Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 38
Filter
1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(7): 846-853, Nov. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-656038

ABSTRACT

In a large Phase III trial conducted in 10 Latin American countries, the safety and efficacy of the live attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 was evaluated in 15,183 healthy infants followed up during the first two years of life. Belém was the only site in Brazil included in this multicentre trial. The study in Belém included a subset of 653 infants who were followed up until 24 months of age for protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. These subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of vaccine (n = 328) or two doses of placebo (n = 325) at approximately two and four months of age. Of the 653 enrolled infants, 23 dropped out during the study period. For the combined two-year period, the efficacy of RIX4414 was 72.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37.5-89.1%] against severe rotavirus-related gastroenteritis, reaching a protection rate of 81.8% (95% CI 36.4-96.6%) against circulating wild-type G9 rotavirus strains. It is concluded that two doses of RIX4414 are highly efficacious against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Belém during the first two years of life and provide high protection against the worldwide emergence and spread of G9P[8] strains.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Antibodies, Viral/genetics , Double-Blind Method , Genotype , Gastroenteritis/virology , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Rotavirus Vaccines/adverse effects , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Severity of Illness Index , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
2.
J Health Popul Nutr ; 2008 Dec; 26(4): 388-96
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-713

ABSTRACT

The study was done to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazilian children from the healthcare system perspective. A hypothetical annual birth-cohort was followed for a five-year period. Published and national administrative data were incorporated into a model to quantify the consequences of vaccination versus no vaccination. Main outcome measures included the reduction in disease burden, lives saved, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. A rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazil would prevent an estimated 1,804 deaths associated with gastroenteritis due to rotavirus, 91,127 hospitalizations, and 550,198 outpatient visits. Vaccination is likely to reduce 76% of the overall healthcare burden of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in Brazil. At a vaccine price of US$ 7-8 per dose, the cost-effectiveness ratio would be US$ 643 per DALY averted. Rotavirus vaccination can reduce the burden of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus at a reasonable cost-effectiveness ratio.


Subject(s)
Brazil , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Female , Gastroenteritis/economics , Humans , Infant , Male , Rotavirus/drug effects , Rotavirus Infections/economics , Rotavirus Vaccines/economics
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(8): 745-753, Dec. 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-502309

ABSTRACT

Brazil was the first Latin American country to introduce universal group A rotavirus (RV-A) vaccination in March 2006, resulting in a unique epidemiological scenario. Since RV-A first identification in Brazil, 2,691 RV-A-positive stool samples, collected between 1982- 2007, were typed by independent research groups throughout the country. In the pre-vaccination era, 2,492 RV-A-positive samples collected from 1982-2005 were successfully typed, while 199 samples were analyzed from 2006-2007. According to the reviewed studies, there were two important times in the pre-vaccination era: (i) the period from 1982-1995, during which the detection of G5P[8] RV-A, in addition to the classical genotypes G1-4, challenged vaccine development programs; and (ii) the period from 1996-2005, during which genotype G9P[8] emerged, following a global trend. The rate of G2P[4] RV-A detection decreased from 26 percent (173/653) during 1982-1995 to 2 percent (43/1,839) during 1996-2005. The overall detection rate of RV-A genotypes from 1982-2005 was as follows: 43 percent (n = 1,079) G1P[8]/G1P[not typed (NT)]; 20 percent (n = 488) G9P[8]/G9P[NT]; 9 percent (n = 216) G2P[4]/G2P[NT]; 6 percent (n = 151) G3P[8]/G3P[NT]; 4 percent (n = 103) G4P[8]/G4P[NT]; and 4 percent (n = 94) G5P[8]/G5P[NT]. Mixed infections accounted for 189 (7 percent) of the positive samples, while atypical G/P combinations or other genotypes, including G6, G8, G10 and G12, were identified in 172 (7 percent) samples. The initial surveillance studies carried out in several Brazilian states with RV-A-positive samples collected in 2006 and 2007 show a predominance of G2P[4] strains (148/199 or 74 percent). Herein, we review RV-A typing studies carried out since the 1980s in Brazil, highlighting the dynamics of RV-A strain circulation profiles before and early after universal use of RV-A vaccine in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Rotavirus/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Feces/virology , Genotype , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus/classification
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(4): 531-534, June 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454809

ABSTRACT

This study describes the genetic relationships of the first human astrovirus type-8 (HAstV-8) detected in Belém-Brazil, during a public hospital-based study. This strain was compared with other HAstV-8 strains identified elsewhere which have sequences available at GeneBank. The regions ORF1a (primers Mon348/Mon340) and ORF2 (primers Mon269/Mon270) were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and a high similarity rate was observed among the Belém strain and other HAstV-8 strains. In ORF1a, homology values of 93-100 por cento were detected, and in ORF2 96-99 por cento. Considering the sequence variation (7 por cento) observed in ORF2 region, it was suggested that HAstV-8 strains could be divided in three different lineages.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Astroviridae Infections/virology , Diarrhea, Infantile/virology , Mamastrovirus/genetics , Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Feces/virology , Mamastrovirus/classification , Mamastrovirus/isolation & purification , Open Reading Frames , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
5.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(3): 217-224, May-June 2007. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-454879

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar a segurança, imunogenicidade e eficácia de duas doses da vacina contra o rotavírus em lactentes brasileiros saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo randomizado, multicêntrico, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo no Brasil, México e Venezuela. Os lactentes receberam duas doses orais de vacina ou placebo aos 2 e 4 meses de idade, juntamente com as imunizações de rotina, exceto a vacina oral contra poliomielite (VOP). O presente estudo relata apenas os resultados obtidos em Belém, Brasil, onde o número de indivíduos por grupo e os títulos da vacina viral foram os seguintes: 194 (104,7 unidades formadoras de focos - UFF), 196 (10(5,2) UFF), 194 (10(5,8) UFF) e 194 (placebo). A resposta de anticorpos anti-rotavírus (anti-RV) foi avaliada em 307 indivíduos. A gravidade clínica dos episódios de gastroenterite (GE) foi determinada através de um escore com 20 pontos, onde um valor > 11 foi considerado como GE grave. RESULTADOS: As taxas de sintomas gerais solicitados foram semelhantes tanto nos indivíduos que receberam a vacina como naqueles a quem se administrou placebo. Aos 2 meses após a segunda dose, ocorreu resposta em termos de IgA sérica para RV em 54,7 a 74,4 por cento dos vacinados. Não houve interferência na imunogenicidade das vacinas de rotina. A eficácia da vacina contra qualquer gastroenterite por rotavírus (GERV) foi de 63,5 por cento (IC95 por cento 20,8-84,4) para a maior concentração (10(5,8) UFF). A eficácia foi de 81,5 por cento (IC95 por cento 44,5-95,4) contra GERV grave. Em sua maior concentração (10(5,8) UFF), a RIX4414 conferiu uma proteção de 79,8 por cento (IC95 por cento 26,4-96,3) contra GERV grave causada pela amostra G9. CONCLUSÕES: A RIX4414 foi altamente imunogênica com baixa reatogenicidade, e não interferiu na resposta sérica à difteria, tétano, coqueluche, hepatite B e antígenos Hib. Duas doses da RIX4414 conferiram proteção significativa contra a GE grave causada pelo RV.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two doses of rotavirus vaccine in healthy Brazilian infants. METHODS: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. Infants received two oral doses of vaccine or placebo at 2 and 4 months of age, concurrently with routine immunizations, except for oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV). This paper reports results from Belém, Brazil, where the number of subjects per group and the viral vaccine titers were: 194 (10(4.7) focus forming units - FFU), 196 (10(5.2) FFU), 194 (10(5.8) FFU) and 194 (placebo). Anti-rotavirus (anti-RV) antibody response was assessed in 307 subjects. Clinical severity of gastroenteritis episodes was measured using a 20-point scoring system with a score of > 11 defined as severe GE. RESULTS: The rates of solicited general symptoms were similar in vaccine and placebo recipients. At 2 months after the second dose, a serum IgA response to RV occurred in 54.7 to 74.4 percent of vaccinees. No interference was seen in the immunogenicity of routine vaccines. Vaccine efficacy against any rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) was 63.5 percent (95 percentCI 20.8-84.4) for the highest concentration (10(5.8) FFU). Efficacy was 81.5 percent (95 percentCI 44.5-95.4) against severe RVGE. At its highest concentration (10(5.8) FFU), RIX4414 provided 79.8 percent (95 percentCI 26.4-96.3) protection against severe RVGE by G9 strain. CONCLUSIONS: RIX4414 was highly immunogenic with a low reactogenicity profile and did not interfere with seroresponse to diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Hib antigens. Two doses of RIX4414 provided significant protection against severe GE caused by RV.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Brazil , Double-Blind Method , Gastroenteritis/virology , Mexico , Rotavirus/immunology , Severity of Illness Index , Venezuela , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
6.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 82(3,supl): s25-s34, jul. 2006. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-433957

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Sintetizar as estratégias para a obtenção de uma vacina contra rotavírus e papilomavírus humano (HPV), enfatizando-se o estágio atual das investigações quanto à segurança, reatogenicidade, imunogenicidade e eficácia. FONTE DOS DADOS: Os artigos publicados de 1996 a 2006, particularmente ao longo dos últimos 5 anos, representaram a fonte primária (base de dados: MEDLINE, PubMed, NIH, EUA), conferindo-se destaque aos recentes estudos envolvendo uma vacina contendo rotavírus atenuado de origem humana e dois tipos de vacinas para HPV testadas em humanos: as profiláticas e as terapêuticas. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Em relação às vacinas contra rotavírus, o contexto de estratégias compreendeu desde as preparações jennerianas até o advento da vacina com rotavírus atenuado de origem humana. Duas vacinas despontam como eficazes e seguras: uma, pentavalente, envolvendo vírus de bovinos e do homem; outra, de rotavírus atenuado oriundo da espécie humana, sendo que esta é avaliada em mais de 70.000 crianças no mundo. As vacinas contra HPV profiláticas visam impedir a infecção por esses vírus, enquanto que as vacinas terapêuticas pretendem tratar o indivíduo já infectado ou até o portador de uma lesão causada por HPV. As pesquisas com vacinas profiláticas começaram há alguns anos nos EUA e, hoje, aproximadamente 25.000 mulheres, em vários países, participam de estudos sobre essa vacina, que até o momento tem se mostrado segura, bem tolerada, altamente imunogênica e eficaz contra os tipos de HPV que causam as verrugas genitais e 70 por cento dos casos de câncer do colo do útero. CONCLUSÕES:Uma vacina eficaz e segura contra rotavírus resultará em impacto significativo quanto à doença grave por esse enteropatógeno. Um programa global de imunizações que consiga atingir 60 a 80 por cento das crianças durante os próximos 10 anos pode reduzir em pelo menos 50 por cento as hospitalizações e a mortalidade por rotavírus. Antecipa-se que a implementação de vacinas de elevada eficácia na prevenção de tumores benignos e malignos causados por alguns tipos de HPV leve a uma queda acentuada das taxas desses tumores, os quais afetam milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Humans , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , Papillomaviridae/immunology , Papillomavirus Vaccines/standards , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Vaccines/standards , Rotavirus/immunology
7.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 100(7): 709-714, Nov. 2005. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-419692

ABSTRACT

Human astroviruses (HAstV) have been increasingly identified as important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in children up to five years old. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotype diversity of HAstV in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. From June 1997 to July 1999 a total of 183 fecal samples 84 from symptomatic and 99 from asymptomatic children were tested by enzyme immunoassay for HAstV. Prevalence rates were found to be 11 and 3 percent for symptomatic and asymptomatic children, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out in 46 specimens (26 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic) including the 12 samples that were positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The overall positivity yielded by both methods was 8 percent (15/184); of these, 11 percent (9/84) for symptomatic and 5 percent (5/99) for those without symptoms or signs. Sequence analysis of amplicons revealed that HAstV-1 genotype was the most prevalent, accounting for 60 percent of isolates. Genotypes 2, 3, 4, and 5 were also detected, as one single isolate (10 percent) for each type. Variations in the sequences were observed when Brazilian isolates were compared to prototype strains identified in the United Kingdom. No seasonal pattern of occurrence was observed during these two years of study, and peak detection rate was observed in children aged between 3 and 6 months in the symptomatic group, and between 18 and 24 months in the controls.


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Female , Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/virology , Genetic Variation , Gastroenteritis/virology , Mamastrovirus , Acute Disease , Base Sequence , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Feces/virology , Genotype , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Mamastrovirus , Phylogeny , Prevalence , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Viral/genetics , Sequence Analysis, RNA
8.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 47(5): 287-293, Sept.-Oct. 2005.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-417088

ABSTRACT

De junho de 1997 a junho de 1999, pesquisou-se a infecção por rotavírus entre crianças até 2 anos de idade internadas com quadro diarréico agudo em São Luís, nordeste do Brasil. Coletaram-se 128 espécimes fecais oriundos de pacientes diarréicos. Paralelamente, obtiveram-se 122 amostras de um contingente caracterizado como controle, comparável ao anterior no tocante às idades e distribuição temporal. As freqüências de positividade para rotavírus alcançaram 32,0 por cento (41/128) e 9,8 por cento (12/122), respectivamente (p < 0,001). Procedeu-se à determinação dos sorotipos e eletroferotipos dos rotavírus em 42 (79,2 por cento) das 53 amostras reativas para rotavírus. Identificaram-se eletroferotipos longo e curto em freqüências similares - 38,1 por cento e 40,5 por cento, respectivamente. De um modo geral, caracterizou-se o sorotipo G em 35 (83,3 por cento) das amostras positivas, a maioria, revelando especificidade para o tipo G1. Considerando o conjunto dos eletroferotipos e sorotipos, rotavírus classificados como G1 exibiram padrões eletroforéticos longo e curto nas freqüências de 30,9 por cento e 19 por cento, respectivamente. Todos os rotavírus do tipo G2 apresentaram eletroferotipo de configuração curta. No tocante ao perfil temporal, observou-se que as gastroenterites por rotavírus naquela região ocorrem ao longo de todo o ano, denotando-se tendência quanto à mais expressiva concentração no segundo semestre de vida das crianças, se comparado ao primeiro; em síntese, 45,2 por cento e 26,1 por cento (p = 0,13), respectivamente. As infecções por rotavírus configuraram picos quanto à distribuição durante o segundo semestre de vida, com freqüências de 30,1 por cento e 13,5 por cento, respectivamente. Aqueles do tipo G2 circularam durante todo o período de estudo, enquanto o sorotipo G1 (n = 27) emergiu a partir de junho de 1998. Aliás, detectaram-se 20 (74,1 por cento) das amostras virais com essa última especificidade ao longo de 1998. Os dados acima sustentam a importância dos rotavírus na etiologia das gastroenterites graves no nordeste brasileiro e consubstanciam o conceito de que uma futura vacina contra esses enteropatógenos necessariamente deve conferir proteção frente aos múltiplos sorotipos circulantes.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Diarrhea, Infantile/virology , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Rotavirus/genetics , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Feces/virology , Incidence , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus/immunology , Rotavirus/isolation & purification
9.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 46(3): 139-143, May-Jun. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-362388

ABSTRACT

Examinamos soros de 370 pacientes acometidos de doença exantemática, selecionados em Belém, norte do Brasil, com o propósito de se detectarem anticorpos IgM e IgG para o herpesvírus humano-7 (HHV-7). As amostras foram obtidas entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2002 e, posteriormente, processadas utilizando-se a técnica da imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Taxas de anticorpos IgM e/ou IgG foram encontradas em 190 (51,4) desses pacientes. Observamos taxas de prevalência similares para os sexos feminino e masculino com: 52,5 e 50,3, respectivamente. O "status" sorológico foi definido pela presença de anticorpos IgG nos espécimes de 135 (36,5) pacientes. A par disso, em 55 (14,9) dos 370 pacientes foram detectados anticorpos IgM para o HHV-7. Taxas de anticorpos IgM e IgG para o HHV-7 foram similares (p > 0.05) quando comparamos indivíduos do sexo feminino e masculino: 14,4 versus 15,3 e 38,1 versus 35,0, respectivamente. Diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,003) foi observada quando comparamos as taxas de anticorpos IgM para o HHV-7 nos indivíduos do grupo etário de 5-8 meses pertencentes ao sexo feminino e masculino. Taxas de prevalência variando de 4,6 (masculino, 5-8 meses de idade) a 93,3 (feminino, > 10 anos de idade) e 12,2 (masculino, 5-8 meses de idade) a 80,0 (masculino, 8-10 anos de idade) foram observadas no subgrupo positivo para IgG. Um subgrupo (n = 131) de pacientes com anticorpos IgM ou IgG foi examinado quanto a presença de DNA para o HHV-7 pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase/ "nested" PCR. Infecção recente/ativa para o HHV-7 ocorreu em 11,0 (6/55) dos pacientes cujas amostras apresentaram anticorpos IgM específicos para o HHV-7. Em um subgrupo (n = 76) de pacientes com altos níveis de anticorpos IgG para o HHV-7 (título > 1: 160) não foi detectada a presença de DNA em seus soros pelo PCR/ "nested" PCR. Entre as seis infecções recentes/ativas, quatro indivíduos com menos de um ano e dois com 3 e 6 anos de idade apresentaram típico exantema súbito (E.S) definido por febre elevada (> 38,0 ºC) com duração de 24 a 72 horas, acompanhando-se de erupção cutânea maculopapular. Nossos resultados ressaltam a necessidade de procurarmos a infecção pelo HHV-7 em pacientes portadores de doença exantemática, particularmente naquelas apresentações típicas de E.S. O HHV-7 parece emergir como um novo patógeno associado a quadros exantemáticos em nossa região.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antibodies, Viral , Exanthema , Herpesvirus 7, Human , Roseolovirus Infections , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Exanthema , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Herpesvirus 7, Human , Prevalence , Roseolovirus Infections , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Distribution
10.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 46(1): 13-17, Jan.-Feb. 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-356652

ABSTRACT

Amostras de soro e/ou líquido céfalo-raquidiano (LCR) foram obtidas de 190 pacientes com quadro de doença neurológica crônica e progressiva, com vistas à detecção de anticorpos para os vírus linfotrópicos humanos de células T dos tipos I (HTLV-I) e II (HTLV-II), durante um período de seis anos (1996 a 2001) em Belém, Pará, Brasil. O grupo compreendia ambos os sexos (homens, 52 por cento), com idades variando de 2 a 79 anos (média, 35,9 anos). Tomando-se os resultados como um todo, 15 (7,9 por cento) indivíduos, incluindo 12 (80 por cento) mulheres adultas, apresentaram anticorpos para HTLV-I/II a partir da triagem pelo procedimento imunoenzimático (ELISA). Soros de 14 desses pacientes também foram testados utilizando-se procedimento de Western blot (WB), alcançando-se freqüências de anticorpos para HTLV-I, HTLV-II e dupla reação (HTLV-I e HTLV-II) em 10 (71,4 por cento), 3 (21,4 por cento) e 1 (7,2 por cento) indivíduos, respectivamente. As freqüências anuais de positividade para HTLV-I/II variaram de 2,6 por cento (2001) a 21,7 por cento (2000), em escala crescente no período de 1998 a 2000. Em conjunto, dificuldade na deambulação (n = 5 pacientes), espasticidade (n = 4) e hipotonia crural compreenderam 80 por cento das manifestações clínicas registradas entre os 15 pacientes cujas amostras de soro continham anticorpos para HTLV-I/II, com base em ELISA. Tais resultados oferecem indicadores quanto a uma possível associação do HTLV-I e do HTLV-II à gênese das mielopatias crônicas em Belém, norte do Brasil.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HTLV-I Infections/diagnosis , HTLV-II Infections/diagnosis , Nervous System Diseases/virology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology , Brazil , Chronic Disease , Cohort Studies , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , /immunology
11.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 45(5): 283-288, Sept.-Oct. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-356978

ABSTRACT

Um total de 323 pacientes apresentando linfadenopatia foi selecionado em Belém, Pará, Brasil, entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2001 e, posteriormente, examinado quanto à presença de anticorpos IgM e IgG para o herpesvírus 6 (HHV-6), utilizando-se a técnica imunoenzimática (ELISA). Taxas similares são encontradas quando a soroprevalência é analisada nos indivíduos do sexo feminino (60,6 por cento) e masculino (55,7 por cento). Setenta e sete (23,8 por cento) pacientes apresentaram anticorpos IgM e IgG para o HHV-6 (subgrupo IgM+), com taxas de positividade de 29,7 por cento e 17,7 por cento (p = 0,0007) para indivíduos dos sexos feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Soros de um subgrupo (n = 120) desses indivíduos, com altos níveis de anticorpos IgM+ ou IgG+, foram subseqüentemente processados para detecção do DNA viral do HHV-6, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e do "nested" PCR. Infecções ativas (detecção de altos níveis de anticorpos IgM+ e/ou IgG+ específicos mais a presença de DNA viral) foram diagnosticadas em 20/77 (26,0 por cento) e 8/43 (18,6 por cento); subgrupo de 120 indivíduos com quadro sugestivo de infecção recente por HHV-6. Todos (n = 28) os casos de infecção ativa foram associados com variante A do HHV-6 (HHV-6A), detectada pela técnica de PCR/"nested" PCR, utilizando-se "primers" específicos que amplificam regiões de 195 pares de bases (pb) (HHV-6A) e 423 pb (HHV-6B).Taxas de detecção do DNA do HHV-6 foram similares (p > 0,05) em pacientes dos sexos feminino e masculino, no grupo IgM+ e IgG+ com: 20,4 por cento versus 35,7 por cento e 25,0 por cento versus 13,0 por cento, respectivamente. A detecção do DNA viral do HHV-6 ocorreu no grupo etário < 5 até o de 41-50 anos, nos pacientes cujas amostras de soro apresentaram presença de IgM+, com taxas variando de 7,7 por cento (mulheres do grupo < 5 anos) a 80,0 por cento (homens, 11-20 anos). Acerca dos pacientes cujo "status" sorológico foi IgG+, o DNA do HHV-6 foi detectado nos grupos de < 5, 6-10, 21-30 e > 50 anos, com taxas que variaram de 15,4 por cento (homens, < 5 anos) a 100,0 por cento (mulheres, 11-20 anos). O aumento dos linfonodos cervicais foi registrado como mais freqüente, ocorrendo em número de 9 (32,0 por cento) casos, tanto entre indivíduos do sexo masculino como naqueles do feminino. Entre os pacientes (n = 28) com infecção ativa pela variante A do HHV-6, a duração dos sintomas em 35,7 por cento deles foi de 1-5 dias, enquanto em 64,3 por cento...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child , Child, Preschool , Adult , Antibodies, Viral , Herpesviridae Infections , Herpesvirus 6, Human , Lymphatic Diseases , Antigens, Viral , Brazil , DNA, Viral , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Herpesviridae Infections , Herpesvirus 6, Human , Lymphatic Diseases , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies
12.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 34(1): 77-80, Jan.-Apr. 2003. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-344570

ABSTRACT

Rotavirus was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the faeces of a diarrheic dog. Virus particles with morphology typical of rotavirus were visualized by direct electron microscopy. This sample was subsequently tested for the four main human serotypes (G1-G4), by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies. G genotyping was attempted by RT-PCR using G1-G6 and G8-G11 primers but no positive results could be yielded. Also using RT-PCR it was possible to characterize this canine strain as belonging to P[ 3] genotype. This is the first canine rotavirus detected in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Cuspid , Diarrhea , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , In Vitro Techniques , Rotavirus , Genotype , Methods
13.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 44(6): 309-313, Nov.-Dec. 2002. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-326348

ABSTRACT

Serum samples from 497 children and adults inhabiting two neighbourhoods (Guamß and Terra Firme) in BelÚm, Parß, North Brazil were screened for the presence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) antibody using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An overall 16.3 percent prevalence was found for these urban communities. Taken both genders together, prevalence rates of HHV-8 antibody increase gradually, across age-groups, ranging from 12.0 percent to 33.3 percent. When seroprevalence is analysed by gender, similar rates are found for female (18.4 percent) and male (14.0 percent) individuals. In the former gender group, seroprevalence rates increased from 10.3 percent, in children ú 10 years of age, to 30.0 percent in adults 41-50 years of age. Conversely, among male subjects, the prevalence of HHV-8 antibodies decreased from 13.3 percent in children/young adults aged ú 10 to 20 years of age to 6.1 percent in adults aged 21-30 years. From the 31-40 year-old group male onwards, seropositivity rates increased gradually, ranging from 8.3 percent to 66.7 percent. A significant difference in seropositivity rates was noted when comparing 21-30 age groups for female and male subjects: 23.3 percent and 6.1 percent, respectively (P = 0.03). Geometric mean optical densities were found to increase slightly from the lower to the higher age-groups. Our data suggest that transmission of HHV-8 occurs frequently in the general urban population of BelÚm, and that prevalence of antibody seems to increase with age


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antibodies, Viral , Herpesviridae Infections , Herpesvirus 8, Human , Brazil , Mass Screening , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Urban Population
14.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 44(1): 13-16, Jan.-Feb. 2002. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-307236

ABSTRACT

The rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) was licensed for routine use in the United States of America but it was recently withdrawn from the market because of its possible association with intussusception as an adverse event. The protective efficacy of 3 doses of RRV-TV, in its lower-titer (4 x 10(4) pfu/dose) formulation, was evaluated according to the nutritional status of infants who participated in a phase III trial in Belém, Northern Brazil. A moderate protection conferred by RRV-TV was related to weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) greater than -1 only, with rates of 38 percent (p = 0.04) and 40 percent (p = 0.04) for all- and- pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases, respectively. In addition, there was a trend for greater efficacy (43 percent, p = 0.05) among infants reaching an height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) of > -1. Taking WAZ, HAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices <= -1 together, there was no significant protection (p > 0.05) if both placebo and vaccine groups are compared. There was no significant difference if rates of mixed and pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases are compared in relation to HAZ, WAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices. Although a low number of malnourished infants could be identified in the present study, our data show some evidence that malnutrition may interfere with the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Diarrhea , Nutritional Status , Rotavirus , Rotavirus Infections , Rotavirus Vaccines , Vaccines, Attenuated , Anthropometry , Brazil , Developed Countries , Diarrhea , Double-Blind Method , Gastroenteritis , Reassortant Viruses , Rotavirus Vaccines , Vaccination , Vaccines, Attenuated , Vaccines, Combined
15.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 44(1): 17-22, Jan.-Feb. 2002. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-307237

ABSTRACT

A total of 220 patients with arthropathy were selected in Belém, Pará between January 1994 and December 2000, and screened for the presence of human parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A subgroup (n = 132) of patients with high levels of antibodies (either IgM+/IgG+ or IgM-/IgG+) were examined for the presence of DNA by polymerase chain reaction/nested PCR. Recent/active infection (detection of IgM and/or IgG-specific antibodies and presence of viral DNA) was identified in 47.7 percent of the 132 individuals with arthropathy. In our study, women were significantly more affected (59.7 percent) than men (35.4 percent) (P = 0.0006). The age group of 11-20 years (84.6 percent), among female patients, and 21-30 years (42.1 percent), among male, were those with the highest incidence rates. The analysis of the temporal distribution of B19-associated arthropaties showed a cyclic pattern, with peak incidence rates occuring at 3-5 year intervals. Significant diference (P = 0.01) was observed when comparing both the highest (39.0 percent) and the lowest (11.0 percent) seropositivity rates for the years of 1995 and 2000, respectively. The interfalangial joints of hands and feet were mostly affected, with 50.0 percent and 48.0 percent of cases among both women and men, respectively. In a smaller proportion, other joints such as those of knee, ankle, pulse and shoulder were affected. As for the duration, symptoms lasted 1 to 5 days in 54.0 percent of the individuals, whereas in 46.0 percent of them the disease lasted 6-10 days, if considered the subgroup (n = 63) of patients with recent/active infection by parvovirus B19. In our study, joint clinical manifestations occurred symmetrically. Our results indicate that B19 may be an important agent of arthropathies in our region, and this underscores the need for specific laboratory diagnosis when treating patients suffering from acute arthropathy, mainly pregnant women


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies, Viral , Joint Diseases , Parvoviridae Infections , Parvovirus B19, Human , Brazil , DNA, Viral , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Erythema Infectiosum , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin M , Joint Diseases , Parvoviridae Infections , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serologic Tests
16.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 42(6): 305-11, Nov.-Dec. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-274887

ABSTRACT

A total of 730 children aged less than 7 years, attending 8 day-care centers (DCCs) in Belém, Brazil were followed-up from January to December 1997 to investigate the occurrence of human-herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection in these institutional settings. Between October and December 1997 there have been outbreaks of a febrile- and -exanthematous disease, affecting at least 15-20 percent of children in each of the DCCs. Both serum- and- plasma samples were obtained from 401 (55 percent) of the 730 participating children for the detection of HHV-6 antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and viral DNA amplification through the nested-PCR. Recent HHV-6 infection was diagnosed in 63.8 percent (256/401) of them, as defined by the presence of both IgM and IgG-specific antibodies (IgM+/IgG+); of these, 114 (44.5 percent) were symptomatic and 142 (55.5 percent) had no symptoms (p = 0.03). A subgroup of 123 (30.7 percent) children were found to be IgM-/IgG+, whereas the remaining 22 (5.5 percent) children had neither IgM nor IgG HHV-6- antibodies (IgM-/IgG-). Of the 118 children reacting strongly IgM-positive ( > or = 30 PANBIO units), 26 (22.0 percent) were found to harbour the HHV-6 DNA, as demonstrated by nested-PCR. Taken the ELISA-IgM- and- nested PCR-positive results together, HHV-6 infection was shown to have occurred in 5 of the 8 DCCs under follow-up. Serological evidence of recent infections by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and parvovirus B19 were identified in 2.0 percent (8/401) and 1.5 percent (6/401) of the children, respectively. Our data provide strong evidence that HHV-6 is a common cause of outbreaks of febrile/exanthematous diseases among children attending DCCs in the Belém area


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Day Care Centers , Disease Outbreaks , Exanthema Subitum/epidemiology , Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Viral , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Exanthema Subitum/blood , Exanthema Subitum/diagnosis , Follow-Up Studies , Herpesvirus 6, Human/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Urban Population
17.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 8(5): 305-331, nov. 2000.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-280763

ABSTRACT

En el mundo, los rotavirus son responsables de más 125 millones de casos de gastroenteritis infantil y de cerca de 1 millón de muertes al año, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. En comparación con otras medidas de control, la vacunación cuenta con mayores probabilidades de tener un impacto significativo en la incidencia de la enfermedad por rotavirus. La máxima incidencia de la diarrea por rotavirus ocurre entre los 6 y los 24 meses de edad. Sin embargo, en los países en desarrollo no son raros los casos en menores de 6 meses. Los serotipos G1 a G4 son responsables de la mayoría de los casos, pero hay datos que indican que en Brasil el tipo G5 está adquiriendo mayor importancia epidemiológica. Durante la infección natural por rotavirus se inducen respuestas inmunitarias tanto homotípicas como heterotípicas y la respuesta inmunitaria en la superficie de la mucosa intestinal constituye probablemente el factor que mejor predice la inmunidad clínica. Con el objetivo principal de proteger a los niños frente a la diarrea con deshidratación potencialmente mortal, se han probado varios abordajes en el desarrollo de vacunas contra los rotavirus. En los Estados Unidos de América (EUA) se aprobó y comercializó una vacuna antirrotavirus tetravalente recombinante de virus humanos y de Macaca mulatta (RRV-TV), pero posteriormente se retiró del mercado. En varios estudios se ha observado que la eficacia de la vacuna RRV-TV es mayor en los países desarrollados que en los países en desarrollo. En dos países de América Latina (Brasil y Perú) se han realizado estudios de campo con preparaciones de RRVTV que contenían 4 104 unidades formadoras de placa (UFP) y se registraron tasas de eficacia protectora frente a todas las diarreas por rotavirus que oscilaron entre 18 y 35%. En otro estudio realizado en Venezuela con mayores dosis de RRV-TV (4 105 UFP/dosis), se obtuvo una tasa de eficacia de 48% frente a todas las diarreas por rotavirus y de 88% frente a las diarreas graves. Parece ser que la lactancia materna no interfiere con la eficacia de la RRV-TV si se administran tres dosis de la vacuna. Del mismo modo, la posible interferencia de la vacuna oral contra la poliomielitis con la vacuna contra los rotavirus puede ser contrarrestada si se administran tres dosis de esta última o se utilizan formulaciones con títulos elevados. Sin embargo, los enterovirus silvestres pueden conducir al fracaso de la vacunación primaria contra los rotavirus en los países en desarrollo. Estudios realizados en Perú con la vacuna RRVTV han mostrado una tendencia a la obtención de mayores tasas de eficacia de la vacuna frente a los epidosios diarreicos causados únicamente por rotavirus ("puros"). Los análisis económicos realizados en los EE.UU. indican que una vacuna que cuesta menos de 9 dólares estadounidenses por dosis podría proporcionar ahorros netos en los costes médicos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios de coste-beneficio en los países en desarrollo. En el futuro, es posible que algunos países de América Latina adapten sus instalaciones de producción de vacunas antipoliomielíticas a la preparación de vacunas contra los rotavirus para uso humano. Un año después de que la RRV-TV fuera aprobada en los EE.UU. para la vacunación de lactantes, la ocurrencia de casos de intususcepción como reacción adversa a la vacuna condujo a su retirada del mercado. En este artículo se analizan las implicaciones de esta medida, en especial en América Latina, entre ellas la necesidad de investigar vacunas alternativas contra los rotavirus, particulamente mediante la realización de ensayos clínicos paralelos en los países desarrollados y en desarrollo


Worldwide, rotaviruses account for more than 125 million cases of infantile gastroenteritis and nearly 1 million deaths per year, mainly in developing countries. Rather than other control measures, vaccination is most likely to have a major impact on rotavirus disease incidence. The peak incidence of rotavirus diarrhea occurs between 6 and 24 months of age. In developing countries, however, cases are not uncommon among children younger than 6 months. G serotypes 1 to 4 are responsible for most disease, but there are indications that in Brazil that G type 5 is of emerging epidemiological importance. Both homotypic and heterotypic responses are elicited during natural rotavirus infection, and the immunological response at the intestinal mucosal surface is probably the more consistent predictor of clinical immunity. With the primary objective of protecting children against life-threatening dehydrating diarrhea, many approaches to rotavirus vaccine development have been attempted. One vaccine, the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV), was given licensing approval in the United States of America, introduced to the market, and later withdrawn. A number of studies have found better efficacy of RRV-TV in developed countries than in developing ones. Field trials with a 4 104 plaque-forming units (PFU) preparation of RRVTV have been carried out in two countries in Latin America, Brazil and Peru. Those trials yielded protective efficacy rates against all rotavirus diarrhea ranging from 18% to 35%. Data from a large catchment trial in Venezuela with a higher RRV-TV dose, of 4 105 PFU/dose, indicated an efficacy rate of 48% against all rotavirus diarrhea and 88% against severe rotavirus diarrhea. It appears that breast-feeding does not compromise the efficacy of RRV-TV if three doses of the vaccine are administered. Similarly, possible interference of oral poliovirus vaccine with the "take" of the rotavirus vaccine can be overcome by giving three doses of the rotavirus vaccine or by using a higher-titer formulation of it. Wild enteroviruses, however, may cause primary rotavirus vaccine failure in developing countries. Studies in Peru with RRV-TV have shown a trend towards higher vaccine efficacy rates against "pure" (rotavirusonly) diarrheal episodes. Economic analyses made in the United States indicate that a vaccine that costs less than US$ 9 per dose would lead to a net savings in medical costs. To date, however, cost-benefit studies have not been done in developing countries. In the future, it is possible that some Latin American countries might adapt their polio production facilities to the preparation of rotavirus vaccines for human use. A year after RRV-TV was licensed for vaccination of infants in the United States, the occurrence of intussusception as an adverse event led to the vaccine's withdrawal from the market. The implications of that action, particularly for Latin America, will be addressed in this article, including the need to explore alternative rotavirus candidate vaccines, particularly through the conduct of parallel clinical trials in both developed and developing countrie


Subject(s)
Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/pathology , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Serology , Vaccines , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality , Diarrhea/etiology , Vaccination , United States , Latin America
18.
Rev. bras. alergia imunopatol ; 23(3): 100-4, maio-jun. 2000. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-284105

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Conhecer o estado imunitário para a varicela em indivíduos de diversas faixas etárias da Cidade de Belém, no Estado do Pará, norte do Brasil, para a tomada de decisäo quanto à indicaçäo de vacinaçäo. Método: Os soros de 525 indivíduos residentes na Cidade de Belém, separados aleatoriamente da soroteca de dois laboratórios privados de análise clínicas e do Instituto Evandro Chagas, foram testados pelo método imunoenzimático (ELISA). Resultados: Dos 525 soros testados 22,2 por cento, 5l,7 por cento , 72,9 por cento e 92,5 por cento foram positivos nas faixas etárias de 0-4, 5-14, 15-24 e > e igual 25 anos, respectivamente. Conclusöes: Näo obstante a grande concentraçäo da varicela nos primeiros dez anos de vida, cerca da metade dos adolescentes e adultos jovens persistem sem imunidade. Este achado sugere que há indicaçäo da vacinaçäo contra a varicela para as crianças, mas também, e principalmente, para os adolescentese adultos jovens, sem história consistente de doença correlata, uma vez que nesses grupos de faixas etárias maiores, a infecçäo pode evoluir com doença mais grave, com risco de complicaçöes e óbito.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies , Chickenpox Vaccine/immunology , Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology
19.
In. Farhat, Calil Kairalla; Carvalho, Eduardo da Silva; Weckx, Lily Yin; Carvalho, Luiza Helena Falleiros R; Succi, Regina Célia de Menezes. Imunizaçöes: fundamentos e prática. Säo Paulo, Atheneu, 2000. p.555-66, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-281299
20.
An. bras. dermatol ; 74(3): 239-243, maio-jun. 1999. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-301362

ABSTRACT

Diversas afecçöes cutâneas, em especial a dermatite atópica , säo suscetíveis a superinfecçäo por vírus, mais freqüentemente do herpes simples, com o desenvolvimento de quadro cutâneo agudo, regional ou disseminado, ocasionalmente fatal, denominado erupçäo variceliforme de Kaposi(EVK). A casuística brasileira de EVK inclui observaçöes feitas em portadores de pênfigo foliáceo(PF) nas áreas endêmicas desta bulose. Os autores apresentam e discutem um caso de EVK complicando PF, observado em pacientes oriundo do nordeste do Estado do Pará, que se encontrava em tratamento com altas doses diárias de corticóide.


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Antiviral Agents , Dapsone , Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption/diagnosis , Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption/drug therapy , Herpes Simplex , Pemphigus/complications , Simplexvirus
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL