Influence of age and sex on bone development and athletic career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil - preliminary study / Influência do gênero e da idade no estágio de desenvolvimento ósseo e longevidade atlética de equinos da Raça Puro Sangue Inglês de corridas no Brasil - estudo preliminar

The impact of high-speed exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young racehorses has been extensively discussed because of concerns regarding animal health and welfare. This study investigated the correlation between age, degree of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis, sex, and career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil from 2012 to 2015. We performed a retrospective evaluation of 286 dorsopalmar radiographs of the left radiocarpal region of young horses and their racing performance. Distal radial epiphyseal closure was classified into three degrees: A, B, or C. Performance data included the number of races raced, athletic career length, and the number of races per month. The variables were subjected to regression analysis. At the time of radiographic examination, male horses were significantly older than females, and horses with epiphyseal closure degrees differed with age. Age at first race was 33.08±3.81 months, the average of races raced was 18.32±15.14 races, athletic career duration was 20.37±13.82 months, and the number of races raced per month was 0.93±0.46 races. Age influenced (P>0.001) the distal radial epiphyseal closure on racehorses, but sex did not (P=0.218 for males and P=0.275 for females). An inverse association was observed between age at the first race, the number of races raced per month, and athletic career duration. The frequency of race and the age at the first race influenced athletic career duration.

O impacto do exercício de alta velocidade no sistema musculoesquelético de cavalos de corrida jovens tem sido amplamente discutido devido a preocupações com a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Este estudo investigou a correlação entre idade, grau de ossificação da epífise radial distal, sexo e longevidade da carreira de cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês de corrida no Brasil de 2012 a 2015. Realizamos uma avaliação retrospectiva de 286 radiografias dorsopalmar da região radiocarpica esquerda de cavalos jovens e seu desempenho de corrida. O fechamento epifisário radial distal foi classificado em três graus decrescentes: A, B ou C. Os dados de desempenho incluíram o número de corridas disputadas, duração da carreira atlética e o número de corridas por mês. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de regressão. No momento do exame radiográfico, os cavalos machos eram significativamente mais velhos que as fêmeas, e os cavalos com diferentes graus de fechamento epifisário diferiram com a idade. A idade na primeira corrida foi de 33,08±3,81 meses, a média de corridas disputadas foi de 18,32±15,14 corridas, a duração da carreira atlética foi de 20,37±13,82 meses e o número de corridas realizadas por mês foi de 0,93±0,46 corridas. A idade influenciou (P>0,001) o fechamento da epífise radial distal em cavalos de corrida, mas o sexo não (P=0,218 para machos e P=0,275 para fêmeas). Uma associação inversa foi observada entre a idade na primeira corrida, o número de corridas disputadas por mês e a duração da carreira atlética. A frequência de corrida e a idade na primeira corrida influenciaram a duração da carreira atlética.

Separation of coriander seeds by red, green and blue image processing / Separação de sementes de coentro por processamento de imagens red, green e blue

Coriander seeds have high socio-economic value in several regions of Brazil, especially in the North and Northeast. Seed maturation determined by color influences the seed quality. With this, digital image processing has become an important tool for separating seeds by color since this classification is usually performed by humans and is highly susceptible to error. The study established parameters for separating coriander seeds by red green and blue (RGB) image analysis, seeking a better selection of coriander seeds according to their color, and evaluating the physiological quality by the germination test. Separation was carried out from two coriander seed lots to obtain samples of 20 g each in three shades: yellowish, gray, and mixed. Images were acquired by the HP C4480 Scanner and processed in the MATLAB software; then, a histogram was constructed for each color analyzed in each sample by the RGB system. ANOVA tested the averages of the scales to ratify the difference in the components' distributions. The germination test was performed to confirm the results of seed separation using image analysis. The best selection of coriander seeds was achieved by the blue scale, and the germination test indicated that yellow seeds have a higher physiological quality than brownish/greyish seeds.

As sementes de coentro possuem alto valor socioeconômico em diversas regiões do Brasil, especialmente no Norte e Nordeste. A maturação de sementes determinada pela coloração influencia a qualidade da semente. Com isso, o processamento digital de imagens se tornou uma importante ferramenta para separação de sementes por meio da sua coloração, tendo em vista que essa separação normalmente é realizada por humanos e está altamente suscetível ao erro. O estudo tem como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros para separação de sementes de coentro por meio de processamento de análises de imagem red green and blue (RGB), buscando uma melhor seleção de sementes de coentro em função da sua coloração, assim como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica por meio do teste de germinação. A partir de dois lotes de sementes de coentro, realizou-se a separação para obter amostras de 20g cada, em três tonalidades: amareladas, cinzas e mistas. As imagens foram adquiridas através da Scanner HP C4480 e processadas através do programa MATLAB, em seguida gerou-se um histograma para cada coloração analisada em cada amostra, por meio do sistema RGB. Na sequência, os resultados das médias das escalas foram analisados por ANOVA com a finalidade de ratificar a diferença das distribuições das componentes. Realizou-se o teste de germinação para ratificar os resultados da separação de sementes de coentro por meio de análises de imagens. A melhor seleção das sementes de coentro ocorreu através da escala em azul e o teste de germinação indicou que as sementes amarelas possuem qualidade fisiológica superior as sementes amarronzadas/acinzentadas.

Fetal distress during the last third of pregnancy in bitches - evaluation by Doppler ultrasound imaging

Background: Diagnostic ultrasound has revolutionized obstetric practice. Doppler techniques provided in vivo studies of the fetus-placental and uterus-placental circulations, in an increasingly precise manner. The assessment of fetal well-being is essential in obstetric practice, however, in veterinary medicine, there is a deficit of ultrasound parameters related to fetal distress. The main of this research was to determine the hemodynamic characteristics and behavior, through Doppler ultrasonography, of maternal-fetal vessels during the final third of gestation in bitches with fetuses under stress, as well as correlating them with each other and with fetal distress. Materials, Methods & Results: An observational, prospective study was carried out, in which 30 healthy bitches were examined, during the last third of pregnancy, with fetuses under fetal distress. Fetuses were evaluated in 2 stages: (1st): 50-54 days and (2nd): 55-60 days of gestation. All fetuses were calmly assessed, one by one, and fetal heart rate (FHR) was measured 5 times, for at least 3 min, to identify and confirm fetal distress. At least 3 fetuses were evaluated in each bitch and each measurement was performed in triplicate, setting a hemodynamic mean for each value evaluated. The flow pattern in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and umbilical artery (UA) was evaluated. The analyzed vessel was initially visualized in B mode, followed by evaluation by color and spectral Doppler. The variables observed were: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) index, as well as the systole/diastole ratio (S/D). The analysis of RI and PI of the umbilical artery showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, increasing from time 1 to time 2. For middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, PI, RI and the relationship systole/diastole (S/D), showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, decreasing from time 1 to time 2. Discussion: Fetal heart rate (HR) findings are considered normal above 200 beats per minute (bpm), only if preceded by acceleration and deceleration. This fact confirms the presence of fetal stress, by this parameter, for the fetuses in the present study. Corroborating the picture of fetal distress, another study concluded that HR tends to increase up to 20 days before delivery, a fact that did not occur in the study in question, where animals in the same gestational period were evaluated. Recent research has concluded that an elevated umbilical artery PI at 28 weeks of gestation, in the absence of fetal growth restriction or prematurity, is associated with some adverse cognitive findings in 12-year-olds children. In the present study, a progressive increase in this index was observed throughout the final third of pregnancy. Although the pups were not monitored after birth, this data serves as a warning for veterinarians, and can be useful in the assessment and diagnosis of possible postnatal nervous alterations. Like what was found in the present study, a study reported that from the 4th week to birth, the PSV of the umbilical artery (UA) increased almost linearly, with high significance. For the middle cerebral arteries, the PI showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, however, decreasing throughout the final third of pregnancy.

Effects of the lower energy and pulse stacking in carbon dioxide laser skin treatment: an objective analysis using second harmonic generation

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the effect of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser treatment using lower power associated with pulse stacking within collagen fibers, using second harmonic generation microscopy and computerized image analysis. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats aging eight weeks were used. Each treatment area received a single-pass CO2 fractional laser with different parameters. The 20 animals were divided into two groups and euthanized after 30 and 60 days. Second harmonic generation images were obtained and program ImageJ was utilized to evaluate the collagen organization within all areas. Collagen anisotropy, entropy and optical density were quantified. Results Increased anisotropy over time was observed in all four areas, but only reached statistical significance (p = 0.0305) when the mildest parameters were used (area four). Entropy decreased over time in all areas, but without significance(p = 0.1779) in area four. Density showed an overtime increase only in area four, but no statistical significance was reached (p = 0.6534). Conclusions When combined, the results obtained in this study regarding anisotropy, entropy and density tend to demonstrate that it is possible to achieve collagen remodeling with the use of lower power levels associated with stacked pulses.

Effects of the lower energy and pulse stacking in carbon dioxide laser skin treatment: an objective analysis using second harmonic generation

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser treatment using lower power associated with pulse stacking within collagen fibers, using second harmonic generation microscopy and computerized image analysis. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats aging eight weeks were used. Each treatment area received a single-pass CO2 fractional laser with different parameters. The 20 animals were divided into two groups and euthanized after 30 and 60 days. Second harmonic generation images were obtained and program ImageJ was utilized to evaluate the collagen organization within all areas. Collagen anisotropy, entropy and optical density were quantified. Results: Increased anisotropy over time was observed in all four areas, but only reached statistical significance (p = 0.0305) when the mildest parameters were used (area four). Entropy decreased over time in all areas, but without significance (p = 0.1779) in area four. Density showed an overtime increase only in area four, but no statistical significance was reached (p = 0.6534). Conclusion: When combined, the results obtained in this study regarding anisotropy, entropy and density tend to demonstrate that it is possible to achieve collagen remodeling with the use of lower power levels associated with stacked pulses.(AU)

Assessment of hematological parameters and uterine hemodynamic indices in bitches with pyometra

Background: Pyometra is defined as chronic purulent inflammation of the uterus that causes changes in hematologicaland biochemical parameters. The disease is characterized with bacterial infection and pus accumulation in the uterus.Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography provides easy and certain diagnosis of this disease. The hemodynamic changesin pyometra are evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. The aim of the study is to determine the changes in hematologicalparameters and Doppler indices in bitches with pyometra, diestrus healthy bitches and evaluate the relationship betweenhematological parameters and hemodynamic indices within the both groups.Materials, Methods & Results: A total number of 27 bitches were enrolled in the study. The healthy diestrus bitches (groupH; n = 7) aged 6.2 ± 1.14 years, weighted 14.57 ± 3.75 kg. The bitches with pyometra (group PYO; n = 20) aged 9.1 ± 0.62years and weighted 17.65 ± 2.60 kg. Before all bitches had ovariohisterectomy, hematological analyses were performed.Transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) was performed with a 6.6 MHz convex transducer. The widest cross-sectionaluterine diameter (UD), wall thickness of uterine horns (UWT) and presence of luminal content were evaluated. Diameterof the uterine artery (DUA) was measured on a mapped color image using the USG software program. The examinationwas carried out with pulsed-wave Doppler USG to characterize the waveform of the uterine artery (UA). Anechogenic areasin uterine lumen, increase in UD and UWT were observed in group PYO. All cases in group PYO had luminal content inboth uterine horns ranging from 1.2 to 5.6 cm. The DUAs were measured in group H and in group PYO as 1.75 ± 0.03mm, 1.94 ± 0.08 mm; respectively (P < 0.05). The PI and RI values of group PYO were lower than group H (P < 0.001).Hematological analysis results showed that...

Assessment of hematological parameters and uterine hemodynamic indices in bitches with pyometra

Background: Pyometra is defined as chronic purulent inflammation of the uterus that causes changes in hematologicaland biochemical parameters. The disease is characterized with bacterial infection and pus accumulation in the uterus.Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography provides easy and certain diagnosis of this disease. The hemodynamic changesin pyometra are evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. The aim of the study is to determine the changes in hematologicalparameters and Doppler indices in bitches with pyometra, diestrus healthy bitches and evaluate the relationship betweenhematological parameters and hemodynamic indices within the both groups.Materials, Methods & Results: A total number of 27 bitches were enrolled in the study. The healthy diestrus bitches (groupH; n = 7) aged 6.2 ± 1.14 years, weighted 14.57 ± 3.75 kg. The bitches with pyometra (group PYO; n = 20) aged 9.1 ± 0.62years and weighted 17.65 ± 2.60 kg. Before all bitches had ovariohisterectomy, hematological analyses were performed.Transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) was performed with a 6.6 MHz convex transducer. The widest cross-sectionaluterine diameter (UD), wall thickness of uterine horns (UWT) and presence of luminal content were evaluated. Diameterof the uterine artery (DUA) was measured on a mapped color image using the USG software program. The examinationwas carried out with pulsed-wave Doppler USG to characterize the waveform of the uterine artery (UA). Anechogenic areasin uterine lumen, increase in UD and UWT were observed in group PYO. All cases in group PYO had luminal content inboth uterine horns ranging from 1.2 to 5.6 cm. The DUAs were measured in group H and in group PYO as 1.75 ± 0.03mm, 1.94 ± 0.08 mm; respectively (P < 0.05). The PI and RI values of group PYO were lower than group H (P < 0.001).Hematological analysis results showed that...(AU)

Otite média e interna com extensão para tronco encefálico em buldogue francês / Otitis media and internal with brainstem extension in a French bulldog

Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog. Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms. Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.

Padronização do Sperm Class Analyzer® (SCA®) para avaliação de espermatozoides equinos criopreservados / [Standardization of the Sperm Class Analyzer® (SCA®) for the evaluation of cryopreserved equine sperm]

Objetivou-se, no primeiro experimento, avaliar o efeito da velocidade de captura de imagens de 25Hz, 30Hz e 50Hz na cinética dos espermatozoides equinos criopreservados. Todas as velocidades mostraram-se adequadas para capturar o movimento espermático (P>0,05). No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da deposição de sêmen em lâmina sob lamínula, Leja®10 e 20, na cinética espermática. O uso de lâmina e lamínula foi superior às lejas para manter a LIN e o WOB (P<0,05). No terceiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das concentrações de 25, 50 e 100x106 na cinética espermática. As concentrações de 25 e 50 x106 foram superiores a 100x106 para preservar a LIN, a STR e a BCF e não afetar negativamente a motilidade (P<0,05). No quarto experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos diluidores BotuCrio®, BotuSêmen®, TALP sperm e da solução fisiológica na cinética espermática. O BotuCrio® foi superior a todos os diluidores em preservar a BCF e os hiperativos (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o emprego da velocidade de captura entre 25 e 50Hz, a deposição do sêmen entre lâmina e lamínula e a rediluição em diluidor de congelação para atingir 25 a 50x106 de espermatozoides/mL são ideais para o SCA® avaliar, de forma fidedigna, o sêmen equino criopreservado.(AU)

The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the effect of 25, 30 and 50Hz frame acquisition rate on equine cryopreserved sperm. All frame acquisition rates tested were adequate to capture the sperm movement (P>0.05). The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the effect of chambers, slide-coverslip, Leja®10 and 20 on sperm movement. The use of slide-coverslip was superior to maintain LIN and WOB (P<0.05). The aim of the third experiment was to evaluate the effect of 25, 50 and 100x106 sperm/mL concentration on sperm movement. Concentrations of 25 and 50x106 sperm/mL were greater than 100x106 to preserve LIN, STR and BCF and did not adversely affect motility (P<0.05). The aim of the fourth experiment was to evaluate the effect of BotuCrio®, BotuSêmen®, TALP sperm and physiological solution on sperm movement. BotuCrio® was superior among other extenders in preserving BCF and hyperactive (P<0.05). It is concluded that the use of the frame acquisition rate between 25 and 50 Hz; the deposition of semen between slide and coverslip and new dilution in the freezing extender to 25-50x106 of sperm/mL is ideal to reliably evaluate cryopreserved equine semen by SCA®.(AU)

Padronização do Sperm Class Analyzer® (SCA®) para avaliação de espermatozoides equinos criopreservados / [Standardization of the Sperm Class Analyzer® (SCA®) for the evaluation of cryopreserved equine sperm]

Objetivou-se, no primeiro experimento, avaliar o efeito da velocidade de captura de imagens de 25Hz, 30Hz e 50Hz na cinética dos espermatozoides equinos criopreservados. Todas as velocidades mostraram-se adequadas para capturar o movimento espermático (P>0,05). No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da deposição de sêmen em lâmina sob lamínula, Leja®10 e 20, na cinética espermática. O uso de lâmina e lamínula foi superior às lejas para manter a LIN e o WOB (P<0,05). No terceiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das concentrações de 25, 50 e 100x106 na cinética espermática. As concentrações de 25 e 50 x106 foram superiores a 100x106 para preservar a LIN, a STR e a BCF e não afetar negativamente a motilidade (P<0,05). No quarto experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos diluidores BotuCrio®, BotuSêmen®, TALP sperm e da solução fisiológica na cinética espermática. O BotuCrio® foi superior a todos os diluidores em preservar a BCF e os hiperativos (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o emprego da velocidade de captura entre 25 e 50Hz, a deposição do sêmen entre lâmina e lamínula e a rediluição em diluidor de congelação para atingir 25 a 50x106 de espermatozoides/mL são ideais para o SCA® avaliar, de forma fidedigna, o sêmen equino criopreservado.(AU)

The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the effect of 25, 30 and 50Hz frame acquisition rate on equine cryopreserved sperm. All frame acquisition rates tested were adequate to capture the sperm movement (P>0.05). The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the effect of chambers, slide-coverslip, Leja®10 and 20 on sperm movement. The use of slide-coverslip was superior to maintain LIN and WOB (P<0.05). The aim of the third experiment was to evaluate the effect of 25, 50 and 100x106 sperm/mL concentration on sperm movement. Concentrations of 25 and 50x106 sperm/mL were greater than 100x106 to preserve LIN, STR and BCF and did not adversely affect motility (P<0.05). The aim of the fourth experiment was to evaluate the effect of BotuCrio®, BotuSêmen®, TALP sperm and physiological solution on sperm movement. BotuCrio® was superior among other extenders in preserving BCF and hyperactive (P<0.05). It is concluded that the use of the frame acquisition rate between 25 and 50 Hz; the deposition of semen between slide and coverslip and new dilution in the freezing extender to 25-50x106 of sperm/mL is ideal to reliably evaluate cryopreserved equine semen by SCA®.(AU)

Elaboração do padrão de qualidade para cortes de frango

Foi elaborada um padrão de qualidade de cortes de frango (peito com osso, asas, coxa e sobrecoxa e filé de coxa e sobrecoxa) em um abatedouro no Sudeste Goiano. A análise foi efetuada por meio da obtenção de amostras, análise visual e captura de imagem, com 9 amostras de peito com osso, 13 de asa, 20 de coxa e sobrecoxa e 9 de filé de coxa e sobrecoxa. O padrão de qualidade não aceitável (presença de fraturas, presença de pés, hematomas, ausência de pele, entre outros) apresentou maior número de amostras. Foi possível concluir que a padronização é uma forma de melhorar continuamente o processo, agregar valor ao produto e evitar insatisfação do cliente.(AU)

A quality standard of chicken cuts (bone-in breast, wings, thigh and drumstick and thigh and drumstick fillet) was prepared in a slaughterhouse in Southeast Goiás. The analysis was performed by obtaining samples, visual analysis and image capture, with 9 samples of breast with bone, 13 of wing, 20 of thigh and drumstick and 9 of thigh and drumstick fillet. The unacceptable quality standard (presence of fractures, presence of feet, bruises, absence of skin, among others) showed a greater number of samples. It was concluded that standardization is a way to continuously improve the process, add value to the product and avoid customer dissatisfaction.(AU)

Elaboração do padrão de qualidade para cortes de frango

Foi elaborada um padrão de qualidade de cortes de frango (peito com osso, asas, coxa e sobrecoxa e filé de coxa e sobrecoxa) em um abatedouro no Sudeste Goiano. A análise foi efetuada por meio da obtenção de amostras, análise visual e captura de imagem, com 9 amostras de peito com osso, 13 de asa, 20 de coxa e sobrecoxa e 9 de filé de coxa e sobrecoxa. O padrão de qualidade não aceitável (presença de fraturas, presença de pés, hematomas, ausência de pele, entre outros) apresentou maior número de amostras. Foi possível concluir que a padronização é uma forma de melhorar continuamente o processo, agregar valor ao produto e evitar insatisfação do cliente.

A quality standard of chicken cuts (bone-in breast, wings, thigh and drumstick and thigh and drumstick fillet) was prepared in a slaughterhouse in Southeast Goiás. The analysis was performed by obtaining samples, visual analysis and image capture, with 9 samples of breast with bone, 13 of wing, 20 of thigh and drumstick and 9 of thigh and drumstick fillet. The unacceptable quality standard (presence of fractures, presence of feet, bruises, absence of skin, among others) showed a greater number of samples. It was concluded that standardization is a way to continuously improve the process, add value to the product and avoid customer dissatisfaction.

The outcomes of dexmedetomidine and calcitriol on flap viability

Purpose: To evaluate protective effects of dexmedetomidine, calcitriol and their combination. Methods: Forty Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups; group of Sham (Group Sham); group of dexmedetomidine (Group DEX); group of calcitriol (Group CAL) and group of dexmedetomidineandcalcitriol (Group DEX-CAL). Photographic analysis was used for macroscopic analysis and perfusion analyses were evaluated by scintigraphy. Additionally, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant activity (TAS) were recorded and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Each flap was assessed by histopathology. Results: Compared to Group Sham, the viable flap areas were higher in all treatment groups both by photographic image analyses and perfusion analyses (p 0.05). Group DEX-CAL had the highest viable flap percentage both in scintigraphic and photographic analyses; whereas Group Sham had the lowest viable flap percentage. Similarly, TAS and MDA levels were elevated and TOS levels were declined in all treatment groups compared to Group Sham (p 0.005). Histopathological analysis at flap demarcation zone confirmed neovascularization was significantly higher and edema, necrosis and inflammation were significantly lower in all treatment groups compared to Group Sham. Conclusion: The outcomes show that additional premedication with either dexmedetomidine or calcitriol or their combination reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury of flap area and show significant increase in the percentage of viable flap tissue.(AU)

Acute endometritis induced by Escherichia coli in mares evaluated through color doppler ultrasonography / [Endometrite aguda induzida por Escherichia coli em éguas avaliadas por ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido]

The objectives of this study were to characterize the endometritis induced in mares using color Doppler ultrasonography and traditional exams. Experiment 1. Mares (n=20) were submitted to intrauterine inoculation with Escherichia coli. Uterine evaluation was performed at M0 and M1. Experiment 2. Animals were divided into two groups: control group (n=10), and treated group (n=10) using phytotherapeutic solution. In both groups, the uterine evaluation was performed at time T1, T2, and T3. Experiment 3: Uterine evaluation was compared after antibiotic therapy, phytotherapy, and M0. For statistical analysis, the Tukey test, t Student, and Anova test were applied. Experiment 1. The mean values of vascularization at M1 were significantly higher than those obtained at M0 (P<0.05). Bacterial growth was observed in all samples collected. Experiment 2. The mean value of vascularization at time T1 in both groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to M2 and M3. Experiment 3. After antibiotic therapy, the vascularization of the body and uterine horns was not equivalent to the vascularization presented at M0. We can conclude that it was not possible to correlate results obtained by color Doppler ultrasonography with the traditional findings for the diagnosis of endometritis.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a endometrite induzida em éguas utilizando-se a ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido e exames tradicionais. Experimento 1: as éguas (n=20) foram submetidas à inoculação intrauterina com Escherichia coli. A avaliação uterina foi realizada em M0 e M1. Experimento 2: os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n=10) e grupo tratado (n=10), sendo usada solução fitoterápica. Nos dois grupos, a avaliação uterina ocorreu nos momentos T1, T2 e T3. Experimento 3: a avaliação uterina foi comparada após antibioticoterapia, fitoterapia e M0. Para análise estatística, foram aplicados os testes de Tukey, t de Student e ANOVA. Experimento 1: os valores médios de vascularização em M1 foram significativamente maiores que os obtidos no M0 (P<0,05). Houve crescimento bacteriano em todas as amostras coletadas. Experimento 2: o valor médio da vascularização no tempo T1 nos dois grupos foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que o obtido em M2 e M3. Experimento 3: após antibioticoterapia, a vascularização do corpo e dos cornos uterinos não era equivalente à vascularização apresentada em M0. Pode-se concluir que não foi possível correlacionar os resultados obtidos pela ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido com os achados tradicionais para o diagnóstico de endometrite.(AU)

Myelography in calves: a comparative study between the contrast agents iopamidol and iohexol / Mielografia em bezerros: estudo comparativo entre os meios de contrastes iopamidol e ioexol

Due to the scarcity of myelogenous studies in cattle, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and distribution of iopamidol and iohexol contrast agents in calves, in order to determine guidelines for obtaining diagnostic radiographs of spinal cord disorders in these animals. Ten healthy Holstein calves, seven days to two months of age, were divided into two groups, according to the contrast medium applied. Myelographic studies of the spine were performed with the calves in lateral recumbency, with radiographs repeated 20 times during a two-hour period. On the radiographs, the contrast medium was analyzed for opacity, detail of the image, distension of the medullary canal, and progression of the contrast line. After seven days, the myelographic studies were repeated, with the contrast media exchanged between the groups. There were no significant differences in the quality of the images and speed of the spinal column filling between the two contrast media. Furthermore, the best quality radiographic images were obtained six to eight minutes after injection of the contrast in the cervical spinal segment, 80 minutes in the thoracic, and 20 minutes in the lumbar, sacral, and cauda equina segments.(AU)

Devido à escassez de estudos mielográficos em bovinos e relatos de complicações no procedimento, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia e a distribuição dos meios de contraste iopamidol e ioexol em bezerros, a fim de nortear a melhor conduta para o diagnóstico de afecções vertebrais e medulares nesses animais. Foram utilizados 10 bezerros Holandeses, hígidos, com idade entre sete dias e dois meses, distribuídos em dois grupos, conforme o meio de contraste aplicado. O estudo mielográfico da coluna vertebral foi realizado na posição laterolateral, repetido em 20 momentos, durante o período de duas horas. Nas radiografias, analisou-se o meio de contraste quanto à opacidade, detalhes da imagem, distensão do canal medular e progressão da linha de contraste. Após sete dias, foi realizado o segundo período experimental, que compreendeu a troca do meio de contraste dentro de cada grupo. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação à qualidade da imagem e à velocidade do preenchimento da coluna medular entre os dois meios de contraste. A partir da administração dos meios de contraste, a obtenção de imagens radiográficas de melhor qualidade deu-se após seis a oito minutos no segmento medular cervical, 80 minutos no torácico e 20 minutos nos segmentos lombar, sacral e cauda equina.(AU)

Myelography in calves: a comparative study between the contrast agents iopamidol and iohexol / Mielografia em bezerros: estudo comparativo entre os meios de contrastes iopamidol e ioexol

Due to the scarcity of myelogenous studies in cattle, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and distribution of iopamidol and iohexol contrast agents in calves, in order to determine guidelines for obtaining diagnostic radiographs of spinal cord disorders in these animals. Ten healthy Holstein calves, seven days to two months of age, were divided into two groups, according to the contrast medium applied. Myelographic studies of the spine were performed with the calves in lateral recumbency, with radiographs repeated 20 times during a two-hour period. On the radiographs, the contrast medium was analyzed for opacity, detail of the image, distension of the medullary canal, and progression of the contrast line. After seven days, the myelographic studies were repeated, with the contrast media exchanged between the groups. There were no significant differences in the quality of the images and speed of the spinal column filling between the two contrast media. Furthermore, the best quality radiographic images were obtained six to eight minutes after injection of the contrast in the cervical spinal segment, 80 minutes in the thoracic, and 20 minutes in the lumbar, sacral, and cauda equina segments.(AU)

Devido à escassez de estudos mielográficos em bovinos e relatos de complicações no procedimento, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia e a distribuição dos meios de contraste iopamidol e ioexol em bezerros, a fim de nortear a melhor conduta para o diagnóstico de afecções vertebrais e medulares nesses animais. Foram utilizados 10 bezerros Holandeses, hígidos, com idade entre sete dias e dois meses, distribuídos em dois grupos, conforme o meio de contraste aplicado. O estudo mielográfico da coluna vertebral foi realizado na posição laterolateral, repetido em 20 momentos, durante o período de duas horas. Nas radiografias, analisou-se o meio de contraste quanto à opacidade, detalhes da imagem, distensão do canal medular e progressão da linha de contraste. Após sete dias, foi realizado o segundo período experimental, que compreendeu a troca do meio de contraste dentro de cada grupo. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação à qualidade da imagem e à velocidade do preenchimento da coluna medular entre os dois meios de contraste. A partir da administração dos meios de contraste, a obtenção de imagens radiográficas de melhor qualidade deu-se após seis a oito minutos no segmento medular cervical, 80 minutos no torácico e 20 minutos nos segmentos lombar, sacral e cauda equina.(AU)

Comparison of thermographic imaging and other diagnostic techniques in diagnosis of cattle with laminitis

Background: Lameness results in major economic losses on dairy farms. The proportion of lameness in cows are between 4-55%, the origin of 90% lameness are caused by foot diseases. Hoof abnormalities such as laminitis are major contributors to lameness. Aim of the study, compared with thermographic imaging (IRT) and radiographic, magnetic resonans (MR), computer tomography (CT), histopathological analysis on the diagnosis of laminitis.Materials, Methods & Results: Preliminary, the animals (20 Holstein-Fresian) were selected by lameness examination for evaluation of the for any obvious signs of disease. The animals were examined when rising and walking of the free stalls. Walking was very painful and clinical symptoms of general distress become present for laminitic group. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Thermographic examinations were performed the all animals after the routine clinical examination methods. The infrared images were taken from the dorsal view of all hoovesto monitor the temperature of coronary band. All images were scanned using a hand-held portable infrared camera (Wahl, Thermal Imager HSI3000 Series), which was calibrated to ambient temperature and absorptive conditions. Incentives radiological examinations, dorso-palmar and latero-medial shooting was done for using of (Regius Model 110 Konica, Minolta) 70 kV and 30 mAs for each claws. MRI images of all isolated digits were performed at the Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. Continuous series of transversal, sagital and dorsoplantar scan were obtained from all digit. Computer tomography (CT), isolated digits were performed at the Imaging Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany.[...]

Comparison of thermographic imaging and other diagnostic techniques in diagnosis of cattle with laminitis

Background: Lameness results in major economic losses on dairy farms. The proportion of lameness in cows are between 4-55%, the origin of 90% lameness are caused by foot diseases. Hoof abnormalities such as laminitis are major contributors to lameness. Aim of the study, compared with thermographic imaging (IRT) and radiographic, magnetic resonans (MR), computer tomography (CT), histopathological analysis on the diagnosis of laminitis.Materials, Methods & Results: Preliminary, the animals (20 Holstein-Fresian) were selected by lameness examination for evaluation of the for any obvious signs of disease. The animals were examined when rising and walking of the free stalls. Walking was very painful and clinical symptoms of general distress become present for laminitic group. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Thermographic examinations were performed the all animals after the routine clinical examination methods. The infrared images were taken from the dorsal view of all hoovesto monitor the temperature of coronary band. All images were scanned using a hand-held portable infrared camera (Wahl, Thermal Imager HSI3000 Series), which was calibrated to ambient temperature and absorptive conditions. Incentives radiological examinations, dorso-palmar and latero-medial shooting was done for using of (Regius Model 110 Konica, Minolta) 70 kV and 30 mAs for each claws. MRI images of all isolated digits were performed at the Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. Continuous series of transversal, sagital and dorsoplantar scan were obtained from all digit. Computer tomography (CT), isolated digits were performed at the Imaging Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany.[...](AU)

Termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular como indicador de estresse em suínos na fase de creche / Infrared thermography of the ocular surface as stress indicator for piglets postweaning

Desmama é uma fase crítica na vida do suíno devido a separação materna e a introdução de uma dieta seca. A termografia infravermelha medida na região ocular se mostra como um indicador confiável para a condição de estresse pontual de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre medidas de termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular e de cortisol em situações de estresse em leitões na pós desmama. Foram avaliados 66 leitões, uma vez por semana, durante sete semanas, em dois períodos do dia (7h e 15h) com medidas de temperatura superficial ocular, temperatura superficial do dorso e amostras de saliva para determinação de cortisol salivar. A análise estatística contemplou os efeitos fixos de semana e período do dia e sua interação e correlações de Pearson para relação entre termografia ocular, temperatura superficial e cortisol a 5% de significância. Cortisol salivar não diferiu entre os períodos, mas foi superior nas três primeiras semanas após o desmame (P<0,05). Nas duas primeiras semanas após a desmama o cortisol apresentou correlação alta e positiva (P<0,05) com a temperatura ocular máxima (0,89) e a temperatura superficial do dorso (0,80). As duas temperaturas superficiais apresentaram uma associação moderada positiva (r=0,41; P<0,0001) durante todo o período experimental. Este estudo destaca que a temperatura de superfície ocular obtida por meio da termografia infravermelha pode ser um indicador de temperatura de superfície corporal e estado de bem-estar de leitões em fase de creche, além de ser um método não invasivo e de rápida mensuração. Entretanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a relação entre temperatura ocular e cortisol durante estresse crônico.(AU)

Weaning is a critical phase in pigs' life due to maternal separation and the introduction of a new diet. Infrared thermography measurement taken in the ocular region appears to be a reliable indicator of the stress condition of the pig. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ocular surface temperature by infrared thermography and cortisol in piglets post weaning. Sixty-six piglets were evaluated once a week, during 7 weeks, in two periods of the day (7am and 15pm) and ocular surface temperature and dorsal surface temperature were collected using a thermographic camera and a laser surface thermometer, respectively. Saliva was also collected to determine salivary cortisol. Statistical analysis included fixed effects of week and period of the day and their interaction, and relationship between thermography, dorsal surface temperature and cortisol were done by Pearson's correlations with 5% significance level. Salivary cortisol did not differ between periods, but it was higher in the first three weeks after weaning (P<0.05). During the first two weeks after weaning cortisol presented high and positive correlation (P<0.05) between ocular surface temperature (0.89) and dorsal surface temperature (0.80). The two superficial temperatures had a moderate and positive association (r=0.41; P<0.0001) during all experiment. This study highlights that the ocular surface temperature obtained through infrared thermography can be a superficial body temperature indicators, besides being a non-invasive and fast method of measurement. However, more research is needed to deepen the relationship between ocular surface temperature and cortisol during chronic stress.(AU)

Termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular como indicador de estresse em suínos na fase de creche / Infrared thermography of the ocular surface as stress indicator for piglets postweaning

Desmama é uma fase crítica na vida do suíno devido a separação materna e a introdução de uma dieta seca. A termografia infravermelha medida na região ocular se mostra como um indicador confiável para a condição de estresse pontual de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre medidas de termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular e de cortisol em situações de estresse em leitões na pós desmama. Foram avaliados 66 leitões, uma vez por semana, durante sete semanas, em dois períodos do dia (7h e 15h) com medidas de temperatura superficial ocular, temperatura superficial do dorso e amostras de saliva para determinação de cortisol salivar. A análise estatística contemplou os efeitos fixos de semana e período do dia e sua interação e correlações de Pearson para relação entre termografia ocular, temperatura superficial e cortisol a 5% de significância. Cortisol salivar não diferiu entre os períodos, mas foi superior nas três primeiras semanas após o desmame (P<0,05). Nas duas primeiras semanas após a desmama, o cortisol apresentou correlação alta e positiva (P<0,05) com a temperatura ocular máxima (0,89) e a temperatura superficial do dorso (0,80). As duas temperaturas superficiais apresentaram uma associação moderada positiva (r=0,41; P<0,0001) durante todo o período experimental. Este estudo destaca que a temperatura de superfície ocular obtida por meio da termografia infravermelha pode ser um indicador de temperatura de superfície corporal e estado de bem-estar de leitões em fase de creche, além de ser um método não invasivo e de rápida mensuração. Entretanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a relação entre temperatura ocular e cortisol durante estresse crônico.(AU)

Weaning is a critical phase in pigs life due to maternal separation and the introduction of a new diet. Infrared thermography measurement taken in the ocular region appears to be a reliable indicator of the stress condition of the pig. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ocular surface temperature by infrared thermography and cortisol in piglets post weaning. Sixty-six piglets were evaluated once a week, during 7 weeks, in two periods of the day (7am and 15pm) and ocular surface temperature and dorsal surface temperature were collected using a thermographic camera and a laser surface thermometer, respectively. Saliva was also collected to determine salivary cortisol. Statistical analysis included fixed effects of week and period of the day and their interaction, and relationship between thermography, dorsal surface temperature and cortisol were done by Pearsons correlations with 5% significance level. Salivary cortisol did not differ between periods, but it was higher in the first three weeks after weaning (P<0.05). During the first two weeks after weaning cortisol presented high and positive correlation (P<0.05) between ocular surface temperature (0.89) and dorsal surface temperature (0.80). The two superficial temperatures had a moderate and positive association (r=0.41; P<0.0001) during all experiment. This study highlights that the ocular surface temperature obtained through infrared thermography can be a superficial body temperature indicators, besides being a non-invasive and fast method of measurement. However, more research is needed to deepen the relationship between ocular surface temperature and cortisol during chronic stress.(AU)