DNA-based qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products.

As one of the main ingredients in some milk powders, whey powder is sometimes added to pure goat milk products, which can cause health risks, economic fraud, and unfair competition of food industries. This study is the first to explore qualitative and quantitative methods to identify adulteration of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products based on DNA. We extracted DNA from whey powder using a modified DNA extraction method; this exhibited good quality and integrity, with purity of 1.53 to 1.75 and concentration of 122 to 179 ng/µL. Conventional PCR and real-time PCR were compared for qualitative detection of bovine whey powder; real-time PCR demonstrated sensitivity of 0.01 ng/µL, which was higher than the 0.05 ng/µL detected by the conventional PCR method. Furthermore, real-time PCR was conducted for DNA quantitative detection, with good linearity (R2 = 0.9858) obtained for bovine whey powder contents from 0.1% to 30%. Relative error decreased with increase of the mixing proportion of whey powder; the coefficient of variation above 0.1% of the mixing ratio was close to or less than 5%; and the relative standard deviation of repeatability results was less than 5%. Considering the economic costs of testing, conventional PCR could be performed first, and samples with obvious intentional adulteration detected can be further accurately quantified by real-time PCR. Overall, this research provides a realistic and effective method for qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products, thus laying a good foundation for verification of goat dairy product label claims and industrial control.

Heterozygous PAX6 mutations may lead to hyper-proinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance: A case-control study in families with congenital aniridia.

AIM: PAX6 is a transcription factor involved in embryonic development of many organs, including the eyes and the pancreas. Mutations of PAX6 gene is the main cause of a rare disease, congenital aniridia (CA). This case-control study aims to investigate the effects of PAX6 mutations on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in families with CA. METHODS: In all, 21 families with CA were screened by Sanger sequencing. Patients with PAX6 mutations and CA (cases) and age-matched healthy family members (controls) were enrolled. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to detect diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Insulin and proinsulin secretion were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 21 CA families, heterozygous PAX6 mutations were detected in five families. Among cases (n = 10) from the five families, two were diagnosed with newly identified diabetes and another two were diagnosed with IGT. Among controls (n = 12), two had IGT. The levels of haemoglobin A1c were 36 ± 4 mmol/mol (5.57 ± 0.46%) and 32 ± 5 mmol/L (5.21 ± 0.54%) in the cases and the controls, respectively (p = 0.049). More importantly, levels of proinsulin in the cases were significantly higher than that of the controls, despite similar levels of total insulin. The areas under the curve of proinsulin in the cases (6425 ± 4390) were significantly higher than that of the controls (3709 ± 1769) (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: PAX6 may participate in the production of proinsulin to insulin and heterozygous PAX6 mutations may be associated with glucose metabolism in CA patients.

Screening of frozen-thawed conditions for keeping nutritive compositions and physicochemical characteristics of goat milk.

Frozen milk can help producers overcome the seasonality of goat milk production, low goat production and short lactation periods, and avoid discarding milk during some special periods. We investigated effects of combination between freezing (cryogenic refrigerator of -16 to -20°C or ultra-cryogenic refrigerator of -76 to -80°C) and thawing (homeothermy of 20 to 25°C or refrigeration of 2 to 4°C) on nutritive compositions and physicochemical characteristics of raw goat milk during storage period (80 d). Compared with fresh goat milk, the frozen-thawed milk decreased contents of fat, protein, and lactose, as well as surface tension and stability coefficient, whereas increased effective diameter and polydispersity index. The average values of color values (L*, a*, and b*) in 4 group samples changed from 83.01 to 82.25, -1.40 to -1.54, 3.51 to 3.81, respectively, and the ΔE of most samples did not exceed 2. In contrast to the other 3 frozen-thawed treatments, goat milk treated with ultra-cryogenic freezing-homeothermic thawing (UFHT) possessed higher fat (5.20 g/100 g), smaller effective particle diameter (0.32 µm), and the lowest polydispersity index value (0.26). The color and confocal laser scanning microscopy images of UFHT were similar to those of fresh goat milk, illustrating UFHT was the optimal approach to maintain the natural quality of goat milk. Our finding provides a theoretical basis for producers to freeze surplus milk.

[Research progress on the effect of surface charge of biomaterials on bone formation].

With the continuous progress of materials science and biology, the significance of biomaterials with dual characteristics of materials science and biology is keeping on increasing. Nowadays, more and more biomaterials are being used in tissue engineering, pharmaceutical engineering and regenerative medicine. In repairing bone defects caused by trauma, tumor invasion, congenital malformation and other factors, a variety of biomaterials have emerged with different characteristics, such as surface charge, surface wettability, surface composition, immune regulation and so on, leading to significant differences in repair effects. This paper mainly discusses the influence of surface charge of biomaterials on bone formation and the methods of introducing surface charge, aiming to promote bone formation by changing the charge distribution on the surface of the biomaterials to serve the clinical treatment better.

Sequence-Modulated Interactions between Single Multivalent DNA-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles.

DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) is an attractive building block to construct elegant plasmonic nanomaterials by self-assembly but the complicated interaction between multivalent nanoconjugates governing the assembly process and the properties of assembled structures remains poorly understood. Herein, with an in situ kinetic single-particle imaging method, we report the dynamic interaction between single multivalent DNA-conjugated AuNPs quantitatively depends on the nucleic acid sequence in nanoconjugates. From the binding dynamics analysis, it was found that the binding of nanoconjugates with DNA length longer than nine bases is kinetically irreversible and the binding rate is dependent on both the sequence length and GC content, enabling us to predict the rational modulation of binding rates of individual building blocks for stepwise assembly. Moreover, the reversibility for the multivalent interaction between single nanoconjugates at constant temperature can be reinstated by adopting the DNA sequence with single-nucleotide mismatch and the lifetime for nanoconjugates at bound state can be tailored by changing the mismatch positions in DNA strands, providing new opportunity to create active nanostructures with controlled dynamic properties. All these findings provide new insights for understanding the multivalent interaction during the assembly process at the single-nanoconjugate level and predicting the programmable self-assembly of engineered nanoconjugates for the fabrication of dynamic nanomaterials.

Discovery and functional annotation of SIX6 variants in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common subtype and is a complex trait with multigenic inheritance. Genome-wide association studies have previously identified a significant association between POAG and the SIX6 locus (rs10483727, odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, p = 3.87×10(-11)). SIX6 plays a role in ocular development and has been associated with the morphology of the optic nerve. We sequenced the SIX6 coding and regulatory regions in 262 POAG cases and 256 controls and identified six nonsynonymous coding variants, including five rare and one common variant, Asn141His (rs33912345), which was associated significantly with POAG (OR = 1.27, p = 4.2×10(-10)) in the NEIGHBOR/GLAUGEN datasets. These variants were tested in an in vivo Danio rerio (zebrafish) complementation assay to evaluate ocular metrics such as eye size and optic nerve structure. Five variants, found primarily in POAG cases, were hypomorphic or null, while the sixth variant, found only in controls, was benign. One variant in the SIX6 enhancer increased expression of SIX6 and disrupted its regulation. Finally, to our knowledge for the first time, we have identified a clinical feature in POAG patients that appears to be dependent upon SIX6 genotype: patients who are homozygous for the SIX6 risk allele (His141) have a statistically thinner retinal nerve fiber layer than patients homozygous for the SIX6 non-risk allele (Asn141). Our results, in combination with previous SIX6 work, lead us to hypothesize that SIX6 risk variants disrupt the development of the neural retina, leading to a reduced number of retinal ganglion cells, thereby increasing the risk of glaucoma-associated vision loss.

ABCC5, a gene that influences the anterior chamber depth, is associated with primary angle closure glaucoma.

Anterior chamber depth (ACD) is a key anatomical risk factor for primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on ACD to discover novel genes for PACG on a total of 5,308 population-based individuals of Asian descent. Genome-wide significant association was observed at a sequence variant within ABCC5 (rs1401999; per-allele effect size =  -0.045 mm, P = 8.17 × 10(-9)). This locus was associated with an increase in risk of PACG in a separate case-control study of 4,276 PACG cases and 18,801 controls (per-allele OR = 1.13 [95% CI: 1.06-1.22], P = 0.00046). The association was strengthened when a sub-group of controls with open angles were included in the analysis (per-allele OR = 1.30, P = 7.45 × 10(-9); 3,458 cases vs. 3,831 controls). Our findings suggest that the increase in PACG risk could in part be mediated by genetic sequence variants influencing anterior chamber dimensions.

Direct observation of nanoparticle multiple-ring pattern formation during droplet evaporation with dark-field microscopy.

Controllable protocols towards nanoparticle self-assembly are important for applications of functional nanomaterials. Evaporation is a simple yet effective method to realize a gold nanoparticle ordered self-assembly, but until now, little attention has been paid to viewing the corresponding assembly process. Herein, with the help of dark-field microscopy, we in situ monitored the whole dynamic process of gold nanorod (GNR) assembly as the solvent evaporated. Differently from the previous coffee-ring effect, rod-shaped hydrophilic GNRs, within certain concentrations, spontaneously assembled into a multiple-ring pattern on a hydrophobic substrate via droplet drying. The self-assembly mechanism is consistent with a diffusion-driven kinetics, and the influencing factors, including the GNR surface modification, the colloid concentration, the surface property of the substrate, and the shape of the nanoparticles, were systematically investigated.

[Surgical treatment of congenital glaucoma].

Congenital glaucoma is a type of disease which may seriously affect children's visual function. Different from adult glaucoma, medical therapy has a limited role and surgery remains the primary therapy. There are several types of surgical treatments for different patient. With the development of technology, more innovation surgeries, such as Trabectome(TM) and 360-degree suture trabeculotomy, are used in the treatment of congenital glaucoma with good result. At the same time, endoscopic technique is used in classical surgeries to break through their original limitations. This paper reviews the surgical treatments, their indications and latest developments.

Proportion and risk factors of zonulopathy in patients with age-related cataract.

Purpose: To investigate the proportion of zonulopathy in patients with age-related cataract, and further explore demographics and ocular characteristics, as well as potential risk factors. Methods: Hospital-based, observational, cross-sectional study. We enrolled consecutive patients who were 45 years or older and diagnosed with age-related cataract and underwent surgery between October 2022 and April 2023 at the Division of Cataract, Beijing Tongren Hospital. Zonulopathy was diagnosed based on intraoperative signs. We calculated the total proportion, age, and gender specific proportions of zonulopathy. We compared the demographic and ocular characteristics between the cases with and without zonulopathy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the risk factors associated with the presence of zonulopathy in patients with age-related cataract. Results: A total of 640 age-related cataract patients with a median age of 70.0 (64.0-77.0) were enrolled. Zonulopathy was diagnosed intraoperatively in 70 patients (10.9%). Compared with the patients having no zonulopathy, those with zonulopathy were likely to be older (P < 0.001), have a shallower central ACD (P < 0.001), a thicker lens (P < 0.001) and a shorter AL (P = 0.010). Logistic regression analyses showed that the risk predictors associated with the presence of zonulopathy in patients with age-related cataract were older age (OR, 1.042; P = 0.035) and shallower central ACD (OR, 0.834; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Zonulopathy in age-related cataract patients is not an uncommon finding. Clinicians should be mindful of zonulopathy in patient population with advanced age and shallower ACD.

Antitumor effect of human TRAIL on adenoid cystic carcinoma using magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene expression.

To overcome treatment limitations of adenoid cystic carcinoma, we developed a novel treatment combining gene therapy and nanotechnology. In this study, we created a plasmid, pACTERT-TRAIL, which used the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter, a tumor-specific promoter, to drive tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). A Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-plasmid complex (FPP) was generated, in which the iron oxide nanoparticles were modified by positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) to enable them to carry the negatively charged plasmid. In vitro transfection assays showed that efficiency of magnetofection (i.e., FPP transfection) was sixfold higher compared to PEI alone or Lipofectamine 2000 (hereafter referred to as lipofectin) (P < 0.05). Importantly, apoptotic assays demonstrated that FPP-mediated TRAIL gene transfer could efficiently induce apoptosis of SACC-83 cells in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that magnetofection of the plasmids driven by the tumor-specific promoter hTERT provides an effective way to deliver therapeutic genes for the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma in the future. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this novel study addressing adenoid cystic carcinoma, the authors created a plasmid to drive tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Following that, a Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-plasmid complex (FPP) was generated, in which the iron oxide nanoparticles were modified by positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) enabling them to carry the negatively charged plasmid, giving rise to sixfold higher transfection rates compared to standard technology.

Oncocytic Carcinoma in the Retromolar Trigone: A Case Report.

Oncocytic carcinoma (OC) is a pretty rare malignant neoplasm. Oncocytic carcinomas mainly occur in major salivary glands but infrequently occur in minor salivary glands. We report a case of OC occurring in the retromolar glands involving the ipsilateral tonsil, which has not been reported in the English literature. This case may expand the database of OC, and provide diagnosis and treatment ideas for clinicians.

Low-dose transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with subsequent phacoemulsification in the treatment of prolonged acute primary angle closure.

BACKGROUND: To explore the outcomes and mechanisms of intraocular pressure (IOP) control using low-dose transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (LDTSCP) followed by phacoemulsification in patients with prolonged acute primary angle closure (APAC). METHODS: Patients with prolonged APAC refractory to all other treatment modalities were prospectively recruited, and underwent LDTSCP (10 shots, 2 s duration, 120° treatment with the energy starting at 1500 mW and titrated to the level with audible burst but not exceeding 2000 mW) and anterior chamber paracentesis 1 week prior to phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation and viscogoniosynechiolysis. Postoperative IOP, vision, anatomic changes on anterior segment optical coherence tomography and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty eyes with prolonged APAC were recruited. Median follow-up was 12 months (range 9-18), at which point the vision in all eyes had improved and IOP was ≤17 mm Hg on no antiglaucoma medications. Following LDTSCP at postoperative day (POD) 1, IOP decreased in all eyes to a median 15 mm Hg (range: 6-28 mm Hg). Post-LDTSCP supraciliary effusion (SCE) occurred in 90% of eyes on POD1 or POD7 and ciliary body defect (CBD) was detected in 30% of eyes and resolved in all cases by postoperative month 1. Lower post-LDTSCP IOP was associated with more number of bursts (r=-0.558, p=0.011) and higher grade of SCE (r=-0.877, p<0.001), but not with total energy (p=0.240). Eyes with CBD (p=0.018) and a higher number of bursts (r=0.657, p=0.002) had higher grade SCE. CONCLUSIONS: LDTSCP-induced SCE may explain the post-LDTSCP IOP reduction seen in eyes with prolonged APAC. LDTSCP instead of traditional more extensive treatment, was sufficient to provide a relatively safe and effective bridge therapy prior to phacoemulsification. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR1900023567).

Zonulopathy Identified During Cataract Extraction in Patients With Primary Angle Closure Disease.

PRCIS: The proportion, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of zonulopathy in primary angle closure disease (PACD) were analyzed. Zonulopathy is an underrecognized common finding in PACD, especially in patients with acute angle closure (AAC). PURPOSE: To examine the proportion and risk factors associated with intraoperative zonulopathy in PACD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 88 consecutive patients with PACD who underwent bilateral cataract extraction at Beijing Tongren Hospital from August 1, 2020 to August 1, 2022. Zonulopathy was diagnosed based on intraoperative findings including the presence of a lens equator, radial folds of the anterior capsule while making capsulorhexis, and other signs of the unstable capsular bag. The subjects were grouped based on their PACD subtype diagnoses: AAC, primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), primary angle closure (PAC), or primary angle closure suspect (PACS). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with zonulopathy. The proportion and the risk factors of zonulopathy were estimated in patients with PACD and in PACD subtypes. RESULTS: Of 88 patients with PACD (67.3 ± 6.9 y old, 19 males and 69 females), the overall proportion of zonulopathy was 45.5% of patients (40/88) and 30.1% of eyes (53/176). Among the PACD subtypes, the proportion of zonulopathy was highest (69.0%) in AAC, followed by 39.1% in PACG, and 15.3% in PAC and PACS combined. AAC was an independent risk factor associated with zonulopathy ( P = 0.015, AAC vs PACG, PAC, and PACS combined; odds ratio: 0.340, CI: 0.142-0.814). Shallower anterior chamber depth ( P = 0.031) and greater lens thickness ( P = 0.036), but not laser iridotomy, were associated with an increased proportion of zonulopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Zonulopathy is common in PACD, especially in patients with AAC. Shallow anterior chamber depth and thick lens thickness were associated with an increased proportion of zonulopathy.

SNHG17/miR-384/ELF1 axis promotes cell growth by transcriptional regulation of CTNNB1 to activate Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Increasing evidence proved the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in various human malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Nevertheless, limited explorations concern the role of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 17 (SNHG17) in OSCC. Herein, SNHG17 was disclosed to be remarkably upregulated in OSCC cell lines and promoted OSCC cell growth. Further mechanistic studies, including DNA/RNA pull down, RIP, ChIP, and luciferase reporter gene assays, were conducted. It was confirmed that Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway was involved in the SNHG17-mediated OSCC cell growth. Moreover, E74 like ETS transcription factor 1 (ELF1) was identified as the transcription activator of CTNNB1 (ß-catenin mRNA) in OSCC. Inspired by competing for endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network, we were pleasantly surprised to find that SNHG17 and ELF1 functioned as ceRNAs in OSCC via competitively binding to microRNA-384 (miR-384). By using rescue assays, we revealed that SNHG17 facilitated OSCC cell growth through modulating miR-384/ELF1 axis. Importantly, we certified that ELF1 was indispensable for SNHG17-affected OSCC progression. Collectively, it can be concluded that SNHG17/miR-384/ELF1 axis contributed to OSCC cell growth via promoting CTNNB1 expression, thus activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Changing Trends in Glaucoma Surgery Over the Past 5 Years in China.

PURPOSE: To analyze the trends of glaucoma surgery procedures over the past 5 years among hospitals across major provinces in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study based on medical records. We obtained the annual numbers of commonly performed glaucoma incisional surgeries from 57 hospitals of 30 provincial regions in the Chinese Glaucoma Study Consortium (CGSC) from January 2015 to September 2019. The trend of glaucoma surgery was analyzed by Cochrane-Armitage trend test. RESULTS: Trabeculectomy, cataract extraction combined with goniosynechialysis, cataract extraction combined with trabeculectomy, and surgical peripheral iridotomy (SPI) were the top 4 surgical procedures percentages of which have the most substantial change over the course of 2015 to 2019 (all Ptrend <0.001). Numbers of trabeculectomies decreased significantly from 47.59% in 2015 to 31.21% in 2019; cataract extraction combined with goniosynechialysis increased from 12.12% to 28.48%; cataract extraction combined with trabeculectomy increased from 13.11% to 15.97%; and SPI decreased from 9.03% to 6.34%. The proportion of internal drainage surgery increased from 24.31% in 2015 to 39.29% in 2019 while external drainage surgery decreased from 69.20% to 54.64% (All Ptrend <0.001). The microinvasive glaucoma surgeries including AB-interno Canaloplasty, gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy, and Trabectome, increased from 0.62% to 1.40% (Ptrend<0.001). Across all study hospitals, the trends were similar, except for the Tibet Autonomous Region Eye Center, where SPI and trabeculectomy remained the most common anti-glaucoma surgeries. CONCLUSION: In the past 5 years, we observed substantial reduction in trabeculectomy, and increase in combination cataract-glaucoma procedures across major hospitals in China. The proportion of internal drainage surgery increased, while external drainage surgery decreased significantly. Detailed understanding of shifting trends in glaucoma surgeries can facilitate better health care resource allocation and training of glaucoma subspecialists in China.

Construction of a BMP-2 gene delivery system for polyetheretherketone bone implant material and its effect on bone formation in vitro.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely investigated for improving its biological inert to enable it to achieve stronger osteogenic capability and to be a promising material in implant fields. The most important mechanism that makes a successful implantation is osteointegration. Surface modification is an appropriate method to maintain the excellent mechanical properties of PEEK and simultaneously endow PEEK certain biological characters. In this work, we attempted to shape the nano-topography of PEEK surface by nitrogen low-temperature plasma and polydopamine coating on the surface as a secondary reaction platform to bond the aminated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating the BMP-2 gene for enhancing the biological activity. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle (CA) measurements were applied to characterize the surface of modified or untreated PEEK. Surface characterization showed that the modification was successfully performed on PEEK including a rougher and more hydrophilic surface with nanotopographic features. The influence on cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation was evaluated by culturing of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on different modified PEEK substrates in vitro. The biological results indicated that the low-temperature plasma treatment and PDA-coating on PEEK significantly promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. And the osteogenic differentiation was effectively improved by BMP-2 gene releasing from PLGA-NH2 microspheres. The results showed that this novel biological surface modification endowed PEEK with outstanding bioactivity and osteogenic ability, providing a theoretical basis for application in the field of implantation.

Coding Variants in HOOK2 and GTPBP3 May Contribute to Risk of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma.

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. This study proposed to screen candidate PACG-associated variants in Chinese Han people. Whole exome sequencing was applied to five confirmed PACG patients and two primary angle closure suspect individuals within a PACG-enriched Chinese Han family. A series of bioinformatics analyses were implemented to obtain high-risk single nucleotide variant (SNV) loci for PACG, which were subsequently used for linkage analysis for identifying linkage genome regions. In addition, MassARRAY SNV genotyping was applied to high-risk PACG loci as well as those within linkage regions in another independent cohort including 251 PACG and 251 normal samples to further screen high-confidence SNVs. A total of 27 loci in 19 genes remained after linkage analysis. The 19 genes were significantly enriched in biological processes tightly related to PACG, including retinol metabolism and salmonella infection. Two nonsynonymous SNV loci, rs897804 in exon15 of HOOK2 and rs3745193 in exon7 of GTPBP3, were recognized with higher variant frequency in PACG samples than that in control samples after association analysis of MassARRAY SNV genotyping data. This study sheds new light on the understanding of PACG incidence among Chinese Han people.

The Chinese Glaucoma Study Consortium for Patients With Glaucoma: Design, Rationale and Baseline Patient Characteristics.

PRECIS: Chinese Glaucoma Study Consortium (CGSC) as the first nationwide glaucoma registry in China, we describe its design, rationale, the geographic distribution of the hospitals, and baseline patient characteristics. AIM: As a leading cause of blindness in China, glaucoma affects 2% to 4% of adults over the age of 40 and will become increasingly prevalent as the population ages. At the national level, there are few reports on the current medical practice for glaucoma patients. CGSC will be considered as the first nationwide glaucoma registry in China. Here we describe its design, rationale, the geographic distribution of the hospitals, and baseline patient characteristics. METHODS: From December 21, 2015 to September 9, 2018, CGSC recruited patients with the diagnoses of primary angle-closure suspect, primary angle-closure, primary angle-closure glaucoma, acute primary angle closure, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), pigmentary glaucoma (PG), and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) from 111 hospitals covering 67 cities from 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions in mainland China. Clinical data were collected using an Electronic Data Capture System designed by Tongren hospital and Gauss informed Ltd. Blood samples were collected from every patient for further genetic analysis. RESULTS: Medical records of 10,892 patients were collected, of which 5762 patients have complete information. The average age of those with complete information (n=5762) was 62.05±11.26 years old, and 35.25% were males. Primary angle-closure disease, including primary angle-closure suspect/primary angle-closure/primary angle-closure glaucoma/acute primary angle closure, was predominant (4588, 79.63%), and the distribution for others is as follows: POAG (1116, 19.37%), PXG (41, 0.71%) and PG (17, 0.30%). A total of 16,684 blood samples were collected, of which 9917 (82.68%) were primary angle-closure disease, 1987 (16.57%) were POAG, 69 (0.58%) were PXG, 22 (0.18%) were PG, and 4689 were normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: The CGSC is the first national-level glaucoma registry study in China. Clinical data and blood samples will provide the opportunity to study the epidemiology of glaucoma in Chinese hospitals, to evaluate the level of medical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in China, and to identify the susceptibility loci for glaucoma.