Tumor neuroendócrino em coração de cão / Neuroendocrine tumor involving the heart of a dog

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

Cholangiocarcinoma in a bitch - multimodal diagnosis

Background: Hepatic tumors of primary origin account for 0.6% to 2.9% of cases in canine species, less common than hepatic metastases. The hepatic tumors are divided into hepatocellular tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, bile duct tumors or cholangiocarcinomas, and mesenchymal tumors. Cholangiocarcinomas, are classified according to their origin, being intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or gallbladder type. Cholangiocarcinomas are considered rare in dogs and cats with a ratio of 29% to 71% compared to hepatocellular carcinomas, accounting for 9% of the hepatic tumors. The present study aims to describe a case of cholangiocarcinoma in a bitch, focusing on the diagnostic approach. Case: A 10-year-old castrated bitch Poodle was attended presenting hypoglycemia and seizure crisis. The patient had previous exams of hemogram and serum biochemical profile, showing a discrete increase of the hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), besides hypoglycemia. Previous ultrasound exam revealed the presence of a hepatic mass located between the right and square lobes, immeasurable, and significant splenomegaly. Abdominal palpation revealed the presence of immeasurable abdominal formation of undetermined origin. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT), glycemic curve, and insulin dosage were requested. Tomography exam showed an increase in hepatic volume with the presence of a heterogeneous formation in the right lateral lobe topography; increase in spleen dimensions and the presence of multiple nodules; and the presence of a nodule in the right lung, at the caudal thoracic region. The glycemic curve showed acute variations, and insulin dosage was between normal values. The animal was referred for surgery, as in abdominocentesis, it was observed the presence of hemorrhagic fluid, confirming active bleeding by ultrasonography. The owners chose for euthanasia. In the post-mortem evaluation the main lesion was confirmed of hepatic origin, with a massive, irregular, cavitary presentation, involving multiple hepatic lobes, and a single nodule was observed in the right caudal lobe of the right lung. Histopathological evaluation was considered inconclusive. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the association of the immunohistochemical profile with the morphological characteristics indicated diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Discussion: The related symptomatology, in hepatic neoplasms, is generally considered non-specific, with reports of lethargy, vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia and weight loss, however, the dog in this study presented a unique manifestation of hypoglycemia and one episode of convulsive crisis resulting from it. The clinical manifestation observed was extremely unspecific making initial diagnosis difficult. The ultrasonographic examination was effective in evidencing the abdominal mass. In addition, abdominal CT was also performed, which confirmed the hepatic origin, detailing the macroscopic aspect. Biochemical analyses of ALT and AST showed a discrete increase. Biochemical changes may occur in dogs with hepatic neoplasms, although they are not specific. Functional pancreatic beta-cell tumors producing insulin are the most common cause of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, although in the case the insulin dosage was within normal limits. In cases of nonislet cell tumor the mechanism is frequently associated with the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). In most cases the definitive diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma can be obtained by histopathological examination, although in the present report the result obtained was inconclusive, requiring an immunohistochemical examination. Due to the aggressive and metastatic character of this neoplastic type, early detection becomes extremely important in order to maximize therapeutic chances, however, diagnosis may be difficult.

Expression of the NSE, SP, NFH and DbetaH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.(AU)

Expression of the NSE,SP,NFH and DβH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Abstract Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.

Correlation between renal ultrasonography and serum cystatin C in acute kidney disease of critically ill dogs / Correlação entre a ultrassonografia e a determinação da cistatina C sérica em cães admitidos em unidade de terapia

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the rapid decline in kidney function. Its development is related to critical clinical statuses, such as sepsis, complicated post-surgical recovery, and infectious diseases. Serum cystatin C (CysC) has the best correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. Ultrasonography stands out because it is highly accessible and can be done at the bedside. Twenty-eight dogs admitted to the intensive care unit with serum creatinine values <1.6 mg/dL and at-risk factors of AKI development were selected. CysC measurements and ultrasound assessments were performed daily for 72 hours. Using CysC dosage, 22/28 animals (78.6%) were considered to have AKI, and 17/22 had ultrasound compatible with AKI changes, demonstrating moderate agreement with CysC dosage. Increased cortical renal echogenicity is the most prevalent alteration in critically ill patients and is correlated with serum increases in CysC and is associated with renal structural damage.

A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é definida como o declínio rápido da função renal. Seu desenvolvimento está relacionado a quadros clínicos críticos, como sepse, pós-operatório complicado e doenças infecciosas. A cistatina C sérica (CisC) tem melhor correlação com taxa de filtração glomerular. A ultrassonografia se destaca por ser altamente acessível e pode ser realizada à beira do leito. Foram selecionados 28 cães, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, com valores de creatinina sérica <1,6mg/dL e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IRA. Medições de CisC e avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas diariamente por 72 horas. Utilizando-se a dosagem de CisC, 22/28 animais (78,6%) foram considerados portadores de IRA e 17/22 apresentaram ultrassom compatível com alterações de IRA, demonstrando concordância moderada com a dosagem de CisC. O aumento da ecogenicidade cortical renal é a alteração mais prevalente em pacientes críticos, está correlacionado com aumentos séricos de CisC e associado a dano estrutural renal.

Morphological study of the pineal gland of Alouatta belzebul / Estudo morfológico da glândula pineal de Alouatta belzebul

The pineal is a neuroendocrine gland responsible for the synthesis and release of melatonin. It is present in the brain of vertebrates, but its morphology and location vary considerably among species. For the species Alouatta belzebul, although some anatomical aspects of the nervous system have been described, there is no information on the morphology and histological composition of this gland. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the morphological, morphometric, and histological aspects of the pineal of Alouatta belzebul. Seven adult specimens were dissected from which the location of the gland in relation to the surrounding brain structures was described, and its length and width were measured. Histological slides were then prepared and stained using hematoxylin-eosin and PAS techniques. It was observed that the pineal of Alouatta belzebul is located superior and cranial to the cerebellum, superior to the superior colliculi and below the splenium of the corpus callosum and was classified as sub-callosal. It had an average length of 2.6mm and an average width of 1.14mm. Histologically the gland is composed of irregular strands of pinealocytes and gliocytes. The pinealocytes showed pigments similar to melanin.

A pineal é uma glândula neuroendócrina responsável pela síntese e liberação de melatonina. Está presente no encéfalo dos vertebrados, mas sua morfologia e localização variam consideravelmente entre as espécies. Para a espécie Alouatta belzebul, apesar de terem sido descritos alguns aspectos anatômicos do sistema nervoso, não há informações sobre a morfologia e composição histológica desta glândula. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos morfológicos, morfométricos e histológicos da pineal de Alouatta belzebul. Foram dissecados sete encéfalos de espécimes adultos dos quais se descreveu a localização da glândula em relação às estruturas encefálicas circunvizinhas e foram realizadas medidas de comprimento e largura da mesma. Em seguida foram preparadas lâminas histológicas e coradas pelas técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina e PAS. Observou-se que a pineal de Alouatta belzebul localiza-se superior e cranialmente ao cerebelo, superior aos colículos superiores e abaixo do esplênio do corpo caloso e foi classificada como subcalosa. Apresentou comprimento médio de 2,6mm e largura média de 1,14mm. Histologicamente a glândula é composta por cordões irregulares de pinealócitos e gliócitos. Os pinealócitos apresentaram pigmentos semelhante à melanina.

Resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico / Metabolic response to surgical trauma

Os efeitos do trauma cirúrgico no organismo, os quais são amplamente estudados pela medicina humana e veterinária, resultam em uma complexa resposta neuroendócrina e imunológica, desencadeadas para restabelecer a homeostase e preservar a vida. A resposta metabólica ao trauma é caracterizada pelo aumento da secreção de hormônios hipofisários, ativação do sistema nervoso simpático e secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Essa resposta tem por objetivo manter a perfusão tecidual, controlar a proliferação de microrganismos e mobilizar substratos para garantir a integridade das funções celulares e promover reparação tecidual. Diferentes fatores podem influenciar a intensidade da resposta do organismo ao trauma, incluindo magnitude e duração dos estímulos, enfermidades ou eventos traumáticos pré-existentes, protocolos anestésicos e técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas. Respostas metabólicas exacerbadas ocasionam complicações pós-operatórias, tempo prolongado de recuperação dos pacientes e óbito. Através da identificação dos principais eventos relacionados à resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, é possível atuar de forma a reduzir os danos associados, melhorando a qualidade e minimizando os riscos do período pós-operatório. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão descrevendo a fisiopatologia e as consequências da resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, em suas diferentes formas e origens, no período perioperatório.

The effects of surgical trauma on the organism, which are widely studied by human and veterinary medicine, result in a complex neuroendocrine and immune responses triggered to restore homeostasis and preserve life. The metabolic response to trauma is characterized by increased secretion of hypophyseal hormones, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This response aims to maintain tissue perfusion, control the proliferation of microorganisms, and mobilize substrates to ensure the integrity of cellular functions and promote tissue repair. Different factors can influence the intensity of the organism's response to trauma, including magnitude and duration of stimuli, pre-existing infirmities or traumas, anaesthetic protocols, and surgical techniques applied. Exacerbated metabolic responses can cause post-operative complications, prolonged recovery time, and death. By identifying the main events related to the metabolic response to surgical trauma, it is possible to act to reduce the associated damages, improving quality and minimizing the risks of the postoperative period. Thus, the present paper aims to present a review describing the physiopathology and the consequences of the metabolic response to surgical trauma, in its different forms and origins, in the perioperative period.

Aspectos morfofisiológicos e biotécnicas aplicadas à reprodução de novilhas bovinas e búfalas pré-púberes / Morphophysiological aspects and biotechnologies applied to the reproduction of prepubertal bovine and buffalo heifers

A puberdade corresponde ao momento da primeira ovulação, que culmina com o desenvolvimento final dos órgãos e estruturas envolvidas no controle neuro-endócrino reprodutivo. É um fenômeno multifatorial com grande impacto na vida produtiva das futuras matrizes e em sua eficiência econômica, ocorrendo muitas interações entre os fatores internos e externos. A idade da puberdade está relacionada ao peso corporal, que possui grandes efeitos da genética do animal e sua interação com o ambiente, especialmente a nutrição e interação social com machos. Algumas espécies, como os bubalinos, sofrem efeito de outros elementos ambientais, como a luminosidade e o fotoperíodo. A puberdade novilhas búfalas ou bovinas pode ser adiantada por meio do emprego de biotécnicas: indução da puberdade ou inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Em ambas, os protocolos baseiam-se, principalmente, em aplicação de progestágeno associado com fonte de estradiol; mas a indução também pode ser realizada utilizando outros hormônios, como hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas, prostaglandinas e gonadotrofina coriônica equina. No emprego da IATF, novilhas pré-púberes podem ser induzidas e inseminadas com outro protocolo de sincronização ou podem ser inseminadas com o mesmo protocolo de IATF, podendo aumentar as taxas de prenhez e diminuir os custos. Adiantando a puberdade, ocorre incremento na produção, melhorando a eficiência econômica da atividade pecuária.(AU)

Puberty corresponds to the moment of the first ovulation, which culminates in the final development of the organs and structures involved in the neuro-endocrine control of reproduction. It is a multifactorial phenomenon with a great impact on the productive life of future matrices and their economic efficiency, with many interactions between internal and external factors. The age of puberty is related to body weight, which has great effects on the animal's genetics and its interaction with the environment, especially nutrition and social interaction with males. Some species, such as buffalo, are affected by other environmental elements, such as luminosity and photoperiod. Puberty in buffaloes and bovine heifers can be advanced through the use of biotechniques: induction of puberty or timed artificial insemination (TAI). In both, the protocols are mainly based on the application of progestogen associated with a source of estradiol; but induction can also be performed using other hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandins and equine chorionic gonadotropin. In the employment of the TAI, prepubertal heifers can be induced and inseminated with another synchronization protocol or they can be inseminated with the same TAI protocol, which can increase pregnancy rates and decrease costs. Advancing puberty, there is an increase in production, improving the economic efficiency of livestock activity.(AU)

The neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of the reproduction in female pigs

Within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, the major hierarchical component is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which directly or indirectly receive regulatory inputs from a wide array of regulatory signals and pathways, involving numerous circulating hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, and which operate as a final output for the brain control of reproduction. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in neuropeptides that have the potential to stimulate or inhibit GnRH in the hypothalamus of pigs. Among them, Kisspeptin is a key component in the precise regulation of GnRH neuron secretion activity. Besides, other neuropeptides, including neurokinin B (NKB), neuromedin B (NMB), neuromedin S (NMS), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Phoenixin (PNX), show potential for having a stimulating effect on GnRH neurons. On the contrary, RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), endogenous opioid peptides (EOP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and Galanin (GAL) may play an inhibitory role in the regulation of porcine reproductive nerves and may directly or indirectly regulate GnRH neurons. By combining data from suitable model species and pigs, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the neuropeptides acting on GnRH neurons, with a particular focus on their central regulatory pathways and underlying molecular basis.(AU)

Non-functional neuroendocrine tumor with multisystemic metastasis in a cat

An eight-year-old castrated female feline was referred for necropsy with a history of apathy, inappetence, abdominal distension, hypersensitivity to abdominal palpation, and evidence of abdominal neoplasms on ultrasound. Macroscopically, multifocal to coalescent, yellowish-white, firm and infiltrative nodules were observed on the surface of the parietal peritonium and in abdominal and thoracic organs. Microscopic characteristics of the neoplasm suggested a neuroendocrine origin, but did not allow a definitive diagnosis and determination of the origin. Immunohistochemistry revealed that neoplastic cells expressed vimentin, CD56, neuron specific enolase, and PGP 9.5 and were negative for biogenic amines and hormonal peptides. Based on anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings, diagnosis of metastatic non-functional neuroendocrine tumor was confirmed.(AU)

Non-functional neuroendocrine tumor with multisystemic metastasis in a cat

An eight-year-old castrated female feline was referred for necropsy with a history of apathy, inappetence, abdominal distension, hypersensitivity to abdominal palpation, and evidence of abdominal neoplasms on ultrasound. Macroscopically, multifocal to coalescent, yellowish-white, firm and infiltrative nodules were observed on the surface of the parietal peritonium and in abdominal and thoracic organs. Microscopic characteristics of the neoplasm suggested a neuroendocrine origin, but did not allow a definitive diagnosis and determination of the origin. Immunohistochemistry revealed that neoplastic cells expressed vimentin, CD56, neuron specific enolase, and PGP 9.5 and were negative for biogenic amines and hormonal peptides. Based on anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings, diagnosis of metastatic non-functional neuroendocrine tumor was confirmed.

The neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of the reproduction in female pigs

Abstract Within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, the major hierarchical component is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which directly or indirectly receive regulatory inputs from a wide array of regulatory signals and pathways, involving numerous circulating hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, and which operate as a final output for the brain control of reproduction. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in neuropeptides that have the potential to stimulate or inhibit GnRH in the hypothalamus of pigs. Among them, Kisspeptin is a key component in the precise regulation of GnRH neuron secretion activity. Besides, other neuropeptides, including neurokinin B (NKB), neuromedin B (NMB), neuromedin S (NMS), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Phoenixin (PNX), show potential for having a stimulating effect on GnRH neurons. On the contrary, RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), endogenous opioid peptides (EOP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and Galanin (GAL) may play an inhibitory role in the regulation of porcine reproductive nerves and may directly or indirectly regulate GnRH neurons. By combining data from suitable model species and pigs, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the neuropeptides acting on GnRH neurons, with a particular focus on their central regulatory pathways and underlying molecular basis.

Effect of Heat Stress on Expression of Main Reproductive Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis of Wenchang Chicks

ABSTRACT The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a key neuroen-docrine regulation system involved in the growth and reproduction of poultry. High-temperature conditions lead to the physiological dysfunction of target organs of the HPG axis of poultry, ultimately affecting the animals growth and development. In this study, we evaluated the effect of heat stress (HS) on the development of cells secreting major reproductive hormones of the HPG axis (i.e., hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, and testis) of Wenchang chicks. Seventy-two one-day-old healthy Wenchang chicks were randomly divided into control (CK) and HS groups. The HS group was placed in a 40 ± 0.5°C artificial climate chamber for heat-stress treatment from 13:00 to 15:00 daily for six consecutive weeks. As development progressed, compared with the CK group, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the hypothalamus and testosterone (T) levers in the testes of male chicks in the HS group were significantly decreased at three weeks of age (p 0.05). However, GnRH levels in the hypothalamus and estradiol (E2) levels in the ovaries of female chicks in the HS group were variable and significantly lower than those of the CK group at four and five weeks of age (p 0.05). In addition, the LH and FSH levels in the pituitary gland were significantly lower than those in the CK group at two and four weeks of age and at four and six weeks of age, respectively (p 0.05). In brief, HS caused dysfunction of the corresponding target organs of the HPG axis in Wenchang chicks, and this affected the normal growth and development of the cells HPG axis.

Tumor de células granulares pulmonar em um equino / Pulmonar granular cell tumor in a horse

Background: The occurrence of neoplasms in horses is relatively low. Granular cell tumor is a seldom diagnosed neoplasm, usually benign, of mesenchymal origin. Controversies exist regarding its origin, which is possibly from Schwann cells or cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. Despite being one of the main primary neoplasms in the lungs of horses, the number of cases is low in comparison to that of secondary lung tumors. Thus, this study proposes to report the anatomopathological aspects in a horse with granular cell tumor of primary pulmonary origin. Case: An 11-year-old female Quarter Horse breed underwent exploratory right lateral thoracotomy after presenting with chronic respiratory changes. During the operation, tumor masses were found in the right and left caudal pulmonary lobes. Due to the severity of clinical respiratory signs and the extent of the lesions, the animal was subjected to euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. Upon necroscopic examination, a tumor mass was found in the middle third of the left caudal lobe, rounded to flattened, measuring 10.0 × 8.0 cm in height and length, white in color, of firm consistency, smooth and regular surface and rising to the lung surface. When sectioned, the mass showed to be composed of multiple firm and dense circular lobes, separated by a thin layer of connective tissue. The tumor invaded the lumen of nearby segmental and subsegmental bronchi, which were partially or totally obstructed by the mass. In the right lung, multiple similar nodules were observed, accompanied by peritumoral hemorrhage. Histopathological analysis of the new formation revealed a dense cluster of cells that expanded over the lung parenchyma. The neoplastic cells were pleomorphic, moderately cohesive, without defined borders, with abundant cytoplasm, densely eosinophilic and finely granular. Intracytoplasmic granules were well evidenced by periodic acid Schiff staining (PAS). The cell nucleus was rounded to oval, excentric, markedly basophilic and with dense chromatin. There was moderate anisocytosis and mild anisokaryosis, with rare mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive staining for anti-vimentin and anti-S100 antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of granular cell tumor. Discussion: Granular cell tumors have no predisposition as to breed, sex or age. However, most of the described cases are reported in female horses aged around 13 years. The advanced age of the diagnosed animals may be related to late definitive diagnosis, since the clinical signs are nonspecific and treated palliatively like other respiratory diseases. Macroscopically, this tumor is more common in the multinodular form and, as observed in this case, it has a greater capacity for infiltration. Histologically, the visualization of large, polygonal cells, with a wide cytoplasm containing eosinophilic granules leads to the diagnosis of granular cell tumor. However, PAS staining and immunohistochemical tests were essential for the diagnostic conclusion in this report, confirming the presence of cytoplasmic granules and the mesenchymal and neuroectodermal origin of this neoplasm, respectively. Thus, considering the low occurrence of pulmonary granular cell tumor, the description of this case contributes to the basis of the knowledge of medical-veterinary professionals about this tumor in its clinical and diagnostic aspects.

Impactos do estresse térmico na reprodução de fêmeas bovinas / Heat stress impact on bovine female reproduction

O estresse por calor (ET) ocorre quando a temperatura ambiente excede a zona de conforto térmico animal. Várias respostas corporais inespecíficas, capitaneadas pelos sistemas nervoso, neuroendócrino e imunológico são acionadas para manter a homeostase e resfriar o animal. O ET afeta o eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário-gonadal, comprometendo a liberação de gonadotrofinas, e promove o acúmulo de espécies reativas de oxigênio e proteínas anormais nas células ovarianas. Em resposta, as células ativam mecanismos antioxidantes e de reparação do DNA, que reduzem o metabolismo celular e aumentam as chances de sobrevivência; quando a reparação não é possível, acontece a apoptose. O ET impacta negativamente a produção de estradiol ovariano, o comportamento do estro, o desenvolvimento folicular, a competência dos oócitos e do embrião, as taxas de concepção, o estabelecimento e a manutenção da gravidez e até mesmo a eficiência reprodutiva da progênie. O combate ao ET inclui estratégias de combate ao aquecimento global progressivo e de manejo para resfriar os animais, e diminuir a produção de calor metabólico. O uso de biotecnologia reprodutiva e estratégias genéticas para gerar animais termotolerantes são também essenciais

Heat stress (HS), a harmful condition affecting animal production, reproduction, and welfare, occurs when an animal is exposed to temperatures that exceed its thermal comfort zone. Several nonspecific body responses involving neural, neuroendocrine, and immune systems are triggered to keep homeostasis in such conditions. These responses, primarily directed to cooling the body, also impact the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, compromising the bovine female’s release of gonadotropins. Heat stress also promotes reactive oxygen species accumulation in ovarian cells, impairing protein folding and refolding, triggering antioxidant and DNA protection mechanisms. These mechanisms, directed to reduce cell metabolism and increase survival chances, are not always sufficient to protect the cell and result in apoptosis. Heat stress’s systemic and cellular consequences impact ovarian estradiol production, estrous behaviors, follicular development, oocytes and embryo competence, conception rates, pregnancy establishment and maintenance, and even the future reproductive efficiency of the progenies of cows exposed to HS during pregnancy. The combat of heat stress includes strategies to alleviate the effect of progressive global warming, management strategies to cool the animals, reduced metabolic heat, and methane production dietary approaches. The use of reproductive biotechs and genetic strategies to increase thermotolerant animals are also critical to overcoming the harmful effect of HS.

Regulação hormonal no metabolismo energético de não ruminantes em estado de jejum / Hormonal regulation in the energetic metabolism of non-ruminants in state of fasting / Regulación hormonal en el metabolismo energético de no rumiantes en estado de ayuno

El objetivo de esta revision fue resaltar el comportamiento hormonal (insulina, glucagon, grelina, leptina, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenalina, IGF y GH) que actúan sobre el metabolismo energético de animals no rumiantes en estado de ayuno. Los procesos metabólicos están regulados por la disponibilidade de substrato, por mecanismos neuroendocrinos. Para comprender las vías metabólicas y su regulación hormonal en los diferentes tejidos, es necessário detener el metabolismo especializado en los diversos órganos y tejidos que integran el metabolismo energético en todo el cuerpo del animal. Así, se espera dilucidar la amplia gama de hormonas movilizadoras de energia y los mecanismos hormonales presentes en cada tejido, así como describer la interrelación entre insulin, glucagón y adrenalina en la coordinación del metabolismo energético de músculo, hígado y tejido adipose, debido a que cada tejido tiene sus propias características metabólicas, en general, la concentración de nutrientes en la sangre es controlada por el hígado, que a su vez se convierte en el órgano central para mantener la homeostasis de los principals nutrientes. El suministro de energia en el cuerpo durante el período de ayuno se debe a la degradación del glucógeno, la proteólisis muscular y la lipólisis que jugarán roles fisiológicos específicos para que las vías metabólicas tengan sus propias características...

The objective of this review was to emphasize the hormonal behavior (Insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenaline IGF and GH) acting on energy metabolism of non-ruminant animals on the fasting state. Metabolic processes are regulated by the availability of substrate, by neuroendocrine mechanisms. To understand the metabolic pathways and their hormonal regulation on the different tissues, it is necessary to stop to the specialized metabolism on the various organs and tissues that integrate the energy metabolism in the whole organism of the animal. Thus it is expected to elucidate the broad range of energy mobilization hormones and the hormonal mechanisms present in each tissue, as well as to describe the interrelationship between insulin, glucagon and adrenaline in the coordination of energetic metabolism of muscle, liver and tissue Because each tissue has its own metabolic characteristics, in general, the concentration of nutrients in the blood is controlled by the liver, which in turn becomes the central organ of the maintenance of the homeostasis of the main nutrients. The energy supply in the body during the fasting period is due to the degradation of glycogen, muscular proteolysis and lipolysis that will play specific physiological roles so that the metabolic pathways have their own characteristics, the release of the hormones being regulated by...

Objetivou-se com está revisão ressaltar o comportamento hormonal (insulina, glucagon, grelina, leptina, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenalina IGF e GH) atuantes no metabolismo energético de animais não ruminantes sobre o estado de jejum. Os processos metabólicos são regulados pela disponibilidade de substrato, por mecanismos neuroendócrinos. Para entender as vias metabólicas e sua regulação hormonal sobre os diferentes tecidos, faz-se necessário deter-se ao metabolismo especializado sobre os vários órgãos e tecidos que integram o metabolismo energético em todo o organismo do animal. Assim espera-se elucidar o amplo alcance dos hormônios de mobilização de energia e os mecanismos hormonais presente em cada tecido, como também descrever a inter-relação entre a insulina, o glucagon e a adrenalina na coordenação do metabolismo energético do músculo, fígado e tecido adiposo, pois cada tecido tem características metabólicas própria, de um modo geral, a concentração dos nutrientes no sangue é controlada pelo fígado, que por sua vez, torna-se o órgão central da manutenção da homeostasia dos principais nutrientes. O aporte energético no organismo durante o período de jejum se dá pela degradação de glicogênio, a proteólise muscular e lipólise que vão desempenhar papéis fisiológicos específicos para que as vias metabólicas tenham características próprias, sendo a liberação dos hormônios regulada...

Regulação hormonal no metabolismo energético de não ruminantes em estado de jejum / Hormonal regulation in the energetic metabolism of non-ruminants in state of fasting / Regulación hormonal en el metabolismo energético de no rumiantes en estado de ayuno

El objetivo de esta revision fue resaltar el comportamiento hormonal (insulina, glucagon, grelina, leptina, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenalina, IGF y GH) que actúan sobre el metabolismo energético de animals no rumiantes en estado de ayuno. Los procesos metabólicos están regulados por la disponibilidade de substrato, por mecanismos neuroendocrinos. Para comprender las vías metabólicas y su regulación hormonal en los diferentes tejidos, es necessário detener el metabolismo especializado en los diversos órganos y tejidos que integran el metabolismo energético en todo el cuerpo del animal. Así, se espera dilucidar la amplia gama de hormonas movilizadoras de energia y los mecanismos hormonales presentes en cada tejido, así como describer la interrelación entre insulin, glucagón y adrenalina en la coordinación del metabolismo energético de músculo, hígado y tejido adipose, debido a que cada tejido tiene sus propias características metabólicas, en general, la concentración de nutrientes en la sangre es controlada por el hígado, que a su vez se convierte en el órgano central para mantener la homeostasis de los principals nutrientes. El suministro de energia en el cuerpo durante el período de ayuno se debe a la degradación del glucógeno, la proteólisis muscular y la lipólisis que jugarán roles fisiológicos específicos para que las vías metabólicas tengan sus propias características...(AU)

The objective of this review was to emphasize the hormonal behavior (Insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenaline IGF and GH) acting on energy metabolism of non-ruminant animals on the fasting state. Metabolic processes are regulated by the availability of substrate, by neuroendocrine mechanisms. To understand the metabolic pathways and their hormonal regulation on the different tissues, it is necessary to stop to the specialized metabolism on the various organs and tissues that integrate the energy metabolism in the whole organism of the animal. Thus it is expected to elucidate the broad range of energy mobilization hormones and the hormonal mechanisms present in each tissue, as well as to describe the interrelationship between insulin, glucagon and adrenaline in the coordination of energetic metabolism of muscle, liver and tissue Because each tissue has its own metabolic characteristics, in general, the concentration of nutrients in the blood is controlled by the liver, which in turn becomes the central organ of the maintenance of the homeostasis of the main nutrients. The energy supply in the body during the fasting period is due to the degradation of glycogen, muscular proteolysis and lipolysis that will play specific physiological roles so that the metabolic pathways have their own characteristics, the release of the hormones being regulated by...(AU)

Objetivou-se com está revisão ressaltar o comportamento hormonal (insulina, glucagon, grelina, leptina, T3, T4, cortisol, adrenalina IGF e GH) atuantes no metabolismo energético de animais não ruminantes sobre o estado de jejum. Os processos metabólicos são regulados pela disponibilidade de substrato, por mecanismos neuroendócrinos. Para entender as vias metabólicas e sua regulação hormonal sobre os diferentes tecidos, faz-se necessário deter-se ao metabolismo especializado sobre os vários órgãos e tecidos que integram o metabolismo energético em todo o organismo do animal. Assim espera-se elucidar o amplo alcance dos hormônios de mobilização de energia e os mecanismos hormonais presente em cada tecido, como também descrever a inter-relação entre a insulina, o glucagon e a adrenalina na coordenação do metabolismo energético do músculo, fígado e tecido adiposo, pois cada tecido tem características metabólicas própria, de um modo geral, a concentração dos nutrientes no sangue é controlada pelo fígado, que por sua vez, torna-se o órgão central da manutenção da homeostasia dos principais nutrientes. O aporte energético no organismo durante o período de jejum se dá pela degradação de glicogênio, a proteólise muscular e lipólise que vão desempenhar papéis fisiológicos específicos para que as vias metabólicas tenham características próprias, sendo a liberação dos hormônios regulada...(AU)

Tumor carcinoide na vesícula biliar em cão / Carcinoid gallbladder tumor in a dog

Carcinoid is a neoplasia that arises from dispersed cells of the neuroendocrine system. This tumor is uncommon in animals, and its occurrence in the gallbladder is rare. A male Basset Hound dog's corpse was taken to the Univerdade Federal de Minas Gerais to be analyzed by the Veterinary Pathology sector, without a description of its previous history. Necropsy revealed the presence of pale oral, ocular and penile mucous membranes. The gallbladder had a thickened wall and a dilated lumen, which was filled with dark and lumpy bile. Its mucosa had a whitish-red nodule, with solid and friable areas. Microscopically, there was a focal neoplastic proliferation, which wasn't encapsulated and had imprecise limits, which cells were distributed in a solid pattern and separated by a delicate fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells presented oval or round shaped nucleus, which had a chromatin predominantly loose, and one or two nucleoli. Their cytoplasm was moderately abundant, and in most of the cells it was eosinophilic, granular, and had well-defined limits. Using the Grimelius coloration, neoplastic cells' cytoplasmic granules stained brownish or black, confirming the neuroendocrine origin of the neoplasia. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic findings, the diagnosis of a gallbladder carcinoid was established.(AU)

Tumor carcinoide na vesícula biliar em cão / Carcinoid gallbladder tumor in a dog

Carcinoid is a neoplasia that arises from dispersed cells of the neuroendocrine system. This tumor is uncommon in animals, and its occurrence in the gallbladder is rare. A male Basset Hound dog's corpse was taken to the Univerdade Federal de Minas Gerais to be analyzed by the Veterinary Pathology sector, without a description of its previous history. Necropsy revealed the presence of pale oral, ocular and penile mucous membranes. The gallbladder had a thickened wall and a dilated lumen, which was filled with dark and lumpy bile. Its mucosa had a whitish-red nodule, with solid and friable areas. Microscopically, there was a focal neoplastic proliferation, which wasn't encapsulated and had imprecise limits, which cells were distributed in a solid pattern and separated by a delicate fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells presented oval or round shaped nucleus, which had a chromatin predominantly loose, and one or two nucleoli. Their cytoplasm was moderately abundant, and in most of the cells it was eosinophilic, granular, and had well-defined limits. Using the Grimelius coloration, neoplastic cells' cytoplasmic granules stained brownish or black, confirming the neuroendocrine origin of the neoplasia. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic findings, the diagnosis of a gallbladder carcinoid was established.(AU)

Carcinoid of the gallbladder in two dogs / Carcinoide de vesícula biliar em dois cães

A carcinoid is a rare neoplasm derived from neuroendocrine cells that may arise in the hepatobiliary system. This report described two cases of carcinoid of the gallbladder in dogs, with emphasis on the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Case 1 was a 10-year-old female Shih Tzu, with a history of prostration and occasional episodes of diarrhea and vomiting. Case 2 was a 10-year-old male Cocker Spaniel, with a history of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasonography suggested a neoplasm of the gallbladder in both cases. The dogs underwent cholecystectomy, and 10% formalin-fixed samples were sent for pathological examination. Histologically, a neoplastic proliferation of neuroendocrine cells was observed in the gallbladder submucosa of both cases. Immunohistochemical labeling for neuroendocrine antibodies, such as synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin A, confirmed the diagnoses. Carcinoid of the gallbladder is a rare neoplasm in dogs, without specific clinical signs, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions that affect this organ.(AU)

Carcinoide é um neoplasma raro derivado de células neuroendócrinas, que pode surgir no sistema hepatobiliar. Este relato descreve dois casos de carcinoide da vesícula biliar em cães, com ênfase nos aspectos clínicos, patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. O caso 1 era uma fêmea, Shih Tzu de 10 anos de idade, com histórico de letargia e ocasionais episódios de diarreia e vômito. O caso 2 era um macho, Cocker Spaniel de 10 anos, que apresentava diarreia e dor abdominal. Através da ultrassonografia abdominal foi sugerida neoplasia na vesícula biliar em ambos os casos. Os caninos foram submetidos à colecistectomia e amostras em formol a 10%, seguidamente, foram enviadas para o laboratório de patologia. Histologicamente, observou-se proliferação neoplásica de células neuroendócrinas na submucosa da vesícula biliar nos dois casos. A marcação imuno-histoquímica para os anticorpos neuroendócrinos, como sinaptofisina, enolase específica de neurônios e cromogranina A confirmou o diagnóstico. Carcinoide de vesícula biliar é uma neoplasia rara em cães, sem sinais clínicos específicos, mas deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões que afetam esse órgão.(AU)