RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Traumatic epilepsy is defined by episodes of recurring seizures secondary to severe brain injury. Though drugs are found effective to control seizures, their long-term use have been observed to increase reactive oxygen species in animals. Flavonoid fisetin, a natural bioactive phytonutrient reported to exert anticonvulsive effect in experimental seizure models. But, trauma-induced seizures could not be prevented by anticonvulsants was reported in some clinical studies. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of fisetin on epileptiform electrographic activity in iron-induced traumatic epilepsy and also the probable reason behind the effect in rats. METHODS: Fisetin pretreatment (20â mg/kg body wt., p.o.) of rats for 12 weeks were chosen followed by injecting iron (5â µl, 100â mM) stereotaxically to generate iron-induced epilepsy. Experimental design include electrophysiological study (electroencephalograph in correlation with multiple unit activity (MUA) in the cortex and CA1 subfield of the hippocampus; spectral analysis of seizure and seizure-associated behavioral study (Morris water maze for spatial learning, open-field test for anxiety) and biochemical study (lipid peroxidation, Na+,K+-ATPase activity) in both the cortex and the hippocampus. RESULTS: Fisetin pretreatment was found to prevent the development of iron-induced electrical seizure and decrease the corresponding MUA in the cortex (*PË0.05) as well as in the hippocampus (***PË0.001). Fisetin pretreatment decreased the lipid peroxides (*PË0.05) and retained the Na+,K+-ATPase activity (*PË0.05) which was found altered in the epileptic animals and also found to attenuate the seizure-associated cognitive dysfunctions. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the antiepileptic action of fisetin in iron-induced model of epileptic rats by inhibiting oxidative stress.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/efectos de los fármacos , Epilepsia Postraumática/tratamiento farmacológico , Flavonoides/farmacología , Animales , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Electroencefalografía , Epilepsia Postraumática/inducido químicamente , Flavonoles , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hierro , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in female Wistar rats by intradermal injection of porcine immunization grade native collagen type II (Chondrex). Development and progression of CIA was monitored by studying histopathological, radiographical and biochemical features of arthritic manifestations in the knee joints, hind limb and blood plasma. In addition, oxidative stress status of arthritic animals was determined by measuring lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. High resolution proton NMR spectroscopy was employed for the analysis of lipid components in the lipid extracts of the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic and control rats. Triglyceride levels showed significant decreases in plasma (1.7 times) but were unchanged in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to control. One-dimensional proton NMR spectra showed a 6.2 times reduction in the quantity of choline-containing phospholipids in the plasma of CIA as compared to control rats. There was a 1.6 times elevation of choline-containing phospholipids in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. Induction of arthritis showed a 4.0 times reduction in the level of total cholesterol in the plasma and 1.6 times elevation in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was 1.5 times significantly higher in joint tissue and 2.1 times significantly higher in plasma of CIA rats as compared to controls. The results demonstrated significantly altered lipid patterns in the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic rats as detected by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy compared with controls.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Artritis Experimental/metabolismo , Artritis Experimental/patología , Colágeno/toxicidad , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Animales , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Biomarcadores/análisis , Femenino , Peroxidación de Lípido , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Streptococcus thermophilus is an important lactic starter used in the production of yogurt. Most strains of S. thermophilus are galactose negative (Gal(-)) and are able to metabolize only glucose portion of lactose and expel galactose into the medium. This metabolic defect leads to the accumulation of free galactose in yogurt, resulting in galactosemia among consumers. Hence there is an absolute need to develop low galactose yogurt. Therefore, in this study, three galactose positive (Gal(+)) S. thermophilus strains from National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC) viz. NCDC 659 (AJM), NCDC 660 (JM1), NCDC 661 (KM3) and a reference galactose negative (Gal(-)) S. thermophilus NCDC 218 were used for preparation of low galactose yogurt. In milk fermented using S. thermophilus isolates alone, NCDC 659 released less galactose (0.27 %) followed by NCDC 661 (0.3 %) and NCDC 660 (0.45 %) after 10 h at 42 °C. Milk was fermented in combination with Gal(-) L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCDC 04, in which NCDC 659 released least galactose upto 0.49 % followed by NCDC 661 (0.51 %) and NCDC 660 (0.60 %) than reference Gal(-) NCDC 218(0.79 %). Low galactose yogurt was prepared following standard procedure using Gal(+) S. thermophilus isolates and Gal(-) L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCDC 04 in 1:1 ratio. Among which low galactose yogurt by NCDC 659 combination contained less galactose 0.37 % followed by NCDC 661 (0.51 %), NCDC 660 (0.65 %) and reference Gal(-) NCDC 218 (0.98 %) after 4 h of fermentation. This study clearly reveals that Gal(+) S. thermophilus isolates can be paired with Gal(-) L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus for developing low galactose yogurt.
RESUMEN
Lactobacillus fermentum V10 was able to show large capsules surrounding the cell surface and produced 247.37 ± 0.76 mg/L polysaccharides in fermentation medium. The effect on technological properties of low-fat dahi found to be significantly (P < 0.01) improved for Lactobacillus fermentum V10 than control dahi made by EPS(+) Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCDC 285 and EPS(-) Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 09 cultures. Low fat dahi prepared by exopolysaccharides producing Lactobacillus fermentum V10 exhibited optimum acid production, lesser whey separation, higher viscosity, increased adhesiveness and stickiness whereas decreased firmness and work of shear as compared to control dahi.
RESUMEN
Gypsum products are one of the most widely used materials in dentistry. The wide use of plaster of paris motivated a number of manufacturers to introduce different brands of the profession but their physical and mechanical properties were still questionable. The aim of this study was to access, compare and evaluate the physical properties of different brands of laboratory gypsum available in Indian dental market. Seven brands namely Calspar, Rajhans, Elephant, Horse, Lion, Johnson and Shree Niwas Chemicals were selected for the comparison of their particle size, consistency and setting time. The obtained data were tabulated and compared with Indian, Australian and US standard specification. Statistical analysis for comparative study was done. It was found that none of the brands were up to mark. The present study shall be able to provide some beneficial information regarding their quality control and guide the manufacturers for improving the standardization of their products so that most suitable type of material may be available to the profession.
RESUMEN
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have taken centre stage in perspectives of modern fermented food industry and probiotic based therapeutics. These bacteria encounter various stress conditions during industrial processing or in the gastrointestinal environment. Such conditions are overcome by complex molecular assemblies capable of synthesizing and/or metabolizing molecules that play a specific role in stress adaptation. Thiols are important class of molecules which contribute towards stress management in cell. Glutathione, a low molecular weight thiol antioxidant distributed widely in eukaryotes and Gram negative organisms, is present sporadically in Gram positive bacteria. However, new insights on its occurrence and role in the latter group are coming to light. Some LAB and closely related Gram positive organisms are proposed to possess glutathione synthesis and/or utilization machinery. Also, supplementation of glutathione in food grade LAB is gaining attention for its role in stress protection and as a nutrient and sulfur source. Owing to the immense benefits of glutathione, its release by probiotic bacteria could also find important applications in health improvement. This review presents our current understanding about the status of glutathione and its role as an exogenously added molecule in food grade LAB and closely related organisms.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Microbiología de Alimentos , Glutatión/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Bacterias/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismoRESUMEN
L-deprenyl is considered to protect against age-related cognitive deficits by improving long-term learning/memory in the aged brain. The CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas are the sites at which initial learning and memory processes occur. Chronic deprenyl treatment significantly augmented the basal electrical firing rate (multiple-unit action potentials), and Na+, K(+)-ATPase and protein kinase C activities of both CA1 and CA3 indicating that the drug increased the excitability of CA1 and CA3. The increase, however, was much greater in CA1 than in CA3 suggesting that deprenyl can improve longer-term learning in aged animals by its excitability-enhancing action in CA1. The drug also countered the ageing-related loss of hippocampal protein kinase C activity.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Región CA1 Hipocampal/efectos de los fármacos , Región CA3 Hipocampal/efectos de los fármacos , Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Selegilina/farmacología , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Región CA1 Hipocampal/enzimología , Región CA1 Hipocampal/fisiología , Región CA3 Hipocampal/enzimología , Región CA3 Hipocampal/fisiología , Electroencefalografía , Aprendizaje/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
Dairy propionibacteria are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status microorganisms which have been traditionally used for the manufacture of Swiss type cheeses. In the last two decades various added features and functionalities have been discovered and developed from these bacteria. Propionibacteria are robust organisms with remarkable adaptability to technological and physiological stress conditions. Besides, they also display a multitude of health promoting properties like modulation of gut microbiota, improved gut physiology and immunomodulation suggesting their promising probiotic potential. Propionibacteria produce an interestingly wide range of functional biomolecules like B group vitamins, trehalose, conjugated linoleic acid, propionic acid, bacteriocins, bifidogenic factors etc. These bacteria are thus now being explored for designing novel functional foods as well as for industrial production of nutraceuticals. Growing interest in these bacteria is fueled by the first whole genome sequencing of a Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain providing a platform for better understanding of various pathways and further improvement in related process technologies.
Asunto(s)
Productos Lácteos/microbiología , Microbiología Industrial , Propionibacterium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Propionibacterium/metabolismo , Productos Biológicos/metabolismo , Genoma Bacteriano , Propionibacterium/genéticaRESUMEN
This study presents the suitability of D1/D2 domain of large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for differentiation of Orpinomyces joyonii and Orpinomyces intercalaris based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A variation of G/T in O. intercalaris created an additional restriction site for AluI, which was used as an RFLP marker. The results demonstrate adequate heterogeneity in the LSU rDNA for species-level differentiation.
Asunto(s)
ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Tipificación Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Tipificación Micológica/métodos , Neocallimastigales/clasificación , Neocallimastigales/genética , ARN Ribosómico/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN Ribosómico/química , Genes de ARNr , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , ARN de Hongos/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
In the study described here, the antiepileptic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment on iron-induced focal epileptiform activity in the rat brain was investigated. DHEA is a neuroactive corticosteroid hormone synthesized both in the adrenal cortex and in the brain. Its antioxidant properties are well known. As oxidative stress seems to play a major role in epileptogenesis in the iron-induced model of posttraumatic epilepsy, it was of interest to examine whether DHEA would exert antiepileptic activity. DHEA at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally for 7, 14, and 21 days to iron-induced epileptic rats prevented epileptiform electrophysiological activity. Morris water maze and open-field tests on iron-induced epileptic rats revealed that DHEA also prevented behavioral alterations related to epileptiform activity. Thus, DHEA attenuated the cognitive defects produced by epileptic activity. Moreover, alterations in epileptogenesis-related biochemical parameters-lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump) activity--were also countered by DHEA.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Deshidroepiandrosterona/uso terapéutico , Epilepsia/patología , Epilepsia/prevención & control , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Hierro/efectos adversos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Análisis de Regresión , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Mental health in old age is of great concern due to the increased incidence of neurological and psychiatric diseases. With age, probability of cognitive and behavioral deficits increase and the prognosis deteriorates. Although a few in vitro studies have reported that flavonoid fisetin is beneficial for healthy aging, its effect on deteriorating mental health with aging in vivo is very limited and poorly understood. The brain aging is physiologically characterized by electroencephalograph (EEG) wave frequency, power, and distribution. Brain oscillatory waves from neural tissue get altered by various sensory-cognitive inputs. Besides, the fast-wave α(8-12 Hz)- and ß(12-28 Hz)-oscillations are associated with coordination and indeed deal with complex behavioral performances. Therefore, the effect of fisetin supplementation on age-associated EEG mean cortical spectral power in α- and ß-oscillations, multi-unit activity (MUA) count were studied in vivo which was not addressed so far. Besides, age-associated cognitive and behavioral alterations were also studied. The relative spectral power of α and ß declined along with the MUA count in aged rats compared to young. However, supplementing fisetin for four weeks has improved relative α-power, ß-power, and MUA count in aged rats. Also, fisetin supplemented aged rats showed significantly improved cognitive and behavioral performances than aged controls. These findings demonstrated the relative cortical spectral power in α-, ß-oscillations, and MUA count change in aged rats and that some of these changes and behavioral alterations may be partly as a result of oxidative stress, which was prevented significantly in fisetin supplemented aged rats. Thus, fisetin boosted mental health in the aged animals.
Asunto(s)
Electroencefalografía , Flavonoides , Envejecimiento , Animales , Encéfalo , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoles , RatasRESUMEN
This study investigated the effect of curcumin on aluminium-induced alterations in ageing-related parameters: lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), protein kinase C (PKC), Na(+), K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain of 10- and 24-month-old rats. Measurements taken from aluminium-fed rats were compared with those from rats in which curcumin and aluminium were co-administered. In aluminium-treated rats the levels of lipid peroxidation, PKC and AChE were enhanced while the activities of SOD, GPx, GST and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase were significantly decreased in both the brain regions of both age-groups. In animals co-administered with curcumin and aluminium, the levels of lipid peroxidation, activities of PKC and AChE were significantly lowered while the activities of SOD, GPx, GST and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase were significantly enhanced in the two brain regions studied indicating curcumin's protective effects against aluminium toxicity. Though the magnitudes of curcumin-induced alterations varied in young and old animals, the results of the present study also demonstrated that curcumin exerts a protective effect against aluminium-induced elevation of ageing-related changes by modulating the extent of oxidative stress (by upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes) and by regulating the activities of Na(+), K(+) ATPase, PKC and AChE. Therefore, it is suggested that curcumin counters aluminium-induced enhancement in ageing-related processes.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Compuestos de Aluminio/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruros/toxicidad , Curcumina/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Cloruro de Aluminio , Animales , Corteza Cerebral/enzimología , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Hipocampo/enzimología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study was carried out to evaluate: the antiepileptic effect of dietary curcumin, and the effect of epileptic state and curcumin on the molecular expression of voltage-activated Na+ channel subtypes Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 in the iron-induced experimental epilepsy in the rat. Rats were divided into four groups; Group I (control rats), Group II (epileptic rats), Group III (curcumin-fed epileptic rats), and Group IV (curcumin-fed rats). Curcumin was fed chronically to rats approximately at the dose of 100 mg/kg body wt. The animals were made epileptic by intracortical injection of FeCl3. The mRNA and protein expressions of Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 were examined by RT-PCR analysis and immuno-histochemistry. Results showed a significant increase (upregulation) in the expression of both Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 with seizure activity in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic rats. Epileptic rats fed with curcumin showed a marked decrease in epileptiform activity, and reduced mRNA and protein levels of Nav1.1. It appears that the antiepileptic action of curcumin may be associated with the downregulation of Nav1.1 in the cortex.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.1/metabolismo , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.6/metabolismo , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Electroencefalografía , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Hierro/toxicidad , Masculino , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.1/genética , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.6/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Aluminium (Al) is the most abundant metal known for its neurotoxicity in humans. It gains easy access to the central nervous system under normal physiological conditions and accumulates in different brain regions. It has been reported to be involved in the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we have investigated the effects of long-term intake of aluminium chloride (AlCl(3)) on the electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical and histochemical functions of hippocampus. Wistar rats were fed with AlCl(3) at a dose of 50mg/(kgday) for 6 months in the drinking water. Effect of long-term intake of Al was studied on the electrical activity of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in brain of young and old rats. Morris water maze and open field tests were performed to investigate the cognitive and anxiety status of aging rats intoxicated with aluminium. Our studies indicate that aluminium intake results in increased multiple unit activity and adversely affect the spatial learning and memory abilities of both young and old rats. Aluminium intake also inflicts oxidative stress-related damage to lipids, membrane associated proteins (Na-K ATPase and PKC) and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GPx and GST). The compromised antioxidant system might be playing a crucial role in the observed Al-induced alterations. We have observed that the magnitude of AlCl(3)-induced alteration was considerably higher in younger group of rats compared to older group. In conclusion, the results of the present study implicates that aluminium treatment exerts its neurotoxic effects by altering the overall physiology of brain, and the induced changes were strongly correlated with each other.
Asunto(s)
Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Aluminio/administración & dosificación , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruros/administración & dosificación , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Acetatos/metabolismo , Cloruro de Aluminio , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Recuento de Células/métodos , Cloruros/metabolismo , Electroencefalografía , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Conducta Espacial/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The iron-induced model of post-traumatic chronic focal epilepsy in rats was studied by depth-electrode mapping to investigate the spread of epileptiform activity into subcortical brain structures after its onset in the cortical epileptic focus. Electrical seizure activity was recorded in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas, amygdala and caudate-putamen, in rats with iron-induced chronic cortical focal epilepsy. These experiments showed that the epileptiform activity with its onset in the cortical focus synchronously propagated into the studied subcortical brain areas. Seizure behaviours seemed to increase in correspondence with the spread of the epileptic electrographic activity in subcortical areas. Comparison of the cortical focus electroencephalographic and associated multiple-unit action potential recordings with those from the subcortical structures showed that the occurrence and evolution of the epileptiform activity in the subcortical structures were in parallel with that in the cortical focus. The intracerebral anatomic progression and delineation of seizure spread (mapped by field potential (EEG) and multiple-unit action potentials (MUA) recordings) indicated participation of these regions in the generalization of seizure activity in this model of epilepsy. The seizure-induced activation of the hippocampus appeared to evolve into an epileptic focus independent of the cortical focus. The present study demonstrates the propagation of epileptic activity from the cortical focus into the limbic and basal ganglia regions. Treatment of iron-induced epileptic rats with ethosuximide, an anti-absence drug, resulted in suppression of the epileptiform activity in the cortical focus as well as in the subcortical brain areas.
Asunto(s)
Mapeo Encefálico , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Compuestos Férricos , Animales , Conducta Animal , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Antibiotics are a major tool utilized by the health care industry to fight bacterial infections; however, bacteria are highly adaptable creatures and are capable of developing resistance to antibiotics. Consequently, decades of antibiotic use, or rather misuse, have resulted in bacterial resistance to many modern antibiotics. This antibiotic resistance can cause significant danger and suffering for many people with common bacterial infections, those once easily treated with antibiotics. For several decades studies on selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance have focused mainly on clinically relevant species. However, recently many investigators have speculated that commensal bacteria including lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes similar to those found in human pathogens. The main threat associated with these bacteria is that they can transfer resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria. Genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and vancomycin have been detected and characterized in Lactococcus lactis, Enterococci and, recently, in Lactobacillus species isolated from fermented meat and milk products. A number of initiatives have been recently launched by various organizations across the globe to address the biosafety concerns of starter cultures and probiotic microorganisms. The studies can lead to better understanding of the role played by the dairy starter microorganisms in horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to intestinal microorganisms and food-associated pathogenic bacteria.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Conjugación Genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Microbiología de Alimentos , Lactobacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Humanos , Lactobacillus/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , MutaciónRESUMEN
Two cultures of anaerobic fungi were isolated from the forestomach of an Indian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Phylogenetic analysis using both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) regions of the rRNA locus demonstrated that these isolates were identical and formed a distinct clade within the anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota). Morphological examination showed that these fungi formed monocentric thalli with filamentous rhizoids and uniflagellate zoospores, broadly similar to members of the genus Piromyces. However, distinctive morphological features were observed, notably the pinching of the cytoplasm in the sporangiophore and the formation of intercalary rhizoidal swellings. Since genetic analyses demonstrated this fungus was only distantly related to Piromyces spp. and closer to the polycentric Anaeromyces clade, we have assigned it to a new genus and species Oontomyces anksri gen. nov., sp. nov. Interrogation of the GenBank database identified several closely related ITS sequences, which were all environmental sequences obtained from camels, raising the possibility that this fungus may be specific to camelids.
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Camelus/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Neocallimastigales/clasificación , Neocallimastigales/aislamiento & purificación , Anaerobiosis , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Microscopía , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Neocallimastigales/citología , Neocallimastigales/genética , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
We investigated alterations in the ageing-related parameters: multiple-unit action potentials, Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin contents in the brain regions cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus, resulting from the chronic administration of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in drinking water to rats of 6 and 12 months of age. Aluminium treatment significantly depressed Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, GST and GPx activities, elevated lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin contents, and produced intense epileptiform activity in the electroencephalograms of the studied brain regions together with a concomitant increase in the multiple-unit action potentials (MUA) indicating a vigorous neuronal epileptic hyperactivity. Taken together the aluminium-induced alterations in these parameters are indicative of an accelerated ageing process.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Aluminio/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/efectos de los fármacos , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Encéfalo/citología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Electroencefalografía , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Lipofuscina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neuroactive androgen steroid, has antiepileptic action in iron-induced experimental epilepsy (which models post-traumatic clinical epilepsy). In iron-induced epilepsy increased extracellular glutamate resulting from its reduced glial uptake due to the down-regulation (decreased expression) of transporters (glial and or neuronal) is active during epileptogenesis. The present study was aimed at determining whether the mechanism of antiepileptic action of DHEA involved upregulation (increased expression) of glutamate transporters. Iron-induced epileptogenesis was performed in rats by FeCl3 injection into the cerebral cortex. DHEA was administered intraperitoneally to the iron-induced epileptic rats for 7, 14 and 21 days. Levels of glutamate transporters mRNAs expression were measured using quantitative PCR in the hippocampus during the chronic phase of iron-induced epileptogenesis. There were significant reductions in the glutamate transporter mRNAs in epileptogenesis. DHEA treatment resulted in a significant elevation of glutamate transporters: GLT-1, GLAST and EACC-1 mRNA indicating that the DHEA treatment induced upregulation of these transporters. The results are of significance in respect of the mechanism of the antiepileptic action of neurosteroids and the glutamate transporters as therapeutic targets in glutamatergic epileptogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Sistema de Transporte de Aminoácidos X-AG/metabolismo , Anticonvulsivantes , Cloruros , Deshidroepiandrosterona/farmacología , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Epilepsia/prevención & control , Compuestos Férricos , Animales , Electroencefalografía , Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/fisiología , Transportador 1 de Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Transportador 2 de Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Transportador 3 de Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN/biosíntesis , ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Convulsiones/prevención & controlRESUMEN
A simple, inexpensive and effective genomic DNA isolation procedure for Lactobacillus isolates from traditional Indian fermented milk (dahi) is described. A total of 269 Lactobacillus isolates from fermented milk collected from four places in North and west India were tested for lysis by an initial weakening of the Gram positive cell wall with Ampicillin followed by Lysozyme treatment. The average genomic DNA yield was ~50 µg/ml log phase culture. Quality and repeatability of the method was found to be adequate for subsequent molecular applications. The quality of the genomic DNA isolated by this method was verified by restriction digestion and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No inhibition was observed in subsequent PCR amplification and restriction digestion. The presented method is rapid, cheap and useful for routine DNA isolation from gram positive bacteria such as Lactobacillus.