Use of different adsorbents in broiler diets naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

This study investigated the effects of adding different adsorbent substances to broilers feed naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. Two hundred and eighty male 1-day-old chicks, Cobb Slow® lineage, were distributed in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, 5 repetitions with 14 birds each. The treatments consisted of: T1-basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. T2-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline. T3-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin. T4-basal feed + Bentonite and Algae extract. Performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion) at 7, 14, 21, 28 days were evaluated. At 28 days, a portion of the jejunum was collected in two birds by replicate to study the intestinal morphology. The relative weight of the gizzard, proventricle and total intestine was evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (9.3). With the use of any adsorbents studied, the performance and liver weight were improved in all evaluated periods. Thus, the inclusion of adsorbents improves the performance of the broiler chickens when the feed is contaminated by mycotoxins.(AU)

Effects of ß-glucan from S. cerevisiae on the expression of Casp9, Ccna2 and Sod1 genes in MCF-7 cells

ß-Glucans (ßG) are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature with chemopreventive properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on cell viability and mRNA levels of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and antioxidant response. ßG was not cytotoxic. The mRNA levels of CCNA2of cells exposed to ß-glucan was upregulated and the exposure to Dox decreased the expression, while the combination led to an upregulation. Modulation of mRNA levels of CASP9suggest that ßG could inhibit promotion and progression steps of carcinogenesis, eliminatingneoplastic cells. The upregulation of CCNA2gene in combined treatment could be occurred due to ability of ßG in restoring the cell cycle distribution pattern after treatment with Dox. The upregulation of SOD1suggests that ßG can enhance the intracellular antioxidant defense, reducing the levels of superoxide dismutase induced by Dox. This response could reduce oxidative damage and attenuate tissue damage during chemotherapeutic treatment. Our data suggest that the drug combination may be less effective in killing tumor cells than the treatment with Dox alone. Thus, future studies should carefully consider this effect on indication of ßG during chemotherapy.Keywords:caspase-9; cyclin A2; superoxide dismutase 1; cell cycle; antioxidant.Received on July 2, 2020.Accepted on February 7, 2022.IntroductionGlucans are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature and oftenstudied due to chemopreventive properties. They are constituent of the cell wall of plants (oats and barley), algae, bacteria and fungi. ß-glucans (ßG)have a common structure comprising a main chain of ß-(1,3) and/or ß-(1,4) D-glucopyranosyl unit and they differ in length and branching structures. ßG of Saccharomyces cerevisiaehave 1→6 side branches while those of bacteria have 1→4 side branches (Chan, Chan, & Sze, 2009). ßGcan prevent DNA damage induced by chemical and physical agents (Ghavami,Goliaei, Taghizadeh, & Nikoofar, 2014). Some authors showed its significant efficacy in preventing mutagenic effects caused by doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and cisplatin (Tohamy, El-Ghor, El-Nahas, & Noshy, 2003), methyl methanesulfonate (Oliveira et al., 2007)and hydrogen peroxide (Slamenová, 2003). Moreover, some studies have related the antioxidant ability of ßGagainst reactive free radicals formed by endogenous metabolic processes or exogenous chemicals (Tsiapali et al., 2001; Slamenová,2003; Sener, Eksioglu-Demiralp, Cetiner, Ercan, & Yegen, 2006; Guerra Dore et al., 2007; Kofuji et al., 2012; Lei et al., 2015). Yeast-derived ßGhave modulating action of humoral and cellular immune responses (Vetvicka et al., 2007).This activity provides protection to the organism against infections and cancer development (Samuelsen, Schrezenmeir, & Knutsen, 2014; Roudbary, Daneshmand, Hajimorad, Roudbarmohammadip, & Hassan, 2015). Despite postulated modes of action by which ß-glucan works are lacking information about the molecular mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive activity of this polysaccharide. In addition, compounds with chemopreventive properties can contribute to reduce side effects and toxicity during the chemotherapeutic treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on the expression of genes related with apoptosis (CASP9), cell cycle control (CCNA2)and antioxidant defense (SOD1)in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Doxorubicin (Dox) was chosen because it is one of the most used chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The limitation on the use of Dox in cancer treatment is the lack of selectivity against cancer cells and, consequently, its toxicity to patients.(AU)

Production Layer Salmonella Enteritidis Control through Dry Fed Pre & Probiotic Products

ABSTRACT Increasing interest in multiple strain Bacillus probiotics and parietal yeast fractions as feed ingredients for egg laying hen diets has also led to food safety questions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of these products to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis colonization. Sixty Hy-Line hens aged 56 weeks were placed in individual cages and fed a mash diet containing one of the following treatments, control, Bacillus spp. probiotic, yeast cell wall, or a combination of yeast cell wall and Bacillus probiotic. At 60 weeks of age all hens were challenged orally with 7 x 107 CFU/bird of Salmonella Enteritidis. At 61 weeks of age, birds were humanely euthanized, by cervical dislocation and the ceca aseptically removed and cultured for S. Enteritidis prevalence and number by the Most Probable Number method. There was no significant difference in prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis between the control and any treatments. The control birds had 4.37 log10 MPN/g of S. Enteritidis detected in the ceca. The Probiotic group had 2.96 MPN/g, a reduction of 1.41(p 0.05) and the yeast cell wall group had 2.89 MPN/g a reduction of 1.48 (p 0.05). The combination had 3.60 MPN/g a numerical reduction of 0.78 (p=0.14). The yeast cell wall and Bacillus probiotic groups significantly reduced the amount of Salmonella Enteritidis in the ceca of the laying hens.

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Performance, Carcass Traits, Biochemical and Hematological Profile, Ileal Microbiota and Nutrient Metabolizability in Broilers Fed Diets Containing Cell Wall of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Piperine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CWSc) and piperine in broiler rations and their effects on performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, ileal microbiota and nutrient digestibility. A randomized block design with five treatments and six replicates of 10 birds was used, totaling 300 chickens. The treatments consisted of: control ration (CR); CR + avilamycin (10 mg / kg); CR + CWSc (2.0 g / kg); CR + piperine (60 mg / kg); and CR + CWSc (2.0 g / kg) + piperine (60 mg / kg). The use of isolated piperine resulted in greater weight gain from 9 to 40 days of age (2505g). The additives CWSc and piperine conjugates influenced the lower coliform count in the ceca (4.45 CFU / g) and caused significant alterations in the biochemical serum and hepatic renal profile. The treatments had no effect on the nutrient metabolizable coefficients or on the carcass traits. There was no positive synergistic effect of the combined use of CWSc and piperine on broiler performance. The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and piperine are effective at guaranteeing productivity, intestinal microbiota dynamics and hematological parameters; and as zootechnical additives, especially in broiler feeds free of antimicrobial performance enhancers.(AU)

Performance, Carcass Traits, Biochemical and Hematological Profile, Ileal Microbiota and Nutrient Metabolizability in Broilers Fed Diets Containing Cell Wall of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Piperine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CWSc) and piperine in broiler rations and their effects on performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, ileal microbiota and nutrient digestibility. A randomized block design with five treatments and six replicates of 10 birds was used, totaling 300 chickens. The treatments consisted of: control ration (CR); CR + avilamycin (10 mg / kg); CR + CWSc (2.0 g / kg); CR + piperine (60 mg / kg); and CR + CWSc (2.0 g / kg) + piperine (60 mg / kg). The use of isolated piperine resulted in greater weight gain from 9 to 40 days of age (2505g). The additives CWSc and piperine conjugates influenced the lower coliform count in the ceca (4.45 CFU / g) and caused significant alterations in the biochemical serum and hepatic renal profile. The treatments had no effect on the nutrient metabolizable coefficients or on the carcass traits. There was no positive synergistic effect of the combined use of CWSc and piperine on broiler performance. The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and piperine are effective at guaranteeing productivity, intestinal microbiota dynamics and hematological parameters; and as zootechnical additives, especially in broiler feeds free of antimicrobial performance enhancers.

The Protective Effects of an Adsorbent against Oxidative Stress in Quails Fed Aflatoxin-Contaminated Diet

Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc

The protective effects of an adsorbent against oxidative stress in quails fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet

Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of Tris–HCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), ROS (Reactive oxygen species), SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and CAT (Catalase) analysis. The hepatic tissue was gently homogenized in a glass potter in specific buffer, homogenated, and centrifuged at 10.000 g at 4ºC for 10 min to yield a supernatant (S1) used for analyses. Homogenate aliquots were stored at -80°C until utilization. Fragments of liver and intestine (5 cm) were collected for histopathological analyses. Between days 15 to 20 of the experiment, group C quails showed clinical signs, such as apathy, creepy feathers and reduced feed intake.[...]

The protective effects of an adsorbent against oxidative stress in quails fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet

Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of Tris–HCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), ROS (Reactive oxygen species), SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and CAT (Catalase) analysis. The hepatic tissue was gently homogenized in a glass potter in specific buffer, homogenated, and centrifuged at 10.000 g at 4ºC for 10 min to yield a supernatant (S1) used for analyses. Homogenate aliquots were stored at -80°C until utilization. Fragments of liver and intestine (5 cm) were collected for histopathological analyses. Between days 15 to 20 of the experiment, group C quails showed clinical signs, such as apathy, creepy feathers and reduced feed intake.[...](AU)

Eficacia de aditivo a base de pared celular de levadura en la dieta de cerdas jóvenes expuestas a zearalenona / Effectiveness of additives based on yeast cell wall in diets of gilts intoxicated by zearalenone / Eficácia de aditivo à base de parede celular de levedura na dieta de leitoas intoxicadas com zearalenona

Las micotoxinas determinan pérdidas económicas significativas a la ganadería porcina y los adsorbentes de pared celular de levadura son una alternativa para reducir este problema. Considerando que la efectividad de estos tipos de adsorbentes son dependientes de la cepa, con variabilidad de la respuesta como una función de la composición de la pared celular de levadura utilizada, es necesario revisar cada nuevo producto antes de su comercialización. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un aditivo anti-micotoxinas (AAM) basado en la pared celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , en la prevención de micotoxicosis como resultado de la ingestión de zearalenona (ZEA). Fueron utilizadas 36 cerdas jóvenes, cuyas dietas tenían dos niveles de inclusión de AAM (0,0 y 0,2%) y tres niveles de inclusión de ZEA (0,0, 0,25 y 0,6 6 mg kg-1 o ppm). El ensayo tuvo duración total de 21 días, y se llevaran a cabo evaluaciones semanales de: peso corporal, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y el volumen de la vulva, también se calcularon los pesos relativos de hígado, tracto reproductivo total y conjunto útero-ovário vagina. La adición de 0.0% de AAM con 0,6 o 0,25 ppm ZEA en las dietas de las cerdas prepúberes causó signos clínicos de hiperestrogenismo. La adición de AAM en las dietas que contienen ZEA demostró ser una buena alternativa para reducir los efectos tóxicos de esta micotoxina.(AU)

Mycotoxins determine important economic losses to the swine and adsorbents based on yeast cell wall are an alternative to reduce this problem. Whereas the effectiveness of these types of adsorbents is strain-dependent, with response variability depending on the composition of the yeast cell wall used, it becomes necessary assessment of each new product prior to its commercialization. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an anti-mycotoxin additives (AMA) based on the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , in preventing mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of zearalenone (ZEA). A total of 36 pre-pubertal gilts, whose diets had two levels of AAM (0.0 and 0.2 %) and three inclusion levels of ZEA (0.0, 0.25 and 0.6 mg kg-1 or ppm). The experimental period extended to 21 days and weekly, was measured the parameters: live weight, weight gain, feed intake and vulvar volume; relative weights of liver, total reproductive tract and the set uterus-ovaryvagina were also calculated. The addition of 0.0% AMA with 0.6 or 0.25 mg kg-1 ZEA in the diet of pre-pubertal gilts caused clinical signs of hyperestrogenic. The addition of the AMA in diets containing ZEA proved to be a good alternative for reducing the toxic effects of this mycotoxin.(AU)

As micotoxinas determinam perdas econômicas importantes para suinocultura e os adsorventes à base de parede celular de leveduras são uma alternativa para reduzir este problema. Considerando que a eficácia desses tipos de adsorventes são linhagemdependentes, apresentando variabilidade de resposta em função da composição da parede celular da levedura utilizada, torna-se necessária a avaliação de cada novo produto antes de sua comercialização. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um aditivo anti-micotoxina (AAM) à base de parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , na prevenção da micotoxicose decorrente da ingestão de zearalenona (ZEA). Foram utilizadas 36 leitoas pré-púberes cujas dietas apresentaram dois níveis de inclusão de AAM (0,0 e 0,2%) e três níveis de inclusão de ZEA (0,0; 0,25 e 0,6 mg kg-1 ou ppm). O período experimental teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo realizadas avaliações semanais de: peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e volume vulvar; pesos relativos de fígado, trato reprodutivo total e o conjunto útero-ovário-vagina também foram calculados. A adição de 0,0% AAM com 0,6 ou 0,25 ppm ZEA na dieta de leitoas pré-púberes causou sinais clínicos de hiperestrogenismo. A adição do AAM nas dietas contendo ZEA demonstrou ser uma alternativa estatisticamente significativa para redução dos efeitos tóxicos desta micotoxina.(AU)

Eficacia de aditivo a base de pared celular de levadura en la dieta de cerdas jóvenes expuestas a zearalenona / Effectiveness of additives based on yeast cell wall in diets of gilts intoxicated by zearalenone / Eficácia de aditivo à base de parede celular de levedura na dieta de leitoas intoxicadas com zearalenona

Las micotoxinas determinan pérdidas económicas significativas a la ganadería porcina y los adsorbentes de pared celular de levadura son una alternativa para reducir este problema. Considerando que la efectividad de estos tipos de adsorbentes son dependientes de la cepa, con variabilidad de la respuesta como una función de la composición de la pared celular de levadura utilizada, es necesario revisar cada nuevo producto antes de su comercialización. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un aditivo anti-micotoxinas (AAM) basado en la pared celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , en la prevención de micotoxicosis como resultado de la ingestión de zearalenona (ZEA). Fueron utilizadas 36 cerdas jóvenes, cuyas dietas tenían dos niveles de inclusión de AAM (0,0 y 0,2%) y tres niveles de inclusión de ZEA (0,0, 0,25 y 0,6 6 mg kg-1 o ppm). El ensayo tuvo duración total de 21 días, y se llevaran a cabo evaluaciones semanales de: peso corporal, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y el volumen de la vulva, también se calcularon los pesos relativos de hígado, tracto reproductivo total y conjunto útero-ovário vagina. La adición de 0.0% de AAM con 0,6 o 0,25 ppm ZEA en las dietas de las cerdas prepúberes causó signos clínicos de hiperestrogenismo. La adición de AAM en las dietas que contienen ZEA demostró ser una buena alternativa para reducir los efectos tóxicos de esta micotoxina.

Mycotoxins determine important economic losses to the swine and adsorbents based on yeast cell wall are an alternative to reduce this problem. Whereas the effectiveness of these types of adsorbents is strain-dependent, with response variability depending on the composition of the yeast cell wall used, it becomes necessary assessment of each new product prior to its commercialization. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an anti-mycotoxin additives (AMA) based on the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , in preventing mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of zearalenone (ZEA). A total of 36 pre-pubertal gilts, whose diets had two levels of AAM (0.0 and 0.2 %) and three inclusion levels of ZEA (0.0, 0.25 and 0.6 mg kg-1 or ppm). The experimental period extended to 21 days and weekly, was measured the parameters: live weight, weight gain, feed intake and vulvar volume; relative weights of liver, total reproductive tract and the set uterus-ovaryvagina were also calculated. The addition of 0.0% AMA with 0.6 or 0.25 mg kg-1 ZEA in the diet of pre-pubertal gilts caused clinical signs of hyperestrogenic. The addition of the AMA in diets containing ZEA proved to be a good alternative for reducing the toxic effects of this mycotoxin.

As micotoxinas determinam perdas econômicas importantes para suinocultura e os adsorventes à base de parede celular de leveduras são uma alternativa para reduzir este problema. Considerando que a eficácia desses tipos de adsorventes são linhagemdependentes, apresentando variabilidade de resposta em função da composição da parede celular da levedura utilizada, torna-se necessária a avaliação de cada novo produto antes de sua comercialização. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um aditivo anti-micotoxina (AAM) à base de parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Safmannan® , na prevenção da micotoxicose decorrente da ingestão de zearalenona (ZEA). Foram utilizadas 36 leitoas pré-púberes cujas dietas apresentaram dois níveis de inclusão de AAM (0,0 e 0,2%) e três níveis de inclusão de ZEA (0,0; 0,25 e 0,6 mg kg-1 ou ppm). O período experimental teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo realizadas avaliações semanais de: peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e volume vulvar; pesos relativos de fígado, trato reprodutivo total e o conjunto útero-ovário-vagina também foram calculados. A adição de 0,0% AAM com 0,6 ou 0,25 ppm ZEA na dieta de leitoas pré-púberes causou sinais clínicos de hiperestrogenismo. A adição do AAM nas dietas contendo ZEA demonstrou ser uma alternativa estatisticamente significativa para redução dos efeitos tóxicos desta micotoxina.

Diferentes prebióticos na dieta de galinhas poedeiras sobre o desempenho, qualidade de ovos e hematologia

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes prebióticos sobre o desempenho, qualidade de ovos e hematologia de galinhas poedeiras às 80 semanas de idade, por um período experimental de 84 dias (3 ciclos de 28 dias). Para isso, foram utilizadas 96 galinhas poedeiras, da linhagem Hy-line, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x3, constituído de três ciclos e quatro tratamentos, com seis repetições e quatro aves por gaiola. Os tratamentos consistiram em T1: ração basal (RB) a base de milho e farelo de soja; T2: RB com inclusão de mananoligossacarídeo,T3:RB com inclusão de beta glucanoe T4:RB com inclusão de galactoligossacarídeo, frutoligossacarídeo e mananoligossacarídeo (G+F+M). No último dia de cada ciclo foi realizada a colheita de três ml de sangue de 12 aves/tratamento para determinação de variáveis hematológicas: hematócrito, hemoglobina, índices de Wintrobe, número de eritrócitos e a contagem total e diferencial das células de defesa. Houve efeito da interação (P<0,05) entre os prebióticos e ciclos para a hemoglobina e linfócitos. Nos leucócitos houve efeito (P<0,05) para osprebióticos, em que demonstrou aumento na dieta controle, na dieta suplementada com G+F+M e na dieta suplementada com beta glucano. Para as variáveis de desempenho e de qualidade dos ovos, houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) apenas nos ciclos, em que demonstrou melhoras geralmente no segundo e terceiro ciclo. A suplementação da dieta com prebióticos não melhorou o desempenho ou a qualidade de ovos, mas auxiliou na imunidade por aumentar a produção de células de defesa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different prebiotics on performance, egg quality and hematology of laying hens at 80 weeks of age, for an experimental period of 84 days (3 cycles of 28 days). For that, 96 laying hens were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with the treatments arranged in a 4x3 factorial scheme, consisting of four treatments and three cycles, with six replicates and four birds per cage. The treatments consisted of T1: basal feed (RB) based on corn and soybean meal, T2: RB with inclusion of mananoligosaccharide, T3: RB with inclusion of beta glucan and T4: RB with inclusion of galactoligosaccharide, fructoligosaccharide and mananoligosaccharide (G + F + M). On the last day of each cycle, three ml of blood was collected from 12 birds / treatment to determine hematological variables: hematocrit, hemoglobin, Wintrobe indices, number of erythrocytes and the total and differential count of the defense cells. There was an effect of the interaction (P <0.05) between prebiotics and cycles for hemoglobin and lymphocytes. There was an effect on leukocytes (P <0.05) for prebiotics, which showed an increase in the control diet, in the diet supplemented with G + F + M and in the diet supplemented with beta glucan. For the performance and egg quality variables, there was a significant effect (P <0.05) only in the cycles, in which it showed improvements generally in these cond and third cycles. Supplementing the diet with prebiotics did not improve performance or egg quality, but it did aid immunity by increasing the production of defense cells

Suplementação de leveduras e Aspergillus oryzae para vacas leiteiras: uma meta-análise.

Os avanços na nutrição de ruminantes demandam novas estratégias nutricionais, para que os efeitos benéficos sejam aprimorados e os deletérios minimizados ou excluídos. Como estratégia tem-se adotado o uso de aditivos alimentares. Desta forma, os aditivos reguladores da flora intestinal, como os probióticos e prebióticos tornam-se uma alternativa ao uso dos antibióticos na nutrição de ruminantes. Existem muitos estudos avaliando os efeitos do uso de probióticos, prebióticos na alimentação de bovinos leiteiros, principalmente utilizando leveduras vivas do gênero Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bem como parede celular e extrato de fermentação de Aspergillus oryzae. Apesar disso, os resultados observados ainda são distintos e controversos. Portanto um estudo meta-analítico em relação ao assunto abordado pode auxiliar na constituição de alguns conceitos e melhor estabelecê-los. Assim, o objetivo foi o de avaliar através de uma meta-análise os benefícios do uso de leveduras vivas do gênero Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LY), produtos da fermentação de leveduras (SCFP) e extrato de fermentação de Aspergillus oryzae (AO) na dieta de vacas leiteiras, bem como, qual o melhor aditivo para melhorar parâmetros ruminais, desempenho e saúde dos animais. Para isso, foram compilados 116 estudos que avaliaram a ingestão, parâmetros ruminais e de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e produção e composição do leite de vacas leiteiras suplementadas ou não com esses aditivos. Observou-se que a produção de leite de vacas suplementadas com LY aumentou 7,08% frente às vacas não suplementadas (P<0,0001), bem como reduziu a perda de leite durante a lactação em 44,54% (P<0,05). Ainda, gordura, sólidos totais, sólidos não gordurosos e lactose do leite também foram aumentados com a suplementação de LY, enquanto que a contagem de células somáticas foi reduzida em 39,8% (P<0,05). A digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta da dieta foram aumentadas pela adição de LY, porém, aumentos na concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis no rúmen não foram observados por nenhum dos tratamentos. Ainda, o consumo de matéria seca foi aumentado em 1,07% com a suplementação de AO comparada aos outros tratamentos. Desta forma, pode se inferir que a suplementação com LY é a melhor opção entre os aditivos avaliados para melhorar parâmetros ruminais e de digestibilidade, e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras.

Advances in the ruminant nutrition demand new nutritional strategies, so that the beneficial effects are improved and the deleterious ones are minimized or excluded. As a strategy, the use of fed additives has been adopted. In this way, additives for intestinal flora regulators, such as probiotics and prebiotics, become an alternative to the use of antibiotics in ruminants nutrition. There are many studies evaluating the effects of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in dairy cattle feeding, mainly using live yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as cell wall, and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. Despite this, the results observed are still controversial. Therefore, a meta-analytical study in relation to the subject addressed can assist in the constitution of some concepts and better establish them. Thus, the objective was to evaluate through meta-analysis the benefits of using live yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LY), yeast fermentation products (SCFP) and fermentation extract of Aspergillus oryzae (AO) in the diet of dairy cows, as well as, which is the best additive to improve ruminal parameters, performance and animal health. For that, 116 studies were compiled that evaluated the intake, ruminal parameters and digestibility of nutrients and milk production and composition of dairy cows supplemented or not with these additives. It was observed that the milk production of cows supplemented with LY increased 7.08% compared to non-supplemented cows (P <0.0001), as well as reduced losses during lactation by 44.54% (P <0.05). In addition, fat, total solids, solids not fat and milk lactose were also increased with LY supplementation, while somatic cell counts were reduced by 39.8% (P <0.05). The apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber and crude protein in the diet was increased by the addition of LY, however, increases in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen were not observed by any of the treatments. In addition, dry matter intake was increased by 1.07% with AO supplementation compared to other treatments. Thus, it can be inferred that supplementation with LY is the best option among the additives evaluated to improve ruminal and digestibility parameters, and the productive efficiency of dairy cows.

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos. (AU)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms. (AU)

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos.

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO COM LEVEDURA Saccharomyces cerevisae REDUZ CONTAMINAÇÃO MICROBIOLÓGICA DA CARCAÇA EM NOVILHOS TERMINADOS EM CONFINAMENTO

O uso de aditivos alimentares a base de parede celular de leveduras (PCL) já vem sendo estudo com o intuito de favorecer o crescimento de bactérias benéficas intestinais em detrimento das patogênicas em ruminantes e com isso diminuir quadros de diarreias e aumentar a performance animal. Acredita-se também, que esta alteração na microbiota intestinal, poderia contribuir com uma menor contaminação da carcaça bovina no momento do abate, fato que ainda não foi estudado em bovinos de corte. Deste modo o presente trabalho objetiva verificar se o prebiótico a base de parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduz coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp das fezes e da carcaça bovina no momento do abate após a evisceração. Para tanto, 18 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus, confinados, foram submetidos a três tratamentos diários durante 105 dias: controle (dieta sem leveduras), levedura 4g (dieta com 4g/animal/dia de 2 x 1010cel/g de Saccharomyces cerevisiae comercial RumenYeast®, ICC, São Paulo, Brasil), levedura 7g (dieta com 7g/animal/dia, de 2 x 1010cel/g de Saccharomyces cerevisiae comercial RumenYeast®, ICC, São Paulo, Brasil ). Nos dias 29 e 90 após a entrada no confinamento, fez-se as análises a partir de amostras de fezes, couro, água e alimento para contagem de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais e isolamento de Salmonella spp. baseado na metodologia descrita pelo fabricante Petrifilm 3M®. No dia do abate, realizou-se coleta nas carcaças para identificação e quantificação de Escherichia coli, coliformes totais, mesófilos pela mesma metodologia e identificação qualitativa de Salmonella spp. pela metodologia ISO 6579/2017. Notou-se redução de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais nas amostras de fezes (P=0,0001 e 0,001 respectivamente) e de Escherichia coli, coliformes totais e aeróbios mesófilos na carcaça (P=0,06; 0,10 e 0,05 respectivamente) nos grupos tratados com as duas doses do prebiótico, e que houve ausência de Salmonella spp. em todas as coletas realizadas. Concluiu-se que a suplementação com 4 ou 7 g/dia de PCL reduziu a excreção fecal e consequentemente, a contaminação da carcaça pela Escherichia coli, mesófilos e coliformes totais dos animais confinados, sendo uma medida sanitária benéfíca e livre de resíduos para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica da carne.

The use of yeast cell wall feed additives (PCL) has already been studied with the aim of favouring the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria to the detriment of pathogens in ruminants, thus decreasing diarrhoea and increasing animal performance. It is also believed that this change in the intestinal microbiota could contribute to less contamination of the bovine carcass at the time of slaughter, a fact that has not yet been studied in beef cattle. Thus, the present work aims at verifying if the prebiotic cell wall base of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp from the feces and the bovine carcass at the time of slaughter after evisceration. For this purpose, 18 steers, ½ Angus blood, confined, were submitted to three daily treatments for 105 days: control (yeast-free diet), 4g yeast (4g/animal/day diet of 2 x 1010cel/g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial RumenYeast®, ICC, São Paulo, Brazil), 7g yeast (7g/animal/day diet of 2 x 1010cel/g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial RumenYeast®, ICC, São Paulo, Brazil). On the 29th and 90th days after entering the confinement, analyzes were made from samples of feces stool, leather, water and food samples were collected for Escherichia coli and total coliforms counting and isolation of Salmonella spp. based on the methodology described by the manufacturer Petrifilm 3M®. On the day of slaughter, the carcasses were collected for identification and quantification of Escherichia coli, total coliforms, mesophils by the same methodology and qualitative identification of Salmonella spp. by ISO 6579/2017 methodology. Reduction of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in stool samples (P=0.0001 and 0.001 respectively) and Escherichia coli, total coliforms and mesophilic aerobes in the carcass (P=0.06; 0.10 and 0.05 respectively) were noted in the groups treated with the two doses of the prebiotic, and that there was absence of Salmonella spp. in all collections performed. It was concluded that supplementation with 4 or 7 g/day of PCL reduced the fecal excretion and consequently the contamination of the carcass by Escherichia coli, mesophils and total coliforms of the confined animals, being a benign and residue-free sanitary measure to improve the microbiological quality of the meat.

ASSOCIATION OF PREBIOTIC INGESTION (-GLUCAN OF SACCAROMYCES CEREVISAIE) ANDA RESISTANCE TRAINING ON THE BONE TISSUE OF OVARIECTOMIZED FEMALE MICE

A osteoporose é uma doença esquelética sistêmica caracterizada pela diminuição da massa e deterioração da micro-arquitetura do tecido ósseo causada principalmente pela falência ovariana na menopausa. Esse processo leva à uma maior fragilidade do osso e ao consequente aumento do risco de fraturas. Trata-se de um grave problema de saúde pública. Em razão de sua elevada prevalência e morbi-mortalidade, o estudo de terapias antiosteoporóticas torna-se fundamental. Os tratamentos disponíveis na atualidade apresentam ainda efeitos adversos que justificam estudos adicionais investigando estratégias alternativas tanto para tratamento como para prevenção da osteoporose. Nesse sentido, os -Glucanos, fibras solúveis derivadas da parede celular de leveduras, cereais e muitos cogumelos medicinais, tem sido estudados, devido ao seu potencial anti-inflamatório. O exercício físico, especialmente o treinamento resistido (TR), também tem sido pesquisado devido a sua capacidade de induzir a osteogênese. Estudos avaliando a interação destas duas modalidades terapêuticas ainda não foram realizados. Assim, este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito na saúde óssea da ingestão do prebiótico (glucano extraídos da parede celular da levedura Saccaromyces cerevisiae) associado ao TR de escalada com carga, em modelo de osteoporose induzido por ovariectomia (OVX) em camundongos. Foram utilizados 48 animais (N= 6 por grupo) distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos: grupo SHAM e 5 grupos de animais OVX tratados com: grupo SAL, alendronato (ALE - 0,1 mg/kg), BG (62,5 mg/kg), TR (escalada) e a associação BG e TR. Os tratamentos foram realizados três vezes por semana durante oito semanas. O consumo de BG pelas fêmeas OVX auxiliou na manutenção da massa corporal semelhante aos animais do grupo SHAM. O TR isolado produziu os melhores resultados sobre o osso, com valores de massa e força necessária para fratura dos fêmures semelhante ao grupo ALE. A densitometria óssea do fêmur (DMODEXA) no grupo TR foi semelhante ao grupo SHAM. Porém, as microtomografias computadorizadas (microCTs) demonstraram efeitos intermediários, inferiores ao do grupo ALE e semelhantes ao do grupo BG + TR para a Densidade Mineral Óssea (DMOMCT), volume ósseo (BV), razão volume ósseo/volume total (BV/TV) e separação das trabéculas (Tb.Sp). A associação BG + TR aumentou a concentração de cálcio avaliado por Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios-X. A quantidade de osteócitos no grupo TR foi semelhante ao grupo SHAM. Concluiu-se com o presente estudo, portanto que o TR se mostrou eficaz em minimizar os efeitos da osteoporose induzida por OVX, sendo que a associação com a ingestão BG trouxe benefícios somente para a concentração de cálcio no conteúdo mineral ósseo. O uso de BG reduziu a massa corporal, o que pode ser um benefício cardiovascular, porém um fator limitador para o fortalecimento ósseo, uma vez que a redução da massa corporal diminui a carga mecânica e desfavorece a osteogênese.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased mass and deterioration of bone tissue micro-architecture caused mainly by ovarian failure in menopause. This process leads bone fragility and the consequent increased risk of fractures. This is a serious public health problem. Due to its high prevalence and morbidity and mortality, the study of antiosteoporotic therapies is essential. The treatments currently available also have adverse effects that justify further studies investigating alternative strategies for both treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. In this sense, -Glucans, soluble fibers derived from the cell wall of yeasts, cereals and many medicinal mushrooms, have been studied, due to their anti-inflammatory potential. Physical exercise, especially resistance training (RT), has also been researched due to its ability to induce osteogenesis. Studies evaluating the interaction of these two therapeutic modalities have not yet been carried out. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate the effect in bone health of ingestion of the prebiotic (-glucan extracted from the cell wall of the yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae) associated with the load-climbing RT, in a model of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in mice. 48 animals (N = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to 6 groups: SHAM group and 5 groups of OVX animals treated with: SAL group, alendronate (ALE - 0.1 mg / kg), BG (62.5 mg / kg), RT (climbing) and the association BG and RT. Treatments were performed three times a week for eight weeks. The consumption of BG by OVX females helped to maintain body mass similar to animals in the SHAM group. The isolated RT produced the best results on the bone, with values of mass and strength needed for fractures of the femurs similar to the ALE group. Bone densitometry of the femur (DMODEXA) in the RT group was similar to the SHAM group. However, computed microtomographs (microCTs) demonstrated intermediate effects, inferior to the ALE group and similar to the BG + RT group for Bone Mineral Density (BMDMCT), bone volume (BV), bone volume / total volume ratio (BV /TV) and trabeculae separation (Tb.Sp). The BG + RT association increased the calcium concentration by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. The amount of osteocytes in the RT group was similar to the SHAM group. It was concluded with the present study, therefore, that RT was effective in minimizing the effects of osteoporosis induced by OVX, and the association with BG intake brought benefits only for the concentration of calcium in the bone mineral content. The use of BG reduced body mass, which can be a cardiovascular benefit but a limiting factor for bone strengthening, since the reduction in body mass decreases the mechanical load and disadvantages osteogenesis.

Aditivos funcionais como alternativas para minimizar os impactos causados pelas micotoxinas na dieta de poedeiras e leitões

As micotoxinas são metabólitos tóxicos secundários produzidos por fungos filamentosos. As diversas espécies de micotoxinas são consideradas uma preocupação mundial quanto a saúde humana e animal. Na cadeia produtiva animal, as micotoxicoses prejudicam a produtividade dos animais. É preciso buscar alternativas que sejam capazes de minimizar os efeitos tóxicos das micotoxinas, por meio de ingredientes adicionados a alimentação com efeitos hepatoprotetores, de adsorção e inativação das toxinas. Desta forma, o objetivo foi determinar os impactos das micotoxinas aflatoxina B1 (AFLB1), T2 e fumonisina B1 (FB1), na produção avícola e de suínos, assim como verificar os efeitos da adição de biocolina vegetal (BV) e um adsorvente à base de lisado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) na dieta contaminada desses animais. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos distintos. No experimento 1, foram utilizadas 64 galinhas poedeiras, divididas em grupo controle T1 (alimentadas com ração basal), grupo T2 (ração basal suplementada com 800 mg/kg de BV), grupo T3 (ração basal contaminada com 2.5 mg/kg de AFLB1) e grupo T4 (ração com 800 mg/kg de BV+ 2.5 mg/kg de AFLAB1). O foco dessa pesquisa foi parâmetros de composição físico-químico de ovos, contagem bacterina total nos ovos (CBT), saúde das aves e desempenho zootécnico. A ingestão de aflatoxina reduziu a taxa de postura das galinhas e a BV não foi capaz de minimizar esse efeito negativo, porém a BV teve efeitos positivos na saúde das galinhas e melhorou a qualidade dos ovos através da ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana. No experimento 2, utilizamos 60 galinhas poedeiras, divididas em grupo NoC (ração basal sem contaminação experimental por micotoxinas, grupo C+ (ração contaminada com 4 ppm de T2 e 20 ppm de fumonisina), grupo C+D500 (ração contaminada com 4 ppm de T2 e 20 ppm de fumonisina + 500 g/ton de LSC, grupo C+D1000 (ração contaminada com 4 ppm de T2 e 20 ppm de fumonisina + 1000 g/ton de LSC e grupo C+D500+U100o (ração contaminada com 4 ppm de T2 e 20 ppm de fumonisina + 500 g/ton de LSC + 1000g/ton Uniwall MOS 25 (ácidos orgânicos, parede celular de levedura e carier mineral). O consumo de ração foi menor nas galinhas que consumiram a ração contaminada pelas micotoxinas. O uso de LSC minimizou os efeitos negativos da micotoxina sobre a taxa de conversão alimentar. As galinhas que ingeriram micotoxinas apresentaram menor resistência e espessura da casca quando comparadas ao NoC. A concentração sérica de espécies reativas de oxigênio foi maior nas galinhas que ingeriram micotoxina apenas no dia 84 em comparação ao NoC. A atividade sérica da glutationa S-transferase foi maior no dia 56 nas galinhas C+D500 e C+D1000 em comparação com outras. Concluímos nesse experimento que o consumo de micotoxinas prejudicou o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos das galinhas, assim como a adição do lisado de S. cerevisiae e o combinado de outros ingredientes (ácidos orgânicos, a parede celular de leveduras e o transportador mineral) minimizaram alguns efeitos negativos causados por T-2 e FB1. No experimento 3, utilizamos 72 leitões, desmamados com média de 26 dias, divididos em quatro grupos com seis repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram: Afla0Bio0 (sem aflatoxina e sem biocolina); Afla500Bio0 (500 ppb de aflatoxina); Afla0Bio800 800 mg/kg de biocolina; Afla500Bio800 500 ppb de aflatoxina + 800 mg/kg de biocolina. O estudo avaliou o desempenho zootécnico (ganho de peso - GP, consumo de ração CR e conversão alimentar - CA). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 do experimento, assim como foram abatidos 24 animais aos 30 dias do experimento para a coleta de fígado, baço e porção do intestino para análise histopatológica. A suplementação com VB na dose usada, nessa fase de creche, teve efeito positivo nos primeitos 10 dias quando consumida por leitões desafiados com AFLB1, mas de modo geral interferiu no desenvolvimento dos leitões quando consumido. Consumo da aflatoxina aumentou atividade das enzimas AST e ALT no soro, assim como uma maior contagem de neutrófilos, menores níveis de triglicerídeos sérico e variáveis de estresse oxidativo tecidual. Muitos dessas alterações foram evitadas e/ou minimizadas pelo consumo de BV, caracterizada por um potencial antioxidante em animais desafiados com aflatoxina B1. Nesse estudo verificamos efeitos positivos da ingestão de BV sobre a saúde dos leitões, mas negativo sobre o desempenho. De maneira geral, concluímos que as micotoxinas prejudicam o desempenho e saúde animal, e que os aditivos aqui estudados podem ser uma alternativa promissora para minimizar estes impactos negativos na produção animal.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. The various species of mycotoxins are considered a worldwide concern in terms of human and animal health. In the animal production chain, mycotoxicosis impair animal productivity. It is necessary to look for alternatives that are able to minimize the toxic effects of mycotoxins, through ingredients added to the diet with hepatoprotective effects, adsorption and inactivation of toxins. Thus, the objective was to determine the impacts of mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFLB1), T2 and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on poultry and swine production, as well as to verify the effects of the addition of vegetable biocolline (BV) and an adsorbent to the base of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) lysate in the contaminated diet of these animals. For this, three different experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, 64 laying hens were used, divided into control group T1 (fed with basal feed), group T2 (basal feed supplemented with 800 mg / kg BV), group T3 (basal feed contaminated with 2.5 mg / kg of AFLB1 ) and group T4 (diets with 800 mg / kg of BV + 2.5 mg / kg of AFLAB1). The focus of this research was parameters of physical-chemical composition of eggs, total bacterial egg count (CBT), bird health and zootechnical performance. Ingestion of aflatoxin reduced the laying rate of the chickens and BV was not able to minimize this negative effect, however BV had positive effects on the health of the chickens and improved the quality of the eggs through the antioxidant and antimicrobial action. In experiment 2, we used 60 laying hens, divided into a NoC group (basal feed without experimental mycotoxin contamination, group C + (feed contaminated with 4 ppm of T2 and 20 ppm of fumonisin), group C + D500 (feed contaminated with 4 ppm of T2 and 20 ppm of fumonisin + 500 g / ton of LSC, group C + D1000 (ration contaminated with 4 ppm of T2 and 20 ppm of fumonisin + 1000 g / ton of LSC and group C + D500 + U100o (ration contaminated with 4 ppm of T2 and 20 ppm of fumonisin + 500 g / ton of LSC + 1000g / ton Uniwall MOS 25 (organic acids, yeast cell wall and mineral carier). Feed consumption was lower in chickens that consumed the feed contaminated by mycotoxins The use of LSC minimized the negative effects of mycotoxin on the feed conversion rate Chickens that ingested mycotoxins showed less resistance and thickness of the shell when compared to NoC. The serum concentration of reactive oxygen species was higher in chickens that ingested mycotoxin. only on di to 84 compared to NoC. The serum activity of glutathione S-transferase was higher on day 56 in chickens C + D500 and C + D1000 compared to others. We concluded in this experiment that the consumption of mycotoxins impaired the performance and quality of the eggs of the chickens, as well as the addition of the S. cerevisiae lysate and the combination of other ingredients (organic acids, the yeast cell wall and the mineral transporter) minimized some negative effects caused by T-2 and FB1. In experiment 3, we used 72 piglets, weaned for an average of 26 days, divided into four groups with six repetitions each. The treatments were: Afla0Bio0 - (without aflatoxin and without biocolina); Afla500Bio0 - (500 ppb of aflatoxin); Afla0Bio800 - 800 mg / kg of biocholine; Afla500Bio800 - 500 ppb of aflatoxin + 800 mg / kg of biocholine. The study evaluated zootechnical performance (weight gain - GP, feed intake - CR and feed conversion - CA). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 of the experiment, as well as 24 animals were slaughtered at 30 days of the experiment for the collection of liver, spleen and intestine portion for histopathological analysis. Supplementation with BV in the dose used, in this daycare phase, had a positive effect in the first 10 days when consumed by piglets challenged with AFLB1, but in general it interfered in the development of the piglets when consumed. Aflatoxin consumption increased the activity of the AST and ALT enzymes in the serum, as well as a higher neutrophil count, lower serum triglyceride levels and tissue oxidative stress variables. Many of these changes were avoided and / or minimized by the consumption of BV, characterized by an antioxidant potential in animals challenged with aflatoxin B1. In this study, we verified positive effects of BV ingestion on piglet health, but negative on performance. In general, we conclude that mycotoxins impair animal performance and health, and that the additives studied here can be a promising alternative to minimize these negative impacts on animal production.

DIGESTIBILIDADE E BALANÇO DE NITROGÊNIO EM CORDEIROS SUPLEMENTADOS COM CEPAS FÚNGICAS AUTÓCTONES DO TRATO DIGESTÓRIO

As gramíneas tropicais no período de seca reduzem a oferta de nutrientes solúveis no conteúdo celular e possuem maior proporção de carboidratos fibrosos da parede celular lignificada. A utilização de aditivos microbianos na alimentação de ruminantes, com o propósito de estimular a digestão no rúmen e a eficiência alimentar poderia contribuir para melhorar a produtividade dos ruminantes alimentados com essas gramíneas. Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação cepas autóctones de Trichoderma longibrachiatum e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa do trato gastrointestinal de ovinos, em dieta para cordeiros alimentados com feno de Urochloa decumbens sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade de nutrientes, a síntese de proteína microbiana, o balanço de nitrogênio e excreção de ureia. O experimento teve duração de 75 dias, sendo os 12 primeiros dias de adaptação às dietas e baias e 63 dias de coleta de dados. Foram utilizados 21 ovinos, mestiços da raça Santa Inês x Dorper, machos, não castrados com idade média de quatro meses e peso corporal médio inicial de (18,80 ± 2,34 kg), distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC). A relação volumoso concentrado foi 30:70, foi utilizada uma dieta padrão suplementada ou não com a cepa fúngica; sem aditivo microbiano (controle); com o fungo (Trichoderma); e levedura (Rhodotorula). O consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, a síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de nitrogênio corporal não foram influenciados pela adição dos probióticos (P > 0,05). A eficiência microbiana foi menor (P < 0,05) com o uso da levedura Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. A alta proporção de concentrado na dieta poderia interferir nos possíveis efeitos dos probióticos sobre a utilização da fibra da forragem.

In the dry season, tropical grasses decrease the supply of soluble nutrients in cell content and have a higher proportion of lignified cell wall fibrous carbohydrates. The use of microbial feed additives in ruminants to stimulate rumen digestion and feed efficiency could play the role of improving the productivity of ruminants fed on these grasses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing autochthonous strains of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the gastrointestinal tract of sheep on diets fed with Urochloa decumbens hay(on intake), nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, diet. nitrogen balance and urea excretion. The experiment lasted 75 days, with the first 12 days of adaptation to diets and stalls and 63 days of data collection. Twenty-one male Santa Inês x Dorper crossbred sheep, male, uncastrated, with an average age of four months and initial body weight (18.80 ± 2.34 kg) were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design (IHD). Concentrated forage ratio was 30:70, a standard diet was used supplemented or not with the fungal strain; without microbial additive (control); with the fungus (Trichoderma); and yeast (Rhodotorula). Nutrient intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and body nitrogen retention were not influenced by adding probiotics (P> 0.05). Microbial efficiency was lower (P <0.05) with the use of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa yeast. High proportions of concentrate in the diet could interfere with the probable effects of probiotics on forage fiber utilization.