Marek's disease in roosters in the Potiguar semi-arid region

Background: Marek's disease (MD) is a transmissible disease in chickens caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). The infection is characterized by lymphocyte cellular infiltrates in peripheral nerves and other organs and tissues, including the skin; which can lead to dysfunction causing progressive asymmetric paresis and complete spastic paralysis of body extremities. Dermatitis and cardiac myositis caused by GaHV-2 in free-range chickens has rarely been described in Brazil. This reports the occurrence of the disease with a confirmatory molecular diagnosis in free-range poultry showing signs of dermatitis, poor performance, and cachexia and no mortality in the semi-arid Potiguar region. Cases: Twenty roosters of the Shamo lineage, among a brood of 42 birds, had a history of progressive weight loss and skin lesions. Two birds with poor body condition, erythema, and scaling of the skin in the head and cervical regions were sent for clinical care. All birds were between 12 and 18 months of age and were vaccinated against Newcastle disease and Fowlpox with only a few receiving vaccines against MD and Gumboro disease. According to the owner's report, some birds were previously kept outdoors, and when they were transferred to a small shed with little air circulation, they began to develop clinical signs after approximately 15 days. The first signs of the disease were also reported to have appeared 2.5 months before clinical care and, in the meantime, several treatments were instituted without success. Owing to the general condition of the animals and inconclusive clinical suspicion, the birds were subjected to euthanasia and necropsy. Tissue samples were collected for histopathological and polymerase chain reaction analyses to search for the GaHV-2 DNA meq gene. The main clinicopathological findings were erythema (47%, 20/42) and desquamation of skin and mild, prominent white multifocal areas in the heart. Histopathology revealed infiltration of pleomorphic lymphoblastic cells in the skin, heart, and sciatic nerve. The amplification of the L-meq and meq oncoprotein genes in these organs and in the liver, confirmed the infection by GaHV-2, consistent with that of a field strain. Discussion: MD was confirmed based on the macroscopic and histological lesions, and with the detection of GaHV-2 DNA in the affected tissues. The unusual clinical presentation represented an initial challenge for diagnosis. The clinical history was important to lead to the suspicion of MD, as roosters initiated clinical signs 15 days after they were transferred to a small shed with poor air circulation. This probably favored the high viral concentration and disease transmission among susceptible birds in the brood because the feather follicle is the primary site of viral replication for transmission; and desquamation of infected epithelial cells favor airborne horizontal transmission to susceptible chickens. The roosters had not been vaccinated against MD, which probably favored the infection, as vaccination is known to be a fundamental approach for MD control for effective growth of the poultry industry. Clinical findings and lesions, together with viral molecular detection, were fundamental for the diagnosis, a premise for the application of adequate prevention and control measures for the disease in breeding. This is the first report of MD with a confirmatory molecular diagnosis in northeastern Brazil.

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...(AU)

Tumor maligno da bainha de nervo periférico em rim esquerdo de canino da raça whippet / Malignant tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath in a left whippet canine kidney

Background: Malignant tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath (MTPNS`s) are considered rare tumors that can affect soft tissues. In dogs, the occurrence is more common in the nerves of the brachial plexus, but they can affect the lumbosacral plexus and cranial nerves. Rarely, they can affect spinal nerves and nerve roots and the urinary tract, especially in kidneys. The present report aims to describe a clinical case of a 10-year-old sterilized female whippet, who had a history of persistent hematuria for months, with subsequent diagnosis of MTPNS as the cause of hematuria. Case: The patient came for evaluation with a history of persistent hematuria. Evaluation of abnormal elements and sedimentation, showed the description of numerous red blood cells and the presence of proteinuria. The abdominal ultrasound revealed a left kidney with enlarged dimensions, irregular contour, loss of corticomedullary definition. The urinary vesicle showed an increase in cellularity. On physical examination, the patient had vital parameters within the normal range. A Snap 4DX® Plus exam was requested, which showed a reaction for Dirofilaria immitis. With this result, it was initially suspected that renal vasculitis. After starting the treatment, the patient started to present normal colored urine. However, after the end of this period, the patient returned to hematuria. After six months of treatment and without justification for the permanence of hematuria, urethrocystoscopy was indicated, which revealed a urinary vesicle with a hemorrhagic focus. A urinary bladder wall biopsy was performed, which showed no changes. Four months after the urethrocystoscopic exam, the patient had her first azotemic crisis. This time that the left renal neoformation observed on ultrasound examination. With the discovery of the origin of the problem, a therapeutic approach could be instituted, consisting of the left...

Tumor maligno da bainha de nervo periférico em rim esquerdo de canino da raça whippet / Malignant tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath in a left whippet canine kidney

Background: Malignant tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath (MTPNS`s) are considered rare tumors that can affect soft tissues. In dogs, the occurrence is more common in the nerves of the brachial plexus, but they can affect the lumbosacral plexus and cranial nerves. Rarely, they can affect spinal nerves and nerve roots and the urinary tract, especially in kidneys. The present report aims to describe a clinical case of a 10-year-old sterilized female whippet, who had a history of persistent hematuria for months, with subsequent diagnosis of MTPNS as the cause of hematuria. Case: The patient came for evaluation with a history of persistent hematuria. Evaluation of abnormal elements and sedimentation, showed the description of numerous red blood cells and the presence of proteinuria. The abdominal ultrasound revealed a left kidney with enlarged dimensions, irregular contour, loss of corticomedullary definition. The urinary vesicle showed an increase in cellularity. On physical examination, the patient had vital parameters within the normal range. A Snap 4DX® Plus exam was requested, which showed a reaction for Dirofilaria immitis. With this result, it was initially suspected that renal vasculitis. After starting the treatment, the patient started to present normal colored urine. However, after the end of this period, the patient returned to hematuria. After six months of treatment and without justification for the permanence of hematuria, urethrocystoscopy was indicated, which revealed a urinary vesicle with a hemorrhagic focus. A urinary bladder wall biopsy was performed, which showed no changes. Four months after the urethrocystoscopic exam, the patient had her first azotemic crisis. This time that the left renal neoformation observed on ultrasound examination. With the discovery of the origin of the problem, a therapeutic approach could be instituted, consisting of the left...(AU)

Application of a meshed skin graft in the surgical bed immediately after resection of neurofibrosarcoma in the distal limb region of a dog

Background: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are neurogenic neoplasms that originate from cells that surroundthe axons of peripheral nerves. Surgery is the treatment of choice for peripheral nerve sheath tumors. They have a betterprognosis when the lesion is in the extremity of a limb and the surgeon leaves wide peripheral margins after resection.However, this procedure makes local treatment a challenge due to difficult wound healing in this region. This report describes a successful case involving the use of a meshed skin graft immediately after resection of a neurofibrosarcoma inthe distal region of the radius bone of a dog.Case: A 6-year-old Boxer bitch weighing 40 kg was admitted with a history of a round, firm, non-ulcerated skin noduleattached to the lateral side of the distal region of the right radius bone, which had been present for about 40 days. Fineneedle aspiration cytology of the lesion showed the presence of mesenchymal cells, suggesting a sarcoma. Thus, the decision was made for an incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and for the preparation of a subdermal pattern tubular flapfor subsequent rotation and transposition to close the wound that would be formed after the complete removal of the lesion.After the 7th postoperative day, the diagnosis of low-grade neurofibrosarcoma was confirmed and due to the presence ofnecrotic onset in the middle portion of the tubular flap, further surgical intervention was scheduled for the resection of thetube flap, en bloc removal of the neoplastic lesion with peripheral margins of 2 cm, and wound closure with a free skingraft. A mesh skin graft was made with a portion of the right flank skin. The mesh graft was carefully implanted on therecipient bed using simple interrupted sutures with a 3-0 non-absorbable monofilament suture material. A dressing madewith water-based sterile lubricating solution and...

Application of a meshed skin graft in the surgical bed immediately after resection of neurofibrosarcoma in the distal limb region of a dog

Background: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are neurogenic neoplasms that originate from cells that surroundthe axons of peripheral nerves. Surgery is the treatment of choice for peripheral nerve sheath tumors. They have a betterprognosis when the lesion is in the extremity of a limb and the surgeon leaves wide peripheral margins after resection.However, this procedure makes local treatment a challenge due to difficult wound healing in this region. This report describes a successful case involving the use of a meshed skin graft immediately after resection of a neurofibrosarcoma inthe distal region of the radius bone of a dog.Case: A 6-year-old Boxer bitch weighing 40 kg was admitted with a history of a round, firm, non-ulcerated skin noduleattached to the lateral side of the distal region of the right radius bone, which had been present for about 40 days. Fineneedle aspiration cytology of the lesion showed the presence of mesenchymal cells, suggesting a sarcoma. Thus, the decision was made for an incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and for the preparation of a subdermal pattern tubular flapfor subsequent rotation and transposition to close the wound that would be formed after the complete removal of the lesion.After the 7th postoperative day, the diagnosis of low-grade neurofibrosarcoma was confirmed and due to the presence ofnecrotic onset in the middle portion of the tubular flap, further surgical intervention was scheduled for the resection of thetube flap, en bloc removal of the neoplastic lesion with peripheral margins of 2 cm, and wound closure with a free skingraft. A mesh skin graft was made with a portion of the right flank skin. The mesh graft was carefully implanted on therecipient bed using simple interrupted sutures with a 3-0 non-absorbable monofilament suture material. A dressing madewith water-based sterile lubricating solution and...(AU)

Neoplasia do plexo braquial com infiltração medular / Brachial plexus neoplasia with spinal cord infiltration: report case

Tumores originados no sistema nervoso periférico não são comuns na clínica veterinária e seu diagnóstico é difícil. Por ser uma patologia de curso lento e insidioso muitos profissionais demoram a suspeitar dos tumores de plexo braquial, retardando muito o diagnóstico e tratamento. Os sinais clínicos observados são claudicação, dor à palpação axilar,monoparesia e, em casos mais graves, com infiltração neoplásica na medula espinhal, o paciente pode apresentar tetraparesia. Foi atendida uma cadela fox paulistinha com 10 anos de idade apresentando tetraparesia não ambulatória. O exame clínico foi sugestivo de uma lesão de medula espinhal (C6-T2), suspeitando-se de doença do disco intervertebral ou neoplasia medular. A mielografia foi realizada e mostrou compressão caudal a C6. O animal foi então submetido àhemilaminectomia para descompressão, sendo observada infiltração neoplásica das raízes nervosas na medula espinhal impossível de ser resseccionada. O paciente foi eutanasiado. O plexo braquial, os nervos espinhais e a medula foram colhidos e enviados para examehistopatológico, confirmando-se o diagnóstico de tumor maligno de bainhade nervo periférico (TMNP). O presente relato mostrou um caso cujo curso clínico da doença foi atípico, dificultando o diagnóstico. Conclui-se que sempre se deve considerar a possibilidade de neoplasias de plexo braquial em pacientes com histórico de claudicação crônica de membros torácicos não responsiva a repouso e anti-inflamatórios.

Primary tumour of peripheral nerves are not common in veterinary practice and its diagnosis is difficult. Being a condition of slow and insidious course many professionals are slow to suspect the brachial plexus tumors, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The clinical signs observed in this disease are lameness, pain axillary palpation, monoparesis and in severe cases with neoplastic infiltration in the spinalcord, the patient may experience tertraparesia. A female dog Fox Paulistinha with 10-year-old was met with tetraparesia not ambulatory. Clinical examination was suggestive of a spinal cord injury (C6-T2),suspected presence of disc herniation and spinal cord cancer. The myelography was performed and showed compressive C6 flow. The animal was then subjected to a decompression Hemilaminectomy being observed neoplastic infiltration of the nerve roots in the spinal cord impossible to beresected. The patient was euthanized, the brachial plexus, the spinal nerves and the affected spinal cord were collected and sent for histopathological examination, confirming the diagnosis of malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in the brachial plexus. This report shows a brachial plexus tumors case whose clinical course of the disease was atypical making diagnosis difficult. The conclusion is that youshould always consider the brachial plexus tumors in patients with a history of chronic lameness forelimbs unresponsive to rest and anti-inflammatory.

Neoplasia do plexo braquial com infiltração medular / Brachial plexus neoplasia with spinal cord infiltration: report case

Tumores originados no sistema nervoso periférico não são comuns na clínica veterinária e seu diagnóstico é difícil. Por ser uma patologia de curso lento e insidioso muitos profissionais demoram a suspeitar dos tumores de plexo braquial, retardando muito o diagnóstico e tratamento. Os sinais clínicos observados são claudicação, dor à palpação axilar,monoparesia e, em casos mais graves, com infiltração neoplásica na medula espinhal, o paciente pode apresentar tetraparesia. Foi atendida uma cadela fox paulistinha com 10 anos de idade apresentando tetraparesia não ambulatória. O exame clínico foi sugestivo de uma lesão de medula espinhal (C6-T2), suspeitando-se de doença do disco intervertebral ou neoplasia medular. A mielografia foi realizada e mostrou compressão caudal a C6. O animal foi então submetido àhemilaminectomia para descompressão, sendo observada infiltração neoplásica das raízes nervosas na medula espinhal impossível de ser resseccionada. O paciente foi eutanasiado. O plexo braquial, os nervos espinhais e a medula foram colhidos e enviados para examehistopatológico, confirmando-se o diagnóstico de tumor maligno de bainhade nervo periférico (TMNP). O presente relato mostrou um caso cujo curso clínico da doença foi atípico, dificultando o diagnóstico. Conclui-se que sempre se deve considerar a possibilidade de neoplasias de plexo braquial em pacientes com histórico de claudicação crônica de membros torácicos não responsiva a repouso e anti-inflamatórios.(AU)

Primary tumour of peripheral nerves are not common in veterinary practice and its diagnosis is difficult. Being a condition of slow and insidious course many professionals are slow to suspect the brachial plexus tumors, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The clinical signs observed in this disease are lameness, pain axillary palpation, monoparesis and in severe cases with neoplastic infiltration in the spinalcord, the patient may experience tertraparesia. A female dog Fox Paulistinha with 10-year-old was met with tetraparesia not ambulatory. Clinical examination was suggestive of a spinal cord injury (C6-T2),suspected presence of disc herniation and spinal cord cancer. The myelography was performed and showed compressive C6 flow. The animal was then subjected to a decompression Hemilaminectomy being observed neoplastic infiltration of the nerve roots in the spinal cord impossible to beresected. The patient was euthanized, the brachial plexus, the spinal nerves and the affected spinal cord were collected and sent for histopathological examination, confirming the diagnosis of malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in the brachial plexus. This report shows a brachial plexus tumors case whose clinical course of the disease was atypical making diagnosis difficult. The conclusion is that youshould always consider the brachial plexus tumors in patients with a history of chronic lameness forelimbs unresponsive to rest and anti-inflammatory.(AU)

Excisão cirúrgica de um osteocondroma de raiz nervosa da cauda equina de cão / Surgical excision of an osteochondroma in a nerve root of the cauda equina of a dog

Background: Spinal neoplasms are classified into extradural, intradural/extramedullary or intramedullary. Intradural/extramedullary tumors include meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors, which arise from meninges or peripheral nerves around the spinal cord. Clinical signs are related to dysfunction of the involved nerve and include pain, nerve root signature and atrophy. Osteochondromas are benign tumors located within the bone, on its surface or in extra-osseous regions, when they are classified as soft tissue osteochondoma. The aim of this study is to describe a case of an osteochondroma in a nervous root of the cauda equina in a dog, whose surgical resection allowed the resolution of the clinical signs.Case: A 12-year-old, male, Labrador Retriever dog, was presented with a 40-day history of progressive, painful, pelvic limb paresis, with no improvement when treated with analgesics and acupuncture. Neurological abnormalities included paraparesis, sometimes worse in the left pelvic limb, that was carried flexed at the level of the stifle, hindlimb atrophy, decreased interdigital reflexes and pain in the lumbar spinal region, mainly over L6 vertebra. Results of blood count and serum biochemical analysis were unremarkable. Computed tomography (CT) of the lumbosacral area was performed and the evaluation of images in transverse and reconstructed dorsal and sagittal planes allowed the visualization of a hyperattenuating and calcified round structure with 8 mm x 6 mm, in the left side of vertebral canal, at the level of caudal epiphysis of L6. Lumbosacral (L7-S1) CT abnormalities, as subchondral sclerosis, mild disc margin bulging, spondylosis deformans and foraminal proliferation were also observed but were considered clinically insignificant.[...](AU)

Excisão cirúrgica de um osteocondroma de raiz nervosa da cauda equina de cão / Surgical excision of an osteochondroma in a nerve root of the cauda equina of a dog

Background: Spinal neoplasms are classified into extradural, intradural/extramedullary or intramedullary. Intradural/extramedullary tumors include meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors, which arise from meninges or peripheral nerves around the spinal cord. Clinical signs are related to dysfunction of the involved nerve and include pain, nerve root signature and atrophy. Osteochondromas are benign tumors located within the bone, on its surface or in extra-osseous regions, when they are classified as soft tissue osteochondoma. The aim of this study is to describe a case of an osteochondroma in a nervous root of the cauda equina in a dog, whose surgical resection allowed the resolution of the clinical signs.Case: A 12-year-old, male, Labrador Retriever dog, was presented with a 40-day history of progressive, painful, pelvic limb paresis, with no improvement when treated with analgesics and acupuncture. Neurological abnormalities included paraparesis, sometimes worse in the left pelvic limb, that was carried flexed at the level of the stifle, hindlimb atrophy, decreased interdigital reflexes and pain in the lumbar spinal region, mainly over L6 vertebra. Results of blood count and serum biochemical analysis were unremarkable. Computed tomography (CT) of the lumbosacral area was performed and the evaluation of images in transverse and reconstructed dorsal and sagittal planes allowed the visualization of a hyperattenuating and calcified round structure with 8 mm x 6 mm, in the left side of vertebral canal, at the level of caudal epiphysis of L6. Lumbosacral (L7-S1) CT abnormalities, as subchondral sclerosis, mild disc margin bulging, spondylosis deformans and foraminal proliferation were also observed but were considered clinically insignificant.[...]

Schwannoma maligno cutâneo em canino / ienne

As neoplasias primárias de nervos periféricos apresentam-se com pouca frequência em pequenos animais, sendo de aproximadamente 0,5% a incidência de tumores neurais benignos e malignos em cães. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar o caso de uma fêmea canina, sem raça definida, de grande porte e onze anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT), apresentando neoformação em região torácica com evolução de dez meses. O nódulo media aproximadamente cinco centímetros de diâmetro, apresentava-se aderido ao subcutâneo, de formato regular e consistência firme. Ao exame clínico, não foram observadas dor à palpação ou ulceração cutânea. Após a realização dos exames pré-cirúrgicos hematológicos e de imagem (radiografia torácica), sem alterações significativas; a paciente foi encaminhada para a exérese da neoformação. Perante avaliação histopatológica, foi observada massa circunscrita por cápsula de tecido conjuntivo e células dispostas em múltiplos padrões regulares, ocasionalmente, em redemoinhos. Proliferação de células neoplásicas com moderado pleomorfismo celular, núcleo eosinofílico redondo a ovalado, nucléolo fortemente basofílico e citoplasma abundante, por vezes alongado. Anisocariose eanisocitose evidentes, além de figuras bizarras. Observou-se também a presença de infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear multifocal. Sendo assim, o diagnóstico conclusivo foi o de tumor de bainha de nervo periférico maligno (Schwannoma maligno). O procedimento cirúrgico para a extirpação da neoplasia foi realizado respeitando amplas margens de segurança. Por este motivo, mostrou-se eficaz, pois o paciente não apresentou recidivas locais, tampouco metástases a distancia em um período de 26 meses

The primary neoplasms of peripheral nerves present with low frequency in small animals, and from about 0.5 % to neural incidence of benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Herein we report one case of a large female mongrel dog, it was eleven years old, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT), with formation in the thoracic region with 10 months evolution. The nodule measuring approximately five centimeters in diameter, it was attached to the subcutaneous, regular format and firm consistency. On clinical examination, there were no pain on palpation and cutaneous ulceration. After completion of hematological pre-surgical and imaging tests (thoracic radiography), with no significant change;the patient was referred to the removal of the neoformation. Before histopathological evaluation, mass was observed circumscribed by connective tissue capsule and cells arranged in multiple regular patterns occasionally in swirls. Proliferation of neoplastic cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism, eosinophilic core round to oval,strongly basophilic nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm, sometimes elongated. It presents anisocariose and obvious anisocytosis with bizarre figures. Also noted it is the presence of multifocal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.Thus, the conclusive diagnosis was that of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma).The surgical procedure for removal of the tumor was carried out respecting ample safety margins. For this reason, it was effective because the patient did not present local recurrence, metastases either the distance over a period of 26 months

Schwannoma maligno cutâneo em canino / ienne

As neoplasias primárias de nervos periféricos apresentam-se com pouca frequência em pequenos animais, sendo de aproximadamente 0,5% a incidência de tumores neurais benignos e malignos em cães. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar o caso de uma fêmea canina, sem raça definida, de grande porte e onze anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT), apresentando neoformação em região torácica com evolução de dez meses. O nódulo media aproximadamente cinco centímetros de diâmetro, apresentava-se aderido ao subcutâneo, de formato regular e consistência firme. Ao exame clínico, não foram observadas dor à palpação ou ulceração cutânea. Após a realização dos exames pré-cirúrgicos hematológicos e de imagem (radiografia torácica), sem alterações significativas; a paciente foi encaminhada para a exérese da neoformação. Perante avaliação histopatológica, foi observada massa circunscrita por cápsula de tecido conjuntivo e células dispostas em múltiplos padrões regulares, ocasionalmente, em redemoinhos. Proliferação de células neoplásicas com moderado pleomorfismo celular, núcleo eosinofílico redondo a ovalado, nucléolo fortemente basofílico e citoplasma abundante, por vezes alongado. Anisocariose eanisocitose evidentes, além de figuras bizarras. Observou-se também a presença de infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear multifocal. Sendo assim, o diagnóstico conclusivo foi o de tumor de bainha de nervo periférico maligno (Schwannoma maligno). O procedimento cirúrgico para a extirpação da neoplasia foi realizado respeitando amplas margens de segurança. Por este motivo, mostrou-se eficaz, pois o paciente não apresentou recidivas locais, tampouco metástases a distancia em um período de 26 meses(AU)

The primary neoplasms of peripheral nerves present with low frequency in small animals, and from about 0.5 % to neural incidence of benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Herein we report one case of a large female mongrel dog, it was eleven years old, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT), with formation in the thoracic region with 10 months evolution. The nodule measuring approximately five centimeters in diameter, it was attached to the subcutaneous, regular format and firm consistency. On clinical examination, there were no pain on palpation and cutaneous ulceration. After completion of hematological pre-surgical and imaging tests (thoracic radiography), with no significant change;the patient was referred to the removal of the neoformation. Before histopathological evaluation, mass was observed circumscribed by connective tissue capsule and cells arranged in multiple regular patterns occasionally in swirls. Proliferation of neoplastic cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism, eosinophilic core round to oval,strongly basophilic nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm, sometimes elongated. It presents anisocariose and obvious anisocytosis with bizarre figures. Also noted it is the presence of multifocal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.Thus, the conclusive diagnosis was that of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma).The surgical procedure for removal of the tumor was carried out respecting ample safety margins. For this reason, it was effective because the patient did not present local recurrence, metastases either the distance over a period of 26 months(AU)

Clinical and pathological aspects of peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the brachial plexus with spinal cord canal infiltration in a dog / Aspectos clínico-patológicos da neoplasia da bainha de mielina no plexo braquial com infiltração do canal medular em um cão

Background: Primary neoplasms of peripheral nerves are uncommon in domestic animals and are mainly represented by nerve sheath tumors. They occur especially in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus, and may occasionally invade and compress the spinal cord. Initial clinical diagnosis is challenging, since the main clinical sign is a progressive claudication, whose origin, neurogenic or musculoskeletal, is not usually defined. The objective of this report is to describe clinical, ultrasonographic, tomographic and histopathological findings in a peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the brachial plexus of a dog, to assist clinicians making an early diagnosis, so patients can attain longer survival.Case: A 9-year-old, male, intact, Dachshund was presented to a veterinary neurologist with a history of lameness of the right forelimb onset five months ago. The condition progressed slowly to right hemiparesis and proprioceptive ataxia. Clinical and neurological findings included right hemiparesis, proprioceptive ataxia and proprioceptive deficits with decreased flexor reflex and marked atrophy of the right forelimb. Palpation of the right axilla allowed identification of a firm 1 x 3 cm mass, with intense hyperesthesia. Ultrasound examination of the right axilla revealed hypoechoic tubular mass of 1.5 x 3 cm (Figure 1). Once the animal presented signs of ataxia and paresis to the...(AU)

As neoplasias primárias dos nervos periféricos são infrequentes nos animais domésticos e são representadas, principalmente pelas neoplasias da bainha de mielina [1,2,13]. Podem originar-se nos nervos cranianos, espinhais e, principalmente, nos nervos periféricos ou raízes do plexo braquial, na qual, ocasionalmente, infiltram no canal medular e comprimem a medula espinhal [1,9]. O diagnóstico clínico inicial é desafiador, visto que o principal sinal clínico observado é uma claudicação progressiva, cuja origem, neurogê- nica ou músculo-esquelética, é difícil de ser esclarecida [3,6]. Com isso, na maioria das vezes, o diagnóstico é tardio, tornando, geralmente, o prognóstico desfavorá- vel. Exames complementares como ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada auxiliam no diagnóstico precoce [3,5,8-10]. O objetivo desse relato é descrever as alterações clínicas, ultrassonográficas, tomográficas e histopatológicas da neoplasia em bainha de mielina localizada no plexo braquial de um cão, visando auxiliar o clínico a realizar um diagnóstico precoce e possibilitar uma maior sobrevida aos pacientes...(AU)

Clinical and pathological aspects of peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the brachial plexus with spinal cord canal infiltration in a dog / Aspectos clínico-patológicos da neoplasia da bainha de mielina no plexo braquial com infiltração do canal medular em um cão

Background: Primary neoplasms of peripheral nerves are uncommon in domestic animals and are mainly represented by nerve sheath tumors. They occur especially in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus, and may occasionally invade and compress the spinal cord. Initial clinical diagnosis is challenging, since the main clinical sign is a progressive claudication, whose origin, neurogenic or musculoskeletal, is not usually defined. The objective of this report is to describe clinical, ultrasonographic, tomographic and histopathological findings in a peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the brachial plexus of a dog, to assist clinicians making an early diagnosis, so patients can attain longer survival.Case: A 9-year-old, male, intact, Dachshund was presented to a veterinary neurologist with a history of lameness of the right forelimb onset five months ago. The condition progressed slowly to right hemiparesis and proprioceptive ataxia. Clinical and neurological findings included right hemiparesis, proprioceptive ataxia and proprioceptive deficits with decreased flexor reflex and marked atrophy of the right forelimb. Palpation of the right axilla allowed identification of a firm 1 x 3 cm mass, with intense hyperesthesia. Ultrasound examination of the right axilla revealed hypoechoic tubular mass of 1.5 x 3 cm (Figure 1). Once the animal presented signs of ataxia and paresis to the...

As neoplasias primárias dos nervos periféricos são infrequentes nos animais domésticos e são representadas, principalmente pelas neoplasias da bainha de mielina [1,2,13]. Podem originar-se nos nervos cranianos, espinhais e, principalmente, nos nervos periféricos ou raízes do plexo braquial, na qual, ocasionalmente, infiltram no canal medular e comprimem a medula espinhal [1,9]. O diagnóstico clínico inicial é desafiador, visto que o principal sinal clínico observado é uma claudicação progressiva, cuja origem, neurogê- nica ou músculo-esquelética, é difícil de ser esclarecida [3,6]. Com isso, na maioria das vezes, o diagnóstico é tardio, tornando, geralmente, o prognóstico desfavorá- vel. Exames complementares como ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada auxiliam no diagnóstico precoce [3,5,8-10]. O objetivo desse relato é descrever as alterações clínicas, ultrassonográficas, tomográficas e histopatológicas da neoplasia em bainha de mielina localizada no plexo braquial de um cão, visando auxiliar o clínico a realizar um diagnóstico precoce e possibilitar uma maior sobrevida aos pacientes...

LINFOMA COM ENVOLVIMENTO DO SISTEMA NERVOSO EM BOVINOS E FELINOS.

Os aspectos clínicos e patológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso (SN) de bovinos e de felinos foram avaliados através do estudo retrospectivo dos protocolos de necropsia. Durante o período de 2005-2017, de um total de 34 bovinos com linfoma, 24 apresentaram envolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Todos os bovinos afetados eram fêmeas, da raça Holandesa, com 2,5 a 12 anos de idade (idade mediana de seis anos). Clinicamente, os casos tiveram uma evolução de sete a 21 dias, com a principal alteração neurológica caracterizada por paresia de membros pélvicos, a qual foi observada em 81,8% dos casos. O envolvimento do SNC ocorreu apenas na medula espinhal, com distribuição, frequentemente, multifocal. Os segmentos lombares foram os mais envolvidos (23/24), seguidos pelos sacrais e cauda equina (20/24), cervicais (5/24) e torácicos (5/24). As massas tumorais estavam localizadas no espaço epidural, periférica à paquimeninge (extradural) e associada ao tecido adiposo. Em dois casos foi também observada mielomalacia hemorrágica progressiva. Os órgãos acometidos com maior frequência foram os linfonodos (100%), abomaso (79,2%), coração (75%) e rins (45,8%). Microscopicamente, todos os linfomas exibiam um padrão difuso, sem infiltração em meninges e cordão medular (extradural). De acordo com a classificação da REAL/WHO, todos esses neoplasmas foram incluídos como linfomas de células B maduras. O linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB) foi observado em 95,8% (23/24) dos casos. Os subtipos classificados dentro do grupo dos LDGCBs foram em ordem decrescente: imunoblástico (60,9% - 14/23), centroblástico (26,1% - 6/23), anaplásico (8,7% - 2/23), e rico em células T (4,3% - 1/23). Os aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) e etiológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso (SN) de felinos, foram analisados pelo período de 2004-2017. O envolvimento do SN foi observado em 16 (12,2%) dos 125 felinos com linfoma e afetou principalmente jovens com idade mediana de 24 meses. Na grande maioria dos casos o linfoma era secundário no SN e em três gatos o linfoma foi primário do SN. Na IHQ dos 16 casos, 14 (87,5%) foram positivos para FeLV, e seis (37,5%) para FIV, e apenas um foi negativo para ambos. A distribuição do linfoma no SN foi em 8/16 felinos na medula espinhal, 7/16 no encéfalo e em 1/16 em nervos e gânglios paravertebrais (neurolinfomatose). Na medula espinhal o padrão do linfoma foi exclusivamente extradural, frequentemente focal (6/8), e localizadas nos segmentos lombares (3/6), sacrais (1/6), torácicos (1/6) e cervicais (1/6). No encéfalo, os padrões neuroanatômicos observados foram: linfomatose leptomeningeal (4/7), coroidite linfomatosa (2/7), linfoma intradural (1/7). No felino classificado com neurolinfomatose primária, foi observado acentuado espessamento dos nervos e gânglios paravertebrais da região sacral. Os linfomas de células de células B (75%) foram os mais frequentes, e o principal tipo foi o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (11/16). Os linfomas de células T (25%), foram classificados como linfomas de células T periférico inespecífico (3/16) e linfoma linfoblástico T (1/16).

Clinical and pathological features of bovine and feline lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) were evaluated through a retrospective study of necropsy database. During 2005 to 2017, from a total of 34 cattle diagnosed with lymphoma, 24 present central nervous system (CNS) involvement, characterized by spinal cord lesions. All cattle were Holstein cows, 2,5-12 years-old (six years median age). Clinically, these animals presented a clinical course of seven to 21 days with the main neurological sign characterized by pelvic limb paresis (81,8%). CNS lymphoma affected only the spinal cord, and often multifocally. Lumbar segments were mostly affected (23/24), followed by sacral and cauda equina (20/24), cervical (5/25) and thoracic (5/24) segments. Neoplasms masses were located in the epidural space, peripherally to the pachymeninge (extradural) and between the adipose tissue. In addition to that, two cases had a progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia. The main organs affected were lymph nodes (100%), abomasum (79,2%), heart (75%) and kidneys (45,8%). Microscopically, all lymphomas had a diffuse pattern, with no meningeal or medullar infiltration. According to the REAL/WHO classification, all these neoplasms were mature B-cell lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was observed in 95,8% (23/24) of the cases. The subtypes classified within DLBCL group were in descending order: immunoblastic (60,9% - 14/23), centroblastic (26,1% - 6/23), anaplastic (8,7% - 2/23) and T-cell rich (4,3% - 1/23). The pathological, mmunohistochemical (IHC) and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12,2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months-old. Most of the cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, while in three cats the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed that 14 (87,5%) FeLV- positive, six FIV-positive, one FeLV/FIV- negative. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS were 8/16 in spinal cord, 7/16 in brain and 1/16 in paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). Lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in segments lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6) and cervical (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from sacral region. The B-cell lymphomas (75%) were often diagnosed, and the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. The T-cell lymphomas (25%) were less commonly observed, which were classified in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).

Cutaneous Schwannoma in a Cow

Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST), commonly found as a spindle cell tumor of autonomic nerves and rarely involving the skin of cattle. The present report describes the histopathology and immunohistochemistry features of a localized (solitary) benign PNST with final diagnosis of cutaneous schwannoma in a 4-year-old female Holstein bovine. The dome-shaped, well circumscribed, firm, non-smooth surfaced mass was composed of spindle-shaped cells arranged predominantly in interlacing fascicles or streams with a moderate to strong intervening collagenous stroma. Histopathologic changes included typical hypocellular areas with pale scant eosinophilic cytoplasm (Antoni B pattern) similar to myxomatous tissue, and hypercellular areas with deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm (non-typical Antoni A pattern) without nuclear palisading or Verocay bodies formation. Immunohistochemical reactions for S-100 protein, a Schwann cell marker, and vimentin were strong in the neoplastic cells. Other markers as desmin, neuron specific enolase (NSE), CD34, and p53 were all negative. It was concluded that concurrent evaluation of both histological and immunohistochemical features are required for the final diagnosis of schwannomas in domestic animals.(AU)

Canine intraneural perineurioma

Perineuriomas are slow growing tumors, exclusively compound of well-differentiated perineurial cells. They are rare in human and canine. A dog was submitted to necropsy with a clinical diagnosis of myelin sheath tumor in the brachial plexus area. Slides of the tumor were treated with histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniches and the diagnostic of perineurioma intraneural was established.

Canine intraneural perineurioma

Perineuriomas are slow growing tumors, exclusively compound of well-differentiated perineurial cells. They are rare in human and canine. A dog was submitted to necropsy with a clinical diagnosis of myelin sheath tumor in the brachial plexus area. Slides of the tumor were treated with histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniches and the diagnostic of perineurioma intraneural was established.(AU)

DOENÇAS NEURODEGENERATIVAS: O CÃO COMO MODELO NATURAL PARA O HOMEM

O sistema nervoso induz diferentes sinais clínicos de acordo com o local anatômico acometido. As síndromes cerebral e medular se caracterizam pelo acometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e a síndrome neuromuscular, pode afetar os nervos periféricos, a junção neuromuscular ou músculos. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a possível associação entre a deposição amiloide cerebral e outras lesões patológicas no desenvolvimento de manifestação clínica de disfunção encefálica. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo avaliar retrospectivamente cães com síndromes cerebrais e medulares causadas por meningiomas, descrever seus aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. O terceiro trabalho relata um agente infeccioso atípico como causa de síndrome neuromuscular. No primeiro estudo, 44 encéfalos de cães idosos foram submetidos à avaliação macroscópica, e oito amostras representando todo o encéfalo foram coletadas e submetidas à análise histológica com hematoxilina e eosina, histoquímica com vermelho Congo e imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo policlonal anti-beta-amiloide 1-42. Vinte e sete cães (61,4%) foram diagnosticados com angiopatia amiloide cerebral, e desorientação foi o sinal clínico cognitivo mais comum. O córtex frontal e temporal foram as duas regiões mais acometidas (85,2%). A contagem média de vasos marcados na imuno-histoquímica anti-beta-amiloide aumentou proporcionalmente com a idade dos cães. No segundo estudo, realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva de 15 anos em um Hospital-Escola Veterinário, no qual se encontrou uma prevalência de 0,27% de neoplasias primárias do SNC em cães. Dos 14 casos destas neoplasias, 11 foram diagnosticadas como meningiomas. A idade média dos animais acometidos foi 10 anos, sendo mais frequentes em machos e na raça Boxer. Sete meningiomas eram medulares e quatro intracranianos, tendo como principais sinais clínicos alteração na locomoção e convulsões, respectivamente. Na avaliação histopatológica, os meningiomas foram subclassificados em transicional (4/11), meningotelial (2/11), papilar (2/11), angiomatoso (1/11), microcístico (1/11) e anaplásico (1/11). Destes, oito (8/11) apresentaram marcação para tricrômio de Masson e um para vermelho Congo. Na graduação histológica, dez meningiomas foram graduados em grau I e um em grau III. No painel imuno-histoquímico, todos os casos foram positivos para vimentina, mas negativos para fator VII e p53. A marcação anti-S100 (6/11), anti-GFAP (5/11), anti-pancitoqueratina (3/11) foi de intensidade variável e sempre menos intensa que a vimentina. O índice médio de proliferação celular foi de 3,2 figuras de mitose/campo grande aumento e 3,4% utilizando a expressão de Ki-67. No terceiro estudo, relata-se o caso de um cão Akita, oito anos, que apresentou sinais de tetraparesia, atrofia muscular generalizada, fraqueza generalizada e reflexos espinhais diminuídos a ausentes. A sorologia para Toxoplasma gondii foi negativa. Na avaliação histopatológica havia encefalite multifocal com desmielinização da substância branca, degeneração axonal, fibrose endoneural, miosite linfocitária moderada difusa, atrofia muscular difusa moderada a severa e pneumonia intersticial. Na avaliação imuno-histoquímica, identificaram-se antígenos do anti-vírus da cinomose (CDV) no cerebelo, medula espinhal, músculos esqueléticos, pulmão e baço. A PCR do cerebelo também foi positiva e fragmentos de nucleoproteína do CDV foram sequenciados. Assim, concluiu-se que o vírus da cinomose contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de doença neuromuscular neste caso. Considerando os três estudos, pode-se concluir que a angiopatia amiloide cerebral apresenta uma prevalência alta e é subdiagnosticada na população de cães idosos; os meningiomas são a neoplasia de SNC mais frequente e que causam síndrome cerebral e medular e ainda que a cinomose sistêmica pode causar síndrome neuromuscular

The nervous system has different clinical signs according to the anatomical location affected. The cerebral and spinal cord syndromes are characterized by involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) and neuromuscular syndrome, can affect the peripheral nerves, muscles and neuromuscular junction. The first study aimed to evaluate in old dogs the possible association between cerebral amyloid deposition on and other pathologic lesions on the development and clinical manifestation of cerebral dysfunction. The second study aimed to retrospectively evaluate dogs with brain and spinal cord syndromes caused by meningiomas, besides describing its clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects. The third paper describes an unusual infectious agent as a cause of neuromuscular syndrome. In the first study, 44 old dog brains were macroscopically evaluated and eight samples representing the whole brain were collected and submitted to hematoxylin-eosin histological evaluation, Congo red stain and immunohistochemistry using polyclonal anti-beta amyloid 1-42 antibody. Twenty seven dogs (61.4%) were cerebral amyloid angiopathy diagnosed and disorientation was the most common clinical sign. Frontal and temporal cortexes were the most positive areas to amyloid deposition (85.2%). The average of positive vessels to beta-amyloid increased as older as dogs were. In the second study, we performed a retrospective study of 15 years in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital, which identified a prevalence of 0.27% of primary CNS neoplasms in dogs. Of these 14 cases of these cancers, 11 were diagnosed as meningiomas. The mean age of the animals with meningiomas was 10 years, male (7/11) and the Boxer breed (3/11) of dogs were most commonly represented. Seven meningiomas were located in the spinal cord and four intracranially; the main clinical signs were impaired locomotion and seizures, respectively. Meningiomas were histologically classified as transitional (4/11), meningothelial (2/11), papillary (2/11), angiomatous (1/11), microcystic (1/11) and anaplastic (1/11). Of these, eight tumors (8/11) were positive for Massons trichrome and one with the Congo red histochemical techniques. The immunohistochemical assays revealed in all tumors a positive immunoreactivity for vimentin but negative staining for factor VIII and p53. The immunohistochemical assays revealed in all tumors a positive immunoreactivity for vimentin but negative staining for factor VIII and p53. Immunolabelling for S100 (6/11), GFAP (5/11) and pancytokeratin (3/11) showed a variable staining intensity. Evaluation of histological grade was performed; 10 meningiomas were classified as grade I and one as grade III. The mean cell proliferation index was 3.2 mitotic figures and 3.4% for Ki-67 immunostaining. In the third study, an eight-year-old, male, Akita dog developed tetraparesis, muscular atrophy, generalized weakness, intolerance to exercise, and diminished or absent spinal reflexes. Dog was serologically negative for Toxoplasma gondii. Histopathological evaluation revealed multifocal white matter demyelinating encephalitis associated with rare intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes, generalized atrophy and fibrosis of skeletal muscle fibers, myocardial atrophy and fibrosis, loss of peripheral nerve fibers, demyelination of peripheral nerves, axonal degeneration, endoneural fibrosis, and interstitial pneumonia. Immunohistochemistry identified CDV antigens within the cerebellum, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, lungs, and spleen. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing amplified partial fragments of the CDV nucleoprotein gene from frozen the cerebellum and sciatic nerves. ar sections. Collectively, these findings suggest that this dog demonstrated systemic canine distemper that also affected the muscular system and probably triggered the manifestations of the neuromuscular disease observed in this case. Considering the three studies, it can be concluded that cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a highly prevalent yet severely under-diagnosed disease affecting a growing population of aged dogs; meningiomas are the most common neoplasms of the CNS causing cerebral and spinal syndromes and that the canine distemper virus can trigger a neuromuscular syndrome.