Inspiratory muscle weakness, diaphragm immobility and diaphragm atrophy after neck dissection.

BACKGROUND: Inspiratory strength after a neck dissection has not been evaluated, and diaphragm function has not been adequately evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate diaphragm mobility and inspiratory strength after neck dissection. METHODS: Prospective data collection of a consecutive series of adult patients submitted to neck dissection for head and neck cancer treatment, in a tertiary referral cancer center, from January to September 2014, with 30 days of follow-up. A total of 43 were studied (recruited 56; excluded 13). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Determine diaphragm mobility and inspiratory muscle strength after neck dissection, using diaphragm ultrasound and by measuring maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP). RESULTS: Thirty patients underwent unilateral neck dissection, and thirteen patients underwent bilateral neck dissection. Diaphragm immobility occurred in 8.9% of diaphragms at risk. For the entire cohort, inspiratory strength decreased immediately after the dissection but returned to preoperative values after 1 month. Except for those with diaphragm immobility, diaphragm mobility remained unchanged after the dissection. One month after the dissection, the diaphragm thickness decreased, indicating diaphragm atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately after a neck dissection, just a few patients showed diaphragmatic immobility, and there was a transient decrease in inspiratory strength in all individuals. Such findings can increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients with previous lung disease.

Four-dimensional computed tomography protocol for preoperative evaluation of the parathyroid glands and its correlations with other imaging methods: a pictorial essay.

Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Advances in surgical techniques have made it possible to excise only the affected parathyroid gland in most cases. Imaging examinations play a fundamental role in the preoperative planning of parathyroidectomy. To localize the parathyroid glands, imaging tests such as scintigraphy, ultrasound, and, more recently, four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT). The aim of this pictorial review was to illustrate the use of the 4D CT protocol in cases of parathyroid adenoma and to determine how well it correlates with other imaging methods, in order to improve understanding of the 4D CT method.

O adenoma de paratireoide é a causa mais comum de hiperparatireoidismo primário. Com o avanço das técnicas cirúrgicas, na maioria das vezes é realizada a retirada apenas da paratireoide afetada. Para que isso seja possível, os exames de imagem têm papel fundamental. São utilizados para a localização das paratireoides exames como a cintilografia e a ultrassonografia, e recentemente a tomografia computadorizada quadridimensional (TC 4D) com protocolo específico. O objetivo deste ensaio é descrever o uso do protocolo TC 4D em casos de adenoma da paratireoide e determinar sua correlação com os outros métodos de imagem, para facilitar o entendimento do método.

Metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma to the auricular region disguised as a vascular thrombus: Case report.

In about 25-30% of patients with primary renal cell carcinoma, metastasis is not uncommon and usually does not give rise to difficulties in diagnosis. However, its presentation as a subcutaneous mass following an elapse of several years after the initial diagnosis is not only uncommon but may be also mistaken for a thrombus in imaging studies due to its common high vascularization. We present here a case of a 70-year-old woman with an oncologic history of renal cell carcinoma who noticed after five years a mass in the auricular region radiologically suggestive of a vascular thrombus. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed malignant epithelial cells compatible with metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma, supported by immunohistochemistry performed on the cell block. This rather uncommon presentation and precise diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration prompted us to report the case, emphasizing the role of cytopathology as a useful, fast and minimally invasive method for clarifying the neoplastic nature of highly vascularized lesions.

Early metabolic 18F-FDG PET/CT response of locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck to induction chemotherapy: A prospective pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the clinical value of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) after the first cycle of induction chemotherapy (IC) in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LASCCHN). METHODS AND FINDINGS: A prospective, single-arm, single center study was performed, with patients enrolled between February 2010 and July 2013.Patients (n = 49) with stage III/IVA-B LASCCHN who underwent IC with taxanes, cisplatin, and fluorouracil were recruited. Staging procedures included loco-regional and chest imaging, endoscopic examination, and PET/CT scan. On day 14 of the first cycle, a second PET/CT scan was performed. Patients with no early increase in regional lymph node maximum 18F-FDG standard uptake value (SUV), detected using 18F-FDG PET/CT after first IC had better progression-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.18, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 0.056-0.585; p = 0.004) and overall survival (HR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.040-0.498; p = 0.002), and were considered responders. In this subgroup, patients who achieved a reduction of ≥ 45% maximum primary tumor SUV experienced improved progression-free (HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.062-0.854; p = 0.028) and overall (HR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.013-0.96; p = 0.046) survival. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a potential role for early response evaluation with PET/CT examination in patients with LASCCHN undergoing IC. Increased regional lymph node maximum SUV and insufficient decrease in primary tumor uptake predict poorer outcomes.

Four-dimensional computed tomography protocol for preoperative evaluation of the parathyroid glands and its correlations with other imaging methods: a pictorial essay / Protocolo de tomografia computadorizada quadridimensional para avaliação pré-operatória da paratireoide e correlação com outros métodos de imagem: ensaio iconográfico

Abstract Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Advances in surgical techniques have made it possible to excise only the affected parathyroid gland in most cases. Imaging examinations play a fundamental role in the preoperative planning of parathyroidectomy. To localize the parathyroid glands, imaging tests such as scintigraphy, ultrasound, and, more recently, four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT). The aim of this pictorial review was to illustrate the use of the 4D CT protocol in cases of parathyroid adenoma and to determine how well it correlates with other imaging methods, in order to improve understanding of the 4D CT method.

Resumo O adenoma de paratireoide é a causa mais comum de hiperparatireoidismo primário. Com o avanço das técnicas cirúrgicas, na maioria das vezes é realizada a retirada apenas da paratireoide afetada. Para que isso seja possível, os exames de imagem têm papel fundamental. São utilizados para a localização das paratireoides exames como a cintilografia e a ultrassonografia, e recentemente a tomografia computadorizada quadridimensional (TC 4D) com protocolo específico. O objetivo deste ensaio é descrever o uso do protocolo TC 4D em casos de adenoma da paratireoide e determinar sua correlação com os outros métodos de imagem, para facilitar o entendimento do método.

Orbital melanocytoma completely resected with conservative surgery in association with ipsilateral nevus of Ota: report of a case and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Melanocytomas are rare pigmented primary lesions of the central nervous system arising from melanocytes of leptomeninges. They occur most frequently in the posterior fossa, Meckel's cave, or along the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Orbital melanocytomas have been rarely reported. Nevus of Ota is a melanocytic lesion that can be associated with cutaneous and meningeal melanocytic neoplasms. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe a case of an orbital melanocytoma associated with ipsilateral Nevus of Ota. A 28-year-old man presented with proptosis and an ipsilateral congenital facial melanocytic lesion (Nevus of Ota). After imaging evaluation, a retro-orbital mass was discovered. A needle biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of melanocytoma rendered. The patient underwent complete surgical excision of the lesion. CONCLUSION: In order to make the correct diagnosis and to choose the appropriate therapy, it is important to be aware of this rare presentation and its association with Nevus of Ota.

Reversible dementia due to neurocysticercosis: Improvement of the racemose type with antihistamines.

Infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) by the larvae of Taenia solium, termed neurocysticercosis (NCC), is endemic in most developing countries, where it is a major cause of acquired seizures and other neurological morbidity, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, despite its frequent manifestation, some findings, such as cognitive impairment and dementia, remain poorly understood. Less commonly, NCC may affect the ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces and this form is known as extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. A particular presentation of the subarachnoid form is called racemose cysticercosis, which has a progressive pattern, frequently leads to hydrocephalus and can be life-threatening. Here we review a case of the racemose variety of cysticercosis, complicated by hydrocephalus and reversible dementia, with remission of symptoms after derivation and that remained stable with use of dexchlorpheniramine. We discuss the challenges in diagnosis, imaging findings, treatment and follow-up of this disease.

A infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC) pela larva da Taenia solium, intitulada neurocisticercose (NCC) é endêmica na maior parte dos países "em desenvolvimento", onde é a principal causa de convulsão adquirida, além de outras morbidades neurológicas, entre elas, sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. No entanto, apesar de manifestações neuropsiquiátricas serem frequentes, alguns achados, tais como comprometimento cognitivo e demência, continuam a ser mal compreendidos. Menos frequentemente, NCC pode afetar o sistema ventricular e espaços subaracnóideos e esta forma é conhecida como NCC extraparenquimatosa. Uma apresentação particular subaracnóidea, chamada cisticercose racemosa, é encontrada mais raramente, evolui de forma progressiva, associada a hidrocefalia e pode levar a morte. Neste artigo revisamos um caso da variedade racemosa de NCC, complicada com hidrocefalia e demência reversível que evoluiu com remissão dos sintomas após derivação ventricular e permaneceu estável com uso de dexclorfeniramina. Discutimos os desafios no diagnóstico, achados de imagem, tratamento e acompanhamento desta forma de doença.

The missed missing hole.

At times in clinical neurology, the identification of a subtle clinical or radiological sign can lead to prompt diagnosis of a very rare or difficult case. We report on a patient who presented with untreatable headache and unilateral ptosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head did not reveal any structural cause. Magnetic resonance angiogram showed absence of left internal carotid artery, which was eventually confirmed by a catheter angiography. Reviewing the case, it emerged that a feature on the initial CT scan "bone window" would have confirmed the diagnosis, had it been searched for: the underdeveloped carotid canal, which is a consequence and a marker of internal carotid artery agenesis.

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration: A case report.

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is an underdiagnosed neurologic syndrome characterized by parkinsonism, ataxia or other movement disorders and by neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms. It occurs in patients with chronic liver disease, especially those who develop portosystemic shunting and is often unrecognized as a cause of cognitive decline. Recently, its pathogenesis has been associated with manganese accumulation in basal ganglia and some treatments proposed. The aim of this article was to report a case and discuss some discoveries in connection with the disease.

Degeneração hepatocerebral adquirida é uma síndrome neurológica subdiagnosticado caracterizada por parkinsonismo, ataxia ou outros distúrbios do movimento e por sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e cognitivos. Ocorre em pacientes com doença hepática crônica, especialmente aqueles que desenvolvem shunts porto-sistêmicos e frequentemente não é reconhecido como uma causa de declínio cognitivo. Recentemente, sua patogênese tem sido associada ao acúmulo de manganês nos gânglios da base e alguns tratamentos foram propostos. O objetivo do artigo foi relatar um caso e discutir algumas descobertas nesta doença.

Adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy presenting as a psychiatric disorder: MRI findings.

A 35-year-old, previously healthy man presented psychiatric symptoms lasting four years, receiving treatment with neuroleptics. One year later he evolved with gait disequilibrium. After a further six months, cognitive symptoms were characterized with rapid evolution to a profound demented state. MRI showed signal changes in cerebral white matter and very long-chain fatty acids were detected in blood.

Homem de 35 anos, previamente saudável, iniciou há quatro anos sintomas psiquiátricos, recebendo tratamento com neurolépticos. Um ano após evoluiu com alterações do equilíbrio. Há seis meses apresentou distúrbios cognitivos, piorando rapidamente a um estado de profunda demência. RM do encéfalo revelou intensa alteração de sinal na substância branca cerebral e foram detectados ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa no sangue.

Additional tests to investigate neuropathic pain. The value of electroneuromyography for neuropathic pain / Exames complementares na investigação da dor neuropática. O valor da eletroneuromiografia na dor neuropática

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuropathic pain is defined as pain induced by injury or disease involving the somatosensory system. Dysfunctions in anatomic regions responsible for the processing of pain may involve peripheral and central nervous system components. A careful history and clinical evaluation with special attention to neurologic propaedeutics are critical for the syndromic, anatomic and etiologic diagnosis of neuropathic pain. However, diagnosis is not always simple and often depends on additional tests. This chapter aimed at reviewing most commonly used additional tests in the clinical practice to help diagnosing neuropathic pain. CONTENTS: Electroneuromyography is primarily indicated for topographic, etiologic and prognostic diagnosis of peripheral nervous system diseases and for the differential diagnosis between neurogenic, myopathic and neuromuscular junction diseases. It gives real time information on what is going on in the nerve and the muscle, being fundamentally important for differential neuromuscular disease diagnosis. Some imaging methods, such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance, for their spatial resolution, give details of anatomic structures. Other methods, such as positron emission tomography scan and functional magnetic resonance, in addition to anatomic details, also provide data on metabolic and functional measurements. In addition, imaging techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance, allow the study of brain biochemical changes and conectivities with different temporal and spatial resolutions. Other additional tests, such as sensory quantification test and microneurography are seldom used in the clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Additional tests, together with careful history and neurological evaluation focused on neurologic propaedeutics, may provide important data for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain and are often used in the clinical practice.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dor neuropática é definida como a dor causada por lesão ou doença envolvendo o sistema somatossensitivo. Disfunções em regiões anatômicas responsáveis pelo processamento da dor podem envolver componentes do sistema nervoso periférico e central. Uma anamnese cuidadosa e um exame clínico com particular atenção na propedêutica neurológica são fundamentais para o diagnóstico sindrômico, anatômico e etiológico das dores neuropáticas. Entretanto, o diagnóstico nem sempre é simples e frequentemente depende do auxílio de exames complementares. O objetivo deste capítulo foi rever os exames complementares mais usados na prática clínica para o auxílio diagnóstico na dor neuropática. CONTEÚDO: O exame eletroneuromiográfico tem sua principal indicação no diagnóstico topográfico, etiológico e prognóstico das afecções do sistema nervoso periférico e no diagnóstico diferencial entre afecções neurogênicas, miopáticas e da junção neuromuscular. Ele pode fornecer informações em tempo real do que está ocorrendo no nervo e no músculo, sendo de fundamental importância no diagnóstico diferencial das afecções neuromusculares. Existem várias modalidades não invasivas de estudo por imagem que podem auxiliar no diagnóstico de quadros de dores neuropáticas. Alguns métodos por imagem como a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, pela sua resolução espacial, fornecem detalhamento sobre as estruturas anatômicas. Outros métodos como a tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons, ressonância magnética funcional fornecem além do detalhamento anatômico, dados sobre mensurações metabólicas e funcionais. Além disso, técnicas de imagem como espectroscopia e tensor de difusão por ressonância magnética, permitem estudar alterações bioquímicas e conectividades cerebrais com diferentes resoluções temporais e espaciais. Outros exames complementares como teste de quantificação sensitiva e microneurografia são pouco utilizados na prática clínica. CONCLUSÃO: Exames complementares, em conjunto com uma anamnese cuidadosa e exame neurológico focado na propedêutica neurológica, podem fornecer dados importantes para o diagnóstico de dor neuropática e são frequentemente utilizados na prática clínica.

Reversible dementia due to neurocysticercosis: improvement of the racemose type with antihistamines / Demência reversível por neurocisticercose: melhora da forma racemosa com o uso de anti-histamínicos

Infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) by the larvae of Taenia solium, termed neurocysticercosis (NCC), is endemic in most developing countries, where it is a major cause of acquired seizures and other neurological morbidity, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, despite its frequent manifestation, some findings, such as cognitive impairment and dementia, remain poorly understood. Less commonly, NCC may affect the ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces and this form is known as extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. A particular presentation of the subarachnoid form is called racemose cysticercosis, which has a progressive pattern, frequently leads to hydrocephalus and can be life-threatening. Here we review a case of the racemose variety of cysticercosis, complicated by hydrocephalus and reversible dementia, with remission of symptoms after derivation and that remained stable with use of dexchlorpheniramine. We discuss the challenges in diagnosis, imaging findings, treatment and follow-up of this disease.

A infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC) pela larva da Taenia solium, intitulada neurocisticercose (NCC) é endêmica na maior parte dos países "em desenvolvimento", onde é a principal causa de convulsão adquirida, além de outras morbidades neurológicas, entre elas, sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. No entanto, apesar de manifestações neuropsiquiátricas serem frequentes, alguns achados, tais como comprometimento cognitivo e demência, continuam a ser mal compreendidos. Menos frequentemente, NCC pode afetar o sistema ventricular e espaços subaracnóideos e esta forma é conhecida como NCC extraparenquimatosa. Uma apresentação particular subaracnóidea, chamada cisticercose racemosa, é encontrada mais raramente, evolui de forma progressiva, associada a hidrocefalia e pode levar a morte. Neste artigo revisamos um caso da variedade racemosa de NCC, complicada com hidrocefalia e demência reversível que evoluiu com remissão dos sintomas após derivação ventricular e permaneceu estável com uso de dexclorfeniramina. Discutimos os desafios no diagnóstico, achados de imagem, tratamento e acompanhamento desta forma de doença.

The missed missing hole / Revelações de um canal ausente

At times in clinical neurology, the identification of a subtle clinical or radiological sign can lead to prompt diagnosis of a very rare or difficult case. We report on a patient who presented with untreatable headache and unilateral ptosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head did not reveal any structural cause. Magnetic resonance angiogram showed absence of left internal carotid artery, which was eventually confirmed by a catheter angiography. Reviewing the case, it emerged that a feature on the initial CT scan "bone window" would have confirmed the diagnosis, had it been searched for: the underdeveloped carotid canal, which is a consequence and a marker of internal carotid artery agenesis.

Em algumas circunstâncias, o reconhecimento de um sinal clínico ou radiológico sutil pode tornar simples o diagnóstico de um caso raro ou muito difícil em neurologia clínica. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentava cefaleia intratável e ptose palpebral unilateral. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio não permitiu identificar nenhuma causa estrutural. A ressonância magnética evidenciou ausência da artéria carótida interna esquerda, posteriormente confirmada por arteriografia convencional. Retrospectivamente, descobriu-se que um dado da janela óssea da primeira TC de crânio teria confirmado o diagnóstico, tivesse ele sido pesquisado: o hipodesenvolvimento do canal carotídeo, que é uma consequência e um marcador de agenesia da artéria carótida interna.

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration: a case report / Degeneração hepatocerebral adquirida: relato de caso

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is an underdiagnosed neurologic syndrome characterized by parkinsonism,ataxia or other movement disorders and by neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms. It occurs in patients with chronic liverdisease, especially those who develop portosystemic shunting and is often unrecognized as a cause of cognitive decline.Recently, its pathogenesis has been associated with manganese accumulation in basal ganglia and some treatmentsproposed. The aim of this article was to report a case and discuss some discoveries in connection with the disease.

Degeneração hepatocerebral adquirida é uma síndrome neurológica subdiagnosticado caracterizada porparkinsonismo, ataxia ou outros distúrbios do movimento e por sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e cognitivos. Ocorre empacientes com doença hepática crônica, especialmente aqueles que desenvolvem shunts porto-sistêmicos e frequentementenão é reconhecido como uma causa de declínio cognitivo. Recentemente, sua patogênese tem sido associada ao acúmulode manganês nos gânglios da base e alguns tratamentos foram propostos. O objetivo do artigo foi relatar um caso e discutiralgumas descobertas nesta doença.

Adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy presenting as a psychiatric disorder - MRI findings / Adrenoleucoistrofia de início tardio simulando doença psiquiátrica: relato de caso e revisão do assunto

A 35-year-old, previously healthy man presented psychiatric symptoms lasting four years, receiving treatmentwith neuroleptics. One year later he evolved with gait disequilibrium. After a further six months, cognitive symptoms werecharacterized with rapid evolution to a profound demented state. MRI showed signal changes in cerebral white matter andvery long-chain fatty acids were detected in blood.

Homem de 35 anos, previamente saudável, iniciou há quatro anos sintomas psiquiátricos, recebendo tratamentocom neurolépticos. Um ano após evoluiu com alterações do equilíbrio. Há seis meses apresentou distúrbios cognitivos, piorando rapidamente a um estado de profunda demência. RM do encéfalo revelou intensa alteração de sinal na substânciabranca cerebral e foram detectados ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa no sangue.