ABSTRACT
Thechemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Chuquiraga arcuataHarling grown in the Ecuadorian Andes were studied. One hundred and twenty-six compounds were identified in the essential oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (45.8%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (44.1%) had the major percentages. The most abundant compounds were camphor (21.6%), myrcene (19.5%), and 1,8-cineole (13.4%). Antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH, ABTS,and FRAP assays. The essential oil had a moderate scavenging effect and reduction of ferric ion capacity through FRAP assay. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was observed against four pathogenic bacteria and a fungus. The essential oil exhibited activity against all microorganism strains under test, particularly against Candida albicansand Staphylococcus aureuswith MICs of 2.43-12.10 µg/mL.
Se estudió la composición química, actividades antioxidantes y antimicrobianas del aceite esencial procedente de las partes aérea (hojas y flores) de Chuquiraga arcuataHarling cultivadas en los Andes ecuatorianos. Se identificaron 126 compuestos en el aceite esencial. Los hidrocarburos monoterpénicos (45,8%) y los monoterpenos oxigenados (44,1%) tuvieron el mayor porcentaje. Los compuestos más abundantes fueron alcanfor (21,6%), mirceno (19,5%) y 1,8-cineol (13,4%). La actividadantioxidante se examinó mediante ensayos DPPH, ABTS y FRAP. El aceite esencial tuvo un efecto eliminador moderado y una reducción de la capacidad de iones férricos mediante el ensayo FRAP. Se observó actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial contra cuatro bacterias y un hongo patógenos. El aceite esencial mostró actividad contra todas las cepas de microorganismos bajo prueba, particularmente contra Candida albicansy Staphylococcus aureuscon CMI de 2,43-12,10 µg/mL.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Asteraceae/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Bacteria/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Chromatography, Gas , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Monoterpenes/analysis , Ecuador , Hydrocarbons/analysis , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Purpose: The effect of African yam bean flour as an extender on the physicochemical and sensory properties of cooked beef sausage was studied. Methodology: Sausage samples were produced using beef and African yam bean flour (AYBF) as extender at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% substitution levels while 100% beef sausage served as the control. The proximate composition and sensory properties of the formulated products were determined using standard methods. Findings: Proximate analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in moisture content (71.45-65.50%), ash (2.45-0.30%), and fat (10.10-1.90%) with a corresponding increase in crude protein (23.06-28.00%), crude fibre (3.80-16.20%) and carbohydrate (5.74-7.91%) as beef was partially replaced with AYBF. Beef sausages containing AYBF showed a significantly lower pH and better water holding capacity and emulsion properties compared to the control sample. Sensory analysis also showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean sensory scores for taste, mouthfeel, aroma and overall acceptability. Colour and hardness of the products were improved at AYBF supplementation level of 5%. Generally, the control sample was not significantly (p>0.05) different from samples supplemented with 5% AYBF. Recommendations: It is concluded that the incorporation of AYBF could be an effective ingredient to improve the quality and sensory properties of beef sausage with reduced fat content. Thus, the use of full African yam bean flour as an extender at 5% substitution level for cooked beef sausages is feasible as this will reduce the amount of meat used, thereby reducing the cost of the cooked beef sausage and at same time producing nutritious sausages.
ABSTRACT
Background: One third of patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) do not use the formal health system to access healthcare. Aim: In this manuscript we analyse the therapeutic decisions of hypertensive and diabetic patients in rural eastern DRC and the reasons for these decisions. Setting: The study was conduct in two health zones (HZ) in South Kivu (Bagira and Walungu), DRC. Methods: A mixed-methods convergent study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2018. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire and qualitative data were collected using focus groups. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a Fischer exact test, while the qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Out of 382 subjects declaring a chronic pathology, hypertensives and diabetics represented 21.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Health facilities were the first therapeutic choice of the chronically affected persons. The alternative therapeutic choices found were the use of prayer rooms, consultation with traditional healers and self-medication. Poverty, ignorance, the pharmaceutical business, and the socio-cultural dimension of the disease are the main causes of alternative therapeutic choices for hypertensives and diabetics. Conclusion: To ensure appropriate care for patients with chronic diseases in rural areas, it is important to establish a bridge of regulated collaboration between the formal and informal health sector.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Delivery of Health Care , Diabetes Mellitus , Diagnosis , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Hypertension , Rural Population , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Abstract Over time, the effective resistance mechanisms to various first- and second-line drugs against the disease of tuberculosis make its treatment extremely difficult. This work presents a new approach to synthesizing a hybrid of antituberculosis medications: isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA). The synthesis was performed using ultrasound-assisted synthesis to obtain an overall yield of 70%, minimizing the reaction time from 7 to 1 h. The evaluation of the biological activity of the hybrid (compound 2) was tested using the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA), showing inhibition in the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at a concentration of 0.025 mM at pH 6.0 and 6.7.
Resumen Debido a los grandes mecanismos de resistencia a lo largo del tiempo de diversos fármacos de primera y segunda línea contra la enfermedad de la tuberculosis, el tratamiento sigue dificultándose. Este trabajo presenta un nuevo enfoque para sintetizar un híbrido de fármacos antituberculosos: isoniazida (INH) y pirazinamida (PZA). La síntesis fue asistida por ultrasonido con el fin de obtener un rendimiento global del 70%, minimizando el tiempo de reacción de 7 a ' h. La evaluación de la actividad biológica del híbrido (compuesto 2) se probó usando el ensayo de microplaca de tetrazolio (TEMA), que mostró una inhibición en el crecimiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv a una concentración de 0,025 mM a pH 6,0 y 6,7.
Resumo Devido aos grandes mecanismos de resistência ao longo do tempo a diversos fármacos de primeira e segunda linha contra a tuberculose, o que torna seu tratamento extremamente difícil. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para sintetizar um híbrido de fármacos antituberculose: isoniazida (INH) e pirazinamida (PZA) A síntese foi realizada utilizando a síntese assistida por ultrassom de forma a obter um rendimento global de 70%, minimizando o tempo de reação de 7 h para ' h. A avaliação da atividade biológica do híbrido (composto 2) foi testada utilizando o ensaio de microplaca de tetrazólio (TEMA), mostrando uma inibição no crescimento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv na concentração de 0,025 mM em pH 6,0 e 6,7.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes. HDL es cuantitativamente la lipoproteína más importante en la mayoría de las especies y la evidencia mecanicista sugiere que HDL tendría un papel en la función inmunológica normal. Probamos la hipótesis que sugiere que las concentraciones plasmáticas de HDL están asociadas con el riesgo de enfermedades autoinmunes. Métodos. Se incluyeron 107.954 y 9.387 individuos con mediciones basales de colesterol-HDL provenientes de 2 estudios de la población general: el Estudio de la Población General de Copenhague y el Estudio del Corazón de Copenhague. Los pacientes fueron seguidos mediante el Registro Nacional Danés de pacientes desde el inicio del período 2003-2015 o 1991-1994 hasta 2017, tiempo durante el cual 4.078 y 1.101 individuos desarrollaron enfermedad autoinmune en los 2 estudios respectivamente. Resultados. En el Estudio de la Población General de Copenhague, en comparación a los individuos con colesterol de HDL =2,0 mmol/L (77 mg/dL), los índices de riesgo para cualquier enfermedad autoinmune, ajustados de manera multifactorial fueron 1,06 (IC 95%, 0,94-1,19) para individuos con colesterol-HDL entre 1,5 y 1,99 mmol/L (58 a 77 mg/dL), 1,18 (IC 95%, 1,04-1,35) para individuos con colesterol-HDL entre 1,0 y 1,49 mmol/L (39 a 58 mg/dL) y 1,84 (IC 95%, 1,52- 2,22) para individuos con colesterol-HDL <1,0 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) (p<0,001 para tendencia). Estos resultados fueron similares cuando: se excluyeron los eventos dentro de los 5 años del inicio del estudio, tanto en mujeres como hombres por separado, eventos en el inicio del estudio, independientemente de la inflamación de bajo grado o concentraciones de triglicéridos, para diferentes niveles de apolipoproteína A1 y para definiciones de punto final más restrictivas. Finalmente, el Estudio del Corazón de Copenhague proporcionó una confirmación independiente. Conclusiones: Los bajos niveles de colesterol-HDL se asocian con un alto riesgo de enfermedad autoinmune en individuos de la población general. Nuestros hallazgos observacionales no pueden determinar la causalidad.
Background. HDL is quantitatively the most important lipoprotein in most species and mechanistic evidence points toward a role for HDL in normal immune function. We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of HDL cholesterol are associated with risk of autoimmune disease. Methods. From 2 studies of the general population-the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart study-we included 107,954 and 9,387 individuals with baseline measurements of HDL cholesterol. These were followed with the national Danish Patient Registry from baseline in 2003-2015 or 1991-1994 through 2017, during which time 4078 and 1101 individuals developed autoimmune disease in the 2 studies. Results. In the Copenhagen General Population Study, compared to individuals with HDL cholesterol =2.0 mmol/L (77 mg/dL), the multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for any autoimmune disease were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.94-1.19) for individuals with HDL cholesterol of 1.5-1.99 mmol/L (58-77 mg/dL), 1.18 (95% CI, 1.04-1.35) for individuals with HDL cholesterol of 1.0-1.49 mmol/L (39-58 mg/dL), and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.52-2.22) for individuals with HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) (p for trend <0.001). These results were similar when excluding events within 5 years of baseline, in women and men separately, for events at baseline, irrespective of low-grade inflammation or triglyceride concentrations, for the apolipoprotein A1 part of HDL, and for more restrictive end point definitions. Finally, the Copenhagen City Heart Study provided independent confirmation. Conclusions. Low HDL cholesterol level is associated with high risk of autoimmune disease in individuals from the general population. Our observational findings cannot determine causality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Autoimmune Diseases/blood , Epidemiologic Studies , Denmark , Cholesterol, HDL/urineABSTRACT
A 22-year-old obese asthmatic woman with Influenza A [H1 N1]-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome died from cerebral artery gas emboli with massive cerebral infarction while being treated with High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in the absence of a right to left intracardiac shunt. We review and briefly discuss other causes of systemic gas emboli [SGE]. We review proposed mechanisms of SGE, their relation to our case, and how improved understanding of the risk factors may help prevent SGE in positive pressure ventilated patients
ABSTRACT
A new multiplex assay platform was evaluated to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection using the recombinant antigensCRA, FRA, CRAFRA fusion and parasite lysate. The antigens presented different sensitivity and specificity in a singleplex test when compared to a serial dilution of two pools comprising 10 positive serum samples and one pool of 10 negative samples. The recombinant protein CRA presented lower sensitivity (55%) in contrast to the 100% specificity and sensitivity of FRA, CRAFRA and T. cruzi lysate. These antigens also showed good results in a duplex test and the duplex test with CRAFRA/T. cruzi lysate showed better performance with 100% specificity and sensitivity, as well as a lower cut-off value in comparison to the other duplex test, FRA/T. cruzi lysate. Hence, when the antigens were used in duplex format, both tests showed decreased cut-off values and no interference between different bead sets, resulting in increasing sensitivity and specificity. The results of these multiplex tests show that they could be an alternative to singleplex detection for Chagas disease, and also indicate the necessity of using multiplex diagnostic tools to increase the sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic tests. Emerging data from the T. cruzi genome and from its ORFeome project will also allow the identification of new antigens for this disease detection application.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antigens, Protozoan , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Immunoassay/methods , Case-Control Studies , Microspheres , Reproducibility of Results , Recombinant Proteins , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The Hemerijckx leprosy centre at Polambakkam in South India covers a rural population of about 800,000 and has treated over 40,000 cases of leprosy during the period 1955-75. Based on a stratified random sample of 25% of the case records, information was obtained about the profile of newly-detected cases in various cohorts (1955-57, 1958-60, 1961-64, 1965-69, 1970-75), regularity in drug collection and response to treatment. In newly-detected cases, the ratio of males to females was stable (3:2), but the proportion of adults aged 45 years or more increased from 15% in 1958-60 to 20% in 1970-75 and the lepromatous rate decreased from 9% to 6%; the proportion deformed at the time of diagnosis ranged from 11% to 15%. Regularity in drug collection was unsatisfactory even in the first year of treatment, with less than half the patients making 6 (or more) of the 12 monthly drug collections. The clinical status at 4-6 years was known for 70-75% of the patients who started treatment and of those approximately 60% had inactive or arrested disease. Data from population surveys was sparse; about 60% of the expected numbers were initiated and less than 30% of these had a coverage of 75% or more. The limited evidence, however, showed a decline in the prevalence of about 2 per thousand per annum. Field studies to evolve strategies for better motivation of patients, introduction of short-course regimens, and continuous monitoring of the programme are urgently needed.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Health Plan Implementation , Health Planning , Health Status , Humans , India , Leprosy/drug therapy , Male , Mass Screening , Middle Aged , National Health Programs , Patient Compliance , Population SurveillanceABSTRACT
This study examined the risk of relapse in 421 paucibacillary patients who had defaulted after varying periods of dapsone monotherapy; short of the recommended course. The 421 patients contributed a total of 2,162 person years of risk; 10 patients relapsed, giving a relapse rate of 4.6 per 1000 persons years of risk, or a crude relapse rate (RR) of 2.4%. This paper discusses the issue of defaulters with paucibacillary leprosy and the findings of the study suggest that defaulters with paucibacillary leprosy are not a serious problem in terms of leprosy control.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Dapsone/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Lepromin , Leprosy/drug therapy , Male , Patient Dropouts , Recurrence , RiskABSTRACT
Surveillance in leprosy forms an integral part of leprosy control activities. Usually contact and school surveys are done annually and general population surveys are done once every 3-5 years. Data is presented which suggest that frequently done surveys may not be cost effective as a means of case detection. Carefully done general surveys once every 3 years, covering contacts as well as school children may be adequate and more cost effective in endemic areas, whereas contact surveys, surveys of high risk groups and contact tracing, may be more relevent in low endemic areas.
Subject(s)
Health Surveys , Humans , India , Leprosy/epidemiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Analysis of time trends in the Incidence Rates among 9.598 household contacts of 1,614 primary cases of leprosy, showed that the incidence rates (IR) remained high even 10 years after treatment was started in the Primary Case. The IR during the 1st year of follow-up was 3.8 per 1000 person years of risk (PYR) and the IR was 3 per 1000 PYR after 10 or more years of follow-up. The significance of these findings in relationship to the Epidemiology of leprosy among household contacts in an endemic area for leprosy is discussed.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , India , Leprosy/epidemiology , Risk , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The data consisted of information from 1,564 "Primary cases" of leprosy of all classification and 9,162 of their household contacts. Household contacts of Indeterminate (Ind), Borderline (BL) and Lepromatous (LL), "Primary case" (PC) had an incidence rate (IR) of 5 per 1000 person years of risk (PYR). Household contacts of Tuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) patients had an IR of 3.2 and 3.8 per 1000 PYR respectively. Compared with an incidence rate of leprosy of 1.6 per 1000 PYR among individuals not exposed to leprosy in the same area, household contacts of Non-lepromatous patients had a relative risk of twice as high and contacts of lepromatous and borderline lepromatous patients a relative risk of 3 times as high. The incidence rate was higher among household contacts of bacteriologically positive patients, among contacts closely related and in households with multiple cases. The peak age specific incidence rate among household contacts was between the ages 5-9 years of age. The significance of these findings are discussed.