Mouthfeel subqualities in wines: A current insight on sensory descriptors and physical-chemical markers.

Astringency and more generally mouthfeel perception are relevant to the overall quality of the wine. However, their origin and description are still uncertain and are constantly updating. Additionally, the terminology related to mouthfeel properties is expansive and extremely diversified, characterized by common traditional terms as well as novel recently adopted descriptors. In this context, this review evaluated the mention frequency of astringent subqualities and other mouthfeel attributes in the scientific literature of the last decades (2000-August 17, 2022). One hundred and twenty-five scientific publications have been selected and classified based on wine typology, aim, and instrumental-sensorial methods adopted. Dry resulted as the most frequent astringent subquality (10% for red wines, 8.6% for white wines), while body-and related terms-is a common mouthfeel sensation for different wine types, although its concept is still vague. Alongside, promising analytical and instrumental techniques investigating and simulating the in-mouth properties are discussed in detail, such as rheology for the viscosity and tribology for the lubrication loss, as well as the different approaches for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the interaction between salivary proteins and astringency markers. A focus on the phenolic compounds involved in the tactile perception was conducted, with tannins being the compounds conventionally found responsible for astringency. Nevertheless, other non-tannic polyphenolic classes (i.e., flavonols, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, anthocyanin-derivative pigments) as well as chemical-physical factors and the wine matrix (i.e., polysaccharides, mannoproteins, ethanol, glycerol, and pH) can also contribute to the wine in-mouth sensory profile. An overview of mouthfeel perception, factors involved, and its vocabulary is useful for enologists and consumers.

Grape skin anthocyanin extraction from red varieties during simulated maceration: Influence of grape seeds and pigments adsorption on their surface.

The impact of seeds on anthocyanin extraction from skins was assessed on four Italian red winegrape varieties presenting different anthocyanin profile. Grape skins were macerated alone or in presence of seeds for ten days in model solutions. Aglianico, Nebbiolo, Primitivo, and Sangiovese cultivars showed differences in the anthocyanin extraction rate, content, and profile. The presence of seeds did not significantly affect the anthocyanin content and forms extracted from skins and kept into solution, but it generally led to an increase in the polymerization rate. For the first time, anthocyanins adsorbed on seed surface have been quantified after maceration. The amount of anthocyanins retained by seeds was less than 4 mg/kg berries and it seems variety-dependent, with a possible role of seeds number and weight. Individual anthocyanin forms were adsorbed mainly according to their abundance in the solution, but cinnamoyl-glucoside anthocyanin forms showed a higher affinity with seed surface.

Combined effect of harvest time and postharvest dehydration length on the composition of withered grapes for Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG wine production.

BACKGROUND: Sforzato di Valtellina (Sfursat) is a PDO reinforced red wine produced in Valtellina (northern Italy) from partially withered red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Nebbiolo. The present study aimed to evaluate the combined influence of different grape ripeness levels and withering length on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and phenolic profile of Nebbiolo winegrapes from two Valtellina vineyards. During three consecutive vintages (2019, 2020, and 2021), three different technological binomials have been tested: early harvest/long withering (EL), medium-term harvest/medium-term withering (MM), and late harvest/short withering (LS). RESULTS: At the end of the withering process, EL thesis usually presented the highest values of sugars and acidity. Extractable seed polyphenols showed a decreasing trend by leaving the grapes on the plant longer, and this effect increased considerably after withering with respect to fresh samples. EL and MM evidenced the greater concentration of these compounds expressed on grape weight, particularly for tannins. Instead, skin-extracted total phenolics were less influenced by the harvest time, whereas their concentration increased after withering. The harvest time appears to have a higher impact than the withering length on the final extractable anthocyanin content, although the trend was no stable during the vintages or common for the two vineyards evaluated. EL and MM experienced the highest contents of grape skin tannins in most cases, suggesting that a longer withering increases their concentration. CONCLUSION: Harvest time and withering length can be modulated according to the desired oenological objective, promoting the valorization of grape potentialities. The choice to harvest the grapes earlier and enhance the withering length should be preferred to obtain wines with higher acidity and phenolic content, more suitable for long-ageing period. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Diversity of Italian red wines: A study by enological parameters, color, and phenolic indices.

An extensive survey was conducted on 110 Italian monovarietal red wines from a single vintage to determine their standard compositional, color, and phenolic characteristics, analysing more than 35 parameters evaluated through methods commonly used in the wine industry. 'Primitivo' achieved the highest average alcohol strength (15.4% v/v) and dry extract values, while 'Cannonau' showed the lowest total acidity. 'Corvina' had the lowest phenolic content (1065 mg/L by Folin-Ciocalteu assay), remarkably different from the highest found in 'Sagrantino' (3578 mg/L), the latter being also the richest variety in both proanthocyanidins and vanillin-reactive flavanols. 'Teroldego' wines were the richest in both total and monomeric anthocyanins (702 and 315 mg/L, respectively), followed by 'Aglianico' and 'Raboso Piave', while 'Corvina', 'Nebbiolo', and 'Nerello Mascalese' were the poorest. 'Montepulciano' and 'Sangiovese' showed intermediate values for the majority of the parameters analyzed. A multivariate PCA-DA approach allowed achieving both a classification of the different wines as well as the discrimination of 'Sangiovese' wines produced in two regions (Emilia Romagna and Toscana) that returned a 42-66% success rate depending on the zone considered. Taking into account the number and diversity of the wines analyzed, a correlation study helped in better understanding the underlying relations between the most common and widespread analytical techniques for phenolic and color determinations.

Can a Corn-Derived Biosurfactant Improve Colour Traits of Wine? First Insight on Its Application during Winegrape Skin Maceration versus Oenological Tannins.

In winemaking, oenological tannins are used to preserve wine colour by enhancing the antioxidant activity, taking part in copigmentation, and forming polymeric pigments with anthocyanins. As a novel processing aid, in this study, a biosurfactant extract was evaluated as a solubilizing and stabilizing agent of anthocyanins in red wine. The biosurfactant extract under evaluation was obtained from a fermented residual stream of the corn milling industry named corn steep liquor (CSL). Two red winegrape varieties (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico and Cabernet sauvignon) were studied for anthocyanin content and profile, and colour traits, during simulated skin maceration for 7 days at 25 °C, as well as polymerization and copigmentation at the end of maceration. A model wine solution was used as a control, which was added either with the CSL biosurfactant or with four different oenological tannins (from grape skin, grape seed, quebracho, and acacia). The results showed that CSL biosurfactant addition improved the colour properties of skin extracts by the formation of more stable compounds mainly through copigmentation interactions. These preliminary results highlighted that the effectiveness of CSL biosurfactant is variety-dependent; however, there is no significant protection of individual anthocyanin compounds as observed for delphinidin and petunidin forms using quebracho tannin.

Exploring Olfactory-Oral Cross-Modal Interactions through Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Italian Red Wines.

This work aimed at investigating red wine olfactory-oral cross-modal interactions, and at testing their impact on the correlations between sensory and chemical variables. Seventy-four Italian red whole wines (WWs) from 10 varieties, and corresponding deodorized wines (DWs), were evaluated by sensory descriptive assessment. Total phenols, proanthocyanidins, ethanol, reducing sugars, pH, titratable and volatile acidity were determined. PCA results highlighted different sensory features of the 10 wine types. ANOVAs (p < 0.05) showed that olfactory cues might play modulation effects on the perception of in-mouth sensations with 7 (harsh, unripe, dynamic, complex, surface smoothness, sweet, and bitter) out of 10 oral descriptors significantly affected by odours. Three weak but significant positive correlations (Pearson, p < 0.0001) were statistically found and supported in a cognitive dimension: spicy and complex; dehydrated fruits and drying; vegetal and unripe. In the absence of volatiles, correlation coefficients between sensory and chemical parameters mostly increased. Proanthocyanidins correlated well with drying and dynamic astringency, showing highest coefficients (r > 0.7) in absence of olfactory-oral interactions. Unripe astringency did not correlate with polyphenols supporting the idea that this sub-quality is a multisensory feeling greatly impacted by odorants. Results support the significance of cross-modal interactions during red wine tasting, confirming previous findings and adding new insights on astringency sub-qualities and their predictive parameters.

Changes in Skin Flavanol Composition as a Response to Ozone-Induced Stress during Postharvest Dehydration of Red Wine Grapes with Different Phenolic Profiles.

In this study, the combined effect of partial postharvest dehydration and long-term ozone treatment was evaluated at 10 and 20% weight loss as a strategy to induce compositional changes in grape skin flavanols. Two separate trials were carried out in thermohygrometric-controlled chambers at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity. The first trial was conducted under an ozone-enriched atmosphere at 30 µL/L, whereas the second trial was performed under an air atmosphere as a control. Two red wine grape varieties were studied, Barbera and Nebbiolo (Vitis vinifera L.), for their different phenolic composition. Berry skin flavanol composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after phloroglucinolysis and size-exclusion chromatography. The results showed that dehydration and ozone effects were variety-dependent. In Barbera skins, being characterized by lower proanthocyanidin contents, the two effects were significant and their combination showed interesting advantages related to lower proanthocyanidin loss as well as higher prodelphinidin and lower galloylation percentages. In Nebbiolo, skin flavanol composition was barely affected.

Influence of Different Dehydration Levels on Volatile Profiles, Phenolic Contents and Skin Hardness of Alkaline Pre-Treated Grapes cv Muscat of Alexandria (Vitis vinifera L.).

A dehydration experiment was carried out on Vitis vinifera L. cv Muscat of Alexandria (synonym Zibibbo) following the process for the production of renowned special dessert wines produced on Pantelleria island (Sicily, Italy). Harvested berries were pre-treated in a sodium hydroxide dipping solution (45 g/L, dipped for 185 s, 25 °C) to accelerate the drying process, rinsed, and dehydrated in simulated conditions (relative humidity 30%, 30 °C temperature, air speed 0.9 m/s). Three dehydration levels were achieved, corresponding to "Passolata", "Bionda", and "Malaga" stages (35%, 50%, and 65% of weight loss, respectively) of the Pantelleria denomination of origin (DOC). Grape skin mechanical properties, technological parameters, phenolics, and aroma profile varied considerably during dehydration. The most important aroma compounds for their olfactory impact, such as linalool, geraniol, nerol, and citronellol, especially in glycosylated forms, significantly increased in dried grapes compared to fresh ones, even if aroma profile modification occurred. A decrease in break skin force could have induced higher release of flavonoids. The findings showed relevant changes, allowing winemakers to better select the ratio of fresh and dehydrated grapes in the function of the final desired wine.

Use of Untargeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolome To Discriminate Italian Monovarietal Red Wines, Produced in Their Different Terroirs.

The aim of this project was to register, in a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted single-batch analysis, the metabolome of 11 single-cultivar, single-vintage Italian red wines (Aglianico, Cannonau, Corvina, Montepulciano, Nebbiolo, Nerello, Primitivo, Raboso, Sagrantino, Sangiovese, and Teroldego) from 12 regions across Italy, each one produced in their terroirs under ad hoc legal frameworks to guarantee their quality and origin. The data provided indications regarding the similarity between the cultivars and highlighted a rich list of putative biomarkers of origin wines (pBOWs) characterizing each individual cultivar-terroir combination, where Primitivo, Teroldego, and Nebbiolo had the maximum number of unique pBOWs. The pBOWs included anthocyanins (Teroldego), flavanols (Aglianico, Sangiovese, Nerello, and Nebbiolo), amino acids and N-containing metabolites (Primitivo), hydroxycinnamates (Cannonau), and flavonols (Sangiovese). The raw data generated in this study are publicly available and, therefore, accessible and reusable as a baseline data set for future investigations.

Relationships among electrolyzed water postharvest treatments on winegrapes and chloroanisoles occurrence in wine.

Electrolyzed water (EW) has attracted much recent attention as a high-performance, new technology for its potential use in the food industry. However, the risk of postharvest EW treatments of winegrapes destined for winemaking is the chloroanisoles formation in the final product. In the present study, we investigated the impact of postharvest grape EW and storage treatments on the occurrence of these compounds in wine, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) being the main compound responsible for the cork taint off-flavor due to its extremely low perception threshold. The results revealed that the presence of TCA in the wines depended on the concentration of residual free chlorine in the must from the EW treatment. Particularly, TCA was not detected in wine when active chlorine concentrations higher than 0.005 mg/L were present in the must. Chloroanisole and chlorophenol levels in wine were strongly affected not only by EW but also by grape storage conditions (temperature, time, sunlight exposition). The results showed that the 24-hours grape storage at a controlled temperature of 20 °C in the dark, after EW treatment, resulted in the highest TCA concentrations in wines (7.3 ±â€¯2.7 ng/L), while storage and withering in sunlight seemed to mitigate its presence in wine. This could suggest that microbiological formation of chloroanisoles may have been influenced by the storage temperature and germicidal effect of UV light. Biochemical mechanism of chloroanisoles production in grapes and wine is unknown, but the combination of residual free chlorine on the grape surface and the controlled storage conditions in the dark may have positively influenced the bio-formation of chloroanisoles and therefore their presence in wine.

Impact of specific inactive dry yeast application on grape skin mechanical properties, phenolic compounds extractability, and wine composition.

Foliar treatments using two products based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactive dry yeast derivatives with specific formulations for white and red varieties were tested in two consecutive vintages on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay, Cortese, and Nebbiolo grown in Piedmont (north-west Italy). The possible elicitor effect of the foliar treatment was assessed at harvest on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of grape berries. The accumulation and extractability of phenolic compounds in Nebbiolo grape skins were also studied. Wines were produced and analysed in terms of technological parameters, color characteristics, free volatile composition, and phenolic compounds. The treatments induced an +16 µm average increase in berry skin thickness, which makes the grapes more resistant to physical damages and pathogenous attacks. In Nebbiolo, this treatment enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanins (+33 mg/kg on average). However, the obtained results pointed out a vintage effect. In 2015, few significant differences between wines made from control and treated grapes were found. Instead, in 2016, Nebbiolo treated wines had a slightly worse chromatic quality as a consequence of lower contents of phenolic compounds, but they were richer in relative amounts of malvidin-3-glucoside.

Winegrapes dehydration under ozone-enriched atmosphere: Influence on berry skin phenols release, cell wall composition and mechanical properties.

Gaseous ozone has been recently proposed as sanitizing agent to control mycobiota on grapes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of ozone treatment during winegrapes dehydration (10 and 20% weight loss) on the content of phenolic compounds after treatment and their extractability during simulated maceration. The results showed that the ozone effect depends on the profile and content of anthocyanins and flavanols. For varieties characterized by prevalence of di-substituted anthocyanins and high flavanol contents, no significant differences were observed in phenolic compounds contents, but lower anthocyanin extractability was found. Instead, for varieties rich in anthocyanins and with a tri-substituted prevalent profile, lower anthocyanin contents were found at 20% WL, but their extractability was significantly increased. Using multivariate analysis, the extractability was correlated with skin cell wall composition and mechanical properties. Proteins, non-cellulosic glucose and total phenols contributed mainly to explain phenolic compounds extractability in withered grapes.

Phenolic Composition Influences the Effectiveness of Fining Agents in Vegan-Friendly Red Wine Production.

Plant proteins have been proposed as an alternative to animal-origin proteins in the wine industry because they are allergen-free and vegan-friendly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of plant proteins as fining agents on red wines with different phenolic composition. Two formulations for commercially available vegetal proteins (potato and pea origin) were assessed at two doses to modulate the fining treatment to the wine phenolic profile. The results evidenced that fining agents derived from plants have different levels of effectiveness on the removal of phenolic compounds depending on the origin, the formulation used, dose applied, and also wine characteristics. On Nebbiolo wine, the study was particularly significant due to its phenolic composition. One pea-based fining agent had an effect comparable to gelatin (animal origin) on the removal of polymeric flavanols with a minor loss of anthocyanins and therefore better preserving the wine color in terms of intensity and hue. For Primitivo, Montepulciano, and Syrah wines, even though there was a formulation-dependent effect, vegetal proteins gave more balanced reductions in terms of target phenolic compounds contributing to astringency and color perception.

Volatile profiles and chromatic characteristics of red wines produced with Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The use of mixed fermentations with Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is gaining attention in recent years due to their ability to modulate the metabolites production of enological interest. In the present study, four of the most popular planted red grape varieties (Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir and Shiraz) were fermented using the aforementioned species and two different inoculation protocols (inoculation of S. cerevisiae after 24 and 48 h from the Starm. bacillaris inoculation), in order to evaluate their impact on the volatile composition and chromatic characteristics of wines. Analysis from chemical composition showed that titratable acidity and glycerol content exhibited marked differences among wines after fermentation. For volatile compounds, mixed fermented wines using an inoculation delay of 48 h led to reduction of volatile compounds (mainly esters). A shorter 24 h delay produced wines with higher values of color intensity than pure fermented wines. The differences observed between the inoculation protocols can be explained by the growth dynamics of both species during fermentation. These findings suggest that mixed fermentations posed a great potential in reducing metabolites which are considered negative for wine quality (mainly ethyl acetate and volatile fatty acids) and with an improvement of the chromatic profile of the wines.

Volatile profile of white wines fermented with sequential inoculation of Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Mixed fermentations with Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae affect the chemical composition of wines, by modulating various metabolites of oenological interest. The current study was carried out to elucidate the effect of sequential inoculation of the above mentioned species on the production of white wines, especially on the chemical and aromatic characteristics of Chardonnay, Muscat, Riesling and Sauvignon blanc wines. Titratable acidity and glycerol content exhibited evident differences among the wines after fermentation. For volatile compounds, mixed fermentations led to a reduction of the total esters, including ethyl acetate, which is a compound responsible for wine deterioration. However, Sauvignon blanc wines fermented by mixed cultures contained significantly higher levels of esters and thiols, both associated with positive sensory attributes. These findings suggest that sequential inoculations possess great potential in affecting and modulating the chemical and aromatic profile of white wines, especially those produced from Sauvignon blanc grapes.

Oxygen availability and strain combination modulate yeast growth dynamics in mixed culture fermentations of grape must with Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Starmerella bacillaris (synonym Candida zemplinina) is a non-Saccharomyces yeast that has been proposed as a co-inoculant of selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in mixed culture fermentations to enhance the analytical composition of the wines. In order to acquire further knowledge on the metabolic interactions between these two species, in this study we investigated the impact of oxygen addition and combination of Starm. bacillaris with S. cerevisiae strains on the microbial growth and metabolite production. Fermentations were carried out under two different conditions of oxygen availability. Oxygen availability and strain combination clearly influenced the population dynamics throughout the fermentation. Oxygen concentration increased the survival time of Starm. bacillaris and decreased the growth rate of S. cerevisiae strains in mixed culture fermentations, whereas it did not affect the growth of the latter in pure culture fermentations. This study reveals new knowledge about the influence of oxygen availability on the successional evolution of yeast species during wine fermentation.

Ozone Improves the Aromatic Fingerprint of White Grapes.

Ozone, a powerful oxidative stressor, has been recently used in wine industry as sanitizing agent to reduce spoilage microflora on grapes. In this study, we evaluated ozone-induced metabolic and molecular responses during postharvest grape dehydration. Ozone increased the contents of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have a great impact on the organoleptic properties of grapes and wines. Among terpenes, responsible for floral and fruity aroma, linalool, geraniol and nerol were the major aromatic markers of Moscato bianco grapes. They were significantly affected by the long-term ozone treatment, increasing their concentration in the last phases of dehydration (>20% weight loss). At molecular level, our results demonstrated that both postharvest dehydration and ozone exposure induce the biosynthesis of monoterpenes via methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and of aldehydes from lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase (LOX-HPL) pathway. Therefore, transcriptional changes occurred and promoted the over-production of many important volatile compounds for the quality of white grapes.

Comparison of fortified, sfursat, and passito wines produced from fresh and dehydrated grapes of aromatic black cv. Moscato nero (Vitis vinifera L.).

Moscato nero d'Acqui is an Italian aromatic black winegrape variety characterized by a low content of anthocyanins (mostly tri-substituted), a satisfactory content of high molecular mass tannins, and a fair amount of terpenes. The grapes were subjected to a postharvest dehydration process under controlled thermohygrometric conditions (16-18°C, 55-70 RH%, 0.6m/s air speed) with the aim to produce three different special wine types (fortified, sfursat, and passito) from fresh, partially dehydrated (27°Brix), and withered (36°Brix) grapes, respectively. Chemical traits of produced grapes and wines were then evaluated through spectrophotometric, HPLC, and GC-MS methods. Increased contents of skin phenolic compounds and reduced extractable contents of seed phenolic compounds were observed as dehydration progressed. Few significant differences were found in the anthocyanin profile of grapes, although the relative abundance of coumaroylated anthocyanins was higher in dehydrated grapes. The predominant free volatile compound found in grapes was geraniol, which decreased with increasing water loss, whereas the contents of major glycosylated volatile compounds increased even above the concentration effect. The changes in the phenolic composition among wines agreed with those among grape skins. Fortified wines were chromatically unsatisfactory probably due to the low content of total anthocyanins, whereas sfursat and passito wines meet good chromatic characteristics as a result of the concentration effect during grape dehydration. Fortified and sfursat wines had free aroma profiles richer in 2-phenylethanol and citronellol, whereas passito wines were mainly composed of 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethyl acetate, citronellol being the predominant terpenol in all the wine types studied.

Impact of post-harvest ozone treatments on the skin phenolic extractability of red winegrapes cv Barbera and Nebbiolo (Vitis vinifera L.).

Recently the use of ozone as sanitizing agent has been proposed on winegrapes in order to control mycobiota after harvest. The aim of this work was to investigate possible indirect physico-chemical effects of ozone treatment on berry skin phenolic composition and extractability. Vitis vinifera L. cv Nebbiolo and Barbera, chosen for their different anthocyanin profiles, were post-harvest treated for 24 and 72h with gaseous ozone (30µL/L). Skin anthocyanin and flavanol extractability was assessed during maceration (6, 24, 48, 96, 168 and 240h) using a wine-like solution. In our experimental conditions, ozone did not affect significantly the final extraction yield of anthocyanins (TA), proanthocyanidins (PRO), and flavanols reactive to vanillin (FRV) in Barbera, although TA and FRV extractabilities were higher in control samples than in ozone-treated samples during the first stages of maceration. In Nebbiolo, the final TA extraction yield was positively influenced by the ozone treatment (68.6, 64.2, and 59.9% for 24h ozone-treated berries, 72h ozone-treated berries and control samples, respectively). Final PRO and FRV extractability also increased in both ozone-treated samples compared to the control (+8.6-9.1% for PRO and +7.3-11.7% for FRV). No significant differences were found among treatments for individual anthocyanins in both cultivars at the end of maceration. Therefore, the use of ozone as sanitizing agent in red varieties prior to winemaking process can be considered because it did not negatively affect the extractability of skin anthocyanins and flavanols.

Chemical, mechanical and sensory monitoring of hot air- and infrared-roasted hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) during nine months of storage.

Roasted hazelnuts can be consumed as whole nuts, or as an ingredient in the confectionary and bakery industries and are highly appreciated for their typical taste, aroma and crunchy texture. In this work, two hazelnut types (TGT, Ordu) from two harvests were roasted using two different systems (hot air, infrared) at different time/temperature combinations, and the evolution of oxidative stability, the total phenolic content (TPC), the antioxidant capacity, the mechanical and acoustic properties and the sensory perception were determined during storage. The results showed that the oxidative stability was increased by roasting hazelnuts at 120°C for 40min with hot air system. Similar overall trends were not found for the TPC, the antioxidant capacity and the mechanical-acoustic properties. However, for the maintenance of high antioxidant activity, a storage time of 6months at 4°C is recommended. The two roasting systems gave hazelnuts with significant sensory differences only at high roasting temperature.