Granulomatous tracheitis and dermatitis due to Curvularia sp. in a horse: case report / [Traqueíte e dermatite granulomatosas associadas a Curvularia sp. em um equino: relato de caso]

Tracheal fungal infections in horses are rare. This case report describes surgical and clinical management of a filly with a Curvularia sp. infection within the trachea and skin that caused severe intraluminal granulomas and cutaneous nodules, respectively. The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole and surgical excision.(AU)

Infecções fúngicas traqueais em equinos são raras. Este relato de caso descreve condutas clínicas e cirúrgicas em uma égua com infecção por Curvularia sp. na traqueia e na pele, causando granulomas intraluminais severos e nódulos cutâneos, respectivamente. O animal foi tratado com sucesso com itraconazol e exérese cirúrgica.(AU)

Viral distribution of Newcastle disease virus genotype VII in different organs of broiler chickens

The poultry industry in Egypt is still threatened by Newcastle disease despite intensive vaccination programs. Bothvaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks have experienced Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII outbreakswithin the last few years. This study was performed to investigate the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in differentorgans of broiler chickens. Fifty, 1-day-old chicks were divided into 2 equal groups with 25 animals in each group. Group 1served as the non-infected (negative control) group, while group 2 was infected by intranasal inoculation of 0.1 mlcontaining 106 EID50 of NDV genotype VII. Three chicks were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5, and 10 days postinfection (dpi). Tissue sections from the nasal conchae, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain were collected forhistopathology and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was also performed on the tracheal samples.The infected group showed severe respiratory signs and had greenish-colored diarrhea. Mortalities were 6, 4, 6, and 2 chicksat 5, 6, 7, and 9 dpi, respectively. Grossly, congestion of the mucosa of the trachea and larynx was recorded at 5 dpi.Histopathological examination of different organs revealed tracheitis, pneumonia, laryngitis, nephritis, brain perivascularcuffing, and neuronal degeneration. NDV antigen was detected by IHC in all examined organs except the brain. Strong viralantigen expression by IHC was observed at 5 and 7 dpi in most of the studied organs. Viral antigen expression was alsodetected in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, cilia, surface epithelium, and goblet cells of the nasal conchae, larynx, andtrachea in addition to the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and in the epithelium lining the renal tubules.

Viral distribution of Newcastle disease virus genotype VII in different organs of broiler chickens

The poultry industry in Egypt is still threatened by Newcastle disease despite intensive vaccination programs. Bothvaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks have experienced Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII outbreakswithin the last few years. This study was performed to investigate the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in differentorgans of broiler chickens. Fifty, 1-day-old chicks were divided into 2 equal groups with 25 animals in each group. Group 1served as the non-infected (negative control) group, while group 2 was infected by intranasal inoculation of 0.1 mlcontaining 106 EID50 of NDV genotype VII. Three chicks were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5, and 10 days postinfection (dpi). Tissue sections from the nasal conchae, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain were collected forhistopathology and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was also performed on the tracheal samples.The infected group showed severe respiratory signs and had greenish-colored diarrhea. Mortalities were 6, 4, 6, and 2 chicksat 5, 6, 7, and 9 dpi, respectively. Grossly, congestion of the mucosa of the trachea and larynx was recorded at 5 dpi.Histopathological examination of different organs revealed tracheitis, pneumonia, laryngitis, nephritis, brain perivascularcuffing, and neuronal degeneration. NDV antigen was detected by IHC in all examined organs except the brain. Strong viralantigen expression by IHC was observed at 5 and 7 dpi in most of the studied organs. Viral antigen expression was alsodetected in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, cilia, surface epithelium, and goblet cells of the nasal conchae, larynx, andtrachea in addition to the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and in the epithelium lining the renal tubules.(AU)

Investigations of pathological immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical findings in natural infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in laying hens

Background: Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), usually seen in therespiratory system of chickens, chick and turkeys, that causing great economic loss. The disease is characterized by respiratory system lesions such as sinusitis, tracheitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia and other symptoms such as loss of yield, arthritis,tenosynovitis. In this study, it was aimed to investigate diagnose of the disease by pathologic and molecular techniquesin hens that naturally infected with MG as well as the usability of immunocytochemical (ICC) method in diagnose of thedisease.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 98 hens were collected from 10 different coops that serologically positive.After necropsy, routine pathological procedures were performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lungand air sacs. Scraping samples taken from lungs and tracheas were evaluated by ICC. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stainingwas performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung and air sacs. Indirect immunoperoxidase methodwas applied in the both IHC and ICC staining. Rabbit polyclonal anti MG antibody was used as primer antibody in theIHC and ICC staining. Additionally, culture and PCR techniques were applied to tracheas of all hens for MG. The GPO3and MGSO genes were made for PCR analysis. In the tracheal examinations, 23 cases were positive for PCR, 17 casesICC positive, 16 cases IHC positive and 10 culture samples found positive. All of culture positive cases were also positivefor other three methods. When findings in all organs were evaluated, in 37 cases were detected positive by IHC (38%) and23 cases were positive by ICC (23.5%). In the IHC positive cases, the first order was trachea in 16 cases followed by in 11cases in sinus, in 8 cases in lung, in 6 cases air sac and 4 cases in nose, respectively. In 8 cases, IHC positivity was foundin at least two organs...

Investigations of pathological immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical findings in natural infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in laying hens

Background: Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), usually seen in therespiratory system of chickens, chick and turkeys, that causing great economic loss. The disease is characterized by respiratory system lesions such as sinusitis, tracheitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia and other symptoms such as loss of yield, arthritis,tenosynovitis. In this study, it was aimed to investigate diagnose of the disease by pathologic and molecular techniquesin hens that naturally infected with MG as well as the usability of immunocytochemical (ICC) method in diagnose of thedisease.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 98 hens were collected from 10 different coops that serologically positive.After necropsy, routine pathological procedures were performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lungand air sacs. Scraping samples taken from lungs and tracheas were evaluated by ICC. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stainingwas performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung and air sacs. Indirect immunoperoxidase methodwas applied in the both IHC and ICC staining. Rabbit polyclonal anti MG antibody was used as primer antibody in theIHC and ICC staining. Additionally, culture and PCR techniques were applied to tracheas of all hens for MG. The GPO3and MGSO genes were made for PCR analysis. In the tracheal examinations, 23 cases were positive for PCR, 17 casesICC positive, 16 cases IHC positive and 10 culture samples found positive. All of culture positive cases were also positivefor other three methods. When findings in all organs were evaluated, in 37 cases were detected positive by IHC (38%) and23 cases were positive by ICC (23.5%). In the IHC positive cases, the first order was trachea in 16 cases followed by in 11cases in sinus, in 8 cases in lung, in 6 cases air sac and 4 cases in nose, respectively. In 8 cases, IHC positivity was foundin at least two organs...(AU)

Caracterização anatomopatológica e bacteriológica em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal

ABSTRACT: Colibacillosis is the main infectious cause of total carcass condemnation in broilers in southern Brazil. This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between the total carcass condemnation for colibacillosis in broilers slaughtered in establishments under Federal Inspection Service (SIF) with the pathological and bacteriological diagnosis. The study was conducted with 45 broilers totally condemned by colibacillosis (case) and theirs 45 respective controls (chickens without lesions). All broilers condemned had gross lesions and the controls had not. The Kappa-Cohens test showed that these two variables had almost perfect agreement. Broilers condemned showed lesions in liver (27/45); liver and air sacs (11/45); liver and heart (2/45); liver, heart and air sacs (2/45); liver, air sacs and oviduct (1/45); liver, air sacs, heart and subcutaneous (1/45); and liver, air sacs, oviduct and spleen (1/45). There is almost perfect agreement between carcass condemnation and liver damage. Histologically, in 41 cases and 12 controls were observed lesions, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis. In hepatitis cases was isolated Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (10/38) and in bronchitis or bronchopneumonia E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (9/14). The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. In cases of total carcass condemnation by Colibacillosis the liver was the main organ affected. Therefore, the condemnation criteria should be revised, suggesting conviction for hepatitis in these cases, because other bacteria can cause hepatitis, as demonstrated in this study.

RESUMO: A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.

Caracterização anatomopatológica e bacteriológica em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal / Pathological and bacteriological characterization on broilers totally condemned due to colibacillosis under the control of the Federal Inspection Service

A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.(AU)

Colibacillosis is the main infectious cause of total carcass condemnation in broilers in southern Brazil. This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between the total carcass condemnation for colibacillosis in broilers slaughtered in establishments under Federal Inspection Service (SIF) with the pathological and bacteriological diagnosis. The study was conducted with 45 broilers totally condemned by colibacillosis (case) and theirs 45 respective controls (chickens without lesions). All broilers condemned had gross lesions and the controls had not. The Kappa-Cohen's test showed that these two variables had almost perfect agreement. Broilers condemned showed lesions in liver (27/45); liver and air sacs (11/45); liver and heart (2/45); liver, heart and air sacs (2/45); liver, air sacs and oviduct (1/45); liver, air sacs, heart and subcutaneous (1/45); and liver, air sacs, oviduct and spleen (1/45). There is almost perfect agreement between carcass condemnation and liver damage. Histologically, in 41 cases and 12 controls were observed lesions, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis. In hepatitis cases was isolated Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (10/38) and in bronchitis or bronchopneumonia E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (9/14). The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. In cases of total carcass condemnation by Colibacillosis the liver was the main organ affected. Therefore, the condemnation criteria should be revised, suggesting conviction for hepatitis in these cases, because other bacteria can cause hepatitis, as demonstrated in this study.(AU)

Caracterização anatomopatológica e bacteriológica em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal / Pathological and bacteriological characterization on broilers totally condemned due to colibacillosis under the control of the Federal Inspection Service

A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.(AU)

Colibacillosis is the main infectious cause of total carcass condemnation in broilers in southern Brazil. This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between the total carcass condemnation for colibacillosis in broilers slaughtered in establishments under Federal Inspection Service (SIF) with the pathological and bacteriological diagnosis. The study was conducted with 45 broilers totally condemned by colibacillosis (case) and theirs 45 respective controls (chickens without lesions). All broilers condemned had gross lesions and the controls had not. The Kappa-Cohen's test showed that these two variables had almost perfect agreement. Broilers condemned showed lesions in liver (27/45); liver and air sacs (11/45); liver and heart (2/45); liver, heart and air sacs (2/45); liver, air sacs and oviduct (1/45); liver, air sacs, heart and subcutaneous (1/45); and liver, air sacs, oviduct and spleen (1/45). There is almost perfect agreement between carcass condemnation and liver damage. Histologically, in 41 cases and 12 controls were observed lesions, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis. In hepatitis cases was isolated Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (10/38) and in bronchitis or bronchopneumonia E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (9/14). The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. In cases of total carcass condemnation by Colibacillosis the liver was the main organ affected. Therefore, the condemnation criteria should be revised, suggesting conviction for hepatitis in these cases, because other bacteria can cause hepatitis, as demonstrated in this study.(AU)

CICLICIDADE DO GÁS AMÔNIA E SUA INFLUÊNCIA EM TRAQUEIAS DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de amônia, avaliar as lesões histopatológicas e a histomorfometria em frangos de corte. Para o experimento, que foi realizado na cidade de Garanhuns, PE, foram utilizados 182 pintos da linhagem Ross, sendo 91 aves por cada semestre do ano e estas divididas em três grupos com 28 animais cada e mais um grupo controle (D0) com sete animais em cada. As aves foram alojadas em três galpões de frangos de corte não climatizados, medindo 2m x 2m em dois ciclos, um entre os meses de fevereiro e março, e o segundo entre junho e agosto, de 2019. Foi utilizada a cama mais utilizada na região, a de palha de arroz, no galpão 1 foi utilizada cama nova; no galpão 2 foi usada cama já fermentada proveniente de galpões da própria granja após um ciclo de produção; e no galpão 3 foi utilizada a mesma cama do galpão 2, a qual era pulverizada diariamente com sete litros de água. O ciclo de produção teve um total de 42 dias, as aves foram eutanasiadas em D0, D7, D21, D35 e D42, nos quais foram realizadas as coletas. Aferiu-se diariamente a concentração de gás amônia em cada galpão, em três turnos (manhã, meio-dia e fim da tarde), na altura das aves e do aviarista. Dois fragmentos de traqueia (porção superior e porção inferior) foram coletados, acondicionadas em potes plásticos em solução de formalina tamponada a 10% e posteriormente com álcool a 70% até o processamento histológico. As amostras foram processadas por técnica histológica de rotina, sendo emblocadas em parafina, cortadas a 3m, coradas em hematoxilina e eosina e analisadas em microscópio óptico. Verificou-se que não houve diferença entre as mensurações em diferentes alturas dentro do galpão, porém há aumento de emissão de NH3 (gás amônia) no inverno e também nos galpões que utilizaram cama reutilizada e reutilizada e molhada. Na histomorfometria, não houve diferença entre as aves, dos diferentes galpões de um mesmo ciclo, somente sazonal, nos D35 e D42, as aves criadas na época de altas temperaturas apresentaram maior espessura de mucosa traqueal. Já na histopatologia, as lesões mais encontradas foram traqueíte, hiperplasia de glândula mucosa, desciliação e metaplasia de epitélio traqueal, porém não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, nem entre os ciclos

The objective was to evaluate the ammonia levels, evaluate histopathological lesions and histomorphometry in broiler chickens. To the experimente, wich was carried out in the city of Garanhuns, PE, 182 chicks of the Ross lineage were used, with 91 birds for each semestre of the year divided into three groups with 28 animals each plus a control group (D0) with 7 animals each. The birds were housed in three unheated broiler houses, measuring 2m x 2m in two cycles, one between the months of february and march, and the second between june and august, of 2019. The bedding used was the most utilized in the region, the rice straw, in shed 1, new bedding was used, in shed 2 litter already fermented from the sheds on the farm itself was used after a production cycle, which was sprayed daily with seven liters of water; and in shed 3, the same bed as in shed 2 was used, but without spraying. The production cycle had a total of 42 days, the birds were euthanized in D0, D7, D21, D35, D42, in wich collections were carried out. The concentration of ammonia gas was checked daily in each shed, in three turns (morning, noon and late afternoon), at the height of the birds and of the employee. Two fragments of trachea (superior portion and inferior portion) were collected, stored in plastic containers with 10% buffered formalina solution and then 70% alcohol until the histological processing. The samples were processed by routine histological techinique, being embedded in paraffin, cut at 3m, stained in hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed under na optical microscope. It was found that there was no difference between the measurments at diferente heights in the shed, but there is na increase in NH3(ammonia gas) in winter and also in sheds that used reused and reused wet litter. In histomophometry there was no difference between the birds, from diferente sheds in the same cycle, only seasonal, in D35 and D42, the birds raised in the high temperature season had greater tracheal mucosa thickness. In histopathology, the most common lesions were Tracheitis, mucous gland hyperplasia, deciliation and metaplasia of the tracheal epithelium, but there was no statistical difference between groups or between cycles.

Diagnóstico imuno-histoquímico e caracterização anatomopatológica de Mycoplasma gallisepticum em galinhas de subsistência / Immunohistochemical diagnosis and pathological characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in free-range chicken

A micoplasmose aviária é causada por bactérias da família Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) é a espécie mais patogênica e que tem a maior importância econômica para a produção avícola. Este estudo teve por objetivo utilizar a técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) como método de diagnóstico da infecção por MG em aves. No presente relato são descritos dois surtos de micoplasmose por MG em galinhas de subsistência. Clinicamente as aves apresentaram prostração, hiporexia, dificuldade respiratória, secreção nasal e ocular. Na necropsia foram observados secreção serosa, edema e deposição de cáseo em conjuntiva (7/10) e seios nasais (4/10), sacos aéreos espessados com espuma e cáseo (6/10); traqueia difusamente avermelhada (4/10); pulmões com pontos esbranquiçados de 0,5cm (2/10); e saco pericárdico com deposição de fibrina (2/10). No exame histopatológico foram evidenciados traqueíte (10/10), sinusite (5/5) e conjuntivite (3/4) hiperplásica linfoplasmocitária aguda; broncopneumonia fibrinonecrótica (5/10); pericardite fibrinosa aguda (2/10); e aerossaculite fibrinonecrótica (1/1). No exame de IHQ anti-MG foi evidenciada marcação na superfície extracelular dos cílios e/ou topo do epitélio da traqueia (10/10), brônquios (5/10) e seios nasais (4/5). Em sete dos dez casos analisados foi detectada a presença de MG por PCR em tempo real realizado a partir de amostras de suabe traqueal. A técnica de IHQ anti-MG utilizada como método de diagnóstico apresentou boa concordância com os sinais clínicos, as lesões histopatológicas e os resultados de PCR em tempo real.(AU)

Avian mycoplasmosis is caused by bacteria from the Mycoplasmataceae family. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the most pathogenic and economically significant species affecting poultry. The aim of this study was to use the immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) as a diagnostic method for the MG infection in poultry. In this report we described two outbreaks of mycoplasmosis caused by MG in free-range chickens. Clinical signs were characterized by prostration, decreased appetite, difficult breathing, nasal and ocular discharge. Necropsy findings were serous secretion in conjunctiva (7/10) and seioses (4/10), edema and caseous exudate; air sacs thickened with foam and caseous exudate (6/10); trachea diffusely reddish (4/10); lungs with 0.5 cm whitish spots (2/10); and pericardial sac with fibrin exudate (2/10). Histologically was observed a lymphoplasmacytic hyperplastic acute tracheitis (10/10), seiositis (5/5) and conjunctivitis (3/4); fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia (5/10); acute fibrinous pericarditis (2/10); and fibrinonecrotic aerosaculitis (1/1). IHC anti-MG stained in the extracellular surface of ciliated brush border and/or in the top of epithelium of trachea (10/10), bronchi (5/10) and sinuses (4/5). In seven out of ten cases it was possible to detect MG by real-time PCR from tracheal swabs. IHC anti-MG used as a diagnostic method showed good correlation with clinical signs, lesions and real-time PCR results.(AU)

Tracheitis in a Broiler Chicken Flock Caused by Dual Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) and Non-hemolytic Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

Broiler chickens aged 41-day-old from a flock of a broiler complex, presenting depression, reduced food intake, facial edema, dyspnea, gasping, sneezing, and 5% mortality were studied. At necropsy, opaque thoracic and abdominal air sacs and mucous tracheal content were observed. Histopathology of tracheas showed multifocal hyperplasia of mucosa with a large number of small, round and ovoid basophilic organisms on their surface, which were identified as Cryptosporidium spp. In addition, there was an inflammatory response due to infiltration of mononuclear cells and heterophils in the submucosa. Small pin-point colonies without hemolytic activity were isolated from tracheal samples and identified as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results of tracheal histopathology, bacteriology, and PCR identification provided the diagnosis of tracheal cryptosporidiosis associated with non-hemolytic O. rhinotracheale secondary infection. This report describes the unusual dual infection with Cryptosporidium spp. and non-hemolytic O. rhinotracheale causing tracheitis in broiler chickens.(AU)

Alterações anatomopatológicas em lobos-marinhos (Otariidae) encontrados na costa do Brasil

Diversas doenças emergentes, lesões e agentes infecciosos em mamíferos marinhos foram identificados pela primeira vez em animais encalhados. No Brasil, é comum a ocorrência de encalhes de lobos marinhos que se encontram debilitados e/ou enfermos. Devido à falta de estudos recentes que descrevam as principais causas de morte e alterações histopatológicas nos animais encalhados, o presente trabalho visa contribuir para a patologia comparada e, indiretamente, para a conservação de pinípedes por meio da investigação das principais lesões, enfermidades e causas de morte que acometem estas espécies no sul do Brasil. Para esse estudo, foram analisadas amostras de tecidos de 50 indivíduos de duas espécies de lobos marinhos: lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) e lobo-marinho-subantártico (Artocephalus tropicalis), que foram encontrados ao longo da costa brasileira, incluindo cadáveres e animais recebidos vivos e que vieram a óbito em centros de reabilitação no Brasil. Essas amostras estão armazenadas no Banco de Tecido de Mamíferos Marinhos e foram avaliadas, identificadas e processadas no Laboratório de Histologia do VPT/FMVZ. Os achados histopatológicos que tiveram ocorrência superior ou igual a 30% foram: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), hiperplasia linfoide em linfonodo (59%; 19/32), congestão hepática (55%; 27/49), hiperplasia linfoide esplênica (55%; 24/44), edema pulmonar (53%; 26/49), enterite em intestino delgado (51%; 18/35), traqueíte (45%; 14/31), hepatite (43%; 21/49), enterite em intestino grosso (42%; 13/31), congestão pulmonar (33%; 16/49), expansão folicular em linfonodo (31%; 10/32) e glomerulonefrite membranosa (30%; 14/47). Dois casos de interesse especial foram reportados; um indíviduo de A. australis com possível causa de morte associada a meningoencefalite causada por protozoário da família Sarcocystidae e um indíviduo de A. tropicalis em que foi observado linfoma. Em uma análise geral, o principal sistema acometido foi o respiratório com 34% (17/50) dos casos, seguido por processos infecciosos, registrados em 28% (14/50) dos casos, sendo que infecções parasitárias por parafilaroides representaram 30,7% (4/13) das causas de morte de A. tropicalis. Dentre os infecciosos, a septicemia representou 42% (6/14) dos casos e foi reportada com maior frequência em A. australis. As outras causas de morte também observadas foram: nutricional (caquexia) 10% (5/50), indeterminada 10% (5/50), digestivo (enterite e hepatite) 6%(3/50), circulatório (choque) 6% (3/50), metabólico (estresse) 4% (2/50) e neoplasia (linfoma), observada em um único caso. Acreditamos que a análise dos dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderá fornecer um panorama sobre as doenças que indivíduos dessas espécies em vida livre possam apresentar em situações de encalhe e durante a reabilitação. Quantificar e entender as causas de encalhe de pinípedes irá fornecer importantes dados aos centros de reabilitação, que por sua vez, poderão utilizar essas informações para planejar cuidados veterinários adequados.

Many emerging diseases, injuries and infectious agents in marine mammals have been identified for the first time in stranded animals. Stranding of fur seals that are weak and/or debilitated is common in Brazil. Due to lack of recent studies describing the main causes of death and histopathological changes in stranded animals, this paper aims to contribute to the comparative pathology and indirectly, for the conservation of pinnipeds, by investigating major injuries, illnesses and causes of death that affect these animals in southern Brazil. For this study, we analyzed tissue samples from 50 individuals from two species of sea lions: South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and Sub-Antarctic fur seal (Artocephalus tropicalis), which were found along the Brazilian coast, including carcasses and animals that died in rehabilitation centers in Brazil. These samples are stored in the Marine Mammal Tissue Bank and were evaluated, identified and processed in the Laboratory of Histology (VPT/FMVZ). Histopathological findings that had occurrence equal to 30 % or higher were: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph node (59%; 19/32), hepatic congestion (55%; 27/49), splenic lymphoid hyperplasia (55%; 24/44), pulmonary edema (53%; 26/49), small intestine enteritis (51%; 18/35), tracheitis (45%; 14/31), hepatitis (43%; 21/4 9), large intestine enteritis (42%; 13/31), pulmonary congestion (33%; 16/49), follicular expansion in lymph node (31%; 10/32) and membranous glomerulonephritis (30%; 14/47). Two cases of special interest were reported; one individual of A. australis, with cause of death possibly associated with meningoencephalitis caused by protozoa of Sarcocystidae family, and one individual of A. tropicalis, where lymphoma was observed. In an overview, the main affected system was respiratory with 34% (17/50) of the cases, followed by infectious processes, recorded in 28% (14/50) of the cases, in which Parafilaroides parasitic infections accounted for 30.7% (4/13) of the causes of death for A. tropicalis. Among the infectious process, septicemia accounted for 42% (6/14) of the cases and was more frequently reported in A. australis. Other causes of death that were also observed were: Nutritional (cachexia) 10% (5/50), undetermined 10% (5/50), digestive (enteritis and hepatitis) 6% (3/50), circulatory (shock) 6% (3/50), metabolic (stress) 4% (2/50) and neoplasia (lymphoma), observed in a single case. We believe that the analysis of the data obtained in this study may provide an overview of the diseases that wild individuals of these species can present in stranding situations and during rehabilitation. Quantifying and understanding the causes of strandings in pinnipeds, will provide important data for rehabilitation centers, which in turn may use this information to plan appropriate veterinary care.

Isolamento em ovos embrionados e cultura celular do vírus da Laringotraqueíte Infecciosa e a padronização de um PCR em Tempo Real para a detecção do gene ICP4 deste vírus

A Laringotraqueíte Infecciosa (LTI) é uma doença respiratória altamente contagiosa, que acomete principalmente galinhas, é causada por um Gallid herpesvirus tipo 1. As aves infectam-se através do trato respiratório e por via ocular, sendo as aves com infecção clínica as principais transmissoras do vírus. Outras fontes de transmissão são as aves com infecções latentes, materiais de cama e fômites contaminados. Os sinais clínicos geralmente aparecem entre 6 a 12 dias da exposição natural e em infecções experimentais entre 4 a 7 dias pós infecção (p.i). Na forma subclínica pode-se observar uma leve traqueíte mucoide, sinusite, conjuntivite, com morbidade variável e baixa mortalidade. Na forma severa, as aves apresentam depressão, dispneia, espirros, corrimento nasal, conjuntivite, expectoração de secreção sanguinolenta. A taxa de morbidade é alta, comprometendo 100% do lote e a mortalidade pode ocorrer em até 70% do plantel, embora taxas de 10 a 20% sejam as mais frequentes. O agente causador desta doença pode ser propagado na membrana corio-alantóide (MCA) de embriões de frango em desenvolvimento e replicado em células de rim de frangos adultos, como também, em uma variedade de células epiteliais de embrião como do rim, do fígado e do pulmão. Existem vários procedimentos para o diagnóstico da LTI como: a observação de sinais clínicos, a observação de lesões macroscópicas e lesões histopatológicas e o uso de técnicas moleculares como: RFLP, PCR e PCR em tempo real. Como a PCR em tempo real apresenta uma maior sensibilidade quando comparada com outros métodos de diagnóstico, permite quantificar o número de cópias amplificadas do genoma viral, assim como, a diferenciação da doença na fase aguda ou crônica, reduzindo o número de possíveis falsos positivos, esta foi usada para a detecção deste vírus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar o VLTI em ovos embrionados, descrever as lesões macroscópicas causadas pelo vírus, detectar o vírus pela reação de PCR em tempo real, usando como alvo da reação o gene ICP4, padronizar uma reação de PCR em Tempo Real usando a glicoproteína E como alvo da reação e propor o seu uso no diagnóstico de rotina.

The Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects mainly chickens; caused by a Gallid herpesvirus type 1. Infect birds, by the respiratory tract and by the ocular route, the birds with clinical infection the main transmission of the virus. Other transmission sources are birds with latent infections, bedding materials and contaminated fomites. Clinical signs generally appear between 6 to 12 days exposure of the natural and in experimental infections between 4 and 7 days post infection (p.i). In subclinical form can observe a slight mucoid tracheitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, variable morbidity and low mortality. In the severe form, the birds present depression, dyspnea, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, expectoration of bloody discharge. The morbidity rate is high, impairing the lot 100% and mortality may occur in up to 70% of the flock, although 10 to 20% rates are the most frequent. The causative agent of this disease can be propagated in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos develop and replicated in adult chicken kidney cells as well as in a variety of epithelial-cell embryo as kidney, liver and lung. There are several procedures for the diagnosis of LTI as observation of clinical signs, observation of gross lesions and histopathological lesions, and the use of molecular techniques as RFLP, PCR and real time PCR. As the real-time PCR has greater sensitivity compared to other diagnostic methods to quantify the number of amplified copies of the viral genome, as well as the differentiation of the disease in the acute or chronic phase, reducing the number of potential false positives, this was used for detection of virus. The objective of this study was to isolate the VLTI in embryonated eggs, describe macroscopic lesions caused by the virus, detect the virus by PCR reaction in real time, using as a target of reaction the ICP4 gene, standardize a PCR reaction in real time using the glycoprotein E as a target of reaction and propose their use in routine diagnosis.

Obstrução parcial da traquéia em canino / ction in canines

A obstrução traqueal incompleta por corpos estranhos é uma afecção rara na espécie canina, que pode causar traqueíte, bronquite e pneumonia. Os principais sinais clínicos são dispneia, tosse e cianose, que podem levar o animal a óbito. Um canino da raça Rottweiler, fêmea, com um ano e sete meses de idade, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cuiabá/UNIC/MT, apresentando tosse e angústia respiratória. O exame radiológico revelou uma estrutura radiopaca de formato circular localizado na traqueia cervical cranial. O animal foi, então, submetido à traqueotomia para retirada do corpo estranho, ocasião em que se pôde confirmar que se tratava de uma bola de gude. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, confirmados através de ausência de sinais de dificuldade respiratória após o procedimento cirúrgico.

Partial tracheal obstruction caused by foreign bodies is a rare afliction in canines which can lead to tracheitis, bronchitis or pneumonia. The main clinical indications are dyspnea, coughing and cyanosis, which may lead to the death of the animal. One female Rottweiler dog of one year and seven months of age was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Cuiabá (UNIC/MT) for coughing and breathing difficulty. The radiology exam showed an opaque, circular object located in the cranial cervical trachea. The animal was therefore submitted to a surgical procedure for the removal of the foreign body which was subsequently identified as a child’s marble. The results were satisfactory, confirmed by the lack of respiratory difficulty signs after the surgical procedure.

Obstrução parcial da traquéia em canino / ction in canines

A obstrução traqueal incompleta por corpos estranhos é uma afecção rara na espécie canina, que pode causar traqueíte, bronquite e pneumonia. Os principais sinais clínicos são dispneia, tosse e cianose, que podem levar o animal a óbito. Um canino da raça Rottweiler, fêmea, com um ano e sete meses de idade, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cuiabá/UNIC/MT, apresentando tosse e angústia respiratória. O exame radiológico revelou uma estrutura radiopaca de formato circular localizado na traqueia cervical cranial. O animal foi, então, submetido à traqueotomia para retirada do corpo estranho, ocasião em que se pôde confirmar que se tratava de uma bola de gude. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, confirmados através de ausência de sinais de dificuldade respiratória após o procedimento cirúrgico.(AU)

Partial tracheal obstruction caused by foreign bodies is a rare afliction in canines which can lead to tracheitis, bronchitis or pneumonia. The main clinical indications are dyspnea, coughing and cyanosis, which may lead to the death of the animal. One female Rottweiler dog of one year and seven months of age was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Cuiabá (UNIC/MT) for coughing and breathing difficulty. The radiology exam showed an opaque, circular object located in the cranial cervical trachea. The animal was therefore submitted to a surgical procedure for the removal of the foreign body which was subsequently identified as a childs marble. The results were satisfactory, confirmed by the lack of respiratory difficulty signs after the surgical procedure.(AU)

Serologic response of SPF chickens to live vaccines and other strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

False positive serologic reactions and difficulties in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in chickens have increased lately as a result of infection by low virulent MG strains and the use of live MG vaccines in poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses of SPF chickens exposed to the three commercially available live MG vaccines, and one low virulent MG strain (MG-70), contributing to the diagnosis and monitoring of MG infection in birds. Six groups of SPF chickens were used. The control group was not infected nor challenged; one group was infected with the low virulent strain MG-70 (MG-70); three groups were immunized and named after the MG vaccine used, i.e., MG-6/85, MG-ts11, and MG-F; and finally one group was infected with the virulent MG standard strain, MGR. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPDPCR) was used to compare the strains to each other, to the standard MG-A5969, and to MGR. All strains were found to be genetically distinguishable from each other. Birds in the control group showed negative results throughout the experiment and showed no cross-reaction with M. synoviae in any serologic test. ELISA tests at 21 days post first exposure (P1E) and seven days after the second exposure (P2E), evidenced that 25% of the MG70 birds were positive, whereas vaccine groups yielded higher positivity rate, i.e., 57%, 43% and 29% for MG-6/85, MG-ts11 and MG-F, respectively. Serum plate agglutination (SPA) evidenced the first positive results at 35 days P1E on birds in the MG-F group at the rate of 100%; followed by 40% of birds in the MG-70 group at 63 days P1E. Chickens in MG-ts11 and MG 6/85 groups had identical behavior and yielded 100% positive SPA at 77 days P1E. In regard to hemagglutination inhibition (HI), 14 % of the birds in MG-F and MG-ts11 reacted at 42 days P1E, while MG-70 and MG-6/85 groups yielded positive results only after challenge; MG-70 birds reacted at 56 days P1E at the rate of 17% against 63 days P1E for 100% of MG-6/85 birds. The time lag for positive serologic response was monitored on a weekly basis and was statistically different among groups (p 0.05) by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). No clinical signs or gross lesions were seen in the control, vaccinated or MG-70 infected birds. Tracheitis and airsaculitis were observed in birds in the MG-R group. MG was isolated from all studied groups.

Serologic response of SPF chickens to live vaccines and other strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

False positive serologic reactions and difficulties in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in chickens have increased lately as a result of infection by low virulent MG strains and the use of live MG vaccines in poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses of SPF chickens exposed to the three commercially available live MG vaccines, and one low virulent MG strain (MG-70), contributing to the diagnosis and monitoring of MG infection in birds. Six groups of SPF chickens were used. The control group was not infected nor challenged; one group was infected with the low virulent strain MG-70 (MG-70); three groups were immunized and named after the MG vaccine used, i.e., MG-6/85, MG-ts11, and MG-F; and finally one group was infected with the virulent MG standard strain, MGR. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPDPCR) was used to compare the strains to each other, to the standard MG-A5969, and to MGR. All strains were found to be genetically distinguishable from each other. Birds in the control group showed negative results throughout the experiment and showed no cross-reaction with M. synoviae in any serologic test. ELISA tests at 21 days post first exposure (P1E) and seven days after the second exposure (P2E), evidenced that 25% of the MG70 birds were positive, whereas vaccine groups yielded higher positivity rate, i.e., 57%, 43% and 29% for MG-6/85, MG-ts11 and MG-F, respectively. Serum plate agglutination (SPA) evidenced the first positive results at 35 days P1E on birds in the MG-F group at the rate of 100%; followed by 40% of birds in the MG-70 group at 63 days P1E. Chickens in MG-ts11 and MG 6/85 groups had identical behavior and yielded 100% positive SPA at 77 days P1E. In regard to hemagglutination inhibition (HI), 14 % of the birds in MG-F and MG-ts11 reacted at 42 days P1E, while MG-70 and MG-6/85 groups yielded positive results only after challenge; MG-70 birds reacted at 56 days P1E at the rate of 17% against 63 days P1E for 100% of MG-6/85 birds. The time lag for positive serologic response was monitored on a weekly basis and was statistically different among groups (p 0.05) by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). No clinical signs or gross lesions were seen in the control, vaccinated or MG-70 infected birds. Tracheitis and airsaculitis were observed in birds in the MG-R group. MG was isolated from all studied groups.

Viabilidade da inspeção traqueobrônquica, por videoendoscopia, em cães / Viability of the inspection tracheobronchic for videoendoscopy in dogs

Nesta pesquisa estudou-se a exeqüibilidade, um protocolo adequado e as vantagens e desvantagens da traqueobroncoscopia em cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães adultos, sendo 8 machos e 12 fêmeas, dos quais 50 por cento apresentavam sinais clínicos de afecção respiratória. Para o exame foi utilizado um fibroscópio óptico flexível acoplado a uma vídeo-câmera. Na inspeção das vias respiratórias procurou-se detectar alterações macroscópicas compatíveis ou não com os dados fornecidos pelos exames físico, hematológico e auscultação. Todos os procedimentos foram bem sucedidos e os animais se recuperaram sem complicações. (AU)

This study tested the feasibility and the advantages and disadvantages of the tracheobronchoscopy in dogs. A total of 20 dogs were used were used 20 adult dogs, being 8 males and 12 females, of wich, half presented signs of breathing afeccion. For the exam was used a flexible optical fibroscopic coupled to a video camera. In the inspection of the breathing roads it tried to detect macroscopic alterations for comparison with the data supplied by the physical exam; hematological and auscultation. All the procedures were sucessful and the animals recovered without complications. (AU)

Tracheitis in a broiler chicken flock caused by dual infection with Cryptosporidium spp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) and non-hemolytic Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

Broiler chickens aged 41-day-old from a flock of a broiler complex, presenting depression, reduced food intake, facial edema, dyspnea, gasping, sneezing, and 5% mortality were studied. At necropsy, opaque thoracic and abdominal air sacs and mucous tracheal content were observed. Histopathology of tracheas showed multifocal hyperplasia of mucosa with a large number of small, round and ovoid basophilic organisms on their surface, which were identified as Cryptosporidium spp. In addition, there was an inflammatory response due to infiltration of mononuclear cells and heterophils in the submucosa. Small pin-point colonies without hemolytic activity were isolated from tracheal samples and identified as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results of tracheal histopathology, bacteriology, and PCR identification provided the diagnosis of tracheal cryptosporidiosis associated with non-hemolytic O. rhinotracheale secondary infection. This report describes the unusual dual infection with Cryptosporidium spp. and non-hemolytic O. rhinotracheale causing tracheitis in broiler chickens.