Elucidando a imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral: uma revisão abrangente / Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review

A ação do sistema imunológico contra as enfermidades neoplásicas tem se tornado uma das principais fontes de pesquisa na atualidade. As vias biológicas desse sistema são conhecidas por contribuir na limitação da progressão e na eliminação do tumor, e são delineadas por conceitos e mecanismos de imunovigilância e imunoedição. A imunovigilância é considerada o processo pelo qual o sistema imunológico reconhece e inibe o processo neoplásico. O conceito de imunoedição tem origem no sentido de que o sistema imune é capaz de moldar o perfil antigênico do tumor devido à pressão seletiva, baseada nas etapas de eliminação, equilíbrio e evasão tumoral. A resposta imunológica ocorre contra antígenos tumorais e modificações do microambiente tumoral, envolvendo diferentes componentes do sistema imune inato, como células T, células natural Killer, linfócitos B e macrófagos. Nesse sentido, conhecer esses conceitos e compreender seus respectivos mecanismos torna-se essencial na investigação de novas estratégias de prevenção e combate ao câncer. Dessa forma, esta revisão apresenta aspectos históricos e definições de imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral, com ênfase em sua importância e aplicabilidade, assim como aos diferentes métodos utilizados em imunoterapia.

The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy.

In vivo phagocytosis and hematology in Astyanax altiparanae, a potential model for surrogate technology

Although the potential of surrogate propagation technology for aquaculture and conservation of Neotropical fish, the poor understanding of the host immune system may results in rejection and destruction of the donor material. Thus, it is necessary to study and to develop methods to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive drugs employment and to evaluate the immunocompatibility between donor and receptor. Thus, the present study aimed to optimize a methodology to assess in vivo phagocytosis in Astyanax altiparanae using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to evaluate their hematological response resultant from the inflammatory induction. To this, S. cerevisiae were labeled with Congo red and injected in the coelomic cavity of A. altiparanae at the concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells mL-1. A PBS solution and a non-injected group were kept as control. Fish blood was sampled and the phagocytic capacity and index were determined at 1, 2, 3 and 6 h post-injection (hpi). The yeast injection successfully stimulated phagocytosis, with the best result for phagocytosis assessment after 2 hpi. Moreover, it was achieved a high traceability of phagocytized and non-phagocytized yeast under optic microscopy analysis due to the Congo red labeling. The hematological profile was similar to usually observed in early infections, indicating lymphocyte migration to inflammatory site and increase in number of circulating phagocytes due to natural response to inflammatory stimulus. In conclusion, our method was efficient to assess in vivo phagocytosis in A. altiparanae and will be an important tool to evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs in this species. Additionally, these results may serve as support for further studies in fish immunocompetence, both in laboratory and in field conditions.(AU)

Apesar do potencial apresentado pela tecnologia de propagação mediada para a aquicultura e conservação de peixes Neotropicais, o pobre entendimento do sistema imune do hospedeiro pode resultar na rejeição e destruição do material do doador. Com isso, se fazem necessários o estudo e o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise tanto dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras quanto para a avaliação da imunocompatibilidade entre doadores e receptores. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar um método para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em Astyanax altiparanae usando Saccharomyces cerevisiae marcado e avaliar seu perfil hematológico resultante da indução inflamatória. Para isso, S. cerevisiae foram marcados com vermelho Congo e injetados na cavidade celomática dos A. altiparanae na concentração de 2,5 x 106 células.mL-1. Peixes injetados com PBS e peixes não injetados foram mantidos como controle. Sangue foi colhido e a capacidade fagocítica e o índice fagocítico foram determinados após 1, 2, 3 e 6 horas após à injeção (hpi). A injeção de levedura estimulou a fagocitose com sucesso, com o melhor resultado atingido após 2 hpi. Ainda, foi observada uma alta rastreabilidade das leveduras fagocitadas e não fagocitadas sob microscopia óptica devido à marcação com vermelho Congo. O perfil hematológico foi similar ao observado usualmente em infecções recém-induzidas, indicando migração de linfócitos ao sítio inflamatório e aumento no número de fagócitos circulantes devido à resposta natural ao estímulo inflamatório. Como conclusão, nosso método foi eficiente para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em A. altiparanae e será uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação de eficácia de drogas imunossopressoras para esta espécie. Em adição, estes resultados podem contribuir para futuros estudos em imunocompetência em peixes, tanto em âmbito laboratorial quanto a campo.(AU)

In vivo phagocytosis and hematology in Astyanax altiparanae, a potential model for surrogate technology

Abstract Although the potential of surrogate propagation technology for aquaculture and conservation of Neotropical fish, the poor understanding of the host immune system may results in rejection and destruction of the donor material. Thus, it is necessary to study and to develop methods to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive drugs employment and to evaluate the immunocompatibility between donor and receptor. Thus, the present study aimed to optimize a methodology to assess in vivo phagocytosis in Astyanax altiparanae using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to evaluate their hematological response resultant from the inflammatory induction. To this, S. cerevisiae were labeled with Congo red and injected in the coelomic cavity of A. altiparanae at the concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells mL-1. A PBS solution and a non-injected group were kept as control. Fish blood was sampled and the phagocytic capacity and index were determined at 1, 2, 3 and 6 h post-injection (hpi). The yeast injection successfully stimulated phagocytosis, with the best result for phagocytosis assessment after 2 hpi. Moreover, it was achieved a high traceability of phagocytized and non-phagocytized yeast under optic microscopy analysis due to the Congo red labeling. The hematological profile was similar to usually observed in early infections, indicating lymphocyte migration to inflammatory site and increase in number of circulating phagocytes due to natural response to inflammatory stimulus. In conclusion, our method was efficient to assess in vivo phagocytosis in A. altiparanae and will be an important tool to evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs in this species. Additionally, these results may serve as support for further studies in fish immunocompetence, both in laboratory and in field conditions.

Resumo Apesar do potencial apresentado pela tecnologia de propagação mediada para a aquicultura e conservação de peixes Neotropicais, o pobre entendimento do sistema imune do hospedeiro pode resultar na rejeição e destruição do material do doador. Com isso, se fazem necessários o estudo e o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise tanto dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras quanto para a avaliação da imunocompatibilidade entre doadores e receptores. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar um método para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em Astyanax altiparanae usando Saccharomyces cerevisiae marcado e avaliar seu perfil hematológico resultante da indução inflamatória. Para isso, S. cerevisiae foram marcados com vermelho Congo e injetados na cavidade celomática dos A. altiparanae na concentração de 2,5 x 106 células.mL-1. Peixes injetados com PBS e peixes não injetados foram mantidos como controle. Sangue foi colhido e a capacidade fagocítica e o índice fagocítico foram determinados após 1, 2, 3 e 6 horas após à injeção (hpi). A injeção de levedura estimulou a fagocitose com sucesso, com o melhor resultado atingido após 2 hpi. Ainda, foi observada uma alta rastreabilidade das leveduras fagocitadas e não fagocitadas sob microscopia óptica devido à marcação com vermelho Congo. O perfil hematológico foi similar ao observado usualmente em infecções recém-induzidas, indicando migração de linfócitos ao sítio inflamatório e aumento no número de fagócitos circulantes devido à resposta natural ao estímulo inflamatório. Como conclusão, nosso método foi eficiente para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em A. altiparanae e será uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação de eficácia de drogas imunossopressoras para esta espécie. Em adição, estes resultados podem contribuir para futuros estudos em imunocompetência em peixes, tanto em âmbito laboratorial quanto a campo.

Isospora machadoae sp. nov. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a new coccidian species from white-necked thrushes Turdus albicolis (Passeriformes: Turdidae) of South America

A new coccidian species parasitizing white-necked thrushes Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 is described from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, in Southeastern Brazil. Isospora machadoae sp. nov. has oocysts that are sub-spherical, 22.2 × 21.2 µm, with bilayered wall, ~1.3 m thick. Outer layer is rough with micropyle and micropyle cap. Oocyst residuum is absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 13.3 × 9.7 µm. The Stieda body is flattened to half-moon-shaped and substieda body rounded. Sporocyst residuum is present, composed of scattered spherules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with a refractile body and a nucleus. These parasitized thrushes had no apparent clinical signs of coccidiosis or high densities of oocysts in feces. This condition may be associated with a specific low pathogenicity of I. machadoae sp. nov. and/or with the conserved habitat of these birds, which ensures the ecological niches and thus the immunocompetence to wildlife.

Isospora machadoae sp. nov. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a new coccidian species from white-necked thrushes Turdus albicolis (Passeriformes: Turdidae) of South America

A new coccidian species parasitizing white-necked thrushes Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 is described from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, in Southeastern Brazil. Isospora machadoae sp. nov. has oocysts that are sub-spherical, 22.2 × 21.2 µm, with bilayered wall, ~1.3 m thick. Outer layer is rough with micropyle and micropyle cap. Oocyst residuum is absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 13.3 × 9.7 µm. The Stieda body is flattened to half-moon-shaped and substieda body rounded. Sporocyst residuum is present, composed of scattered spherules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with a refractile body and a nucleus. These parasitized thrushes had no apparent clinical signs of coccidiosis or high densities of oocysts in feces. This condition may be associated with a specific low pathogenicity of I. machadoae sp. nov. and/or with the conserved habitat of these birds, which ensures the ecological niches and thus the immunocompetence to wildlife.(AU)

Soybean protein concentrate in Pacific white shrimp reared in bioflocs: effect on health and vibrio challenge / Concentrado proteico de soja em dietas para camarão-branco-do-pacífico criado em sistema de bioflocos: efeito na saúde e desafio com vibrio

Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp were reared in a bioflocs system and fed different levels of soybean protein concentrate as a replacement for fishmeal, and both immunological parameters of this marine shrimp and its resistance to Vibrio sp. infection (CPQBA 378-12 DRM01) were evaluated. Four different diets were formulated with 0, 33, 66 and 100 % of soybean protein concentrate as a substitute for fishmeal. Shrimp were reared in a biofloc system in twelve 800 L tanks (250 shrimp m-3) maintained at constant aeration and temperature. After 42 days, 36 animals (14.21 ± 0.89 g) per treatment were challenged with Vibrio sp. (1 x 105 CFU mL-1 - LD10), and hemolymph was collected before and after challenge to perform immunological assays (agglutination titer, concentration of protein and phenoloxidase activity). Shrimp fed with the experimental diets showed no difference in their resistance to infection and haemato-immunological parameters. Thus, rearing L. vannamei in a biofloc system on diets containing either partial or total replacement of fishmeal for soybean protein concentrate did not affect either immunocompetence or susceptibility to infection.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou os parâmetros imunológicos e a resistência contra o Vibrio sp. (CPQBA 378-12 DRM01) de camarões marinhos Litopenaeus vannamei alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado proteico de soja em substituição à farinha de peixe e cultivados em sistema de bioflocos. Foram formuladas quatro dietas com 0, 33, 66 e 100 % de concentrado proteico de soja em substituição a farinha de peixe. Os camarões foram cultivados em 12 tanques de 800 L com 250 camarões m-3, sob temperatura e aeração constantes. Após 42 dias, 36 animais (14,21 ± 0,89 g) por tratamento foram desafiados com Vibrio sp. (1 x 105 UFC mL-1 - DL10). Antes e após o desafio foi coletada hemolinfa para avaliação dos parâmetros imunológicos (título aglutinante, concentração de proteína no soro e atividade da fenoloxidase). Não houve diferença na resistência ao desafio e nos parâmetros imunológicos entre os tratamentos. Portanto, o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema de bioflocos utilizando dietas com substituição total ou parcial com concentrado proteico de soja não afeta sua imunocompetência e susceptibilidade a infecção bacteriana.(AU)

Soybean protein concentrate in Pacific white shrimp reared in bioflocs: effect on health and vibrio challenge / Concentrado proteico de soja em dietas para camarão-branco-do-pacífico criado em sistema de bioflocos: efeito na saúde e desafio com vibrio

Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp were reared in a bioflocs system and fed different levels of soybean protein concentrate as a replacement for fishmeal, and both immunological parameters of this marine shrimp and its resistance to Vibrio sp. infection (CPQBA 378-12 DRM01) were evaluated. Four different diets were formulated with 0, 33, 66 and 100 % of soybean protein concentrate as a substitute for fishmeal. Shrimp were reared in a biofloc system in twelve 800 L tanks (250 shrimp m-3) maintained at constant aeration and temperature. After 42 days, 36 animals (14.21 ± 0.89 g) per treatment were challenged with Vibrio sp. (1 x 105 CFU mL-1 - LD10), and hemolymph was collected before and after challenge to perform immunological assays (agglutination titer, concentration of protein and phenoloxidase activity). Shrimp fed with the experimental diets showed no difference in their resistance to infection and haemato-immunological parameters. Thus, rearing L. vannamei in a biofloc system on diets containing either partial or total replacement of fishmeal for soybean protein concentrate did not affect either immunocompetence or susceptibility to infection.

O presente trabalho avaliou os parâmetros imunológicos e a resistência contra o Vibrio sp. (CPQBA 378-12 DRM01) de camarões marinhos Litopenaeus vannamei alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado proteico de soja em substituição à farinha de peixe e cultivados em sistema de bioflocos. Foram formuladas quatro dietas com 0, 33, 66 e 100 % de concentrado proteico de soja em substituição a farinha de peixe. Os camarões foram cultivados em 12 tanques de 800 L com 250 camarões m-3, sob temperatura e aeração constantes. Após 42 dias, 36 animais (14,21 ± 0,89 g) por tratamento foram desafiados com Vibrio sp. (1 x 105 UFC mL-1 - DL10). Antes e após o desafio foi coletada hemolinfa para avaliação dos parâmetros imunológicos (título aglutinante, concentração de proteína no soro e atividade da fenoloxidase). Não houve diferença na resistência ao desafio e nos parâmetros imunológicos entre os tratamentos. Portanto, o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema de bioflocos utilizando dietas com substituição total ou parcial com concentrado proteico de soja não afeta sua imunocompetência e susceptibilidade a infecção bacteriana.

In vivo phagocytosis and hematology in Astyanax altiparanae, a potential model for surrogate technology

Abstract Although the potential of surrogate propagation technology for aquaculture and conservation of Neotropical fish, the poor understanding of the host immune system may results in rejection and destruction of the donor material. Thus, it is necessary to study and to develop methods to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive drugs employment and to evaluate the immunocompatibility between donor and receptor. Thus, the present study aimed to optimize a methodology to assess in vivo phagocytosis in Astyanax altiparanae using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to evaluate their hematological response resultant from the inflammatory induction. To this, S. cerevisiae were labeled with Congo red and injected in the coelomic cavity of A. altiparanae at the concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells mL-1. A PBS solution and a non-injected group were kept as control. Fish blood was sampled and the phagocytic capacity and index were determined at 1, 2, 3 and 6 h post-injection (hpi). The yeast injection successfully stimulated phagocytosis, with the best result for phagocytosis assessment after 2 hpi. Moreover, it was achieved a high traceability of phagocytized and non-phagocytized yeast under optic microscopy analysis due to the Congo red labeling. The hematological profile was similar to usually observed in early infections, indicating lymphocyte migration to inflammatory site and increase in number of circulating phagocytes due to natural response to inflammatory stimulus. In conclusion, our method was efficient to assess in vivo phagocytosis in A. altiparanae and will be an important tool to evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs in this species. Additionally, these results may serve as support for further studies in fish immunocompetence, both in laboratory and in field conditions.

Resumo Apesar do potencial apresentado pela tecnologia de propagação mediada para a aquicultura e conservação de peixes Neotropicais, o pobre entendimento do sistema imune do hospedeiro pode resultar na rejeição e destruição do material do doador. Com isso, se fazem necessários o estudo e o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise tanto dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras quanto para a avaliação da imunocompatibilidade entre doadores e receptores. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar um método para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em Astyanax altiparanae usando Saccharomyces cerevisiae marcado e avaliar seu perfil hematológico resultante da indução inflamatória. Para isso, S. cerevisiae foram marcados com vermelho Congo e injetados na cavidade celomática dos A. altiparanae na concentração de 2,5 x 106 células.mL-1. Peixes injetados com PBS e peixes não injetados foram mantidos como controle. Sangue foi colhido e a capacidade fagocítica e o índice fagocítico foram determinados após 1, 2, 3 e 6 horas após à injeção (hpi). A injeção de levedura estimulou a fagocitose com sucesso, com o melhor resultado atingido após 2 hpi. Ainda, foi observada uma alta rastreabilidade das leveduras fagocitadas e não fagocitadas sob microscopia óptica devido à marcação com vermelho Congo. O perfil hematológico foi similar ao observado usualmente em infecções recém-induzidas, indicando migração de linfócitos ao sítio inflamatório e aumento no número de fagócitos circulantes devido à resposta natural ao estímulo inflamatório. Como conclusão, nosso método foi eficiente para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em A. altiparanae e será uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação de eficácia de drogas imunossopressoras para esta espécie. Em adição, estes resultados podem contribuir para futuros estudos em imunocompetência em peixes, tanto em âmbito laboratorial quanto a campo.

Incidência de Candida spp. segundo a sazonalidade em excretas de aves silvestres e exóticas cativas analisadas no Laboratório ADN/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brasil (2010-2014) / Seasonal incidence of Candida spp. found in feces of captive wild and exotic birds by ADN Laboratory/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brazil (2010-2014)

Candidíase é a doença causada pelas leveduras do gênero Candida spp., agindo tanto como agentes primários ou secundários de doenças importantes em aves e humanos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar as 599 amostras com pedido de diagnóstico para Candida spp. em um laboratório diagnóstico comercial na cidade de Poços de Caldas, MG-Brasil, no período de 2010 à 2014, levando em consideração a sazonalidade (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e origem geográfica das amostras. Ao analisar o grupo com todas as ordens de aves em todo território brasileiro, foram 28,05% resultados positivos (168/599) e 71,95% resultados negativos (431/599), sendo 19,9% (119/599) dos resultados obtidos no verão, 30,6% (183/599) no outono, 28,04% (168/599) no inverno e 21,54% (129/599) na primavera. Dentro dos resultados obtidos, no verão 31,09% (37/119) foram positivos; no outono 31,15% (57/183); no inverno 30,4% (51/168) e por fim, na primavera 17,83% (23/129) (Quadro 3), tendo sido demonstrada baixa incidência nesta última estação (p=0,003) pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado. Com base nestes achados conclui-se que durante a primavera, há diminuição da incidência de resultados positivos para Candida spp. possivelmente devido a um aumento da imunocompetência destes animais durante esta estação, sendo necessários mais estudos para associar resultados clínico-práticos aos estatísticos encontrados nesta pesquisa.

Candidiasis is a frequent disease caused by yeasts of Candida spp., that acts either like primary or secondary agent for humans and aviary important disease. This article carried out data analysis from 599 laboratory avian samples sent for microbiology analysis in a commercial diagnostic laboratory located in Poços de Caldas city-Minas Gerais state in Brazil, from 2010 to 2014 period with respect to seasonality and geographic distribution. All avian orders analysis from all geographic areas studied reveled 28.05% positives results (168/599) e 71.95% negatives results (431/599), distributed by seasonality 19.9% (119/599) at summer, 30.6% (183/599) in autumn , 28.04% (168/599) in winter and 21.54% (129/599) in springs. At summer 31.09% (37/119) were positives for Candida sp.; 31.15% (57/183) in autumn; 30.4% (51/168) in winter at last 17.83% (23/129) in springs. Results revealed at Q-square statistic test (p<0.05) significant reduction in occurrence at springs (p=0.03) possible due to an increased immunocompetence at this time but more studies are necessary to better understanding this finding.

Incidência de Candida spp. segundo a sazonalidade em excretas de aves silvestres e exóticas cativas analisadas no Laboratório ADN/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brasil (2010-2014) / Seasonal incidence of Candida spp. found in feces of captive wild and exotic birds by ADN Laboratory/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brazil (2010-2014)

Candidíase é a doença causada pelas leveduras do gênero Candida spp., agindo tanto como agentes primários ou secundários de doenças importantes em aves e humanos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar as 599 amostras com pedido de diagnóstico para Candida spp. em um laboratório diagnóstico comercial na cidade de Poços de Caldas, MG-Brasil, no período de 2010 à 2014, levando em consideração a sazonalidade (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e origem geográfica das amostras. Ao analisar o grupo com todas as ordens de aves em todo território brasileiro, foram 28,05% resultados positivos (168/599) e 71,95% resultados negativos (431/599), sendo 19,9% (119/599) dos resultados obtidos no verão, 30,6% (183/599) no outono, 28,04% (168/599) no inverno e 21,54% (129/599) na primavera. Dentro dos resultados obtidos, no verão 31,09% (37/119) foram positivos; no outono 31,15% (57/183); no inverno 30,4% (51/168) e por fim, na primavera 17,83% (23/129) (Quadro 3), tendo sido demonstrada baixa incidência nesta última estação (p=0,003) pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado. Com base nestes achados conclui-se que durante a primavera, há diminuição da incidência de resultados positivos para Candida spp. possivelmente devido a um aumento da imunocompetência destes animais durante esta estação, sendo necessários mais estudos para associar resultados clínico-práticos aos estatísticos encontrados nesta pesquisa.(AU)

Candidiasis is a frequent disease caused by yeasts of Candida spp., that acts either like primary or secondary agent for humans and aviary important disease. This article carried out data analysis from 599 laboratory avian samples sent for microbiology analysis in a commercial diagnostic laboratory located in Poços de Caldas city-Minas Gerais state in Brazil, from 2010 to 2014 period with respect to seasonality and geographic distribution. All avian orders analysis from all geographic areas studied reveled 28.05% positives results (168/599) e 71.95% negatives results (431/599), distributed by seasonality 19.9% (119/599) at summer, 30.6% (183/599) in autumn , 28.04% (168/599) in winter and 21.54% (129/599) in springs. At summer 31.09% (37/119) were positives for Candida sp.; 31.15% (57/183) in autumn; 30.4% (51/168) in winter at last 17.83% (23/129) in springs. Results revealed at Q-square statistic test (p<0.05) significant reduction in occurrence at springs (p=0.03) possible due to an increased immunocompetence at this time but more studies are necessary to better understanding this finding.(AU)

Interação entre imunidade e nutrição das aves: revisão de literatura / Interaction between immunity and nutrition poultry: literature review

A nutrição pode ser usada como uma ferramenta para modular o sistema imunológico das aves, a fim de produzir um estado ideal de imunidade, pois as alterações do sistema imunológico necessitam de energia e de vários nutrientes para a formação de células e outras substâncias envolvidas no sistema de defesa do organismo. Vários estudos são conduzidos para indicar quais os nutrientes, e em quais níveis de inclusão, capazes de determinar imunocompetência e maior resistência a desafios sanitários nos animais. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar os fundamentos da imunonutrição, alguns de seus principais imunomoduladores e atuação do sistema imunológico das aves. (AU)

Nutrition can be used as a tool to modulate the immune system of poultry, to produce an ideal state of immunity, since the immune system changes require energy and various nutrients for cell formation and other substances involved in the system of defense. Several studies are conducted to determine which nutrients, and inclusion levels which are capable of determining the immunocompetence and increased resistance in animal health challenges. The objective of this review is to address the fundamentals of immunonutrition, some of its key immunomodulatory activity and the immune system of poultry. (AU)

Interação entre imunidade e nutrição das aves: revisão de literatura / Interaction between immunity and nutrition poultry: literature review

A nutrição pode ser usada como uma ferramenta para modular o sistema imunológico das aves, a fim de produzir um estado ideal de imunidade, pois as alterações do sistema imunológico necessitam de energia e de vários nutrientes para a formação de células e outras substâncias envolvidas no sistema de defesa do organismo. Vários estudos são conduzidos para indicar quais os nutrientes, e em quais níveis de inclusão, capazes de determinar imunocompetência e maior resistência a desafios sanitários nos animais. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar os fundamentos da imunonutrição, alguns de seus principais imunomoduladores e atuação do sistema imunológico das aves.

Nutrition can be used as a tool to modulate the immune system of poultry, to produce an ideal state of immunity, since the immune system changes require energy and various nutrients for cell formation and other substances involved in the system of defense. Several studies are conducted to determine which nutrients, and inclusion levels which are capable of determining the immunocompetence and increased resistance in animal health challenges. The objective of this review is to address the fundamentals of immunonutrition, some of its key immunomodulatory activity and the immune system of poultry.

Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and threonine on performance, humoral immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) and threonine (Thr) levels on the performance, immune responses and jejunal morphology of broiler chicks. A total of 432 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments including three different CP dietary levels (90, 95, and 100% of Ross 308 recommendations) and Thr (100, 110, and 120% of Ross specifications) dietary levels. Performance parameters were recorded for the starter (1-12 days), grower (13-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days) periods. Birds were subjected to different antigen inoculations to evaluate antibody responses. At day 42 of age, two randomly-selected birds per replicate were slaughtered to measure carcass traits. Although Thr dietary supplementation had no marked effect on Newcastle antibody titers, particularly the supplementation of Thr up to 110% of Ross specifications improved (p 0.05) antibody titers against sheep red blood cells during both primary and secondary responses. Reduction of dietary CP level resulted in significant decrease in villus height (p 0.05) and crypt depth (p 0.01) in jejunal epithelial cells, but the supplementation of low-CP diets with Thr up to 110 and 120% of the recommended values allowed overcoming these changes. Except for the starter period, reducing dietary CP level to 90% of Ross recommendations had no harmful effects on performance parameters; however, the best values were obtained with diets containing 110% Thr. The present results indicate that it is possible to reduce dietary CP level up to 10% after the starter period without any detrimental impact on growth performance, and dietary Thr supplementation up to 110% of Ross values may compensate for low CP-induced growth delay in broiler chicks.

Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and threonine on performance, humoral immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) and threonine (Thr) levels on the performance, immune responses and jejunal morphology of broiler chicks. A total of 432 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments including three different CP dietary levels (90, 95, and 100% of Ross 308 recommendations) and Thr (100, 110, and 120% of Ross specifications) dietary levels. Performance parameters were recorded for the starter (1-12 days), grower (13-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days) periods. Birds were subjected to different antigen inoculations to evaluate antibody responses. At day 42 of age, two randomly-selected birds per replicate were slaughtered to measure carcass traits. Although Thr dietary supplementation had no marked effect on Newcastle antibody titers, particularly the supplementation of Thr up to 110% of Ross specifications improved (p 0.05) antibody titers against sheep red blood cells during both primary and secondary responses. Reduction of dietary CP level resulted in significant decrease in villus height (p 0.05) and crypt depth (p 0.01) in jejunal epithelial cells, but the supplementation of low-CP diets with Thr up to 110 and 120% of the recommended values allowed overcoming these changes. Except for the starter period, reducing dietary CP level to 90% of Ross recommendations had no harmful effects on performance parameters; however, the best values were obtained with diets containing 110% Thr. The present results indicate that it is possible to reduce dietary CP level up to 10% after the starter period without any detrimental impact on growth performance, and dietary Thr supplementation up to 110% of Ross values may compensate for low CP-induced growth delay in broiler chicks.

Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and threonine on performance, humoral immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) and threonine (Thr) levels on the performance, immune responses and jejunal morphology of broiler chicks. A total of 432 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments including three different CP dietary levels (90, 95, and 100% of Ross 308 recommendations) and Thr (100, 110, and 120% of Ross specifications) dietary levels. Performance parameters were recorded for the starter (1-12 days), grower (13-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days) periods. Birds were subjected to different antigen inoculations to evaluate antibody responses. At day 42 of age, two randomly-selected birds per replicate were slaughtered to measure carcass traits. Although Thr dietary supplementation had no marked effect on Newcastle antibody titers, particularly the supplementation of Thr up to 110% of Ross specifications improved (p 0.05) antibody titers against sheep red blood cells during both primary and secondary responses. Reduction of dietary CP level resulted in significant decrease in villus height (p 0.05) and crypt depth (p 0.01) in jejunal epithelial cells, but the supplementation of low-CP diets with Thr up to 110 and 120% of the recommended values allowed overcoming these changes. Except for the starter period, reducing dietary CP level to 90% of Ross recommendations had no harmful effects on performance parameters; however, the best values were obtained with diets containing 110% Thr. The present results indicate that it is possible to reduce dietary CP level up to 10% after the starter period without any detrimental impact on growth performance, and dietary Thr supplementation up to 110% of Ross values may compensate for low CP-induced growth delay in broiler chicks.(AU)

Título de anticorpos hemaglutinantes de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, como indicador de imunidade adquirida / Hemagglutination antibody titers in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, as an indicator of acquired immunity

A determinação do título de hemaglutinação é uma alternativa para avaliar as respostas do sistema imune adquirido, ou seja, analisar a capacidade de produção de anticorpos circulantes do organismo. O estudo foi realizado a fim de padronizar a titulação de anticorpos produzidos contra hemáceas de coelho em peixes previamente imunizados e submetidos a dietas com diferentes concentrações de levamisol (0, 250 e 500 mg.kg-1 de levamisol). O resultado é um aglomerado celular que pode ser visualizado a olho nu. Peixes do presente estudo alimentados com 250 mg.kg-1 de levamisol apresentaram maiores títulos de anticorpos hemaglutinantes, entretanto os alimentados com 500 mg.kg-1 apresentaram títulos semelhantes ao grupo controle, alimentado com dieta sem levamisol. Este estudo validou a metodologia para determinação do título de hemaglutinação do soro de peixe nativo imunizados, após administração de levamisol e verificou um aumento da concentração de anticorpos hemaglutinantes após administração de 250 mg.kg-1 de levamisol por 10 dias

The evaluation of the hemagglutination titer is an option to evaluate the response of acquired immune system in order to assess the immunocompetence for antibodies production. The study was carried out to standardize the antibody titer against rabbit red blood cell in immunized fish and fed diets with levamisole (0; 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 levamisole). As a result, the cell cluster agglutination can be observed by the naked eye. Fish fed 250 mg.kg-1of levamisole have shown the highest hemagglutination antibodies titer; however, fish fed 500 mg.kg-1of levamisole have revealed titers equivalent to control group that was fed levamisole-free diet. This study has validated the methodology for determination of hemagglutination antibody titer of immunized fish and has found that antibody titers increased after feeding a diet containing 250 mg.kg-1 of levamisole during 10 days

Título de anticorpos hemaglutinantes de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, como indicador de imunidade adquirida / Hemagglutination antibody titers in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, as an indicator of acquired immunity

A determinação do título de hemaglutinação é uma alternativa para avaliar as respostas do sistema imune adquirido, ou seja, analisar a capacidade de produção de anticorpos circulantes do organismo. O estudo foi realizado a fim de padronizar a titulação de anticorpos produzidos contra hemáceas de coelho em peixes previamente imunizados e submetidos a dietas com diferentes concentrações de levamisol (0, 250 e 500 mg.kg-1 de levamisol). O resultado é um aglomerado celular que pode ser visualizado a olho nu. Peixes do presente estudo alimentados com 250 mg.kg-1 de levamisol apresentaram maiores títulos de anticorpos hemaglutinantes, entretanto os alimentados com 500 mg.kg-1 apresentaram títulos semelhantes ao grupo controle, alimentado com dieta sem levamisol. Este estudo validou a metodologia para determinação do título de hemaglutinação do soro de peixe nativo imunizados, após administração de levamisol e verificou um aumento da concentração de anticorpos hemaglutinantes após administração de 250 mg.kg-1 de levamisol por 10 dias(AU)

The evaluation of the hemagglutination titer is an option to evaluate the response of acquired immune system in order to assess the immunocompetence for antibodies production. The study was carried out to standardize the antibody titer against rabbit red blood cell in immunized fish and fed diets with levamisole (0; 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 levamisole). As a result, the cell cluster agglutination can be observed by the naked eye. Fish fed 250 mg.kg-1of levamisole have shown the highest hemagglutination antibodies titer; however, fish fed 500 mg.kg-1of levamisole have revealed titers equivalent to control group that was fed levamisole-free diet. This study has validated the methodology for determination of hemagglutination antibody titer of immunized fish and has found that antibody titers increased after feeding a diet containing 250 mg.kg-1 of levamisole during 10 days(AU)

Effect of vitamin E levels on the cell-mediated immunity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis

Studies on the relationships between animal nutrition and immunity have sought reliable methodologies to measure responses. Cell-mediated immune response is similarly studied in humans. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity test (CBH) is one of the methods to measure that response and consists in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly of lymphocytes and basophils, as result of the application of substances capable of inducing cell proliferation in determined sites, such as wings, wattle, and interdigital space in birds. CBH is considered a simple and fast method and can be applied in birds of different ages. In immunocompetence studies with poultry, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) is a commonly used substance, despite the variability of the response related to the method of application (intradermal injection) and the antigens used. In the present experiment, PHA-P was used to observe the cell-mediated immune response of 216 chicks fed three dietary levels of vitamin E from 1 to 36 days of age. All birds were immunologically challenged by vaccination against coccidiosis at three days of age and against Newcastle Disease (NCD) at 14 and 30 days of age. At 36 days of age, birds were submitted to the CBH test according to the methodology of Corrier & DeLoach (1990). Birds fed 65mg/kg of vitamin E presented lasting cell reaction (p 0.08), which indicates that this vitamin E level improved cell immune response of birds due to its antioxidant and immunomodulating properties. The use of this vitamin E level can be considered by nutritionists under practical conditions, aiming to improve broiler immunity.

Effect of vitamin E levels on the cell-mediated immunity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis

Studies on the relationships between animal nutrition and immunity have sought reliable methodologies to measure responses. Cell-mediated immune response is similarly studied in humans. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity test (CBH) is one of the methods to measure that response and consists in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly of lymphocytes and basophils, as result of the application of substances capable of inducing cell proliferation in determined sites, such as wings, wattle, and interdigital space in birds. CBH is considered a simple and fast method and can be applied in birds of different ages. In immunocompetence studies with poultry, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) is a commonly used substance, despite the variability of the response related to the method of application (intradermal injection) and the antigens used. In the present experiment, PHA-P was used to observe the cell-mediated immune response of 216 chicks fed three dietary levels of vitamin E from 1 to 36 days of age. All birds were immunologically challenged by vaccination against coccidiosis at three days of age and against Newcastle Disease (NCD) at 14 and 30 days of age. At 36 days of age, birds were submitted to the CBH test according to the methodology of Corrier & DeLoach (1990). Birds fed 65mg/kg of vitamin E presented lasting cell reaction (p<0.08), which indicates that this vitamin E level improved cell immune response of birds due to its antioxidant and immunomodulating properties. The use of this vitamin E level can be considered by nutritionists under practical conditions, aiming to improve broiler immunity.(AU)

Effect of vitamin E levels on the cell-mediated immunity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis

Studies on the relationships between animal nutrition and immunity have sought reliable methodologies to measure responses. Cell-mediated immune response is similarly studied in humans. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity test (CBH) is one of the methods to measure that response and consists in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly of lymphocytes and basophils, as result of the application of substances capable of inducing cell proliferation in determined sites, such as wings, wattle, and interdigital space in birds. CBH is considered a simple and fast method and can be applied in birds of different ages. In immunocompetence studies with poultry, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) is a commonly used substance, despite the variability of the response related to the method of application (intradermal injection) and the antigens used. In the present experiment, PHA-P was used to observe the cell-mediated immune response of 216 chicks fed three dietary levels of vitamin E from 1 to 36 days of age. All birds were immunologically challenged by vaccination against coccidiosis at three days of age and against Newcastle Disease (NCD) at 14 and 30 days of age. At 36 days of age, birds were submitted to the CBH test according to the methodology of Corrier & DeLoach (1990). Birds fed 65mg/kg of vitamin E presented lasting cell reaction (p<0.08), which indicates that this vitamin E level improved cell immune response of birds due to its antioxidant and immunomodulating properties. The use of this vitamin E level can be considered by nutritionists under practical conditions, aiming to improve broiler immunity.