Breeding ecology of the Bare-Faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) in Southern Brazil

The Bare-faced Ibis is a gregarious bird found in South America. In the face of a rapid expansion in a southern state in Brazil and a lack of detailed information about the species' reproduction, two breeding areas were studied weekly for two consecutive seasons. We registered numbers and characteristics of adults, nests, eggs, and chicks, calculated success estimates, and assessed nest installation preferences. Chick morphology, age, and measurements served to define five growth stages. The species used the margins of two close rivers in Santa Catarina to build nests, lay eggs, and develop parental care between August and January, with success estimates as expected for the family. We observed a preference for the eastern margin of the rivers and proximity to bridges for nest installation, where the muddy margin provides resources for juvenile feeding. Two colony models were defined based on the near or far installation of the nests. Variations in egg and chick dimensions indicated higher adult investment in the second season, with negative allometric growth of the bill and tarsus of chicks related to weight. The results presented suggest favorable conditions for the species' reproduction in the region, a considerable factor in understanding its expansion in recent years.(AU)

Helminth's assemblage of a small frog in the Brazilian semiarid: parasite-host-environment relationships / Assembleia de helmintos em uma pequena rã no semiárido brasileiro: relação parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente

Parasite infections may contingency different aspects of the hosts' lives, and are usually expected to directly or indirectly compromise host reproduction. However, although amphibians have historically been study models in parasite ecology, the effects of parasitism on amphibians' reproduction remain unknown. Thus, we investigated how the parasite load varies as a function of climatic seasonality (rainy and dry season) and intrinsic host characteristics (size and sex), as well as the relationship between parasite load and reproductive investment in males and females of a small frog (Pseudopaludicola pocoto Magalhães, Loebmann, Kokubum, Haddad & Garda, 2014) in the Brazilian semiarid region. The parasitological parameters of the studied population were not influenced by the season of the year or by the hosts' body size, but females of P. pocoto had a higher prevalence and intensity of infection than males. The number of oocytes and the volume of the testes were not related to the parasite load, revealing that the parasitism did not negatively impact the gonadal investment in P. pocoto. Our findings suggest that short-lived species, such as the tiny Pseudopaludicola species, have a high reproductive investment independent of their parasitic interactions. In addition, this should be true mainly in those species that live in seasonally dry environments, such as P. pocoto, in which reproduction is even more constrained by the shortened and unpredictable rainy period.

Como infecções parasitárias podem contigenciar diversos aspectos da vida dos hospedeiros, de modo geral, espera-se que o parasitismo comprometa direta ou indiretamente a reprodução dos hospedeiros. Contudo, apesar dos anfíbios historicamente terem sido modelos de estudos em ecologia parasitária, os efeitos do parasitismo na reprodução de anfíbios permanecem incompreendidos. Neste trabalho investigamos como a carga parasitária varia em função da sazonalidade climática (período chuvoso e seco) e de características intrínsecas dos hospedeiros (tamanho e sexo), bem como a relação entre a intensidade de infecção e o investimento reprodutivo em machos e fêmeas de uma pequena rã (Pseudopaludicola pocoto Magalhães, Loebmann, Kokubum, Haddad & Garda, 2014) no semiárido brasileiro. Os parâmetros parasitológicos da população estudada não foram influenciados pela estação do ano nem pelo tamanho corpóreo dos hospedeiros, mas as fêmeas de P. pocoto apresentaram maior prevalência e intensidade de infecção que os machos. A carga parasitária não foi relacionada com o número de ovócitos nem com o volume dos testículos, revelando que o parasitismo não impactou negativamente o investimento gonadal em P. pocoto. Nossos achados sugerem que espécies com baixa longevidade, como as diminutas espécies de Pseudopaludicola, apresentam um alto investimento reprodutivo independente de suas interações parasitárias. Complementarmente, isto deve ocorrer sobretudo naquelas espécies que vivem em ambientes sazonalmente secos, como P. pocoto, nos quais a reprodução é ainda mais contigenciada pela brevidade e imprevisibilidade do período chuvoso.

Reproductive biology of seven fish species of commercial interest at the Ramsar site in the Baixada Maranhense, Legal Amazon, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the reproductive biology of seven commercial species at the Ramsar Site of the Baixada Maranhense to support fisheries management measures. The collections were carried out between 2012 and 2016. The reproductive period, sex ratio, weight-length relationship and first sexual maturity were evaluated for seven species of commercial importance. The sex ratio showed that females are predominant for all species, except for Plagioscion squamossissimus. The weight-length relationship indicated a greater investment in weight for Cichla monoculus and Hassar affinis, and a greater investment in length for Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri, and Schizodon dissimilis. The reproductive activity of the species was predominant in the rainy season, but C. monoculus, H. malabaricus and P. lacustris showed the ability to reproduce in both seasons. As management measures for the region, it is suggested a change in the closed fishing season established by IBAMA, from December 1 to April 30, to ensure the protection of all commercial species in this study.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os parâmetros da biologia reprodutiva de sete espécies comerciais no Sítio Ramsar da Baixada Maranhense, para apoiar medidas de manejo pesqueiro. As coletas foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2016, com um ano de coleta para cada espécie. Foram avaliados o período reprodutivo, a razão sexual, a relação peso-comprimento e a primeira maturidade sexual para sete espécies de importância comercial. A razão sexual mostrou que as fêmeas são predominantes para todas as espécies, exceto para Plagioscion squamossissimus. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um maior investimento em peso para Cichla monoculus e Hassar affinis, e um maior investimento em comprimento para Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri e Schizodon dissimilis. A atividade reprodutiva das espécies foi predominante na estação chuvosa, mas C. monoculus, H. malabaricus e P. lacustris mostraram capacidade de se reproduzir nas duas estações. Como medidas de manejo para a região, sugere-se uma mudança do período de defeso, estabelecida pelo IBAMA, de 1 de dezembro a 30 de abril, para garantir a proteção de todas as espécies comerciais.(AU)

Reproductive biology of seven fish species of commercial interest at the Ramsar site in the Baixada Maranhense, Legal Amazon, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the reproductive biology of seven commercial species at the Ramsar Site of the Baixada Maranhense to support fisheries management measures. The collections were carried out between 2012 and 2016. The reproductive period, sex ratio, weight-length relationship and first sexual maturity were evaluated for seven species of commercial importance. The sex ratio showed that females are predominant for all species, except for Plagioscion squamossissimus. The weight-length relationship indicated a greater investment in weight for Cichla monoculus and Hassar affinis, and a greater investment in length for Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri, and Schizodon dissimilis. The reproductive activity of the species was predominant in the rainy season, but C. monoculus, H. malabaricus and P. lacustris showed the ability to reproduce in both seasons. As management measures for the region, it is suggested a change in the closed fishing season established by IBAMA, from December 1 to April 30, to ensure the protection of all commercial species in this study.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os parâmetros da biologia reprodutiva de sete espécies comerciais no Sítio Ramsar da Baixada Maranhense, para apoiar medidas de manejo pesqueiro. As coletas foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2016, com um ano de coleta para cada espécie. Foram avaliados o período reprodutivo, a razão sexual, a relação peso-comprimento e a primeira maturidade sexual para sete espécies de importância comercial. A razão sexual mostrou que as fêmeas são predominantes para todas as espécies, exceto para Plagioscion squamossissimus. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um maior investimento em peso para Cichla monoculus e Hassar affinis, e um maior investimento em comprimento para Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri e Schizodon dissimilis. A atividade reprodutiva das espécies foi predominante na estação chuvosa, mas C. monoculus, H. malabaricus e P. lacustris mostraram capacidade de se reproduzir nas duas estações. Como medidas de manejo para a região, sugere-se uma mudança do período de defeso, estabelecida pelo IBAMA, de 1 de dezembro a 30 de abril, para garantir a proteção de todas as espécies comerciais.(AU)

Characterization of goat and sheep production in the state of Sergipe, Northeast of Brazil / Caracterização do sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil

Characterization of the profile of goat and sheep production in Sergipe enables better understanding of the main barriers linked to low productivity, generating important information for the development of this sector. The objective was to identify and characterize the production of goats and sheep in Sergipe. From 2011 to 2014, 41 goat properties and 60 sheep properties were analyzed, located in 25 municipalities in the three mesoregions of the State (Leste, Agreste, and Sertão). The information was obtained through application of a structured questionnaire to the farmers addressing topics such as: characterization of the property, herd, facilities, sanitary, nutritional, and reproductive management, and socioeconomic aspects of the farmer.  The results demonstrated that 58.5% (24/41) of goat farms had an area less than 30 hectares (ha), reared predominantly mixed breed animals (SRD), with low use of technologies, aiming at family consumption, and complementing income through local marketing. On the sheep properties, 58.3% (35/60) were over 100 ha and used for the production of Santa Inês sheep and crossbreeds together with cattle. Significant flaws were also observed in feed, sanitary, and reproductive management, emphasizing the non-use of preserved foods and forages typical of the region, factors that contribute to the low level of productivity and ustainability of production in a viable and homogeneous manner. The findings led to the conclusion that more organized production is necessary, mainly through investment in technologies and qualified and continuous rural extension, aiming at improving the production, productivity, income, and quality of life of the breeders.

A caracterização do perfil das criações possibilita um maior entendimento dos principais entraves ligados a baixa produtividade e auxilia na disponibilização de dados importantes para a busca de soluções para crescimento da ovinocaprinocultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no estado de Sergipe. Foram visitadas entre os anos de 2011 e 2014, 41 e 60 propriedades de caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente, localizadas em 25 municípios distribuídos nas três mesorregiões do Estado (Leste, Agreste e Sertão). O levantamento dos dados ocorreu pela aplicação de questionário junto aos proprietários, com temas referentes às características do rebanho, instalações, manejo sanitário, nutricional e reprodutivo eperfil do criador. A caprinocultura foi caracterizada como atividade complementar da renda de pequenos produtores rurais, com a maioria do rebanho representado por animais de padrão racial não definido e pela raça Saanen. A atividade é voltada ao consumo familiar com baixo uso tecnológico e produção leiteira para atendimento do comércio local. Enquanto que na ovinocultura, os rebanhos são compostos por animais puros e mestiços da raça Santa Inês mantidos em grandes áreas de terra devido a sua criação consorciada com bovinos. As falhas de manejo observadas nos rebanhos caprinos e ovinos comprometem a viabilidade do sistema de produção, contribuindo com maiores desafios para ovinocaprinocultura sergipana em atender a demanda do mercado consumidor do Estado

Characterization of goat and sheep production in the state of Sergipe, Northeast of Brazil / Caracterização do sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil

Characterization of the profile of goat and sheep production in Sergipe enables better understanding of the main barriers linked to low productivity, generating important information for the development of this sector. The objective was to identify and characterize the production of goats and sheep in Sergipe. From 2011 to 2014, 41 goat properties and 60 sheep properties were analyzed, located in 25 municipalities in the three mesoregions of the State (Leste, Agreste, and Sertão). The information was obtained through application of a structured questionnaire to the farmers addressing topics such as: characterization of the property, herd, facilities, sanitary, nutritional, and reproductive management, and socioeconomic aspects of the farmer.  The results demonstrated that 58.5% (24/41) of goat farms had an area less than 30 hectares (ha), reared predominantly mixed breed animals (SRD), with low use of technologies, aiming at family consumption, and complementing income through local marketing. On the sheep properties, 58.3% (35/60) were over 100 ha and used for the production of Santa Inês sheep and crossbreeds together with cattle. Significant flaws were also observed in feed, sanitary, and reproductive management, emphasizing the non-use of preserved foods and forages typical of the region, factors that contribute to the low level of productivity and ustainability of production in a viable and homogeneous manner. The findings led to the conclusion that more organized production is necessary, mainly through investment in technologies and qualified and continuous rural extension, aiming at improving the production, productivity, income, and quality of life of the breeders.(AU)

A caracterização do perfil das criações possibilita um maior entendimento dos principais entraves ligados a baixa produtividade e auxilia na disponibilização de dados importantes para a busca de soluções para crescimento da ovinocaprinocultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no estado de Sergipe. Foram visitadas entre os anos de 2011 e 2014, 41 e 60 propriedades de caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente, localizadas em 25 municípios distribuídos nas três mesorregiões do Estado (Leste, Agreste e Sertão). O levantamento dos dados ocorreu pela aplicação de questionário junto aos proprietários, com temas referentes às características do rebanho, instalações, manejo sanitário, nutricional e reprodutivo eperfil do criador. A caprinocultura foi caracterizada como atividade complementar da renda de pequenos produtores rurais, com a maioria do rebanho representado por animais de padrão racial não definido e pela raça Saanen. A atividade é voltada ao consumo familiar com baixo uso tecnológico e produção leiteira para atendimento do comércio local. Enquanto que na ovinocultura, os rebanhos são compostos por animais puros e mestiços da raça Santa Inês mantidos em grandes áreas de terra devido a sua criação consorciada com bovinos. As falhas de manejo observadas nos rebanhos caprinos e ovinos comprometem a viabilidade do sistema de produção, contribuindo com maiores desafios para ovinocaprinocultura sergipana em atender a demanda do mercado consumidor do Estado(AU)

Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.

Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.(AU)

Reproductive indicators of the endemic species Astyanax bifasciatus (Teleostei: Characidae) in a tributary of the Lower Iguaçu River Basin, Brazil

The reproductive process promotes morphophysiological and behavioral changes in fish species throughout their life cycle. Its success is vital to define their resilience in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive biology of the endemic fish species Astyanax bifasciatusin a tributary of the Lower Iguaçu River Basin, Paraná, Brazil. Fish were collected monthly at four sites along the Jirau Alto River in the city of Dois Vizinhos from October 2015 to September 2016. A standardized catch effort with gill nets and fish traps was used. In the laboratory, standard length and total weight were recorded. After anesthesia, the animals were sectioned to macroscopically determine the sex, sexual maturity stage, and presence of celomatic fat. The gonads and liver were removed to determine the gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes, respectively. A total of 160 individuals (104 femalesand 56 males) were used. The gonadosomatic index, frequency of the gonadal maturation stages, and condition factor showed a long reproductive period with two investment cycles for both sex. Length at first sexual maturity was 4.57 cm for females and 3.56 cm for males. The reproductive data corroborate the generalist profile of the species and demonstrate a high degree of adaptive capacity, even in smaller tributaries.

Non-seasonal reproduction in inseminating species of Mimagoniates (Characidae, Characiformes) from southern Brazil

Some aspects of reproduction in two species of Mimagoniates, M. microlepis (Steindachner 1877) and M. rheocharis Menezes & Weitzman 1990 are herein described. Samples were taken monthly from January 1998 to February 1999 in two streams in the locality of Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Results from the analysis of hundreds of specimens of M. microlepis and M. rheocharis in two investigated sites indicated mature specimens and peaks of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) along the year. There was a negative and significant correlation between M. microlepis males GSI and water temperature. Females of the latter species and both sexes of M. rheocharis, in turn, showed no correlation with any of the tested parameters (relative stomach weight, day length, rainfall). Absolute and relative fecundity are lower than in externally fertilized species of Characidae. Maximum oocyte length was 1.14 mm for M. microlepis and 1.02 mm for M. rheocharis and both species were characterized as total spawners based on the type of oocyte development estimated through oocyte size analysis. Features like non-seasonal reproductive period, low fecundity, and insemination may indicate adaptive advantages, which may enhance the chance of survival even with low energetic investment and improved fertilization.

Non-seasonal reproduction in inseminating species of Mimagoniates (Characidae, Characiformes) from southern Brazil

Some aspects of reproduction in two species of Mimagoniates, M. microlepis (Steindachner 1877) and M. rheocharis Menezes & Weitzman 1990 are herein described. Samples were taken monthly from January 1998 to February 1999 in two streams in the locality of Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Results from the analysis of hundreds of specimens of M. microlepis and M. rheocharis in two investigated sites indicated mature specimens and peaks of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) along the year. There was a negative and significant correlation between M. microlepis males GSI and water temperature. Females of the latter species and both sexes of M. rheocharis, in turn, showed no correlation with any of the tested parameters (relative stomach weight, day length, rainfall). Absolute and relative fecundity are lower than in externally fertilized species of Characidae. Maximum oocyte length was 1.14 mm for M. microlepis and 1.02 mm for M. rheocharis and both species were characterized as total spawners based on the type of oocyte development estimated through oocyte size analysis. Features like non-seasonal reproductive period, low fecundity, and insemination may indicate adaptive advantages, which may enhance the chance of survival even with low energetic investment and improved fertilization.(AU)

Fecundity, embryo size and embryo loss in the estuarine shrimp Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Crustacea: Alpheidae) from a tidal mudflat in northeastern Brazil

Studies on fecundity and embryo size have been frequently used to infer about the reproductive potential, embryogenesis, and the energy investment in embryo production in crustaceans. These parameters are relevant to the knowledge of life-history and diversity of reproductive strategies developed by this group. This study addressed the embryo production by the estuarine shrimp Salmoneus carvachoiAnker, 2007, a poorly known caridean shrimp. We investigated whether there was (1) a correlation between fecundity and carapace length, (2) an increase in embryo volume along the embryonic development, and (3) loss of embryos along development. In addition, we investigated whether the esternite length and height and width of the pleura of the second abdominal somite were good predictors of fecundity. A total of 53 embryo-carrying individuals were collected in December 2016 and February 2017 in a tidal mudflat from the estuary of the Paripe River, Ilha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil. The carapace length ranged from 3.23 to 4.64 mm (3.78 ± 0.26 mm). Among those, 25 individuals had embryos in initial stage, 5 in intermediate stage and 15 in final stage. Fecundity ranged from 14 to 67 (33.65 ± 12.51 embryos) and was weakly correlated with carapace length. However, fecundity was strongly correlated with the width of the second sternite and width of the pleura of the second abdominal somite. Embryo volume increased markedly (93%) from the initial to the final stage of development. This increase might be due to water uptake to facilitate the membrane rupture at the onset of larvae hatching. There was significant loss of embryos only between the initial and intermediate stage. Future studies on the embryo production by other species of Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 are necessary to understand and compare these aspects of reproductive biology.

Fecundity, embryo size and embryo loss in the estuarine shrimp Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Crustacea: Alpheidae) from a tidal mudflat in northeastern Brazil

Studies on fecundity and embryo size have been frequently used to infer about the reproductive potential, embryogenesis, and the energy investment in embryo production in crustaceans. These parameters are relevant to the knowledge of life-history and diversity of reproductive strategies developed by this group. This study addressed the embryo production by the estuarine shrimp Salmoneus carvachoiAnker, 2007, a poorly known caridean shrimp. We investigated whether there was (1) a correlation between fecundity and carapace length, (2) an increase in embryo volume along the embryonic development, and (3) loss of embryos along development. In addition, we investigated whether the esternite length and height and width of the pleura of the second abdominal somite were good predictors of fecundity. A total of 53 embryo-carrying individuals were collected in December 2016 and February 2017 in a tidal mudflat from the estuary of the Paripe River, Ilha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil. The carapace length ranged from 3.23 to 4.64 mm (3.78 ± 0.26 mm). Among those, 25 individuals had embryos in initial stage, 5 in intermediate stage and 15 in final stage. Fecundity ranged from 14 to 67 (33.65 ± 12.51 embryos) and was weakly correlated with carapace length. However, fecundity was strongly correlated with the width of the second sternite and width of the pleura of the second abdominal somite. Embryo volume increased markedly (93%) from the initial to the final stage of development. This increase might be due to water uptake to facilitate the membrane rupture at the onset of larvae hatching. There was significant loss of embryos only between the initial and intermediate stage. Future studies on the embryo production by other species of Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 are necessary to understand and compare these aspects of reproductive biology.(AU)

Aspectos Da Reprodução Em Touros Bovinos Com Uso De Congelação De Sêmen E Termografia Infravermelha / Aspects Of Reproduction In Bulls Concerning The Use Of Semen Freezing And Infrared Thermography / Aspectos De La Reproducción En Toros Bovinos Con Uso De Congelación De Semen Y Termografía Infrarroja

Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo colaborar com informações quanto à relação entre a temperatura do escroto em touros e a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado. A eficiência reprodutiva é um dos principais fatores determinantes para melhoramento dos padrões reprodutivos da pecuária de corte. Sendo assim, pesquisas e investigações relacionadas a novas metodologias de análise da capacidade reprodutivas de touros, têm sido alvo de investimento e procura pelo setor tecnológico agropecuário, sobretudo quando se consideram os altos investimentos e as qualidades superiores que são desenvolvidas pelo mercado.(AU)

This literature review aims to provide data regarding the relation between the temperature of the scrotum in bulls and the quality of fresh and frozen semen. The reproductive efficiency is one of the main determining factors for the improvement of the beef cattle reproductive patterns. Therefore, research and investigations related to new methodologies for analyzing the reproductive capacity of bulls has been the subject of investment and demand by the technological agricultural sector, especially when considering the high investments and the superior qualities that are developed by the market.(AU)

Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo colaborar con informaciones sobre la relación entre la temperatura del escroto en los toros y la calidad del semen fresco y congelado. La eficiencia reproductiva es uno de los principales factores determinantes para mejorar los patrones reproductivos de la ganadería de corte. Por lo tanto, investigaciones relacionadas con nuevas metodologías de análisis de la capacidad reproductiva de toros, han sido objeto de inversión y demanda por el sector tecnológico agropecuario, sobre todo cuando se consideran las altas inversiones y las cualidades superiores que son desarrolladas por el mercado.(AU)

Aspectos Da Reprodução Em Touros Bovinos Com Uso De Congelação De Sêmen E Termografia Infravermelha / Aspects Of Reproduction In Bulls Concerning The Use Of Semen Freezing And Infrared Thermography / Aspectos De La Reproducción En Toros Bovinos Con Uso De Congelación De Semen Y Termografía Infrarroja

Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo colaborar com informações quanto à relação entre a temperatura do escroto em touros e a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado. A eficiência reprodutiva é um dos principais fatores determinantes para melhoramento dos padrões reprodutivos da pecuária de corte. Sendo assim, pesquisas e investigações relacionadas a novas metodologias de análise da capacidade reprodutivas de touros, têm sido alvo de investimento e procura pelo setor tecnológico agropecuário, sobretudo quando se consideram os altos investimentos e as qualidades superiores que são desenvolvidas pelo mercado.

This literature review aims to provide data regarding the relation between the temperature of the scrotum in bulls and the quality of fresh and frozen semen. The reproductive efficiency is one of the main determining factors for the improvement of the beef cattle reproductive patterns. Therefore, research and investigations related to new methodologies for analyzing the reproductive capacity of bulls has been the subject of investment and demand by the technological agricultural sector, especially when considering the high investments and the superior qualities that are developed by the market.

Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo colaborar con informaciones sobre la relación entre la temperatura del escroto en los toros y la calidad del semen fresco y congelado. La eficiencia reproductiva es uno de los principales factores determinantes para mejorar los patrones reproductivos de la ganadería de corte. Por lo tanto, investigaciones relacionadas con nuevas metodologías de análisis de la capacidad reproductiva de toros, han sido objeto de inversión y demanda por el sector tecnológico agropecuario, sobre todo cuando se consideran las altas inversiones y las cualidades superiores que son desarrolladas por el mercado.

Viabilidade econômica da produção de alevinos de espécies reofílicas em uma piscicultura na Amazônia oriental / Economic feasibility of fingerlings production of Rheophilic species in a fish farm in Eastern Amazon

This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of fingerlings production of rheophilic species in a fish farm in northeast of Pará State. The operating cost structure and economic viability indicators were used to evaluate the fingerlings production of tambaqui, curimatã and piauçu in Fish Farm Station Orion Nina Ribeiro, located in Terra Alta city. The implementation cost of the project was estimated at R$ 211,029.00, effective operational cost in R$ 239,174.25 and total operating cost per thousand fingerlings in R$ 118.23. The annual gross revenue was R$ 318,600.00 and monthly operating income was R$ 5,623.27. Obtained was an internal return rate of 38%, net present value of R$ 509,921.71, cost benefit of R$ 1.33 and payback period of 2.6 years. It can be concluded that the production of fingerlings of rheophilic species in northeast of Pará State is an investment economically viable, with attractive profitability indicators.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de alevinos de espécies reofílicas em uma piscicultura no Nordeste Paraense. Utilizou-se a estrutura de custo operacional e indicadores de viabilidade econômica para avaliar a produção de alevinos de tambaqui, curimatã e piauçu na Estação de Piscicultura Orion Nina Ribeiro, no município de Terra Alta. O custo de implantação foi estimado em R$ 211.029,00, custo operacional efetivo, em R$ 239.174,25 e custo operacional total por milheiro de alevinos, em R$ 118,23. A receita bruta anual foi estimada em R$ 318.600,00 e o lucro operacional mensal, em R$ 5.623,27. Obtiveram-se taxa interna de retorno de 38%, valor presente líquido de R$ 509.921,71, relação benefício custo de R$ 1,33 e período de retorno do capital de 2,6 anos. Concluiu-se que a produção de alevinos das espécies reofílicas tambaqui, curimatã e piauçu no Nordeste Paraense é um investimento viável, apresentando indicadores de rentabilidade atrativos.(AU)

Viabilidade econômica da produção de alevinos de espécies reofílicas em uma piscicultura na Amazônia oriental / Economic feasibility of fingerlings production of Rheophilic species in a fish farm in Eastern Amazon

This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of fingerlings production of rheophilic species in a fish farm in northeast of Pará State. The operating cost structure and economic viability indicators were used to evaluate the fingerlings production of tambaqui, curimatã and piauçu in Fish Farm Station Orion Nina Ribeiro, located in Terra Alta city. The implementation cost of the project was estimated at R$ 211,029.00, effective operational cost in R$ 239,174.25 and total operating cost per thousand fingerlings in R$ 118.23. The annual gross revenue was R$ 318,600.00 and monthly operating income was R$ 5,623.27. Obtained was an internal return rate of 38%, net present value of R$ 509,921.71, cost benefit of R$ 1.33 and payback period of 2.6 years. It can be concluded that the production of fingerlings of rheophilic species in northeast of Pará State is an investment economically viable, with attractive profitability indicators.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de alevinos de espécies reofílicas em uma piscicultura no Nordeste Paraense. Utilizou-se a estrutura de custo operacional e indicadores de viabilidade econômica para avaliar a produção de alevinos de tambaqui, curimatã e piauçu na Estação de Piscicultura Orion Nina Ribeiro, no município de Terra Alta. O custo de implantação foi estimado em R$ 211.029,00, custo operacional efetivo, em R$ 239.174,25 e custo operacional total por milheiro de alevinos, em R$ 118,23. A receita bruta anual foi estimada em R$ 318.600,00 e o lucro operacional mensal, em R$ 5.623,27. Obtiveram-se taxa interna de retorno de 38%, valor presente líquido de R$ 509.921,71, relação benefício custo de R$ 1,33 e período de retorno do capital de 2,6 anos. Concluiu-se que a produção de alevinos das espécies reofílicas tambaqui, curimatã e piauçu no Nordeste Paraense é um investimento viável, apresentando indicadores de rentabilidade atrativos.

PREVALÊNCIA DA BRUCELOSE BUBALINA NO DISTRITO FEDERAL (2020)

Brucelose é uma zoonose infectocontagiosa, causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella spp., que acomete várias espécies domésticas e que traz prejuízos econômicos aos pecuaristas por depreciar os índices zootécnicos reprodutivos, além de ser um problema à saúde pública. A Secretaria de Agricultura do Distrito Federal conduziu um estudo transversal censitário a fim de obter a prevalência aparente da brucelose bubalina, estabelecer o perfil da produção e buscar a associação da ocorrência da doença com fatores de risco. Foram visitadas 17 propriedades, coletadas 417 amostras de sangue de todos os machos acima de 8 meses e fêmeas acima de 24 meses, e por último, aplicados questionários para caracterização do perfil do produtor. Os soros sanguíneos foram submetidos ao teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado ATT, como teste de triagem e ao 2-Mercaptoetanol, como confirmatório. A prevalência aparente de animais foi de 0,71% (3/417), enquanto a de focos 17,65% (3/17). Segundo as análises estatísticas, não houve fatores de risco associados a ocorrência da doença. A característica de explorar a produção de leite esteve presente em todas as três propriedades positivas, além de duas serem as de maior tamanho e as que mais movimentam animais. Diante de prevalências muito baixas, o serviço veterinário oficial deve reconsiderar a estratégia de controle, haja vista que a vacinação não diminuirá mais a prevalência. A vigilância ativa associada ao saneamento das propriedades, o incentivo para a certificação de propriedades livres e o investimento em educação sanitária parecem ser as melhores ferramentas disponíveis para a situação atual da brucelose bubalina no Distrito Federal.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease, caused by a bacteria of the genus Brucella spp., which affects various domestic species. The disease causes economic losses to livestock farmers by depreciating reproductive and zootechnical indexes, besides being a problem for public health. The State Department of Agriculture of Distrito Federal, Brazil, carried out a cross-sectional census study to obtain the apparent prevalence of brucellosis in buffaloes, establish the production profile and seek the association between the disease and possible risk factors. This study was conducted on all 17 farms officially registered and 417 blood samples were collected from males aged over 8 months and females over 24 months. A survey was applied to characterize the farmers profile. Samples were screened to the buffered acidified plate agglutination test (BAPAT), as a screening test and to 2-mercaptoethanol test, as confirmatory. The apparent animal prevalence was 0.71%, while herd level prevalence was 17.65%. According to qui-square test, there were no risk factors associated with the occurrence of brucellosis. An analysis of the exploratory data indicated that all positive farms were characterized as dairy farms and the majority were classified as large herd and had higher frequency of animal trade. When analyzing the low prevalence of brucellosis in Distrito Federal, the official veterinary service must reconsider the control strategy, being vaccination an inefficient method to reduce the actual scenario. The main strategies towards eradication brucellosis in buffaloes of Distrito Federal needs to focus on actions to increase the active surveillance associated with test-and-cull protocol, incentive for certified free properties of brucellosis and the investment in sanitary education.

Characterization of cattle breeding systems with reproductive activity in South-Central Brazil / Caracterização dos sistemas de criação de bovinos com atividade reprodutiva na região Centro-Sul do Brasil

Between October 2001 and December 2004, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply conducted a study to evaluate the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in 14 Brazilian states. The work included an epidemiological questionnaire intended to assess possible risk factors for the disease in herds. This also fostered the development of a descriptive analysis of livestock in various regions. The results demonstrated the high heterogeneity of the production chain and inequalities between various actors of the productive chain. Overall, we found that most farm holdings raise few animals extensively, with low investment in technology, specialization and intensification of management. Considering the increasing participation of Brazil in global food production, the results reflect an optimistic outlook about the potential for production of meat and milk by the country if policies aimed at increasing productivity levels of small producers are introduced. Given the scarcity of such projects, we reflected on the need for further work with this approach and on the establishment of an integrated information system with respect to information regarding the health and productivity of cattle farms, whereas the greater knowledge about the environment will be the most effective actions to correct problems in the industry.(AU)

Entre outubro de 2001 e dezembro de 2004, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento realizou um estudo visando conhecer a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina em 14 Unidades Federativas do Brasil. O trabalho incluiu um questionário epidemiológico com a intenção de avaliar possíveis fatores de risco para a doença nos rebanhos. O mesmo possibilitou a realização de uma análise descritiva da pecuária em diversas regiões. Os resultados demonstraram a alta heterogeneidade da cadeia produtiva e as desigualdades produtivas entre diversos atores da cadeia. De maneira geral, observou-se que a maior parte das propriedades cria extensivamente poucos animais, com baixo investimento em tecnologia, em especialização e intensificação dos manejos. Considerando a crescente participação brasileira no cenário da produção de alimentos, os resultados refletem uma perspectiva otimista acerca do potencial de crescimento da produção de carne e leite pelo país caso políticas voltadas para o incremento nos índices de produtividade dos pequenos produtores sejam instituídas. Tendo em vista a escassez de projetos desse tipo, reflete-se a respeito da necessidade de outros trabalhos com esse enfoque e da criação de um sistema integrado de informações sobre a sanidade, produtividade e característica das criações de bovinos, considerando que quanto maior for o conhecimento a respeito do ambiente sobre o qual as criações estão inseridas, mais efetivas serão as atitudes tomadas frente aos problemas encontrados no setor.(AU)

Infertilidade em gatas: abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica / Infertility in queen: diagnostic and therapeutic approach

A investigação de casos de infertilidade na fêmea felina requer o conhecimento pelo Médico Veterinário da fisiologia reprodutiva da espécie, a correta interpretação dos exames colpocitológicos e a realização de exames ultrassográficos apropriados do aparelho genital da gata. Ademais, o Médico Veterinário não deve se furtar do conhecimento da duração das fases do ciclo estral, dos eventos que ocorrem em cada uma das fases, bem como, dos aspectos hormonais que as caracterizam, que são de suma importância para a resolução de casos de infertilidade na espécie. Tanto Médico Veterinário quanto proprietário devem estar cientes de que a investigação dos casos de infertilidade, muitas vezes, demanda tempo e investimento e que, em alguns casos, não se chega a um diagnóstico conclusivo. Vale a pena alertar o proprietário que muitas vezes são necessários inúmeros retornos e, algumas vezes, procedimentos invasivos.(AU)

Investigation of infertility cases in queen requires veterinary knowledge about the reproductive physiology of the species, correct vaginal cytology interpretation and appropriate ultrasonography examinations of the genital tract of the female. In addition, the veterinarian should know about the duration of the phases of the estrous cycle, the events that occur in each phase, as well as the hormonal aspects that characterize them, which are critical to the resolution of the infertility cases in the species. Both the veterinarian and the owner should be aware that the investigation of infertility cases in queen often takes time and investment and, in some cases, does not come to a conclusive diagnosis. It is worth alerting the owner, that many returns are necessary and sometimes, invasive procedures may be needed.(AU)