Ring test in milk samples preserved with Bronopol® / Teste do anel em amostras de leite conservadas com Bronopol ®

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated if the milk ring test (MRT) used to the brucellosis diagnostic at dairy herd level can be done in milk samples with conservative (Bronopol®) collected to the somatic cell count (SCC) that is used to mastitis monitoring. It were analyzed 38 bulk tank milk samples (BTMS) from 19 dairy herds artisanal cheese producers and 36 BTMS from a brucellosis free dairy herd, used as negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), when was added serum from vaccinated animals. The milk samples were collected in two different bottles (with or without Bronopol®). All the 38 BTMS from artisanal cheese producers (samples with and without Bronopol®) were non-reagent to MRT, as all NC. All PC were reagent to MRT, without interference of Bronopol®. Results showed that the milk sample used to SCC presented the proportion of agreement of results in all milk samples (100%), that is, false positive and false negative results were not observed. Results indicated that Bronopol® did not interfere with the color in the time of MRT reading suggesting that the same milk samples could be used to monitoring mastitis and brucellosis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o teste do anel do leite (TAL), utilizado para o diagnóstico da brucelose em nível de rebanho leiteiro, pode ser realizado em amostras de leite com conservador (Bronopol®) coletado para contagem de células somáticas (CCS) que é utilizado para monitoramento de mastite. Foram analisadas 38 amostras de leite de tanques de expansão (ALTE) de 19 rebanhos leiteiros produtores de queijo artesanal e 36 ALTE de rebanho leiteiro livre de brucelose, utilizadas como controle negativo (CN) e controle positivo (CP), quando foi adicionado soro de animais vacinados. As amostras de leite foram coletadas em dois frascos diferentes (com e sem Bronopol®). Todos as 38 ALTE de produtores artesanais de queijo (amostras com e sem Bronopol®) foram não reagentes ao TAL, como todos os CN. Todos os CP foram reagentes ao TAL, sem interferência do Bronopol®. Os resultados mostraram que a amostra de leite utilizada para CCS apresentaram a proporção de concordância dos resultados em todas as amostras de leite (100%), ou seja, não foram observados resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Os resultados indicam que o Bronopol® não interferiu na cor no momento da leitura do TAL, sugerindo que as mesmas amostras de leite poderiam ser usadas para monitorar mastite e brucelose.

Ring test in milk samples preserved with Bronopol® / Teste do anel em amostras de leite conservadas com Bronopol®

This study evaluated if the milk ring test (MRT) used to the brucellosis diagnostic at dairy herd level can be done in milk samples with conservative (Bronopol®) collected to the somatic cell count (SCC) that is used to mastitis monitoring. It were analyzed 38 bulk tank milk samples (BTMS) from 19 dairy herds artisanal cheese producers and 36 BTMS from a brucellosis free dairy herd, used as negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), when was added serum from vaccinated animals. The milk samples were collected in two different bottles (with or without Bronopol®). All the 38 BTMS from artisanal cheese producers (samples with and without Bronopol®) were non-reagent to MRT, as all NC. All PC were reagent to MRT, without interference of Bronopol®. Results showed that the milk sample used to SCC presented the proportion of agreement of results in all milk samples (100%), that is, false positive and false negative results were not observed. Results indicated that Bronopol® did not interfere with the color in the time of MRT reading suggesting that the same milk samples could be used to monitoring mastitis and brucellosis.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o teste do anel do leite (TAL), utilizado para o diagnóstico da brucelose em nível de rebanho leiteiro, pode ser realizado em amostras de leite com conservador (Bronopol®) coletado para contagem de células somáticas (CCS) que é utilizado para monitoramento de mastite. Foram analisadas 38 amostras de leite de tanques de expansão (ALTE) de 19 rebanhos leiteiros produtores de queijo artesanal e 36 ALTE de rebanho leiteiro livre de brucelose, utilizadas como controle negativo (CN) e controle positivo (CP), quando foi adicionado soro de animais vacinados. As amostras de leite foram coletadas em dois frascos diferentes (com e sem Bronopol®). Todos as 38 ALTE de produtores artesanais de queijo (amostras com e sem Bronopol®) foram não reagentes ao TAL, como todos os CN. Todos os CP foram reagentes ao TAL, sem interferência do Bronopol®. Os resultados mostraram que a amostra de leite utilizada para CCS apresentaram a proporção de concordância dos resultados em todas as amostras de leite (100%), ou seja, não foram observados resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Os resultados indicam que o Bronopol® não interferiu na cor no momento da leitura do TAL, sugerindo que as mesmas amostras de leite poderiam ser usadas para monitorar mastite e brucelose.

The Influence of porcine parity on colostrum cytokine levels and their passive transfer to piglets / A influência da paridade suína na diferença dos níveis de citocinas no colostro e na transferência passiva para leitões

The limited ability of newborn piglets to produce cytokines may influence lymphocyte development and response to antigen exposure. As a result, colostrum intake is crucial because it contains nutrients that contribute to immune system development in piglets. Our goal was to investigate the effect of sow parity on the transfer of maternal cytokines to nursing piglets. Sixty piglets from nine sows were divided into six groups: piglets from gilts or sows kept with their dams and allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows having their dams exchanged and then allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows isolated from their dams and bottle-fed a commercial milk replacer formula for pigs. All piglets remained in the diet groups for 24 hours after birth. Concentrations of cytokines in colostrum and serum of gilt/ sows and serum of piglets were then evaluated. The 13 evaluated cytokines had higher concentrations in colostrum and serum of sows than in gilts. Concentrations of GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFα were higher in piglets suckling sows. Piglets that received commercial formula showed higher concentrations of the cytokines IL1-RA and IL-8 than piglets fed colostrum. This outcome can influence piglets' development into adulthood. In short, our findings demonstrated that maternal parity influenced colostrum cytokine composition and its maternal transfer patterns.(AU)

A capacidade limitada dos leitões recém-nascidos de produzir citocinas pode influenciar o desenvolvimento de linfócitos e a resposta à exposição ao antígeno. Portanto, a ingestão de colostro é importante porque contém nutrientes, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico do leitão. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da paridade da porca na transferência de citocina materna para leitões lactentes. Sessenta leitões de nove porcas foram divididos em seis grupos: leitões de marrãs/porcas mantidas com suas próprias mães e amamentadas normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram trocados de mães e amamentados normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram isolados das mães e alimentados com mamadeira com substituto do leite para suínos. Os leitões permaneceram nos grupos por 24 horas após o nascimento. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de citocinas no colostro e plasma das marrãs/porcas e no plasma dos leitões. O colostro e o plasma das porcas apresentaram maiores concentrações das 13 citocinas analisadas do que as marrãs. No mesmo sentido, as concentrações de GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 e TNFα foram significantemente maiores nos leitões que mamaram o colostro de porcas. Os leitões que receberam fórmula comercial apresentaram, em especial, concentrações das citocinas IL1-RA e IL-8 superiores aos leitões amamentados com colostro. Isso pode influenciar o desenvolvimento até a fase adulta. Portanto, nossos dados demonstraram que a paridade materna influenciou a composição das citocinas do colostro, bem como as características das citocinas na transferência materna.(AU)

Effect of adding Spirulina platensis algae to small ruminant rations on productive, reproductive traits and some blood components

This experiment conducted using 20 Rahmani ewes at the last third of pregnancy in two equal groups. One group served as control, while the other group received Spirulina platensis(SP) at the rate of 0.5 gm 10 kg-1live body weight. The objective was to find out the effect of adding Spirulina platensisalgae to small ruminant rations on reproductive and productive traits and blood components of sheep. The experiments lasted for 120 days for both dams and their lambs after weaning. The findings proved that adding SP in ewes' diets had no effect on the average of live body weight change. Average milk yield was significantly (p <0.01) higher in the treatment group than the control. Lamb's birth weight and daily body gain of the treated group were significantly (p <0.01) higher than the control. Blood and serum picture profile of ewes were significantly higher when fed SP additive than the control.It could be concluded that the addition of SP to the ration of sheep positively preserved their health, productive and reproductive status as well as their lambs' growth rate. Also the additive improved the economic efficiency of treated animals by about 53.13%.(AU)

Occurrence of unstable non-acid milk in dairy farms in northern Tocantins state, Brazil / Ocorrência de leite instável não ácido (LINA) em propriedades leiteiras no norte do Tocantins

The diagnosis of unstable non-acid milk (UNAM) in Brazil is overlooked due to the lack of information about this problem available to dairy farmers, mainly in the North region of the country. This report describes the occurrence of UNAM in three dairy farms of family farmers in northern Tocantins state, Brazil, who use animal feed based on Urochloa brizantha without mineral supplementation. The animals had been subjected to a poor feeding practice, with low quantity and quality, due to the dry period in the region and inappropriate nutritional management. Fourteen animals that presented alterations in milk characteristics were subjected to 72% alizarol test, California mastitis test, strip cup test, somatic cell count (SCC), boil test, physical-chemical and microbiological analyses, and search for undesirable substances. The time of lactation, udder health, and serum glucose level of animals, and soil and forage quality were also evaluated. The results showed 42% animals diagnosed with mastitis, 21% of them with clinical and 21% with subclinical mastitis; and 78% of animals with samples positive for the alizarol and boil tests, and Dornic acidity between 14° and 18°, characterizing positive cases for UNAM. Only one animal presented SCC above the limit established by the Brazilian legislation. The animals presented undamaged teats and no alteration in glycemia. Changes in nutritional management were recommended and done and the alizarol tests were redone after 14 days, showing all negative results for UNAM. The conclusion is that incorrect nutritional management is the main cause of UNAN in the studied cases.(AU)

O diagnóstico do leite instável não ácido (LINA) no Brasil ainda é negligenciado devido à falta de informação dos produtores acerca do problema, principalmente na região norte do país. Este relato descreve a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido (LINA) em três propriedades de agricultura familiar localizadas no norte do Tocantins cuja alimentação dos animais era à base de Urochloa brizantha e sem suplementação mineral. Os animais passavam por restrição alimentar, com quantidade e qua-lidade prejudicadas em função do período de seca e de um manejo nutricional inadequado. Foi realizado teste do Alizarol 70%, California Mastitis Tests, Teste de Caneca Telada, CCS, teste da fervura, além de análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e pes-quisa de substâncias indesejáveis em 14 animais que apresentaram alterações em seu leite. Também foram avaliados o tempo de lactação, a saúde do úbere e os níveis de glicose sérica dos animais, além da qualidade do solo e das forrageiras oferecidas. 42% dos animais foram diagnosticados com mastite, destes, 21% clínica e 21% subclínica. 78% dos animais obtiveram amostra com resul-tado positivo no teste do alizarol e no teste da fervura e acidez Dornic entre 14° e 18, caracterizando casos positivos para LINA. Apenas um animal apresentou CCS acima do preconizado pela legislação. Os animais apresentaram tetos íntegros e não altera-ção da glicemia. Foram sugeridas mudanças no manejo nutricional, e após 14 dias foram refeitos os testes do Alizarol com todos resultados negativos para LINA. Concluiu-se que os casos estudados têm como principal causa o manejo nutricional incorreto.(AU)

Influence of management and lactation order in the serum concentrations of proteins, metabolites, minerals, and enzymes of Bonsmara breed cows / Influência da gestação e ordem de lactação nas concentrações séricas de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas de vacas da raça Bonsmara

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of gestation and lactation order on serum concentrations of proteins, metabolites, minerals, and enzymes in first-, second-, and third-lactation order Bonsmara cows. The Bonsmara breed, originated in South Africa, stands out for its tolerance to heat and productive characteristics, such as meat quality, high fertility, sexual precocity, ease of calving, and good maternal ability. These characteristics make the breed a genetic alternative for crossbreeding with zebu breeds. Blood samples were collected from 34, 29, and 30 first-, second-, and third-lactation order cows, respectively, totaling 93 cows. The samples were processed in an automatic multichannel analyzer using Labtest Diagnóstica® kits. The Kruskal-Wallis test was chosen to compare the values between lactation orders. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare pregnant and non-pregnant cows within lactation orders. Among the analyzed constituents, the lactation order significantly influenced only the serum albumin concentration (ALB) (p<0.0001). Gestation significantly influenced the A:G ratio (p=0.034) in third-lactation cows, and cholesterol (Chol) (p=0.004), triglycerides (TRI) (p<0.0001), inorganic phosphorus (iP) (p=0.033), iron (Fe) (p=0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.018), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p=0.039) in second-lactation cows and the general group. Creatinine (Crea) (p<0.0001) was influenced only in the general group. Therefore, gestation and lactation order significantly influenced the concentration of several biochemical serum constituents in Bonsmara cows, especially second-lactation order cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da gestação e ordem de lactação nas concentrações séricas de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas de vacas da raça Bonsmara de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem de lactação. A raça Bonsmara, originada na África do Sul, se destaca por sua tolerância ao calor, e caracteristicas produtivas, como a qualidade da carne, a alta fertilidade, precocidade sexual, facilidade ao parto e boa habilidade materna. Essas características tornam a raça uma alternativa genética para realização de cruzamentos com raças zebuínas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 93 vacas, sendo 34 de primeira ordem de lactação, 29 de segunda ordem de lactação e 30 de terceira ordem de lactação. As amostras foram processadas em analisador automático multicanal, utilizando kits da Labtest Diagnóstica®. Para confrontar os valores entre as ordens de lactação optou-se pelo teste Kruskall-Wallis. Para comparar vacas gestantes e não gestantes dentro das ordens de lactação, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Dos constituintes analisados, a ordem de lactação influenciou significativamente apenas a concentração sérica de albumina (ALB) (p<0,0001). A gestação influenciou significativamente na relação A:G (p=0,034), nas vacas de terceira lactação, no colesterol (COL) (p=0,004), triglicérides (TRI) (p<0,0001), fósforo inorgânico (Pi) (p=0,033), ferro (Fe) (p=0,001), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) (p=0,018) e fosfatase alcalina (FAL) (p=0,039) nas de segunda ordem e no valor do grupo geral. A creatinina (Crea) (p<0,0001) foi influenciada somente no grupo geral. Conclui-se que a gestação e ordem de lactação influenciou significativamente na concentração de vários constituintes bioquímicos séricos de vacas da raça Bonsmara, em especial nas de segunda ordem de lactação.

The mechanism study of inhibition effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali osteoporosis through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Purpose: To observe the mechanism of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali in treating osteoporosis. Methods: Osteoporosis rat model was established by bilateral ovariectomy combined with low-calcium diet feeding. Bone mineral density was measured by bone densitometer. Bone metabolism markers in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bone tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali on PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Compared with the model group, the bone tissue structure and imbalance of bone metabolism were improved, and the bone mineral density was significantly increased in the prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali groups. After intervention with prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali, the positive expression of PIK3CA and Akt1 in rat bone tissue was enhanced, and the expression levels of Akt1 mRNA were significantly increased. Conclusions: Prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali may treat osteoporosis by activating PI3K/AKT pathway.

Behavioral and physiological performance of different gilt breeds during lactation

We evaluated the maternal behavior, physiology, and reproductive performance of both Damin (Min-pig × Large White) and Large White gilts to identify the advantages hybrid sows offer with regard to stress relieve and improvement of the welfare level of sows during late lactation. First-parity Damin gilts (n = 40) and firstparity Large White gilts (n = 40) were farrowed in individual pens. Video surveillance was used to monitor the occurrence of lateral recumbency and compare it to other postures, such as ventral recumbency, defecation, urination, tail posture, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behaviors. Monitoring was conducted from 07:00 to 09:00 h and from 13:00 to 15:00 h on days 3 and 6 of each week from the third to the fifth week postparturition. In addition, the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and salivary α-amylase were assessed. During the fourth week postpartum, Damin gilts showed a higher frequency of postural changes from lateral recumbency to other postures and less ventral recumbency, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behavior compared with Large White gilts. However, no significant differences were found between Damin and Large White gilts with regard to urination, defecation, tail wagging, and "tail low" behaviors. The concentrations of serum interleukin-6, salivary α-amylase, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Damin gilts than in Large White gilts during the fifth week postpartum. Damin gilts partly achieve lower stress levels during late lactation and better animal welfare than purebred Large White gilts.(AU)

Ketosis in dairy cows during early lactation - detection in pooled blood serum samples

Background: Ketosis is the most important metabolic disease with prevalence from 15 to 45%. Ketosis is diagnosed using a metabolic profile. Due to the high prevalence, it is necessary to determine a large number of metabolic profiles within farm, which represents an additional cost, so the implementation of pooled serum in assessing the metabolic status of cows was examined. The aim of this study was to validate and evaluate the influence of the relative position (Z-score) of the value of pooled sample metabolic parameters within the known reference value of healthy cows in the detection of ketosis in herd during early lactation. Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment has been carried out using blood samples collected by puncture of coccygeal vein from 50 ketotic and 50 healthy cows. Laboratory analysis includes determination of beta-hydroxybutyrate-BHB, non-esterified fatty acids-NEFA, cholesterol-CHOL, triglycerides-TGC, glucose-GLU, albumin-ALB, total protein-TPROT, UREA, Ca, P, total bilirubin-TBIL and aspartat aminotransferase-AST. The pooled serum was made from 10 individual samples originating from 10 different cows. A serum aliquot of 0.1 mL was taken from each sample, and a 1 mL volume of pooled serum was finally formed. Three types of serum pools were made: 1) 30 pooled sample were from ketosis; 2) 30 pooled sample were from healthy cows and 3) 60 pooled samples containing mixed sera of healthy cows and cows with ketosis were made as follows: 10 pools contain 10% to 60% of ketotic cows (1/10 to 6/10 samples). Statistical analysis includes: a) difference in metabolite concentration and Z-score in pooled sample and arithmetic mean individual sample in healthy and ketotic cow, b) correlation between Z-score of pooled sample and arithmetic mean of individual sample, c) ability of Z-score of metabolite to divide ketotic from healthy cow, d) correlation between Z-score and % of ketotic cow in pooled sample; and e) calculation of 95%CI of pooled sample Z-scores for each % of ketotic cow in pools. Z-score and all analysis were calculated for each metabolic parameter. The results of the study show that the mean values and Zscores of the pool and the calculated average value of the individual samples participating in that pool differ significantly in healthy cows and cows in ketosis, except for TPROT and Ca. A higher value and a higher Z-score were found for BHB, NEFA, UREA, TBIL and AST, and a lower value and a lower Z-score for TGC, CHOL, GLU, ALB and P in ketotic cows compared to healthy cows. The value of the Z-score of the pooled sample and the calculated mean values of individual samples participating in the pool are highly correlated with each other (coefficient of determination over 99%). Z-score of metabolites in the pooled sample can be used to distinguish healthy from ketotic cows (ROC AUC= 0.711 to 0.989), except for TPROT and Ca. The Z-score value of the pooled sample shows a linear correlation with the percentage of ketotic cows in the pool and the reference ranges of Z-scores change significantly as a function of the percentage of ketosis cows. Discussion: Modern research on the metabolic profile in cows requires obtaining a large amount of information from as few samples as possible. The advantages of using the Z-score are reflected in the following: this score does not depend on the absolute value of the metabolite, but on the position within the known population reference value, Z-score of sample and the arithmetic mean of individual samples included in the same pool are almost identical, the Z-score of these 2 groups of results is ideally correlated, the Z-score significantly correlates with the % of ketosis samples in the pooled sample. The use of pooled sample Z-score can be a useful in a herd level assessment of metabolic status and detection of ketosis as most important metabolic disease in dairy cows.

Potential influences of expression levels of MFGE8 and HMGB1 on the intestinal mucosal barrier function and inflammatory response after blunt abdominal injury in rats

Purpose: To explore the influence of milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFGE8) on blunt abdominal injury in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Methods: The blunt abdominal injury model was generated in SD rats. A total of 44 rats was randomly assigned into three groups. Rat blunt abdominal injury was assessed by the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). The rats were sacrificed for observing the morphology of the abdominal cavity and intestines. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to visualize the pathological changes of rat intestines. Positive expressions of MFGE8 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in rat intestines were examined by immunohistochemical staining. Protein levels were determined by Western blot. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1ß, IL-6 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Blunt abdominal injury resulted in inflammatory response of intestinal tissues, increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and MDA, upregulation of HMGB1, RhoA and ROCK2, and downregulation of MFGE8 in rats, which were significantly alleviated by intervention of rhMFGE8. Conclusions: MFGE8 protects the intestinal mucosal barrier function after blunt abdominal injury in rats by downregulating HMGB1. Moreover, it alleviates inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by blunt abdominal injury in rats through downregulating RhoA and ROCK.

Influence of bentonite adsorbents associated with hepatic antioxidants on the health and production of dairy cows fed diets containing naturally produced mycotoxins / Influência do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos na saúde e produção de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo micotoxinas naturalmente produzidas

As mycotoxins are consistent contaminants in the dairy cow diet, the use of adsorbents is recommended, although there are no ideal adsorbents. Although there are studies on this subject, few have focused on chronic natural intoxications. Here, we evaluated the effect of bentonite adsorbents associated with liver antioxidants on the health and milk production of dairy cows fed a diet containing naturally-produced fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Eighteen dairy cows (bodyweight 550 ±50 kg, 5 ± 2 years old, and 30 ± 1,25 kg/day milk production) in the middle of lactation were divided into groups: treatment (TG, n = 9, 22 g/day of supplement added to diet) and control (CG, n = 9, without supplement). A physical examination was performed, weekly over 56 days and blood was collected for liver and immune assessments. Milk was harvested to evaluate milk production and content (fat protein, somatic cell count, and lactose). The additive promoted beneficial effects on the liver from the 24th day due to a decrease in the enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and increased serum protein and albumin levels. There were improvements in health, evidenced as fewer clinical manifestations of the disease, greater leukocyte oxidative metabolism capacity, and a lower neutrophil lymphocytes ratio. The treatment also promoted a 19% increase in milk volume. It was concluded that the additive promoted health benefits and milk production in dairy cows.(AU)

Como as micotoxinas são contaminantes constantes na dieta de vacas leiteiras, o uso de adsorventes é recomendado, embora não existam adsorventes ideiais. Ainda que existam estudos sobre o assunto, poucos são direcionados às intoxicações naturais crônicas. Nosso experimento avaliou o efeito do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos sobre a saúde e produção de leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo fumonisina, zearalenona e desoxinivalenol produzidos naturalmente. Dezoito vacas lei-teiras (peso corporal 550 ±50 kg, 5±2 anos de idade, e 30 ± 1,25 kg/dia de produção de leite) no meio da lactação, foram divididas em grupos: Tratamento (GT, n=9, 22g/dia do suplemento adicionado à dieta) e controle (GC, n =9, sem suplemento). Em intervalos semanais, durante 56 dias, foi realizado exame físico, coleta de sangue para avaliação hepática e imunológica. O leite foi colhido para avaliar a produção e análises de leite para (proteína, gordura, contagem de células somáticas e lactose). O aditivo promoveu efeitos bené-ficos no fígado à partir do 24º dia devido à diminuição das atividades enzimáticas da gama-glutamiltransferase e lactato desidrogenase e aumento dos níveis séricos de proteína e albumina. Houve melhora na saúde, evidenciada por menor número de manifestações clínicas de doença, maior capacidade de metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos e menor razão neutrófilos/linfócitos. O tratamento também promo-veu aumento de 19% no volume de leite. Concluiu-se que o aditivo promoveu benefícios à saúde e à produção de leite em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

Risk factors and diseases associated with failure of natural passive immunization in foals / Fatores de risco e enfermidades associadas a falha na imunização passiva natural em potros

This study aimed to report the prevalence of diseases in foals, patients at the Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Lavras (HVGA-UFLA), and its association with deaths and possible failures in the transfer of passive immunity (FTIP) via colostrum. Data were obtained from clinical records of horses aged between 0 and 3 months, admitted to the HVGA between January/2014 and December/2018. Descriptive analyzes of the diseases and organ systems affected were performed, as well as univariate analyzes with chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, identifying possible associations between FTIP, infectious diseases and other factors. No significant relationships were found between FTIP and infectious disease, meconium retention, sepsis, or death. However, it was shown that animals weighing between 10 and 30kg were 29.333 times more likely (95% confidence interval 1.734 - 505.951) to die than those weighing between 30.1 and 130kg. Therefore, it can be concluded that low weight is a very relevant risk factor, which may be related to the failure of postural reflexes and, consequently, to the inability to ingest colostrum, impairing the ability to respond to infectious agents.

Este trabalho objetivou relatar a prevalência de enfermidades em potros, pacientes do Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da Universidade Federal de Lavras (HVGA-UFLA), e sua associação com óbitos e possíveis falhas na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) via colostro. Os dados foram obtidos pelas fichas clínicas de equinos com idade entre 0 e 6 meses, internados no HVGA entre janeiro/2014 e dezembro/2018. Foram realizadas análises descritivas das enfermidades e os sistemas orgânicos acometidos, além de análises univariadas, com testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, identificando possíveis associações entre FTIP, enfermidades infecciosas e outros fatores, com p menor que 0,05 e intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre FTIP e enfermidades infecciosas, retenção de mecônio, sepse ou morte. No entanto, foi demonstrado que animais com peso entre 10 e 30kg tiveram 29,333 vezes (IC 95% 1,734 - 505,951) mais chance de virem a óbito que aqueles com peso entre 30,1 e 130kg. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o baixo peso é um fator de risco bastante relevante, que pode estar relacionado à falha de reflexos posturais e consequentemente, à incapacidade de ingerir colostro, prejudicando a capacidade de resposta a agentes infecciosos.

Leptospirosis in dairy cattle from southern Brazil - risk factors

Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses.Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the mostprevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate theprevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herdsfrom different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested forleptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination.A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88;and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conductedwith the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-squaretests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasimanseroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodiesagainst leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in...

Action of benzalkonium chloride in different pH

Ammonium quaternary compounds are widely used in poultry and swine production as disinfectants in the control of pathogens. They act on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, enveloped fungi and viruses. However, in some conditions of pH and presence of organic matter can be inactivated. This study evaluated the action of ammonium quaternary compounds at 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 dilutions against Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the presence of three different organic matter simulators, fetal bovine serum, skim milk and whole milk concentration of 1, 3, 5, and 7% and at pH 6 and 9, with 15 min of contact. It was possible to verify that the organic matter simulators adjusted in the same conditions of contact time and percentage, in the in vitro tests, presented different results and the fetal bovine serum did not inactivate the disinfectant. However, the best result against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was obtained at pH 6 at the dilution of 1:1,000 in all organic matter simulators.

Action of benzalkonium chloride in different pH

ABSTRACT Ammonium quaternary compounds are widely used in poultry and swine production as disinfectants in the control of pathogens. They act on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, enveloped fungi and viruses. However, in some conditions of pH and presence of organic matter can be inactivated. This study evaluated the action of ammonium quaternary compounds at 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 dilutions against Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the presence of three different organic matter simulators, fetal bovine serum, skim milk and whole milk concentration of 1, 3, 5, and 7% and at pH 6 and 9, with 15 min of contact. It was possible to verify that the organic matter simulators adjusted in the same conditions of contact time and percentage, in the in vitro tests, presented different results and the fetal bovine serum did not inactivate the disinfectant. However, the best result against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was obtained at pH 6 at the dilution of 1:1,000 in all organic matter simulators.

Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins / Efeito da bentonita na saúde e produção leiteira de vacas submetidas à dieta naturalmente contaminada por micotoxinas

Mycotoxins often contaminate cattle food, which can cause liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced milk production. Although previous studies have shown the benefits of adsorbents in farm animals, knowledge regarding their mechanism of action is limited, especially when intoxication occurs due to naturally contaminated diets. The present study aimed to assess whether the daily oral administration of mycotoxin adsorbent bentonite clay based on aluminosilicate for 56 days, would attenuate these changes in 18 dairy cows, which were multiparous in the middle of the lactation stage, and were consuming a diet containing fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and desoxynivalenol. The animals were divided into treatment (TG, n = 9) and control (CG, n = 9) groups, and subjected to assessment of liver functions, hematological assessments, assessment of oxidative leucocyte metabolism by the tetrazolium nitroazul (NBT) technique, and physical chemical analysis of milk, every week for two months, totaling eight analyses. It was observed that the use of the adsorbent caused a reduction in the milk excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an increase in levels of serum protein (p = 0.03) and albumin (p = 0.0001), an increase in leukocyte oxidative metabolism from day 24 of treatment(p = 0.05), and increased milk production from the day 16 of treatment (p = 0.08). There was no improvement in the physicochemical indices of the milk. It was concluded that the use of an aluminosilicate-based adsorbent was able to attenuate the effects of mycotoxins on the function of leukocytes and increase milk production.(AU)

Micotoxinas podem contaminar alimentos de bovinos, levando a distúrbios hepáticos, imunodepressão e redução da produção. Embora existam estudos mostrando os benefícios de adsorventes em animais de produção, há limitado conhecimento sobre sua ação quando a intoxicação de bovinos ocorre por dietas naturalmente contaminadas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a administração oral diária do adsorvente de micotoxinas, argila bentonita a base de aluminossilicato durante 56 dias atenuaria alterações promovidas pelas micotoxinas em 18 vacas leiteiras, multíparas no meio do estágio da lactação, consumindo dieta contendo fumonisina B1 e B2, zearalenona (ZEA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). Os animais foram divididos, grupos tratamento (GT, n=9) e controle (GC, n=9), e submetidos às avaliações de enzimas e função hepática, hematológicas, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos pela técnica do nitroazul de tetrazolium (NBT) e análise físico-química do leite, a cada semana, durante dois meses, totalizando oito análises. Observou-se que o uso do adsorvente promoveu redução da excreção láctea de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1), aumento de proteína (p = 0,03) e albumina séricas (p= 0,0001), e aumento do metabolismo oxidativo leucocitário a partir do dia 24 (p = 0,05). Houve também elevação da produção leiteira a partir do 16º dia de tratamento (p= 0,008). Não foi observado melhora nos índices físico-químicos do leite dos animais e houve pouca influência na atividade das enzimas hepáticas. Conclui-se que o uso do adsorvente a base de aluminossilicato foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos das micotoxinas na função de leucócitos e de elevar a produção leiteira.(AU)

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.

Metabolic status of crossbred Charolais × Nellore cows throughout the final third of gestation and lactation / Estado metabólico de vacas mestiças Charolês × Nelore ao longo do terço final de gestação e da lactação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic status of beef cows during the final third of gestation and thereafter until the end of the subsequent breeding season. The study was conducted using 30 beef cows, aged between 4 and 11 years, derived from crosses between Charolais and Nellore cattle. To assess the metabolic status of cows, we obtained measurements of body weight and condition (BW and BCS), and complemented these by analyzing the following blood metabolites: total proteins, globulins, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Assessments were performed at 95 days pre-calving, and again at 7, 21, 63, and 110 days post-calving. The experimental design was completely randomized with five collection periods and 30 repetitions (cows). The BW of cows was found to be highest at 110 days postpartum (489.1 kg), and loss of BW was observed between 21 and 63 days postpartum (-3.72 kg). The lowest BCS value was recorded after 63 days of lactation (2.85 points). With respect to blood metabolites, concentrations of total proteins were higher at 7 and 110 days postpartum relative to the levels recorded during gestation (8.3 and 8.3 vs. 7.7 g dL-1, respectively), whereas serum globulin levels were higher at 7, 21, and 110 days postpartum relative to those at gestation (5.2, 5.2, and 5.1 vs. 4.8 g dL-1, respectively). Compared with samples obtained during gestation, the highest levels of albumin (P < 0.05) were observed at 7, 63, and 110 days postpartum (3.1, 3.1, and 3.2 vs. 2.9 g dL-1, respectively). Serum glucose was higher during pregnancy and in the first week of lactation relative to the values recorded after 21 and 63 days of lactation (80.9 and 76.7 vs 71.5 and 72.3 mg dL-1, respectively). Moreover, cholesterol concentrations increased with the progression of lactation, with the highest value being recorded at 110 days postpartum (222.1 mg dL-1). Collectively, the findings of this study, indicate that Charolais × Nellore cows raised exclusively on native pasture mobilize body reserves, lose weight, and show a negative energy balance during the first weeks of lactation, with detrimental consequences for subsequent reproductive activity.(AU)

Avaliar o estado metabólico de vacas de corte do terço final de gestação até o final da estação reprodutiva subsequente foi o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram utilizadas trinta vacas de corte, oriundas do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade entre 4 a 11 anos. Para avaliação do estado metabólico das vacas, foram tomadas as medidas de peso e escore de condição corporal (PC e ECC), sendo estas variáveis complementadas pela análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos: proteínas totais, globulinas, albumina, glicose, e colesterol e triglicerídeos. Estas avaliações foram realizadas aos 95 dias pré-parto e aos sete, 21, 63 e 110 dias após a parição. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco períodos de coleta e 30 repetições (vacas). As vacas apresentaram o maior PC aos 110 dias pós-parto (489,1 kg). Foi observado perda de PC entre 21 e 63 dias pós-parto (-3,72 kg). Menor valor de ECC foi obtido aos 63 dias de lactação (2,85 pontos). A concentração das proteínas totais foi maior aos sete e 110 dias pósparto em relação aos níveis obtidos durante a gestação (8,3 e 8,3 vs. 7,7 g dL-1, respectivamente). Níveis séricos de globulinas foram maiores aos sete, 21 e 110 dias pós-parto em relação à gestação (5,2; 5,2 e 5,1 vs. 4,8 g dL-1, respectivamente). Os maiores níveis de albumina foram observados aos sete, 63 e aos 110 dias pós-parto quando comparados à amostragem durante a gestação (3,1; 3,1 e, 3,2 vs. 2,9 g dL-1, respectivamente). A glicose sérica foi maior durante a gestação e na primeira semana de lactação em relação às coletas realizadas aos 21 e 63 dias de lactação (80,9 e 76,7 vs 71,5 e 72,3 mg dL-1, respectivamente). A concentração de colesterol aumentou com o avanço da lactação, com maior valor aos 110 dias pós-parto (222,1 mg dL-1). Vacas Charolês × Nelore criadas exclusivamente em pastagem nativa mobilizam reservas corporais, perdem peso e apresentam quadro de balanço energético negativo nas primeiras semanas de lactação, com consequências na atividade reprodutiva subsequente.(AU)

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P< 0.05) in fecal dry matter (FDM), where the Active Flora® treatment was inferior to the others. The use of different yeasts did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter, water, urinary parameters, and serum concentrations of energy, protein, and liver metabolites (P> 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P< 0,05) na matéria seca fecal (MSF), onde o tratamento Active Flora® se mostrou inferior aos demais. O uso de diferentes leveduras não modificou o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e das concentrações séricas dos metabólitos energéticos, proteicos e hepáticos (P> 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.(AU)

The effect of various heat-treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves

To investigate the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum at different duration on the health and performance, 48 Holstein calves were enrolled randomly into four treatment groups before first feeding and consumed untreated colostrum (H0, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 30 min. (H30, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 60 min. (H60, n = 12) and heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 90 min. (H90, n = 12). Blood samples were collected for analyses of IgG and protein profile at 0, 6, and 24h of age. The colostrum sample from treated and untreated batches and feces sample from each calf also were taken. The results showed heat-treatment of colostrum at 60ºC for 60 (p = 0.03) and 90 min. (p = 0.01) reduced total bacterial count, while colostral IgG concentration maintained up to 60 min. Serum total protein (p = 0.02), IgG concentrations (p = 0.03), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (p = 0.02) were significantly greater at 6 and 24h in calves that were fed heat-treated colostrum (H90) compared to calves fed unheated colostrum (H0). General health status of calves that were received heat-treated colostrum was better and the prevalence of diarrhea-induced pathogens was lower than calves were fed unheated colostrum. In conclusion, the consumption of heat-treated colostrum had a positive effect on health, growth characteristics, and performance of calves during the suckling period.(AU)