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The aims of the current study were to examine differences in brain responses to cognitive control in stressed and non-stressed women managers. Stress complaints are highly prevalent among active workers and play an important role in women managers mental health and cognitive functioning. Psychosocial stress has been associated with differential executive functions in this population, but little is known about the neural correlates underlying such differences. We examined brain responses of a particular group of workers that has been proposed to have a different response to stress as a function of their status (i.e., managers). Stressed (n = 19) and non-stressed women managers (n = 21) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the performance of a cognitively demanding task. We used the Stroop color-word task to compare neural activation associated with the suppression of a predominant response tendency (i.e., word reading) and the initiation of an appropriate behavior alternative (i.e., naming word color). Despite similar behavioral performances, stressed managers exhibited increased activation in the occipital cortex during response inhibition. No regions were more activated in the non-stressed relative to the stressed group. This finding of greater activation has been interpreted as compensatory brain response to maintain performance in front of cognitive challenge.
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Função Executiva/fisiologia , Liderança , Estresse Ocupacional/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico , Teste de StroopRESUMO
Contextual memory is important for the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory, which is often impaired in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The objective was to investigate the effect of low and high cognitive support on encoding in an incidental contextual memory task in euthymic patients with BD. Twenty-three patients with a BD type I diagnosis (aged 23-63â years, 17 women and 6 men) and 29 healthy controls completed a recognition memory task for context (location of a recognised object). Participants were assigned to one of two incidental encoding conditions: (1) with a binding cue to encourage the association of the object to its location (judging the degree of appropriateness of an object in relation to its location) or (2) without a binding cue (judging daily use of objects). Patients showed a deficit in incidental contextual memory in the absence of a binding cue at encoding. Under incidental encoding with the binding cue, no differences were observed between the groups for contextual memory. Contextual memory deficits in BD patients were reduced by providing cognitive support at encoding. The role of this strategy should be investigated in larger samples to evaluate its use for cognitive remediation in BD patients.
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Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Cognição , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/complicações , Memória Episódica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Psicológicos , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the alterations in upper limb motor impairment and connectivity between motor areas following the post-stroke delivery of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation sessions. METHODS: Modifications in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores, connectivity between the primary motor cortex of the unaffected and affected hemispheres, and between the primary motor and premotor cortices of the unaffected hemisphere were compared prior to and following six sessions of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation application in 13 patients (active = 6; sham = 7); this modality targets the primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere early after a stroke. RESULTS: Clinically relevant distinctions in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores (≥9 points) were observed more frequently in the Sham Group than in the Active Group. Between-group differences in the alterations in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores were not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.133). ROI-to-ROI correlations between the primary motor cortices of the affected and unaffected hemispheres post-therapeutically increased in 5/6 and 2/7 participants in the Active and Sham Groups, respectively. Between-group differences in modifications in connectivity between the aforementioned areas were not statistically significant. Motor performance enhancements were more frequent in the Sham Group compared to the Active Group. CONCLUSION: The results of this hypothesis-generating investigation suggest that heightened connectivity may not translate into early clinical benefits following a stroke and will be crucial in designing larger cohort studies to explore mechanisms underlying the impacts of this intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02455427.
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Córtex Motor , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Humanos , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua/métodos , Projetos Piloto , Masculino , Feminino , Córtex Motor/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral/métodos , Idoso , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore differences in regional cortical morphometric structure between adolescents at risk for depression or with current depression. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional structural neuroimaging data from a sample of 150 Brazilian adolescents classified as low-risk (n=50) or high-risk for depression (n=50) or with current depression (n=50) through a vertex-based approach with measurements of cortical volume, surface area and thickness. Differences between groups in subcortical volumes and in the organization of networks of structural covariance were also explored. RESULTS: No significant differences in brain structure between groups were observed in whole-brain vertex-wise cortical volume, surface area or thickness. Also, no significant differences in subcortical volume were observed between risk groups. In relation to the structural covariance network, there was an indication of an increase in the hippocampus betweenness centrality index in the high-risk group network compared to the low-risk and current depression group networks. However, this result was only statistically significant when applying false discovery rate correction for nodes within the affective network. CONCLUSION: In an adolescent sample recruited using an empirically based composite risk score, no major differences in brain structure were detected according to the risk and presence of depression.
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Background: Dual-task paradigms are a known tool to evaluate possible impairments in the motor and cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A technique to evaluate the cortical function during movement is functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The evaluation of the MS course or its treatment by associating fNIRS with gait measurements may be flexible and low-cost; however, there are no feasibility studies in the literature using these combined techniques in early-stage patients with MS. Objective: To evaluate cortical hemodynamics using fNIRS and gait parameters in patients at early stages of MS and in healthy controls during a dual-task paradigm. Methods: Participants performed cognitive tasks while walking to simulate daily activities. Cortical activation maps and gait variability were used to evaluate differences between 19 healthy controls and 20 patients with MS. Results and conclusion: The results suggest an enhanced cortical activation in the motor planning areas already at the early stages of MS when compared to controls. We have also shown that a systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal gait variability parameters indicates differences in the patient population. The association of cortical and gait parameters may reveal possible compensatory mechanisms related to gait during dual tasking at the early stages of the disease.
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This study examined the cortisol secretion pattern and declarative memory performance of dementia caregivers. An illustrated story paradigm memory task was used to evaluate the effects of emotional arousal on memory and assess the caregivers' cognitive compensation capacity. Younger (n=19) and elderly (n=24) noncaregivers and elderly caregivers (n=14) took part in 2 experiments to elucidate the effects of aging (experiment 1) and chronic stress (experiment 2) on memory performance and cortisol levels. Each group was divided in 2 subgroups: one that was exposed to an emotionally neutral story, and one that was exposed to a similar, but emotionally arousing story. Participants completed a multiple-choice questionnaire in the test session. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at 8:00 AM, 4:00 PM, and 10:00 PM, 1 day after memory testing. Experiment 1 showed that, despite an age-related memory deficit, arousal manipulation produced a similar effect in both age groups. Experiment 2 showed that, in addition to the characteristic memory decline of aging, elderly caregivers did not benefit from emotionally arousing material as their noncaregiver counterparts did. This impairment correlated with elevated nighttime cortisol levels, indicating a potential worsening impact of caregiver burden on age-related cognitive decline.
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Cuidadores/psicologia , Demência , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Família/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alterations in cortisol secretion pattern seem to be involved in the associations between aging, depression, and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to mainly assess cortisol circadian profile in older adults with subjective depressive symptoms. METHODS: Salivary cortisol samples from healthy young (n = 22) and old adults (n = 22), and from older adults who self-reported depressive symptoms in Geriatric Depression Scale (n = 22) were collected at 7 AM, 4 PM, and 10 PM and were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Older adults with depressive symptoms presented the characteristic cortisol circadian pattern, but they showed higher cortisol levels at 10 PM than healthy young and elderly controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that mild depressive symptoms could be associated with a cortisol secretion pattern previously described as being predictive of cognitive decline.
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Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Idoso , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Depressão/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Radioimunoensaio , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismoRESUMO
A cause of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic is media exposure, which can impact health care professionals (HCPs) who must keep up to date with the statistics and procedures to fight the outbreak. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of listening to negative and positive news about COVID-19 pandemic and a relaxation pause audio. For that, we measured the emotional state through Likert items in a scale developed to assess how anxious, stressed, hopeful, conscious about emotions, irritated, despondent, joyful, optimistic, and preoccupied, he or she was feeling in the moment of evaluation. In an online experiment, an HCPs sample of 245 participants were randomly assigned to either listen to negative or positive news contents about COVID-19. After that, both groups were guided by a relaxation pause activity in which they paid attention to the body and breath. They were assessed before and after listening to each audio. After listening to negative news, participants entered in a more negative emotional state than at baseline (p < 0.001) and compared with participants who listened to positive news (p < 0.001). Both groups improved their emotional state after performing the proposed brief relaxation (p < 0.001). These results show the importance of HCPs being aware and controlling the content of consumed news. A brief relaxation practice can mitigate the negative effects of consuming information with negative content.
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BACKGROUND: Graph theory (GT) is a mathematical field that analyses complex networks that can be applied to neuroimaging to quantify brain's functional systems in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the functional connectivity (FC) measured by the global efficiency (GE) of the motor network in PD and compare it to ET and healthy controls (HC), and correlate it to clinical parameters. METHODS: 103 subjects (54PD, 18ET, 31HC) were submitted to structural and functional MRI. A network was designed with regions of interest (ROIs) involved in motor function, and GT was applied to determine its GE. Clinical parameters were analyzed as covariates to estimate the impact of disease severity and medication on GE. RESULTS: GE of the motor circuit was reduced in PD in comparison with HC (p .042). Areas that most contributed to it were left supplementary motor area (SMA) and bilateral postcentral gyrus. Tremor scores correlated positively with GE of the motor network in PD subgroups. For ET, there was an increase in the connectivity of the anterior cerebellar network to the other ROIs of the motor circuit in comparison with PD. CONCLUSIONS: FC measured by the GE of the motor network is diminished in PD in comparison with HC, especially due to decreased connectivity of left SMA and bilateral postcentral gyrus. This finding supports the theory that there is a global impairment of the motor network in PD, and it does not affect just the basal ganglia, but also areas associated with movement modulation. The ET group presented an increased connectivity of the anterior cerebellar network to the other ROIs of the motor circuit when compared to PD, which reinforces what it is known about its role in this pathology.
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Tremor Essencial , Doença de Parkinson , Gânglios da Base , Tremor Essencial/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagem , TremorRESUMO
This study evaluated how news with positive and negative content about COVID-19, as well as a relaxation pause, affect the emotional state. We also investigated the association between emotional state and practicing meditation/yoga, physical activity or having a mental disease. For that, a sample of 717 participants, recruited through social media, were randomly assigned to listen to negative or positive news about COVID-19. After that, both groups were guided through a short relaxation pause. Their emotional state was measured before they listened to the audios and after each audio. Mixed linear models were used to evaluate the effects of news group, relaxation pause, mental health and well-being practices. Negative news worsened their emotional state, whereas positive news improved it. A brief relaxation pause improved the effects of negative news content and may mitigate the effects of this valence of information. Practicing physical activity, meditation/yoga was associated with better emotional responses.
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Gait initiation is a daily challenge even for healthy individuals as it requires the timely coupling between the automatic anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) and the voluntary step according to the context. Modulation of this motor event has been thought to involve higher level brain control, including cognitive inhibitory circuitries. Despite the known participation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the modulation of some parameters of APA, the participation of areas controlling inhibition during gait initiation still needs to be investigated. In this study, the hemodynamic responses of the SMA and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a gait initiation task under cognitive conflict to select the foot to step (congruent [CON] and incongruent [INC] conditions). The older group (OG) showed worse inhibitory control than the young group (YG) along with more impairments in APA parameters. OG also had a lower amplitude of hemodynamic responses in both areas than YG in the INC. The INC increased the correlation between SMA and DLPFC only in the YG. Aging seems to impair the interaction between the hemodynamic responses of SMA and DLPFC, which influences APA performance in gait initiation under cognitive conflict.
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Córtex Motor/irrigação sanguínea , Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/irrigação sanguínea , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cognição/fisiologia , Conflito Psicológico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Neuroimagem Funcional , Marcha/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Masculino , Córtex Motor/diagnóstico por imagem , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate coronavirus disease 2019-related information consumption and related implications for health care professionals (medical and nonmedical personnel) during the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional on-line survey was distributed to employees of a major health care institution located in São Paulo, Brazil between April 3 and April 10, 2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The sample comprised 2,646 respondents. Most participants (44.4%) reported excessive or almost excessive access to information about the novel coronavirus and 67.6% reported having increased their average time spent on social media. When asked how frequently they consider it was easy to determine the reliability of information, "sometimes" corresponded to 43.2% of the answers in contrast to 14.6% responding "always". Answers related to potential signs of information overload associated with the pandemic indicated that 31% of respondents felt stressed by the amount of information they had to keep up with almost every day or always. Overall, 80.0% of respondents reported having experienced at least one of the following symptoms: headache, eye twitching, restlessness or sleeping difficulty. The frequency of symptoms was higher among participants with a more negative information processing style regarding when dealing with large volumes of information relative to those with a positive information processing style. Likewise, symptoms were more frequently reported by participants who had increased their social media access relative to those reporting reduced access during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Our survey provides a description of how health professionals consume COVID-19 related information during the pandemic, and suggests that excessive information exposure and high processing demands may impose psychological distress and affect mental health.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Setor de Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , SARS-CoV-2 , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Quality of life is an important issue concerning people all over the world and affecting patients in the mental health field. When considering the potential neural links between quality of life and the brain, a brain network that comes into mind is the default mode network (DMN). Its architecture and function has been investigated in relation to various research fields including social and emotional cognition, meditation and neuropsychiatric disorders as well as happiness. In this cross-sectional study we investigated the relationship between various quality of life domains (physiological, psychological, social and environmental) and the functional connectivity of the default mode network at rest in a sample of 42 healthy working female managers. The results indicate that there is a significant association between the social quality of life domain and the functional connectivity of the default mode network. Post-hoc analysis revealed that high social quality of life scores were associated with right-left lateral parietal hypoconnectivity. By adopting a wide ranging perspective, our study approaches to fundamental research about quality of life but so far only applied on a female subgroup. As far as we know, it is the first to analyze the neuronal correlates of quality of life in the brain and therefore sets an initial step in its investigation.
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Mapeamento Encefálico , Encéfalo , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Apoio SocialRESUMO
The development of motor response inhibition is critical during preschool years and has been associated with an improvement in gross motor coordination in this population. However, the assessment of inhibitory abilities in young children is challenging in terms of task selection and subject engagement, especially when investigating foot responses. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe a child-friendly Go/No-go paradigm to assess inhibitory control of foot based on a dance mat protocol. In this method, Go and No-go stimuli are modeled in the context of a fishing game, and behavioral responses are assessed by recording the latency to touch the mat and the accuracy of the touches. In this protocol article, we (1) describe the stages of the experimental set-up, (2) provide an illustrative data collection example in a sample of children aged 3-4 years, and (3) describe how to process the data generated. The utilization of the dance mat provides a feasible tool for researchers interested in studying the development of motor inhibitory control of foot in preschoolers. Potential applications of this protocol may include studies on developmental differences between hand and foot specialization, sports-related performance and neuroimaging.
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ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at assessing the alterations in upper limb motor impairment and connectivity between motor areas following the post-stroke delivery of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation sessions. Methods Modifications in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores, connectivity between the primary motor cortex of the unaffected and affected hemispheres, and between the primary motor and premotor cortices of the unaffected hemisphere were compared prior to and following six sessions of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation application in 13 patients (active = 6; sham = 7); this modality targets the primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere early after a stroke. Results Clinically relevant distinctions in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores (≥9 points) were observed more frequently in the Sham Group than in the Active Group. Between-group differences in the alterations in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores were not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.133). ROI-to-ROI correlations between the primary motor cortices of the affected and unaffected hemispheres post-therapeutically increased in 5/6 and 2/7 participants in the Active and Sham Groups, respectively. Between-group differences in modifications in connectivity between the aforementioned areas were not statistically significant. Motor performance enhancements were more frequent in the Sham Group compared to the Active Group. Conclusion The results of this hypothesis-generating investigation suggest that heightened connectivity may not translate into early clinical benefits following a stroke and will be crucial in designing larger cohort studies to explore mechanisms underlying the impacts of this intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02455427.
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Large-scale brain networks exhibit changes in functional connectivity during the aging process. Recent literature data suggests that Yoga and other contemplative practices may revert, at least in part, some of the aging effects in brain functional connectivity, including the Default Mode Network (DMN). The aim of this cross-sectional investigation was to compare resting-state functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex-precuneus (PCC-Precuneus) in long-term elderly Yoga practitioners and healthy paired Yoga-naïve controls. Two paired groups: yoga (Y-20 women, Hatha Yoga practitioners; practicing a minimum of twice a week with a frequency of at least 8 years) and a control group (C-20 women, Yoga-naïve, matched by age, years of formal education, and physical activity) were evaluated for: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), and open-eyes resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-seed to voxel connectivity analysis (CONN toolbox 17.f) with pre-processing-realignment and unwarping, slice-timing correction, segmentation, normalization, outlier detection, and spatial filtering. The analysis included a priori regions of interest (ROI) of DMN main nodes-MPFC and PCC-Precuneus. There was no difference between groups in terms of: age, years of formal education, MMSE, BDI and IADL. The Yoga group had a higher correlation between MPFC and the right angular gyrus (AGr), compared to the controls. Elderly women with at least 8 years of yoga practice presented greater intra-network anteroposterior brain functional connectivity of the DMN. This finding may contribute to the understanding of the influences of practicing Yoga for a healthier cognitive aging process.
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The cerebral cortex and the cerebellum are spatially remote areas that are connected by complex circuits that link both primary and associative areas. Previous studies have revealed abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it is not clear whether cortico-cerebellar connectivity is differentially manifested in the disorder. To explore this issue, we investigated differences in intrinsic cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity between individuals with typical development (TD) and those with ASD. To this end, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of 708 subjects under a resting state protocol provided by the ABIDE I Consortium. We found that people with ASD had diminished functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the following cortical regions: (i) right fusiform gyrus, (ii) right postcentral gyrus, (iii) right superior temporal gyrus, (iv) right middle temporal gyrus, and (v) left middle temporal gyrus. All of these regions are involved in many cognitive systems that contribute to commonly affected functions in ASD. For right fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus, we reproduced the results in an independent cohort composed of 585 subjects of the ABIDE II Consortium. Our results points toward a consistent atypical cortico-cerebellar connectivity in ASD.
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The employment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a method of brain imaging has increased over the last few years due to its portability, low-cost and robustness to subject movement. Experiments with fNIRS are designed in the face of a limited number of sources and detectors (optodes) to be positioned on selected portion(s) of the scalp. The optodes locations represent an expectation of assessing cortical regions relevant to the experiment's hypothesis. However, this translation process remains a challenge for fNIRS experimental design. In the present study, we propose an approach that automatically decides the location of fNIRS optodes from a set of predefined positions with the aim of maximizing the anatomical specificity to brain regions-of-interest. The implemented method is based on photon transport simulations on two head atlases. The results are compiled into the publicly available "fNIRS Optodes' Location Decider" (fOLD). This toolbox is a first-order approach to bring the achieved advancements of parcellation methods and meta-analyses from functional magnetic resonance imaging to more precisely guide the selection of optode positions for fNIRS experiments.
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Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuroimagem Funcional/métodos , Dispositivos Ópticos , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodosRESUMO
Paralleling two decades of growth in the emergent field known as educational neuroscience is an increasing concern that educational practices and programs should be evidence-based, however, the idea that neuroscience could potentially influence education is controversial. One of the criticisms, regarding applications of the findings produced in this discipline, concerns the artificiality of neuroscientific experiments and the oversimplified nature of the tests used to investigate cognitive processes in educational contexts. The simulations may not account for all of the variables present in real classroom activities. In this study, we aim to get a step closer to the formation of data-supported classroom methodologies by employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy in various experimental paradigms. First, we present two hyperscanning scenarios designed to explore realistic interdisciplinary contexts, i.e., the classroom. In a third paradigm, we present a case study of a single student evaluated with functional near-infrared spectroscopy and mobile eye-tracking glasses. These three experiments are performed to provide proofs of concept for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in scenarios that more closely resemble authentic classroom routines and daily activities. The goal of our study is to explore the potential of this technique in hopes that it offers insights in experimental design to investigate teaching-learning processes during teacher-student interactions.
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Several functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies report their findings based on changes of a single chromophore, usually concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin ([[Formula: see text]]) or deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb). However, influence of physiological actions may differ depending on which element is considered and the assumption that the chosen measure correlates with the neural response of interest might not hold. By assessing the correlation between [[Formula: see text]] and [HHb] in task-evoked activity as well as resting-state data, we identified a spatial dependency of non-neuronal hemodynamic changes in the anterior temporal region of the human head. Our findings support the importance of reporting and discussing fNIRS outcomes obtained with both chromophores ([[Formula: see text]] and [HHb]), in particular, for studies concerning the anterior temporal region of the human head. This practice should help to achieve a physiologically correct interpretation of the results when no measurements with short-distance channels are available while employing continuous-wave fNIRS systems.