Can detomidine replace medetomidine for pharmacological semen collection in domestic cats?

Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P<0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.(AU)

Can detomidine replace medetomidine for pharmacological semen collection in domestic cats?

Abstract Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor - 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P <0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.

Cryptorchidism in free-living jaguar (Panthera onca): first case report

Cryptorchidism is a genital alteration wherein one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum and has multifactorial causes. A free-range adult male was captured twice in the Pantanal of Nhecolândia to put a GPS collar and semen collection. Pharmacological semen collection, andrological examination and semen analysis were performed. At the first capture and during the andrological examination only the left testis was found, and the male qualified as cryptorchid. The penis had no penile spines at either procedure. The semen volume obtained at first and second capture was 435 and 160 L, respectively, with a concentration of 618 and 100 x 106 sperm/mL, progressive motility of ~ 5% and ~ 1% and total morphological sperm abnormalities of 74% and 86%. The male was monitored by a GPS collar, but the signal was lost, making it difficult to re-captures and perform new seminal and ultrasound evaluations to discard monorchidism exceedingly rare in felids. Genetic studies to assess the individual's homozygosity are necessary to verify whether cryptorchidism in this individual has a genetic factor.

Cryptorchidism in free-living jaguar (Panthera onca): first case report

Cryptorchidism is a genital alteration wherein one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum and has multifactorial causes. A free-range adult male was captured twice in the Pantanal of Nhecolândia to put a GPS collar and semen collection. Pharmacological semen collection, andrological examination and semen analysis were performed. At the first capture and during the andrological examination only the left testis was found, and the male qualified as cryptorchid. The penis had no penile spines at either procedure. The semen volume obtained at first and second capture was 435 and 160 L, respectively, with a concentration of 618 and 100 x 106 sperm/mL, progressive motility of ~ 5% and ~ 1% and total morphological sperm abnormalities of 74% and 86%. The male was monitored by a GPS collar, but the signal was lost, making it difficult to re-captures and perform new seminal and ultrasound evaluations to discard monorchidism exceedingly rare in felids. Genetic studies to assess the individual's homozygosity are necessary to verify whether cryptorchidism in this individual has a genetic factor.(AU)

Colheita farmacológica de sêmen de onças-pardas (Puma concolor: Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) / Pharmacological semen collection in cougars (Puma concolor: Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)

Objetivou-se, por meio do presente estudo, avaliar o método de colheita farmacológica de sêmen com sondagem uretral, em machos de onças-pardas (Puma concolor) mantidos em cativeiro. A técnica proposta (Cat; N=3) foi comparada com a eletroejaculação (EE; N=4). Para a colheita farmacológica, utilizou-se medetomidina para induzir a liberação de sêmen na uretra e sonda uretral para gatos, sem janela lateral, para colheita do sêmen por capilaridade. O método foi eficaz em todos os animais usados. Por meio dessa técnica, colheram-se amostras com menor volume (106,7±30,5aµL) e maior concentração (524,1±54,3b x 106 espermatozoides/mL) em relação à EE (450,0±0,1bµL e 205,0±141,8a x 106 espermatozoides/mL). As avaliações de vigor, motilidade e patologia espermática demonstraram que a técnica não afeta a qualidade do sêmen em relação à EE (P>0,05). Dessa forma, o método proposto consiste em uma técnica mais prática e eficiente para a colheita de sêmen com boa qualidade, dispensando o eletroejaculador.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological semen collection method with urethral catheterization (CT) in captive cougar (Puma concolor) males. The pharmacological method (CT; N= 3) was compared to the electroejaculation technique (EE; N= 4). For CT collection, medetomidine was administrated to induce semen release using a tomcat catheter inserted into the urethra to collect by capillarity. The proposed method was efficacious on all animals used. Through the CT method, semen collected yielded smaller volume (106,7±30,5aµL) and higher concentration (524,1±54,3b x 106sperm/mL) compared to EE (450,0±0,1bµL and 205,0±141,8a x 106 sperm /mL). Evaluations of vigor, motility and sperm pathology demonstrated that CT does not affect semen quality when compared to EE (P> 0.05). Thus, the proposed method consists of a more practical and efficient technique for semen collection with good quality, eliminating the need for eletroejaculation.(AU)

Colheita farmacológica de sêmen de onças-pardas (Puma concolor: Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) / Pharmacological semen collection in cougars (Puma concolor: Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)

Objetivou-se, por meio do presente estudo, avaliar o método de colheita farmacológica de sêmen com sondagem uretral, em machos de onças-pardas (Puma concolor) mantidos em cativeiro. A técnica proposta (Cat; N=3) foi comparada com a eletroejaculação (EE; N=4). Para a colheita farmacológica, utilizou-se medetomidina para induzir a liberação de sêmen na uretra e sonda uretral para gatos, sem janela lateral, para colheita do sêmen por capilaridade. O método foi eficaz em todos os animais usados. Por meio dessa técnica, colheram-se amostras com menor volume (106,7±30,5aµL) e maior concentração (524,1±54,3b x 106 espermatozoides/mL) em relação à EE (450,0±0,1bµL e 205,0±141,8a x 106 espermatozoides/mL). As avaliações de vigor, motilidade e patologia espermática demonstraram que a técnica não afeta a qualidade do sêmen em relação à EE (P>0,05). Dessa forma, o método proposto consiste em uma técnica mais prática e eficiente para a colheita de sêmen com boa qualidade, dispensando o eletroejaculador.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological semen collection method with urethral catheterization (CT) in captive cougar (Puma concolor) males. The pharmacological method (CT; N= 3) was compared to the electroejaculation technique (EE; N= 4). For CT collection, medetomidine was administrated to induce semen release using a tomcat catheter inserted into the urethra to collect by capillarity. The proposed method was efficacious on all animals used. Through the CT method, semen collected yielded smaller volume (106,7±30,5aµL) and higher concentration (524,1±54,3b x 106sperm/mL) compared to EE (450,0±0,1bµL and 205,0±141,8a x 106 sperm /mL). Evaluations of vigor, motility and sperm pathology demonstrated that CT does not affect semen quality when compared to EE (P> 0.05). Thus, the proposed method consists of a more practical and efficient technique for semen collection with good quality, eliminating the need for eletroejaculation.(AU)

Efeitos cardiovasculares da medetomidina e cetamina em Puma concolor e tempo de recuperação após aplicação de ioimbina ou atipamezole / [Cardiovascular effects of medetomidine and cetamine in Puma concolor and recovery time after application of ioimbin or atipamezole]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias causadas pela medetomidina associada à cetamina, e o tempo de recuperação após aplicação intramuscular de atipamezole ou ioimbina em Puma concolor. Para isso, foi realizada a aplicação de medetomidina (100µg/kg) associada à cetamina (5mg/kg) em 11 onças-pardas, sendo os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios registrados a cada 15 minutos, durante 90 minutos de avaliação. Em seguida, a anestesia foi revertida com aplicação intramuscular de ioimbina (0,4mg/kg; n=5) ou atipamezole (0,25mg/kg; n=6), sendo analisado o tempo até a recuperação. Dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios avaliados, houve diferença apenas na frequência respiratória (entre os momentos 60 e 90 minutos), estando esta, todavia, dentro do intervalo de referência para a espécie. Além disso, verificou-se tempo para decúbito esternal significativamente menor nos animais do grupo atipamezole (18±7 minutos), quando comparado ao grupo ioimbina (36±17 minutos), entretanto o tempo de recuperação completa foi estatisticamente igual entre os dois reversores analisados. Assim, a associação anestésica promoveu anestesia eficiente, segura e de rápida indução em onças-pardas, permitindo a imobilização dos animais durante os 90 minutos de avaliação, sem a ocorrência de complicações. Ao se comparar a reversão anestésica com atipamezole e ioimbina, observou-se equivalência dos fármacos no tempo de recuperação completa dos animais.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes caused by ketamine-associated medetomidine, and the recovery time after intramuscular application of atipamezole or yohimbine in Puma concolor. For this, the application of medetomidine (100µg/kg) associated with ketamine (5mg/kg) was performed in eleven brown ounces, and the cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded every 15 minutes during 90 minutes of evaluation. Afterwards, anesthesia was reversed with intramuscular application of yohimbine (0.4mg/kg; n=5) or atipamezole (0.25mg/kg; n=6), and time to recovery was analyzed. Of the cardiorespiratory parameters evaluated, there was a difference only in respiratory rate (between 60 and 90 minutes), however, within the reference range for the species. In addition, there was a significantly shorter time for sternal decubitus in the animals of the atipamezole group (18±7 minutes) when compared to the yohimbine group (36±17 minutes), however the complete recovery time was statistically equal between the two reversers analyzed. Thus, the anesthetic association promoted efficient, safe and fast induction anesthesia in puma, allowing the animals to be immobilized during the 90 minutes of evaluation without complications. Comparing anesthetic reversal with atipamezole and yohimbine, drug equivalence was observed in the complete recovery time of the animals.(AU)

A comparasion of laboratory and cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine anaesthetic combinations in horses

Background: Equine anesthesia morbidity and mortality rates are greater than in other domestic animals because of hypotension and hypoventilation. The important features desired in general anesthesia for horses are a rapid effect, rapid emergence and balanced anesthesia. The long duration of action of currently used anesthetic agents cause various complications in horses. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effects of combination of the anesthetics desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight healthy mixed-breed horses (four males and four females) with weighing 275 ± 56 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and aged 6.8 ± 5 years [(mean ± SD)] were used for this study. The horses were placed into one of four groups: group I (detomidine-desflurane), group II (detomidine-desflurane-atipamezole), group III (medetomidine- desflurane), or group IV (medetomidine-desflurane-atipamezole). Horses were rested for 15 days before each group starts to study. Intravenous detomidine (25 μg/kg) was used for premedication in groups I and II, and intravenous medetomidine (7 μg/kg) was used for premedication in groups III and IV. Ketamine hydrocholoride (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) were intravenously administered in the same syringe to induce anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia, horses were placed in the left lateral recumbent position, and the trachea was intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube with an internal diameter of 28 mm. The endotracheal tube was attached to a large animal circle breathing system anesthesia machine, and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane for 90 min. The initial dosage of desflurane was 14% + 4 L O2/min, and was reduced by 2% every 10 min over the first 30 min of anesthesia. After 30 min, the desflurane dose was changed to 8% + 4 L, which was maintained until the end of anesthesia (90 min).[...]

A comparasion of laboratory and cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine anaesthetic combinations in horses

Background: Equine anesthesia morbidity and mortality rates are greater than in other domestic animals because of hypotension and hypoventilation. The important features desired in general anesthesia for horses are a rapid effect, rapid emergence and balanced anesthesia. The long duration of action of currently used anesthetic agents cause various complications in horses. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effects of combination of the anesthetics desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight healthy mixed-breed horses (four males and four females) with weighing 275 ± 56 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and aged 6.8 ± 5 years [(mean ± SD)] were used for this study. The horses were placed into one of four groups: group I (detomidine-desflurane), group II (detomidine-desflurane-atipamezole), group III (medetomidine- desflurane), or group IV (medetomidine-desflurane-atipamezole). Horses were rested for 15 days before each group starts to study. Intravenous detomidine (25 μg/kg) was used for premedication in groups I and II, and intravenous medetomidine (7 μg/kg) was used for premedication in groups III and IV. Ketamine hydrocholoride (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) were intravenously administered in the same syringe to induce anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia, horses were placed in the left lateral recumbent position, and the trachea was intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube with an internal diameter of 28 mm. The endotracheal tube was attached to a large animal circle breathing system anesthesia machine, and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane for 90 min. The initial dosage of desflurane was 14% + 4 L O2/min, and was reduced by 2% every 10 min over the first 30 min of anesthesia. After 30 min, the desflurane dose was changed to 8% + 4 L, which was maintained until the end of anesthesia (90 min).[...](AU)

A Comparasion of Laboratory and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Desflurane, Detomidine and Medetomidine Anaesthetic Combinations in Horses

Background: Equine anesthesia morbidity and mortality rates are greater than in other domestic animals because of hypotension and hypoventilation. The important features desired in general anesthesia for horses are a rapid effect, rapid emergence and balanced anesthesia. The long duration of action of currently used anesthetic agents cause various complications in horses. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effects of combination of the anesthetics desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight healthy mixed-breed horses (four males and four females) with weighing 275 ± 56 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and aged 6.8 ± 5 years [(mean ± SD)] were used for this study. The horses were placed into one of four groups: group I (detomidine-desflurane), group II (detomidine-desflurane-atipamezole), group III (medetomidinedesflurane), or group IV (medetomidine-desflurane-atipamezole). Horses were rested for 15 days before each group starts to study. Intravenous detomidine (25 µg/kg) was used for premedication in groups I and II, and intravenous medetomidine (7 µg/ kg) was used for premedication in groups III and IV. Ketamine hydrocholoride (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) were intravenously administered in the same syringe to induce anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia, horses were placed in the left lateral re

Anesthesia in American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) for a limb amputation / Anestesia em jacaré-americano (Alligator mississipiensis) para amputação de membro

Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...](AU)

Uso e efeitos da dexmedetomidina na anestesia de ratos e camundongos / Use and effects of dexmedetomidine in rats and mice anesthesia

O uso de agonistas dos receptores α-2 adrenérgicos possui ampla difusão no campo da medicina veterinária, tendo a xilazina como principal representante deste grupo anestésico. A dexmedetomidina, um isômero da medetomidina, demonstra altíssima especificidade aos adrenorreceptores α-2 e com isso vem ganhando espaço devido a seus potentes efeitos analgésicos e anestésicos e sua utilização em ratos e camundongos. Seu uso é justificado tanto como agente isolado, bem como associado a outros fármacos, visando reduzir as doses e os efeitos indesejados. A praticidade da existência de um reversor específico, o atipamezole, juntamente com a disponibilidade de administração por diversas vias, faz da dexmedetomidina uma droga adequada para utilização em roedores. Sua resposta é dose-dependente, e, por isso, deve-se avaliar cautelosamente o tipo de anestesia desejada previamente à sua administração. A dexmedetomidina demostra uma série de efeitos anti-inflamatórios e protetores sistêmicos, visto que inibe citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No entanto, tais mecanismos de ação ainda não foram completamente elucidados. A especificidade da dexmedetomidina aliada a seu potente potencial analgésico e anestésico, além de seus efeitos secundários como anti-inflamatório e protetor sugerem sua utilização na anestesia de ratos e camundongos de forma segura.

The use of α-2 agonist adrenoreceptors is widespread in veterinary, and xilazine represents the major role of the group. Dexmedetomidine, a medetomidine isomer, is highly specific to the α-2 adrenoreceptors and due to analgesic and anesthetic effects, it’s use in rats and mice can be seen as single agent or associated with other drugs, to reduce dose and minimize the side effects. The convenience of having a specific revert drug, atipamezole, makes dexmedetomidine a safe drug to be administered to rodents, besides the possibility of being administered by multiple ways. The response of dexmedetomidine is dose-dependent and, because of that, the anesthesia protocol should be careful evaluated before its administration. Besides, the drug shows several anti-inflammatory and protective effects decurrent of its use, inhibiting pro-inflammatory citokines, but the mechanisms haven’t been completely elucidated. The high specifity of dexmedetomidine associated to the analgesic and anesthetic effects, plus its secondary effects as anti-inflammatory and protector suggests a safe use in rats and mice anesthesia.

Anesthesia in American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) for a limb amputation / Anestesia em jacaré-americano (Alligator mississipiensis) para amputação de membro

Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...]

Impact of dexmedetomidine on amino acid contents and the cerebral ultrastructure of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on amino acid contents and the cerebral ultrastructure of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R). Methods: Thirty-six, male, Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham operation group (group C), the ischemia-reperfusion group (group I/R), and the DEX group (group D). The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was prepared by the modified Longa method. The time of ischemia was 180 min, and 120 min after reperfusion, the amount of glutamate (Glu), and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain were measured, and the ultrastructure-level changes in the cerebral cortex were examined using electron microscopy. Results: Compared to group C, Glu contents in group D, and I/R significantly increased. Compared to group I/R, Glu contents in group D significantly decreased. Compared to group C, GABA contents in group D, and I/R significantly increased, and those in group D significantly increased, as compared to group I/R. The cerebral ultrastructure was normal in group C. Vacuolar degeneration in the plastiosome and nervous processes, was more critical than in group D. Vascular endothelial cells (VEC) were damaged. On the contrary, these changes in group D significantly improved. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine is capable of decreasing glutamergic content, and increasing GABAergic content, in order to decrease the injury of the cerebral ultrastructure, following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.(AU)

Uso e efeitos da dexmedetomidina na anestesia de ratos e camundongos / Use and effects of dexmedetomidine in rats and mice anesthesia

O uso de agonistas dos receptores α-2 adrenérgicos possui ampla difusão no campo da medicina veterinária, tendo a xilazina como principal representante deste grupo anestésico. A dexmedetomidina, um isômero da medetomidina, demonstra altíssima especificidade aos adrenorreceptores α-2 e com isso vem ganhando espaço devido a seus potentes efeitos analgésicos e anestésicos e sua utilização em ratos e camundongos. Seu uso é justificado tanto como agente isolado, bem como associado a outros fármacos, visando reduzir as doses e os efeitos indesejados. A praticidade da existência de um reversor específico, o atipamezole, juntamente com a disponibilidade de administração por diversas vias, faz da dexmedetomidina uma droga adequada para utilização em roedores. Sua resposta é dose-dependente, e, por isso, deve-se avaliar cautelosamente o tipo de anestesia desejada previamente à sua administração. A dexmedetomidina demostra uma série de efeitos anti-inflamatórios e protetores sistêmicos, visto que inibe citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No entanto, tais mecanismos de ação ainda não foram completamente elucidados. A especificidade da dexmedetomidina aliada a seu potente potencial analgésico e anestésico, além de seus efeitos secundários como anti-inflamatório e protetor sugerem sua utilização na anestesia de ratos e camundongos de forma segura.(AU)

The use of α-2 agonist adrenoreceptors is widespread in veterinary, and xilazine represents the major role of the group. Dexmedetomidine, a medetomidine isomer, is highly specific to the α-2 adrenoreceptors and due to analgesic and anesthetic effects, its use in rats and mice can be seen as single agent or associated with other drugs, to reduce dose and minimize the side effects. The convenience of having a specific revert drug, atipamezole, makes dexmedetomidine a safe drug to be administered to rodents, besides the possibility of being administered by multiple ways. The response of dexmedetomidine is dose-dependent and, because of that, the anesthesia protocol should be careful evaluated before its administration. Besides, the drug shows several anti-inflammatory and protective effects decurrent of its use, inhibiting pro-inflammatory citokines, but the mechanisms havent been completely elucidated. The high specifity of dexmedetomidine associated to the analgesic and anesthetic effects, plus its secondary effects as anti-inflammatory and protector suggests a safe use in rats and mice anesthesia.(AU)

Colheita farmacológica de sêmen de tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Resumo da tese em português: A família Myrmecophagidae, está presente em todos os biomas Brasileiros. O tamanduá-bandeira é o maior representante desta família, pertencente a ordem Pilosa e a Subordem Xenarthra. Considerando a diminuição da espécie em cerca de 30% nos últimos 10 anos, a União Internacional de Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) inclui essa espécie na classificação de vulnerável ou seja, a espécie corre um grande risco de extinção em médio prazo. No entanto, mesmo sendo uma espécie com tamanha importância, informações relevantes sobre a reprodução desses animais ainda é muito escassa na literatura, principalmente quando buscada a reprodução in situ. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal desenvolver um protocolo eficiente de colheita farmacológica de sêmen em tamanduás-bandeira de vida livre e de cativeiro. Para isso foram realizadas capturas de 11 exemplares de tamanduá-bandeira adultos, sendo destes, quatro machos de vida livre, e mais dois animais mantidos em cativeiro, para efeito de comparação. A colheita de sêmen por cateterismo uretral quando realizada entre 15 e 20 min após a administração da medetomidina + cetamina (0,08 mg + 5mg/ kg; im) mostrou-se 100% eficaz, pois todos os animais ejacularam. Quando comparada nas duas condições, respectivamente para vida livre e cativeiro, a colheita de sêmen farmacológica não mostrou diferença significativa para volume de sêmen (183.3 ± 30.9 vs 175.0 ± 5.0 µL), vigor (3.5 ± 0.7 vs 4.5 ± 0.5 ), concentração (203.3 ± 155.2 vs 181.5 ± 111.5 × 106 spz/mL), motilidade (63.3 ± 17.0 vs 60.0 ± 10.0 %) e espermatozoides totais por ejaculação (32.5 ± 19.2 vs 31.2 ± 18.6 ). Pelos dados obtidos, o uso da colheita farmacológica de sêmen por cateterismo uretral foi um método eficaz, prático e seguro para colheita e avaliação de sêmen tanto em tamanduás-bandeira de cativeiro quanto os de vida livre.

Resumo da tese em inglês: The Myrmecophagidae family is present in all Brazilian biomes. The giant anteater is the largest representative of this family, belonging to the order Pilosa and the Suborder Xenarthra. Considering the species decrease by ~ 30% in the last 10 years, the International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN) includes this species as vulnerable to extinction (red list IUCN, 2014). The species is at great risk of extinction in the medium term. However, even though it is a species with such importance, relevant information about the reproduction of these animals is still very scarce in the literature, especially concerning to in situ reproduction. The present work had as main objective to develop an efficient protocol of pharmacological semen collection in free-living and captive giant anteaters. For this purpose, 11 adult anteaters were captured, of which four were free-living males and two more animals kept in captivity for comparison purposes. Semen collection by urethral catheterization when performed between 15 and 20 min after the administration of medetomidine + ketamine (0.08 mg + 5mg/kg; im) proved to be 100% effective, as all animals ejaculated. When compared in the two conditions, respectively for free life and captivity, the collection of pharmacological semen showed no significant difference for semen volume (183.3 ± 30.9 vs 175.0 ± 5.0 µL), vigor (3.5 ± 0.7 vs 4.5 ± 0.5), concentration ( 203.3 ± 155.2 vs 181.5 ± 111.5 × 106 spz / mL), motility (63.3 ± 17.0 vs 60.0 ± 10.0%) and total sperm by ejaculation (32.5 ± 19.2 vs 31.2 ± 18.6).Based on the data obtained, the use of pharmacological semen collection by urethral catheterization was an effective, practical, and safe method for collecting and evaluating semen in both captive and free-living giant anteaters.

Análise espermática e descrição morfológica dos órgãos genitais masculinos de suricatas (Suricata suricatta)

Resumo: Os suricatas (Suricata suricattas) são animais pequenos, diurnos, da Ordem Carnívora e Família Herpestidae, oriundos da África e que vivem em grupos familiares de até 30 indivíduos. Seus padrões reprodutivos são aqueles de animais que vivem em colônias, que, nessa espécie, são normalmente monopolizadas por uma única fêmea reprodutora, ao passo que os machos dominantes se valem da maioria das oportunidades reprodutivas dentro do grupo. A maturidade sexual ocorre com aproximadamente um ano de idade, contudo, esses animais dificilmente se reproduzem antes dos dois anos. Em sua condição ex situ, pouco se sabe sobre suas características reprodutivas. Os objetivos do presente estudo consistem na descrição de alguns aspectos morfológicos dos órgãos genitais masculinos e suas glândulas anexas, por meio de avaliação macroscópica, imagens ultrassonográficas e de raio x desses animais, além da realização da colheita de sêmen mediante emprego da técnica da eletroejaculação, em que utilizado, como facilitador, a associação de dois anestésicos: a medetomidina e a cetamina. Os resultados evidenciaram que suas características anatômicas são muito parecidas com a dos felinos, na medida em que cada animal também apresenta próstata, glândulas bulbouretrais anexas e uma estrutura alongada e radiopaca no pênis, a sugerir a presença de osso peniano. O testículo esquerdo apresentou média de 1,22cm (±0,14) de comprimento e 1,03cm (±0,03) de largura, enquanto o testículo direito registrou 1,20cm (±0,13) de comprimento e 1,04cm (±0,04) de largura, alojados ambos no escroto, cujos formatos são elipsoides, têm textura homogênea, parênquima hipoecogênico e são envolvidos pela túnica albugínea hiperecogênica, que delimitam margens lisas. Apesar da inexistência de mediastino evidente, observou-se linha discretamente hiperecogênica no centro do parênquima, paralela ao eixo longo do testículo. A colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculação, mediante emprego da associação dos anestésicos medetomidina e cetamina, foi eficaz, logrando-se a obtenção de sêmen de todos os animais estimulados. O sêmen foi analisado quanto a sua concentração, volume, vigor, motilidade, atividade mitocondrial, integridade do acrossoma e da membrana plasmática, obtendo-se parâmetros que demonstraram o volume médio obtido de 0,125 0,193 ml, com motilidade média de 19,8 ± 18,6% e vigor de 1,9 ± 1,0. A concentração espermática encontrada foi de 40,5 ± 25,2x106 espermatozoides/ml, sendo que, deste valor, a porcentagem média de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais alcançou 10,8 ± 6,6%. Este é o primeiro trabalho que descreve os aspectos morfológicos e imaginológicos do genital masculino de suricatas, bem como, por meio da colheita por eletroejaculação, suas características seminais. Tanto o conhecimento anatômico quanto o das características seminais têm suma importância na implementação de programas de reprodução assistidas e no manejo reprodutivo na espécie.

Abstract: Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are small, diurnal animals from the Order Carnivora and the Herpestidae Family, originated from Africa that lives in family groups of up to 30 individuals. Their reproductive patterns follows those of animals that live in colonies, which are, in this species, usually monopolized by a single dominant female whereas males take advantage of the most reproductive opportunities within the group. Sexual maturity occurs at round one year of age, but reproduction hardly occurs before they have completed two years. In its ex situ conditions, little is known about its reproductive characteristics. The objectives of the present study are to describe the morphological aspects of male genital organs and accessory glands using macroscopic evaluation, ultrasound and radiography images of these animals, and also to perform semen collection through the electroejaculation technique, which uses as a facilitator the combination of two anesthetics: medetomidine and ketamine. The results showed that their anatomical characteristics are very similar to those of felines, as they also have prostate, accessory bulbourethral glands and an elongated and radiopaque structure in the penis, which suggests the presence of baculum. The left testicle measured 1.22cm (± 0.14) in length and 1.03cm (± 0.03) in width and, the right, 1.20cm (± 0.13) in length and 1.04cm (± 0.04) in width, both of them lodged in the scrotum, which has ellipsoidal shape, homogeneous texture, hypoechoic parenchyma and is involved by the hyperechoic tunica albuginea, which delimitated smooth edges. Although there was no evident mediastinum, a discrete hyperechoic line was observed at the center of the parenchyma, parallel to the long axis of the testicle. The electroejaculation semen collection using the association of medetomidine and ketamine was effective for all the stimulated animals. Semen was analyzed for its concentration, volume, vigor, motility, mitochondrial activity, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity. The parameters found in the semen samples obtained showed an average volume of 0.125 ± 0.193 ml, an average mobility of 19.8 ± 18.6% and vigor of 1.9 ± 1.0. The concentration found was 40.5 ± 25.2x106 sperm/ml and the average percentage of morphologically normal sperm was 10.8 ± 6.6%. This is the first study that describes the morphological and imagological aspects of the male genital of meerkats, as well as their seminal characteristics obtained through electroejaculation collection. Anatomical and seminal characteristics knowledge are essential to the implementation of assisted reproduction programs, as well as reproductive management in the species.

Gonadectomia em cadelas: fatores correlacionados com o aumento de agressividade pós-castração

Resumo: Os suricatas (Suricata suricattas) são animais pequenos, diurnos, da Ordem Carnívora e Família Herpestidae, oriundos da África e que vivem em grupos familiares de até 30 indivíduos. Seus padrões reprodutivos são aqueles de animais que vivem em colônias, que, nessa espécie, são normalmente monopolizadas por uma única fêmea reprodutora, ao passo que os machos dominantes se valem da maioria das oportunidades reprodutivas dentro do grupo. A maturidade sexual ocorre com aproximadamente um ano de idade, contudo, esses animais dificilmente se reproduzem antes dos dois anos. Em sua condição ex situ, pouco se sabe sobre suas características reprodutivas. Os objetivos do presente estudo consistem na descrição de alguns aspectos morfológicos dos órgãos genitais masculinos e suas glândulas anexas, por meio de avaliação macroscópica, imagens ultrassonográficas e de raio x desses animais, além da realização da colheita de sêmen mediante emprego da técnica da eletroejaculação, em que utilizado, como facilitador, a associação de dois anestésicos: a medetomidina e a cetamina. Os resultados evidenciaram que suas características anatômicas são muito parecidas com a dos felinos, na medida em que cada animal também apresenta próstata, glândulas bulbouretrais anexas e uma estrutura alongada e radiopaca no pênis, a sugerir a presença de osso peniano. O testículo esquerdo apresentou média de 1,22cm (±0,14) de comprimento e 1,03cm (±0,03) de largura, enquanto o testículo direito registrou 1,20cm (±0,13) de comprimento e 1,04cm (±0,04) de largura, alojados ambos no escroto, cujos formatos são elipsoides, têm textura homogênea, parênquima hipoecogênico e são envolvidos pela túnica albugínea hiperecogênica, que delimitam margens lisas. Apesar da inexistência de mediastino evidente, observou-se linha discretamente hiperecogênica no centro do parênquima, paralela ao eixo longo do testículo. A colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculação, mediante emprego da associação dos anestésicos medetomidina e cetamina, foi eficaz, logrando-se a obtenção de sêmen de todos os animais estimulados. O sêmen foi analisado quanto a sua concentração, volume, vigor, motilidade, atividade mitocondrial, integridade do acrossoma e da membrana plasmática, obtendo-se parâmetros que demonstraram o volume médio obtido de 0,125 0,193 ml, com motilidade média de 19,8 ± 18,6% e vigor de 1,9 ± 1,0. A concentração espermática encontrada foi de 40,5 ± 25,2x106 espermatozoides/ml, sendo que, deste valor, a porcentagem média de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais alcançou 10,8 ± 6,6%. Este é o primeiro trabalho que descreve os aspectos morfológicos e imaginológicos do genital masculino de suricatas, bem como, por meio da colheita por eletroejaculação, suas características seminais. Tanto o conhecimento anatômico quanto o das características seminais têm suma importância na implementação de programas de reprodução assistidas e no manejo reprodutivo na espécie.

Abstract: Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are small, diurnal animals from the Order Carnivora and the Herpestidae Family, originated from Africa that lives in family groups of up to 30 individuals. Their reproductive patterns follows those of animals that live in colonies, which are, in this species, usually monopolized by a single dominant female whereas males take advantage of the most reproductive opportunities within the group. Sexual maturity occurs at round one year of age, but reproduction hardly occurs before they have completed two years. In its ex situ conditions, little is known about its reproductive characteristics. The objectives of the present study are to describe the morphological aspects of male genital organs and accessory glands using macroscopic evaluation, ultrasound and radiography images of these animals, and also to perform semen collection through the electroejaculation technique, which uses as a facilitator the combination of two anesthetics: medetomidine and ketamine. The results showed that their anatomical characteristics are very similar to those of felines, as they also have prostate, accessory bulbourethral glands and an elongated and radiopaque structure in the penis, which suggests the presence of baculum. The left testicle measured 1.22cm (± 0.14) in length and 1.03cm (± 0.03) in width and, the right, 1.20cm (± 0.13) in length and 1.04cm (± 0.04) in width, both of them lodged in the scrotum, which has ellipsoidal shape, homogeneous texture, hypoechoic parenchyma and is involved by the hyperechoic tunica albuginea, which delimitated smooth edges. Although there was no evident mediastinum, a discrete hyperechoic line was observed at the center of the parenchyma, parallel to the long axis of the testicle. The electroejaculation semen collection using the association of medetomidine and ketamine was effective for all the stimulated animals. Semen was analyzed for its concentration, volume, vigor, motility, mitochondrial activity, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity. The parameters found in the semen samples obtained showed an average volume of 0.125 ± 0.193 ml, an average mobility of 19.8 ± 18.6% and vigor of 1.9 ± 1.0. The concentration found was 40.5 ± 25.2x106 sperm/ml and the average percentage of morphologically normal sperm was 10.8 ± 6.6%. This is the first study that describes the morphological and imagological aspects of the male genital of meerkats, as well as their seminal characteristics obtained through electroejaculation collection. Anatomical and seminal characteristics knowledge are essential to the implementation of assisted reproduction programs, as well as reproductive management in the species.

COLETA E CRIOPRESERVAÇÃO DE SÊMEN DE CACHORRO-DO-MATO (CERDOCYON THOUS)

O desenvolvimento de técnicas reprodutivas que possam ser utilizadas nos animais em vida-livre permite coletar e preservar material genético que convencionalmente não teríamos acesso, permitindo aumentar a variabilidade de amostras em um biobanco. Porém, infelizmente, muitas das técnicas conhecidas e amplamente utilizadas, foram desenvolvidos em ambientes laboratoriais controlados e que quando aplicados a campo, não é possível obter os mesmos resultados, sendo necessário a criação de novos protocolos para essas situações. Entre os meios comerciais, é de maior interesse para uso a campo, um diluente que possa ser armazenado à temperatura ambiente, sem necessidade de armazenamento a 5°C e que obtenha bons resultados com aumento do tempo de equilíbrio. É por isto que neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de coletar sêmen de Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), in situ, utilizando a técnica da cateterização uretral após indução farmacológica com medetomidina na dose 0,1 mg/kg e avaliar se o meio de congelamento de sêmen comercial (optiXcell) que permite armazenamento a temperatura ambiente para uso em canídeos, facilitando sua manutenção e utilização a campo. Além disso, testou-se também dois períodos de equilíbrio (duas e quatro horas) no resfriamento com o objetivo de avaliar se é possível prolongar esse tempo para quatro horas, o que tornaria mais favorável seu uso a campo. Com o primeiro experimento, utilizando cães domésticos como modelo experimental, foi avaliado a qualidade seminal pós-descongelamento em três diluentes comerciais (CaniPlus Freeze, Triladyl, OptiXcell) após duas e quatro horas de resfriamento através de análise subjetiva, por sistema computadorizado de análise seminal e por citometria de fluxo. Neste experimento, obtivemos resultados favoráveis ao uso do optixcell com quatro horas de tempo de equilíbrio, este tratamento demonstrou boas taxas de manutenção das membranas espermáticas, além disso obteve resultados próximos aos outros dois meios já utilizados em cães domésticos, podendo ser uma nova opção prática. Para o segundo experimento, a coleta farmacológica em cachorros-do-mato obteve quatro coletas com qualidade para criopreservação, demonstrando que este método pode ser utilizado em momentos que a manipulação digital ou eletroejaculação não possam ser utilizados. Também foi observado que os melhores resultados de coleta foram obtidos nos meses de junho a setembro, podendo indicar sazonalidade reprodutiva. Não foi possível realizar o descongelamento de sêmen de cachorros-do-mato com qualidade, muito provavelmente devido aos intemperes de sua manipulação em ambiente não controlado, demonstrando a necessidade e urgência de estabelecermos protocolos aplicáveis a campo.

The development of reproductive techniques that can be used in free-living animals allows the collection and preservation of genetic material that we would not conventionally have access to, allowing to increase the variability of samples in a biobank. However, unfortunately, many of the known and widely used techniques were developed in controlled laboratory environments and that when applied to the field, it is not possible to obtain the same results, being necessary to create new protocols for these situations. Among commercial freezing médium for semen, a diluent that can be stored at room temperature, without the need for storage at 5°C and that obtains good results with extended equilibrium time, is of most interest for use in the field. That is why this study aimed to evaluate the viability of collecting semen from Crab-eating-fox (Cerdocyon thous), in situ, using the technique of urethral catheterization after pharmacological induction with medetomidine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg and evaluate whether the comercial semen freezing medium (optiXcell) that allows storage at room temperature can be used in canids, facilitating their maintenance and use in the field. In addition, two periods of equilibrium (two and four hours) in the cooling were also tested in order to assess whether it is possible to extend this time to four hours making it more effective in the field. With the first experiment, using domestic dogs as an experimental model, the post-thaw seminal quality was evaluated in three commercial diluents (CaniPlus Freeze, Triladyl, OptiXcell) after two and four hours of cooling. They were analyzed through computerized seminal analysis system for sperm motility and by flow cytometry. In this experiment, we obtained favorable results for the use of optixcell in dogs sperm with four hours of equilibrium time, this treatment demonstrated good maintenance rates of sperm membranes, and in addition, the OptiXcell medium obtained results close to the other two extenders already used in domestic dogs, which can be a new practical option. For the second experiment, pharmacological collection in crab-eatingfoxes obtained four collections with quality for cryopreservation, demonstrating that this method can be used at times when digital manipulation or electroejaculation cannot be used. It was also observed that the best collection results were obtained between June and September, which may indicate reproductive seasonality. Although the optixcell medium has been validated for use in domestic dogs, it was not possible to thaw semen from wild dogs withquality and viability of use, most likely due to the weathering of its handling in an uncontrolled environment, demonstrating the need and urgency to establish protocols applicable to the field.

EFEITOS DA DEXMEDETOMIDINA ASSOCIADA A DIFERENTES OPIOIDES SOBRE A PRESSÃO INTRAOCULAR (PIO) DE BEAGLES

Cabrini, Tatiana Monici. Efeitos da dexmedetomidina associada à diferentes opioides 120 sobre a pressão intraocular (PIO) de beagles. 2019. Dissertação (Mestrado Ciência Ani121 mal) Franca - SP. 122 123 A dexmedetomidina é um fármaco agonista alfa 2-adrenérgico utilizado isolado ou em 124 associação aos analgésicos opioides para promover sedação e analgesia, podendo indu125 zir variações na pressão intraocular (PIO) dose-dependentes por intervalo de tempo 126 ainda pouco relatados em cães. Objetivou-se avaliar, comparativamente, os efeitos da 127 dexmedetomidina isolada ou associada a opioides sobre a PIO de cães. Utilizaram-se 128 seis Beagles (2 machos e 4 fêmeas), adultos, hígidos, pesando 15,9 ± 2,9 kg. Os cães 129 foram condicionados durante 30 dias aos examinadores, ao ambiente e à rotina experi130 mental e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 7 tratamentos experimentais, recebendo a 131 mesma dose de dexmedetomindina (0,01 mg/kg). As associações foram realizadas em 132 mesma seringa ajustando-se o volume final para 2 mL e o músculo quadrícipes adotado 133 para administração intramuscular. Os grupos foram designados conforme os tratamen134 tos recebidos em estudo cego: GD dexmedetomidina; GDB - dexmedetomidina e bu135 torfanol (0,1 mg/kg); GDM - dexmedetomidina e meperidina (5 mg/kg); GDME - 136 dexmedetomidina e metadona (0,5 mg/kg); GDMO dexmedetomidina e morfina (0,5 137 mg/kg); GDN - dexmedetomidina e nalbufina (0,5 mg/kg); e GDT dexmedetomidina e 138 tramadol (5 mg/kg). A PIO foi aferida pela tonometria de aplanação no tempo T0 e a 139 intervalos de 15 minutos até 120 minutos após administração dos fármacos. Os resul140 tados foram analisados pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e análise de variân141 cia (ANOVA) com teste de Dunnett para avaliação ao longo do tempo e o teste de 142 Tukey para comparação entre tratamentos (p<0,05). Houve redução significativa da 143 PIO comparativamente ao T0 nos tempos T30-T120 nos grupos GD e GDM. No 144 GDME, a redução foi observada de T15-T90 e, em GDB, GDN e GDT, houve redução 145 da PIO em todos os tempos de avaliação comparativamente a T0. Não houve alteração 146 da PIO no grupo GDMO em todos os momentos de avaliação. Os valores médios da 147 PIO do grupo GDME foram superiores aos demaistratamentos nostempos T105 e T120 148 e não diferiram de T0. Todas as associações utilizadas promoveram redução da PIO de 149 maneira semelhante, dentro dos limites fisiológicos para a espécie, à exceção da asso150 ciação entre dexmedetomidina e morfina que não induziu alterações durante 120 minu

Cabrini, Tatiana Monici. Effects of dexmedetomidine associated with different opioids 164 on beagles intraocular pressure (IOP). 2019. Thesis (Master of Animal Scienc) - Uni165 versity of Franca, Franca - SP. 166 167 168 Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist drug used alone or in combination 169 with opioid analgesics to promote sedation and analgesia, and may induce dose-de170 pendent variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) over time not yet reported in dogs. The 171 objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine 172 alone or associated with opioids on dogs IOP. Six healthy adult Beagles (2 males and 173 4 females) weighing 15.9 ± 2.9 kg were used.The dogs were conditioned for 30 days to 174 the examiners, the environment and the experimental routine and randomly assigned to 175 6 experimental treatments, which received the same dose of dexmedetomindine (0.01 176 mg / kg). Associations were performed in the same syringe by adjusting the final vol177 ume to 2 mL and the quadriceps muscle adopted for intramuscular administration. The 178 groups were assigned according to the treatments received in a blind study: GD - dex179 medetomidine; GDB - dexmedetomidine and butorphanol (0.1 mg / kg); GDM - dex180 medetomidine and meperidine (5 mg / kg); GDME - dexmedetomidine and methadone 181 (0.5 mg / kg); GDMD dexmedetomidine and morphine (0.5 mg / kg); GDN - dexme182 detomidine and nalbuphine (0.5 mg / kg); and GDT dexmedetomidine and tramadol (5 183 mg / kg). IOP was measured by applanation tonometry at time T0 and at intervals of 15 184 minutes to 120 minutes after drug administration. The results were analyzed by 185 Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett test for 186 evaluation over time and Tukey test for comparison between treatments (p <0.05). 187 There was a significant reduction in IOP compared to T0 at times T30-T120 in the GD 188 and GDM groups. In GDME, the reduction was observed from T15-T90 and, in GDB, 189 GDN and GDT, there was a reduction in IOP at all evaluation times compared to T0. 190 There was no change in IOP in the GDMO group at all evaluation times.The mean IOP 191 values of the GDME group were higher than the other treatments at times T105 and 192 T120 and did not differ from T0. All associations used promoted similar IOP reduction, 193 within physiological limits for the species, except for the association between dexme194 detomidine and morphine that did not induce changes for 120 minutes