfico del metacarpo / metatarso-falángica (menudillo), destacando las principales dificultades para llevar a cabo lo examen radiográfico y los métodos facilitadores para el éxito de las proyecciones radiográficas esa región.(AU)

Currently the equines are being included in the most varied activities, such as leisure, sport and therapy. Among the various sites of musculoskeletal lesions in horses, the metacarpophalangeal joint injuries are considered as a major cause of lameness. Radiographic examination is one of the diagnostic methods of greater accessibility and contributes to the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in the equine species. Many of the tasks associated with the handling of equine during the radiographic procedure, particularly on the distal parts of the limbs, can increase fear reactions, leading to non-cooperation of the animal to the procedure and, consequently, generating adverse situations to the animal and professionals involved. This literature review aims to highlight the importance of rational management associated with radiographic examination of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock), highlighting the main difficulties for the realization of the radiographic exam and the facilitators methods to success on radiographic projections of this region.(AU)

Atualmente os equinos têm sido incluídos nas mais variadas atividades, como lazer, esporte e terapia. Entre os vários possíveis sítios de lesões musculoesqueléticas em cavalos, as injúrias na articulação metacarpofalângica são consideradas como uma das principais causas de claudicação. A radiografia é uma das metodologias diagnósticas de maior acessibilidade e que contribui para o diagnóstico das lesões locomotoras na espécie equina. Muitas das tarefas associadas ao manejo dos equinos durante o procedimento radiográfico, particularmente nas regiões distais dos membros, podem aumentar as reações de medo, levando a não cooperação do animal para a realização do procedimento, gerando, consequentemente, situações adversas para o animal e profissionais envolvidos. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo destacar a importância do manejo racional associado ao exame radiográfico da articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalângica (boleto), ressaltando as principais dificuldades enfrentadas para a realização do exame radiográfico e os métodos facilitadores para o sucesso das projeções radiográficas dessa região.(AU)

Importancia del gestión racional en examen radiográfico de la articulación metacarpo/metatarsofalángica (menudillo) en caballos - revisión / Importance of rational handling in radiographic examination of metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock) in horses - review / Importância do manejo racional no exame radiográfico da articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalângica (boleto) em equinos - revisão de literatura

Actualmente los caballos han sido incluidos en diversas actividades como el ocio, el deporte y la terapia. Entre los diversos sitios posibles de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los caballos, las lesiones en la articulación metacarpofalángica son consideradas como una de las principales causas de claudicación. La radiografía es uno de los métodos de diagnóstico de mayor accesibilidad y contribuye al diagnóstico de las lesiones del aparato locomotor en la especie equina. Muchas de las tareas asociadas a la gestión de los caballos durante el procedimiento radiográfico, particularmente en las partes distales de las extremidades, pueden aumentar las reacciones de miedo, que conduce a la falta de cooperación del animal con el procedimiento y, en consecuencia, la generación de situaciones adversas para el animal y profesional involucrados. Esta revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de la gestión racional asociado con el examen radiográfico del metacarpo / metatarso-falángica (menudillo), destacando las principales dificultades para llevar a cabo lo examen radiográfico y los métodos facilitadores para el éxito de las proyecciones radiográficas esa región.

Currently the equines are being included in the most varied activities, such as leisure, sport and therapy. Among the various sites of musculoskeletal lesions in horses, the metacarpophalangeal joint injuries are considered as a major cause of lameness. Radiographic examination is one of the diagnostic methods of greater accessibility and contributes to the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in the equine species. Many of the tasks associated with the handling of equine during the radiographic procedure, particularly on the distal parts of the limbs, can increase fear reactions, leading to non-cooperation of the animal to the procedure and, consequently, generating adverse situations to the animal and professionals involved. This literature review aims to highlight the importance of rational management associated with radiographic examination of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock), highlighting the main difficulties for the realization of the radiographic exam and the facilitators methods to success on radiographic projections of this region.

Atualmente os equinos têm sido incluídos nas mais variadas atividades, como lazer, esporte e terapia. Entre os vários possíveis sítios de lesões musculoesqueléticas em cavalos, as injúrias na articulação metacarpofalângica são consideradas como uma das principais causas de claudicação. A radiografia é uma das metodologias diagnósticas de maior acessibilidade e que contribui para o diagnóstico das lesões locomotoras na espécie equina. Muitas das tarefas associadas ao manejo dos equinos durante o procedimento radiográfico, particularmente nas regiões distais dos membros, podem aumentar as reações de medo, levando a não cooperação do animal para a realização do procedimento, gerando, consequentemente, situações adversas para o animal e profissionais envolvidos. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo destacar a importância do manejo racional associado ao exame radiográfico da articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalângica (boleto), ressaltando as principais dificuldades enfrentadas para a realização do exame radiográfico e os métodos facilitadores para o sucesso das projeções radiográficas dessa região.

CONFORMAÇÃO FÍSICA E ÍNDICES ZOOTÉCNICOS DE EQUINOS JOVENS DA RAÇA BRASILEIRO DE HIPISMO SOB TREINAMENTO ESPORTIVO

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do treinamento esportivo sobre a morfometria de equinos jovens da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo. Foram selecionados 19 equinos jovens (Equus caballus), entre quatro e sete anos de idade da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo em início de treinamento esportivo, machos e fêmeas, clinicamente, saudáveis. Os animais de quatro anos, tiveram treinamentos de exercícios de seis vezes por semana com duração de quarenta a cinquenta minutos, de passo, trote e galope na guia sem serem montados e salto em liberdade em um x no redondel de tamanho 20 x 40m. O treinamento consistiu de exercícios seis vezes por semana, com duração de 40 a 50 minutos, de plano, ao passo, trote e galope, e de salto de obstáculos em pista de areia, para os animais entre 5 e 7 anos, este grupo foi chamado de A2. Os parâmetros que foram avaliados, antes e após o programa de treinamento, foram a morfologia, a condição corporal. Foram utilizados um hipômetro, uma fita métrica e um artrogoniômetro para a realização das mensurações de 18 medidas lineares e oito medidas angulares. Foram calculados 13 índices zootécnicos e realizado o escore da condição corporal dos cavalos. O índice de escore corporal foi avaliado utilizando uma escala de 1 a 9 que varia do, extremamente magro (1) ao, extremamente gordo (9). Os parâmetros lineares em que houveram significância antes do treinamento e após o treinamento foram a altura de cernelha, altura de garupa, comprimento de corpo, comprimento de pescoço, comprimento de cabeça, comprimento de espádua, largura de cabeça, largura de peito, distância do codilho ao solo, perímetro torácico e perímetro de joelho (p<0,05). Os demais valores como: largura de anca, perímetro de braço, perímetro de boleto e perímetro de canela não obtiveram diferença estatística (p>0,05) antes e após o treinamento em animais jovens da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo. Em todos os parâmetros angulares não houve significância das medidas antes do treinamento e após o treinamento nos dois grupos apresentados, tampouco no escore da condição corporal. O programa de treinamento esportivo realizado nos equinos jovens da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo apresentou diferença estatística na altura de cernelha, altura de garupa, comprimento de corpo, comprimento de pescoço, comprimento de cabeça, comprimento de espádua, largura de cabeça, largura de peito, distância do codilho ao solo, perímetro torácico e perímetro de joelho. Não houve diferença estatística nas medidas lineares e no escore corporal.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sports training on the morphometry of young horses of the Brazilian Equestrian breed. Nineteen young horses (Equus caballus), between four and seven years old, of the Brazilian Equestrian breed, in the beginning of sports training, clinically healthy males and females were selected. The four-year-old animals had exercise training six times a week lasting forty to fifty minutes, stepping, trotting and cantering on the leash without being mounted and free jumping in an "x" in the round of size 20 x 40m . The training consisted of exercises six times a week, lasting 40 to 50 minutes, plan, step, trot and canter, and show jumping on a sand track, for animals between 5 and 7 years old, this group was called A2. The parameters that were evaluated, before and after the training program, were morphology, body condition. A hypometer, a measuring tape and an arthroniometer were used to perform measurements of 18 linear measurements and eight angular measurements. Thirteen zootechnical indices were calculated and the horse body condition score was performed. The body score index was assessed using a scale from 1 to 9 ranging from extremely thin (1) to extremely fat (9). The linear parameters in which there was significance before training and after training were withers height, rump height, body length, neck length, head length, shoulder length, head width, chest width, head distance. elbow to the ground, thoracic perimeter and knee perimeter (p<0.05). The other values such as hip width, arm perimeter, fetlock perimeter and shin perimeter did not obtain statistical difference (p>0.05) before and after training in young animals of the Brazilian Equestrian breed. In all angular parameters, there was no significance of the measures before training and after training in the two groups presented, nor in the body condition score. The sports training program carried out in young horses of the Brazilian Equestrian breed showed statistical difference in withers height, rump height, body length, neck length, head length, shoulder length, head width, breast width, distance from the elbow to the ground, thoracic perimeter and knee perimeter. There was no statistical difference in linear measurements and body score.

Surtos de dermatite ulcerativa causados por espinhos de Mimosa setosa, M. debilis e M. pudica (Fabaceae) em equinos / Ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks caused by thorns of Mimosa setosa, M. debilis and M. pudica (Fabaceae) in horses

Descrevem-se, na pele de equídeos, lesões de natureza mecânico-traumática causadas por espinhos de Mimosa spp. Dentre as três espécies da planta identificadas como responsáveis pelas lesões, M. setosa estava presente em maior quantidade (80%) e M. debilis e M. pudica encontravam-se em menor proporção na pastagem. Ocorreram três surtos de dermatite ulcerativa em períodos chuvosos de abril a maio de 2013, dezembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014 e abril a maio deste mesmo ano. Vinte e cinco equinos do Setor de Reprodução Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro apresentaram, na pele, lesões ulcerativas com contornos irregulares, exsudato hemorrágico, recobertas por crostas. As lesões localizavam-se sobretudo nas regiões de quartela, boleto, articulação escapulo-umeral, lábios superior e inferior, focinho, narinas, bochechas e chanfro. Sete animais foram biopsiados e o exame histopatológico revelou ulceração da epiderme e infiltrado inflamatório constituído por macrófagos e neutrófilos, delimitado por tecido de granulação subjacente. Em alguns casos, foram observados microespículos das referidas plantas (tricomas hirsutos) em meio à reação inflamatória. O diagnóstico de dermatite cutânea causada pela ação traumática da planta baseou-se na presença de Mimosa spp. na pastagem, nas características e localização das lesões na pele dos equinos, nos achados histopatológicos e na recuperação após a retirada dos animais do pasto.(AU)

Mechanic natural skin lesions in horses caused by thorns of Mimosa spp. are described. Between the three plant species identified as responsible for the lesions, Mimosa setosa was present in greater quantity (80%) in the pasture, whilst M. debilis and M. pudica existed in lower proportion. Three ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks were observed during rainy periods of April to May 2013, December 2013 to February 2014 and April to May of the same year. Twenty-five horses from the Sector of Animal Reproduction, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, showed ulcerative skin lesions with irregular borders, hemorrhagic exudate, sometimes covered with scabs, located mainly in the regions of the pastern, fetlock, scapular-humeral joints, upper and lower lips, nose, nostrils, cheeks and chamfer. Seven horses were biopsied and histopathological examination revealed ulceration of the skin with inflammatory infiltrate by macrophages and neutrophils, delimited by granulation tissue. In some cases, microspicules of these plants (hirsute trichomes) were found throughout the inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis of skin dermatitis, caused by traumatic action of the plants, was based on the presence of Mimosa spp. in the pasture, on the characteristic clinic-pathological features and on recovery of the horses after their removal from the pasture. This appears to be the first report of the occurrence of ulcerative dermatitis caused by Mimosa setosa, as dermatitis caused by the others has been described before.(AU)

Surtos de dermatite ulcerativa causados por espinhos de Mimosa setosa, M. debilis e M. pudica (Fabaceae) em equinos / Ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks caused by thorns of Mimosa setosa, M. debilis and M. pudica (Fabaceae) in horses

Mechanic natural skin lesions in horses caused by thorns of Mimosa spp. are described. Between the three plant species identified as responsible for the lesions, Mimosa setosa was present in greater quantity (80%) in the pasture, whilst M. debilis and M. pudica existed in lower proportion. Three ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks were observed during rainy periods of April to May 2013, December 2013 to February 2014 and April to May of the same year. Twenty-five horses from the Sector of Animal Reproduction, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, showed ulcerative skin lesions with irregular borders, hemorrhagic exudate, sometimes covered with scabs, located mainly in the regions of the pastern, fetlock, scapular-humeral joints, upper and lower lips, nose, nostrils, cheeks and chamfer. Seven horses were biopsied and histopathological examination revealed ulceration of the skin with inflammatory infiltrate by macrophages and neutrophils, delimited by granulation tissue. In some cases, microspicules of these plants (hirsute trichomes) were found throughout the inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis of skin dermatitis, caused by traumatic action of the plants, was based on the presence of Mimosa spp. in the pasture, on the characteristic clinic-pathological features and on recovery of the horses after their removal from the pasture. This appears to be the first report of the occurrence of ulcerative dermatitis caused by Mimosa setosa, as dermatitis caused by the others has been described before.(AU)

Descrevem-se, na pele de equídeos, lesões de natureza mecânico-traumática causadas por espinhos de Mimosa spp. Dentre as três espécies da planta identificadas como responsáveis pelas lesões, M. setosa estava presente em maior quantidade (80%) e M. debilis e M. pudica encontravam-se em menor proporção na pastagem. Ocorreram três surtos de dermatite ulcerativa em períodos chuvosos de abril a maio de 2013, dezembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014 e abril a maio deste mesmo ano. Vinte e cinco equinos do Setor de Reprodução Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro apresentaram, na pele, lesões ulcerativas com contornos irregulares, exsudato hemorrágico, recobertas por crostas. As lesões localizavam-se sobretudo nas regiões de quartela, boleto, articulação escapulo-umeral, lábios superior e inferior, focinho, narinas, bochechas e chanfro. Sete animais foram biopsiados e o exame histopatológico revelou ulceração da epiderme e infiltrado inflamatório constituído por macrófagos e neutrófilos, delimitado por tecido de granulação subjacente. Em alguns casos, foram observados microespículos das referidas plantas (tricomas hirsutos) em meio à reação inflamatória. O diagnóstico de dermatite cutânea causada pela ação traumática da planta baseou-se na presença de Mimosa spp. na pastagem, nas características e localização das lesões na pele dos equinos, nos achados histopatológicos e na recuperação após a retirada dos animais do pasto.(AU)

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA HASTE/PLACA E APLICAÇÃO CLÍNICA NA ARTRODESE METACARPO/METATARSO FALANGEANS EM EQUINOS

As articulações metacarpo/metatarsofalangeanas, bem como o aparato suspensor são usualmente acometidos por injúrias, pela intensa demanda física durante esportes e grande amplitude de movimento, predispondo a processos degenerativos e traumas. Em alguns casos, a artrodese é a técnica proposta para o parcial reestabelecimento funcional destas articulações. Muitas técnicas cirúrgicas possuem prognóstico desfavorável devido a complicações pós-operatórias, portanto o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas é importante. A técnica proposta proporciona o manejo das feridas em casos de ruptura do aparato suspensor associado a imobilização com tala. As hastes intramedulares são vantajosas em relação a outros métodos de fixação, apresentando menor custo, praticidade de aplicação e permitem o apoio do membro após retorno da anestesia.  O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um implante intramedular modificado para artrodese metacarpo/metatarsofalangeana. O implante foi confeccionado no laboratório de engenharia mecânica da UFPR, consistindo em um pino intramedular revestido em titânio, fundido a uma placa. Procedimentos que conferissem maior resistência a fadiga do implante foram realizados, como shot peening e tratamento térmico. Para o estudo foram utilizados cinco equinos de diferentes raças, sexos e idades, da rotina do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná-Campus Curitiba, que tiveram como indicação a artrodese da articulação do boleto devido a trauma do aparato suspensor ou osteoartrite avançada. O animal número um, apresentou fratura do terceiro osso metacarpo 24 horas após a cirurgia pelo uso da haste intramedular curta, sendo substituída por haste bloqueada e imobilização, com formação de anquilose. O animal número dois apresentou fratura diafisária do terceiro osso metacarpo 11 dias do pós-cirúrgico, com imobilização até o terço proximal do mesmo osso imediatamente ao pós-operatório, estendendo-se até o nível da articulação úmero radio ulnar após fratura. A eutanásia por complicações secundárias foi realizada 56 dias do pós-cirúrgico. O animal número três apresentou quebra da haste 95 dias após a cirurgia, desenvolvendo anquilose. O animal número quatro apresentou infecção do implante, transcorrendo com sua retirada um ano após a cirurgia, entretanto com formação de anquilose. O animal número cinco estabeleceu completa anquilose com oito meses de evolução, entretanto a imobilização do membro operado ocorreu imediatamente após a cirurgia, permanecendo por 30 dias.  A utilização da haste intramedular como proposto nesse estudo pode ser utilizada na artrodese de boleto em equinos, entretanto o correto comprimento da haste, a utilização de imobilização externa e um rígido controle da técnica asséptica são necessários para melhorar sua eficiência.

The metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of movement, predisposing to degenerative processes and trauma. In some cases, arthrodesis is the proposed technique for partial functional reestablishment of the limb. Many surgical techniques have an unfavorable prognosis due to postoperative complications, so the development of new techniques is important. The proposed technique provides wound management in cases of rupture of the suspensory apparatus, associated with cast immobilization. Intramedullary nails are advantageous in relation to other fixation methods, presenting lower cost, practical application and allow support of the limb after return from anesthesia. The aim of the study was to develop a modified intramedullary implant for metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis. The implant was developed in the mechanical engineering laboratory of Federal University of Parana (UFPR), consisting of an intramedullary pin coated in titanium, fused to a plate. In order to increase the resistance to implant fatigue were performed some procedures, such as shot peening and heat treatment. For the study, we used five horses of different breed, gender and age, from the Veterinary Hospital of the UFPR- Curitiba Campus, which had as indication the arthrodesis of the fetlock joint due to trauma of the suspensory apparatus or advanced osteoarthritis. Animal number one presented a fracture of the third metacarpal bone 24 hours after surgery by using short intramedullary nail, being replaced by blocked nail and immobilization, with the formation of ankylosis. Animal number two developed a diaphyseal fracture of the third metacarpal bone 11 days postsurgical, with immobilization to the proximal third of the same bone immediately after the surgery, extending to the level of the humerus-radio-ulnar joint after fracture. Euthanasia due to secondary complications was performed 56 days after surgery. Animal number three had a broken stem 95 days after surgery, developing ankylosis. Animal number four presented infection of the implant, leading to its removal one year after surgery, however with the formation of ankylosis. Animal number five obtained a positive result without complications from surgery until complete ankylosis with eight months of evolution; however, immobilization of the operated limb occurred immediately after surgery, remaining for 30 days. The use of the intramedullary nail, as proposed in this study, can be used in fetlock arthrodesis in horses; however, the correct nail length, the use of external immobilization and strict control of the aseptic technique are necessary to improve its efficiency.

AVALIAÇÃO CLÍNICA, RADIOGRÁFICA, ULTRASSONOGRÁFICA E DO LÍQUIDO SINOVIAL DA ARTICULAÇÃO METACARPOFALANGEANA E BIOMETRIA PODAL EM EQUINOS GERIÁTRICOS

PEREIRA, L.M.A. 2020, 114p. Avaliação clínica, radiográfica, ultrassonográfica e do líquido sinovial da articulação metacarpofalangeana e biometria podal em equinos geriátricos. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Lages, 2020. A articulação metacarpofalangeana dispõe de alta mobilidade e proporciona estabilidade no membro distal, sendo considerada o principal local para o desenvolvimento de lesões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência e os tipos de alterações clínicas, radiográficas (RX), ultrassonográficas (US), do líquido sinovial da articulação metacarpofalangeana e desequilíbrios podais em equinos geriátricos. Foram avaliados 40 equinos geriátricos (18,6 anos), mestiços, sendo 19 (48%) machos castrados e 21 (53%) fêmeas. O exame específico do aparelho locomotor foi realizado em todos os equinos, seguido pelo exame ultrassonográfico, radiográfico e a biometria podal. A US foi realizada por meio de secções longitudinais e transversais da face palmar e dorsal da articulação metacarpofalangeana. No RX quatro projeções foram efetuadas sendo, lateromedial, dorsopalmar, dorsomedial palmarolateral e dorsolateral palmaromedial. A presença de claudicação foi avaliada em graus (0-5), e para cada exame de imagem foi determinado escores de lesão: RX (0-4), US tecidos moles (0-6) e US ósseo (0-4). Determinou-se com as mensurações do casco a presença de contratura de ranilha, talões escorridos, desequilíbrio médio lateral, e a diferença entre membros contralaterais, além do comprimento da pinça. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada por meio do cálculo das frequências absoluta e percentual das alterações. A avaliação da associação entre a presença de claudicação e os escores de lesões US e RX foi determinado pelo teste Qui-quadrado (P<0,05). Quatorze equinos (35%) apresentaram claudicação, sendo quatro (10%) com origem na articulação do boleto e 10 (25%) com foco de dor em outras regiões. Nos exames de imagem 98% (39/40) dos animais apresentaram alteração, sendo 36 (90%) US e 39 (98%) RX. Em relação aos graus de lesão US para tecidos moles por membro, 47/80 (59%) tinham grau 0; 5/80 (6%) grau 1, 4/80 (5%) grau 2; 0/80 grau 3; 0/80 grau 4; 21/80 (26%) grau 5 e 3/80 (4%) grau 6. Os escores US ósseo, foram 22/80 (28%) grau 0; 19/80 (24%) grau 1; 32/80 (40%) grau 2; 6/80 (7%) grau 3; e 1/80 grau 4 (1%). No RX, para ambos os membros se obteve 2/80 (3 %) grau 0; 19/80 (24%) grau 1; 13/80 (15%) grau 2; 43/80 (54%) grau 3; e 3/80 (4%) grau 4. As principais alterações observadas foram relacionadas com doenças crônicas degenerativas, com redução do espaço articular e presença de osteófitos. Na avaliação biométrica foi observado presença de contratura de ranilha em 100% (38/38), desequilíbrio mediolateral pela altura do talão em 47% (18/38) e pelo ângulo dos talões em 82% (31/38), e talões escorridos em 73% (28/38) dos equinos. Não houve relação entre a presença de claudicação com os graus de lesão obtidos nos exames de imagem. Na biometria, apenas o desequilíbrio mediolateral com alterações ultrassonográficas de tecidos moles apresentou correlação (p = 0,047). Conclui-se que a ausência de claudicação não exclui a presença de alterações radiográficas e ultrassonográficas graves no boleto de equinos geriátricos. Porém, a presença de desequilíbrio mediolateral tem correlação com alterações ultrassonográficas em tecidos moles no boleto.

PEREIRA, L.M.A. 2020. 114p. Clinical, radiographic, ultrasound and synovial fluid evaluation of the metacarpophalangeal joint and hoof biometry in geriatric horses. Dissertation (Masters in animal science) - Santa Catarina State University. Post Graduate Program in Animal Science, Lages, 2020. The metacarpophalangeal joint has high mobility and provides stability in the distal limb, being considered the main site for the development of injuries. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and types of clinical, radiographic (X-ray), ultrasound (US) changes, of the synovial fluid of the metacarpophalangeal joint and foot imbalances in geriatric horses. Forty geriatric horses (18.6 years), crossbred, were evaluated, with 19 castrated males and 21 females. The specific examination of the locomotor system was performed in all horses, followed by ultrasound, radiographic examination and foot biometry. US was performed through longitudinal and transverse sections of the palmar and dorsal face of the metacarpophalangeal joint. In the X-ray, four projections were made: lateromedial, dorsopalmar, dorsomedial palmarolateral and dorsolateral palmaromedial. The presence of claudication was evaluated in degrees (0-5), and for each imaging exam, lesion scores were determined: XR (0-4), US soft tissue (0-6) and US bone (0-4). With the measurements of the toe, the presence of raw contracture, underrun hells, medium lateral imbalance, and the difference between contralateral members, in addition to the length of the toe, were determined. The descriptive analysis of the data was performed by calculating the absolute frequencies and percentage of changes. The assessment of the association between the presence of lameness and the US and RX lesion scores was determined by the Chi-square test (P <0.05). Fourteen horses (35%) presented lameness, four (10%) originating from the fetlock joint and 10 (25%) with a focus of pain in other regions. In imaging exams, 98% (39/40) of the animals showed changes, 36 (90%) of which were US and 39 (98%) of RX. Regarding the degrees of US injury to soft tissues per limb, 47/80 (59%) were grade 0; 5/80 (6%) grade 1, 4/80 (5%) grade 2; 0/80 grade 3; 0/80 grade 4; 21/80 (26%) grade 5; and 3/80 (4%) grade 6. Bone US scores were 22/80 (28%) grade 0; 19/80 (24%) grade 1; 32/80 (40%) grade 2; 6/80 (7%) grade 3; and 1/80 grade 4 (1%). In the RX, 2/80 (3%) grade 0 was obtained for both members; 19/80 (24%) grade 1; 13/80 (15%) grade 2; 43/80 (54%) grade 3; and 3/80 (4%) grade 4. The main changes observed were related to chronic degenerative diseases, with reduced joint space and the presence of osteophytes. In the biometric evaluation, the presence of a raw contracture was observed in 100% (38/38), mediolateral imbalance by the height of the hells in 47% (18/38) and by the angle of the hells in 82% (31/38), and underrun hells in 73% (28/38) of horses. There was no relationship between the presence of lameness and the degree of injury obtained on imaging exams. In biometrics, only the mediolateral imbalance with soft tissue ultrasound changes showed a difference (p = 0.047). It is concluded that the absence of lameness does not exclude the presence of serious radiographic and ultrasound changes in the geriatric equine fetlock joint. However, the presence of mediolateral imbalance is correlated with ultrasound changes in soft tissues in the fetlock joint.