Effects of acceleration on skill level in skiers / Efeitos da aceleração sobre o nível de habilidade em esquiadores / Efectos de la aceleración en el nivel de habilidad de los esquiadores

ABSTRACT Introduction: In a "U" shaped field, the skier must take off using snow slides in a determined territory, using the distribution of his body mass over his feet to control the direction, completing a variety of complex movements inherent to aerial sports. Objective: Study the effect of acceleration on skiers' skill levels. Methods: Peak moment angle and range of motion were measured in 12 U-shaped cross-country snow ski athletes with an average training period of over 5 years. The isokinetic muscle strength test parameters were analyzed with the characteristics and abilities inherent to the sport. The corresponding range of motion and the angle of acceleration were determined. The results were confronted with a literature search and discussed afterward. results: The peak torque and relative peak torque of the flexor and extensor muscle groups on both sides of the athletes' hip and knee joints reduced with increasing angular velocity; the maximum peak torque of the extensors was significantly greater than that of the flexors at the same velocity (P﹤0.05). The current scientific literature predicted this inversely proportional relationship, but the angles obtained had not been explored. Conclusion: Athletes should pay attention to improving cognitive ability and active adjustment ability to complete their technical movements, promoting the development of controlled acceleration required by snow sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Em campo em forma de "U", o esquiador deve decolar utilizando deslizamentos de neve em um território determinado, utilizando a distribuição de sua massa corporal sobre os pés para controlar a direção, completando uma variedade de movimentos complexos inerentes aos esportes aéreos. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito da aceleração sobre o nível de habilidade dos esquiadores. Métodos: Aferiu-se o ângulo do momento de pico e a amplitude de movimento em 12 atletas de esqui na neve em campos em forma de "U" com um período médio de treinamento de mais de 5 anos. Foram analisados os parâmetros do teste de força muscular isocinético combinados com as características e habilidades inerentes ao esporte. Determinou-se a gama correspondente do movimento e o ângulo de aceleração. Os resultados foram confrontados com uma pesquisa bibliográfica e discutidos posteriormente. Resultados: O torque de pico e o torque de pico relativo dos grupos de músculos flexores e extensores em ambos os lados das articulações do quadril e joelho dos atletas reduziram com o aumento da velocidade angular; o torque de pico máximo dos extensores foi significativamente maior do que o dos flexores na mesma velocidade (P﹤0.05). Essa relação inversamente proporcional foi prevista pela literatura científica vigente, porém os ângulos obtidos não haviam sido explorados. Conclusão: Os atletas devem atentar-se em melhorar a capacidade cognitiva e a capacidade de ajuste ativa para completar seus movimentos técnicos promovendo o desenvolvimento da aceleração controlada requerida pelos esportes na neve. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: En un campo en forma de "U", el esquiador debe despegar utilizando deslizamientos de nieve en un territorio determinado, utilizando la distribución de su masa corporal sobre los pies para controlar la dirección, completando una variedad de movimientos complejos inherentes a los deportes aéreos. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de la aceleración en el nivel de habilidad de los esquiadores. Métodos: Se midieron el ángulo de momento máximo y la amplitud de movimiento en 12 atletas de esquí de fondo en forma de U con un período de entrenamiento medio de más de 5 años. Se analizaron los parámetros de la prueba de fuerza muscular isocinética combinados con las características y habilidades propias del deporte. Se determinó la correspondiente amplitud de movimiento y el ángulo de aceleración. Los resultados se confrontaron con una búsqueda bibliográfica y se debatieron posteriormente. Resultados: El par máximo y el par máximo relativo de los grupos musculares flexores y extensores de ambos lados de las articulaciones de la cadera y la rodilla de los atletas se redujo con el aumento de la velocidad angular; el par máximo de los extensores fue significativamente mayor que el de los flexores a la misma velocidad (P﹤0,05). Esta relación inversamente proporcional fue predicha por la literatura científica actual, pero los ángulos obtenidos no habían sido explorados. Conclusión: Los atletas deben prestar atención a la mejora de la capacidad cognitiva y la capacidad de ajuste activo para completar sus movimientos técnicos promoviendo el desarrollo de la aceleración controlada que requieren los deportes de nieve. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Immunogenicity of Whole / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objectives@#To evaluate the immunogenicity of @*Methods@#Protein extracts from @*Results@#Immunization with @*Conclusion@#This is the advanced study to investigate the immunogenicity of

Prognostic implications of immune-related eight-gene signature in pediatric brain tumors

Genomic studies have provided insights into molecular subgroups and oncogenic drivers of pediatric brain tumors (PBT) that may lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Participants of the cohort Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas: CBTTC (CBTTC cohort), were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts. In the training cohort, Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariate Cox regression model were applied to preliminary screening of prognostic genes. The LASSO Cox regression model was implemented to build a multi-gene signature, which was then validated in the validation and CBTTC cohorts through Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses. Also, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune infiltrating analyses were conducted to understand function annotation and the role of the signature in the tumor microenvironment. An eight-gene signature was built, which was examined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, revealing that a significant overall survival difference was seen, either in the training or validation cohorts. The eight-gene signature was further proven to be independent of other clinic-pathologic parameters via the Cox regression analyses. Moreover, ROC analysis demonstrated that this signature owned a better predictive power of PBT prognosis. Furthermore, GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses showed that the signature had close interactions with immune-related pathways and was closely related to CD8 T cells and monocytes in the tumor environment. Identifying the eight-gene signature (CBX7, JADE2, IGF2BP3, OR2W6P, PRAME, TICRR, KIF4A, and PIMREG) could accurately identify patients' prognosis and the signature had close interactions with the immunodominant tumor environment, which may provide insight into personalized prognosis prediction and new therapies for PBT patients.

Effectiveness of resilience group counseling on mental health of junior high school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#This study amis to evaluate the effect of resilience group counseling based on Achieving Success Everyday(ASE) group counseling model on mental health promotion of junior high school students.@*Methods@#An experimental design of 2 (experimental group/control group)×3(pre-test/post-test/follow-up test) was adopted to conduct resilience group counseling for junior high school students in a school in southern Xinjiang (8 weeks, once a week, each activity lasts for 60-90 min), followed by a detailed analysis of intervention effect.@*Results@#After intervention, scores of resilience, goal focus, emotional control, family support, interpersonal assistance, core self-evaluation, coping styles and positive coping in intervention group increased significantly(t=8.93, 3.78, 6.62, 3.17, 6.13, 5.18, 4.01, 2.91, P<0.01). The scores of mental health and negative coping significantly decreased (t=-4.24, -3.01, P<0.01) and was lower than control group(t=-2.58, -3.11, P<0.05). The scores of resilience, goal focus, interpersonal assistance, core self-evaluation, coping styles and positive coping were significantly higher than those of the control group(t=3.88, 2.84, 3.18, 4.19, 3.68, 2.49, P<0.01). The results of the follow-up test showed that the scores of resilience and goal concentration, emotional control, positive cognition, family support, interpersonal assistance, core self-evaluation and positive coping were still significantly higher than those of the pretest(t=5.69, 3.50, 2.26, 2.80, 2.64, 4.13, 3.39, 2.13, P<0.05), and the scores of mental health were still significantly lower than the pretest(t=-4.62, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Mental resilience group counseling based on ASE model can effectively improve students’ mental health level, and at the same time, it shows positive effect on improving core self-evaluation and coping styles.

Cardiac valve prosthesis implantation and surgical maze ablation for the treatment of valvular disease with atrial fibrillation / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Patients with mitral valve disease have a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve replacement and mitral annuloplasty. Maze surgery is the gold standard for surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. The effect of artificial valve and valve ring on maze surgery is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes of sinus rhythm-left atrial contractive function after surgical maze ablation of valvular atrial fibrillation and whether valve replacement or valve ring implantation affects the recovery of sinus rhythm-left atrial contractive function. METHODS: From October 2013 to October 2017, 324 patients who underwent surgical maze ablation due to mitral valve lesions associated with persistent or long-term persistent atrial fibrillation in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command were enrolled. All patients were treated with artificial valve replacement or artificial valve ring implantation after maze operation. The patients were followed up by electrocardiogram and echocardiography at discharge and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after procedure. A multivariate Cox analysis of predictive factors for left atrial contractive function recuperation was applied. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (original General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region of Chinese PLA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Two patients (0.6%) died during the perioperative period, and the remaining 322 patients were followed up for 2 years. There were no adverse events related to artificial materials during the follow-up. (2) The recovery rate of left atrial contractive function increased gradually after procedure. The coexistence consistency of left atrial contractive function and sinus rhythm was good until 1 year after surgery (Kappa coefficient = 0.75, P 3 months) after surgical maze ablation (all P values 0.05). (4) ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal critical value of preoperative atrial fibrillation time and preoperative left atrial diameter for prediction of left arterial contractive function recovery was 36.5 months (sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 93.7%) and 60.5 mm (sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 85.0%) respectively. (5) These results suggest that the recovery of left atrial contractive function after surgical maze ablation is a dynamic improvement process. Early recovery of left atrial contractive function is beneficial to maintaining stable sinus rhythm in the future. Prolonged duration of atrial fibrillation, enlarged left atrial diameter, and cryoablation mode may have adverse effects on surgical maze ablation. Valve ring implantation or valvular replacement does not affect the efficacy of surgical maze ablation.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome in which patients have symptoms and signs of HF with normal or near-normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥50%). Roughly half of all patients with HF worldwide have an LVEF ≥50% and nearly half have an LVEF <50%. Thanks to the increased scientific attention about the condition and improved characterization and diagnostic tools, the incidence of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) dropped while that of HFpEF has increased by 45%. HFpEF has no single guideline for diagnosis or treatment, the patient population is heterogeneously and inconsistently described, and longitudinal studies are lacking. To better understand and overcome the disease, in this review, we updated the latest knowledge of HFpEF pathophysiology, introduced the existing promising diagnostic methods and treatments, and summarized its prognosis by reviewing the most recent cohort studies.

Immunological Evaluation of a Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen Rv0674 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to characterize the diagnostic and vaccine potential of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Rv0674.@*METHODS@#To evaluate the diagnostic potential and antigenicity of Rv0674, IgG was evaluated using ELISA and interferon (IFN)-γ was done by using ELISpot assay among TB patients and healthy donors. For immunogenicity evaluation, BALB/c mice were immunized with Rv0674. Cytokine production was determined by cytokine release assay using an ELISA kit, and the antibodies were tested using ELISA.@*RESULTS@#The results of serum Elisa tests showed that Rv0674 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was higher in TB patients than negative controls. And Rv0674 had good performance in serological test with sensitivity and specificity of 77.1% and 81.1%, respectively. While it shows poor sensitivity and specificity of 26.23% and 79.69% for IFN-γ tests. In BALB/c mice, Rv0674 adjuvant by DDA/Poly I:C could also induce a high level of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 as well as a high IgG titer in both high- and low-dose groups indicating that Rv0674 is essential in humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, the cytokine profile and IgG isotype characterized Rv0674 as a Th1/Th2-mixed-type protective immunity with the predominance of Th1 cytokines.@*CONCLUSION@#Rv0674 may be a good potential candidate for the development of TB serological diagnosis and a new TB vaccine.

Application value of detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific IgG/IgM antibodies for tuberculosis diagnosis with colloidal gold immunochromatography assay / 中国人兽共患病学报

In this study,we estimated the application value of detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) specific IgG/IgM antibodies for tuberculosis diagnosis with colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA).We collected 332 effective serum samples and their background information,including 260 patients with tuberculosis and 72 healthy individuals.The means of GICA was used to detect MTB specific IgG/IgM antibodies.Results were compared with the clinical diagnosis and the results of bacteriological tests.The SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the results,and when P＜0.05 the difference was statistically significant.The sensitivity and specificity of GICA were 41.15％ and 91.67％,and the sensitivity of the bacterial positive and negative patients were 51.38％ and 33.77％,respectively.The positive rate of IgG/IgM antibodies detection with GICA (41.15％) was much higher than that of bacteria with acid-fast stain of sputum smear (18.84％) and sputum bacteria cultivation (36.15 ％) (P ＜ 0.05) respectively.The positive rate of the combination of tuberculosis antibody detection,sputum bacterial culture and sputum smear was 61.54％,higher than the result of single method or combination of two methods.The detection of specific antibodies against MTB in serum with GICA is sensitive,specific,rapid and convenient,which can be used in clinical screening.Meanwhile,there are still certain limitations of this method,and the sensitivity and specificity need to be improved.Therefore,the GICA can be used as an auxiliary diagnosis combined with sputum bacteriology,imaging test and clinical features rather than diagnose tuberculosis alone.

The abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge under autotrophic domestication.

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play a key role in nitrogen-removal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as they can transform ammonia into nitrite. AOB can be enriched in activated sludge through autotrophic domestication although they are difficult to be isolated. In this study, autotrophic domestication was carried out in a lab-scale sequencing-batch-reactor (SBR) system with two activated sludge samples. The ammonia removal capacity of the sludge samples increased during the domestication, and pH exhibited a negative correlation with the ammonia removal amount, which indicated that it was one important factor of microbial ammonia oxidation. The count of AOB, measured by the most probable number (MPN) method, increased significantly during autotrophic domestication as ammonia oxidation efficiency was enhanced. We investigated the changes in the community structure of AOB before and after domestication by amoA clone library and T-RFLP profile. It showed that AOB had been successfully enriched and the community structure significantly shifted during the domestication. Two groups of AOB were found in sludge samples: Nitrosomonas-like group remained predominant all the time and Nitrosospira-like group changed obviously. Simultaneously, the total heterotrophic bacteria were investigated by MPN and Biolog assay. The metabolic diversity of heterotrophs had changed minutely, although the count of them decreased significantly and lost superiority of microbial communities in the sludge.

Study on the role of zoledronic acid in treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

We aimed to assess the role of zoledronic acid [ZOL] on the risk of fracture and bone mineral density [BMD] in women with osteoporosis. A double-blind and placebo-controlled design was taken in our study. 327 patients who received an intravenous 5-mg infusion zoledronic acid at day 0, at 12 months were enrolled in treatment group, and the remaining 333 patients who received placebo at the same time of the treatment group were included as control group. The incidence of fracture and BMD in the femoral neck and total hip were assessed. ZOL group had lower incidence of fracture at any clinical fracture, clinical vertebral fracture, non-vertebral fracture and hip fracture compared with placebo group at the time of one year and three years. We found that the BAAD were significantly increased at femoral neck and total hip in ZOL group at the time of one year and three years follow-up when compared with placebo group [P < 0.05]. The adverse events in the ZOL within three days of drug infusion were significantly higher than the control group, but we did not find significant difference in the serious adverse effect between the two groups. Conclusions: Zoledronic acid [ZOL] could be used as a safe and effective method for female with osteoporosis

Three quantitative methods to continuously monitor Legionella in spring water / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the detection effect of Legionella pollution in spring water by three methods, namely traditional plating method, fluorescent quantitation PCR method and ethidium monoazide (EMA) fluorescent quantitation PCR method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Every month (except May), we collected 11 water samples from the 5 selected hot spring pools in one hot spring resort in Beijing in 2011. A total of 121 water samples were collected, and then were detected by the above three methods qualitatively and quantitatively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In our study, the Legionella pollution rate was separately 74.4% (90/121), 100.0% (121/121) and 100.0% (121/121) by the above three methods. The quantitative value of Legionella in the 121 water samples detected by the three methods were around 0.10-216.00 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml, 1.47-1557.75 gene units (GU)/ml and 0.20-301.69 GU/ml, respectively. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) was 75.30 (32.51-192.10) GU/ml, 36.46 (16.08-91.21) GU/ml and 5.30 (0.00-33.70) CFU/ml, respectively. The difference in the quantitative value of Legionella detected by the three methods showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 187.900, P < 0.01). The quantitative value of Legionella detected by fluorescent quantitation PCR method was the highest, followed by the value Legionella detected by EMA-fluorescent quantitation PCR method and traditional plating method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The sensitivity of the PCR methods was higher than traditional plating method, in detecting Legionella pollution in spring water, especially the EMA- fluorescent quantitation PCR method, which was more suitable for detecting Legionella in water.</p>

Establishment and application of PCR method in serotyping of Streptococcus pneumonia / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To establish a method based on PCR for serotyping of Streptococcus pneumonia isolates. PCR serotyping method was applied for investigating the serotypes of S. pneumonia strains. Methods 12 pairs of primers targeting different serotypes or S. pneumonia were designed and synthesized. After optimizing the PCR amplification reaction,sensitivity and specificity of each pair was performed. We applied the PCR methods for testing the serotypes of the isolated S. pneumonia strains. Results Each pair of primers showed satisfied PCR sensitivity and specificity. Of all 119 S. pneumonia strains tested by PCR serotyping method,113 isolates were identified (3,5,6A/B,9A/V,14,18,19A,19F,23F) with 6 isolates were unable to be serotyped. Conclusion We deveioped a simple,reliabie and economic method for S. pneumonia serotyping which could be used for testing the serotypes of S. pneumonia that had been prevailed among general population.

Molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumonia by pulse-field gel electrophoresis in combination with multilocus sequence typing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To type Klebsiella pneumonia through methods including pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in combination with multilocus sequence typing. Methods Four selected different Eps, referring to the Standard Operating Procedure of PulseNet China, were used. The single colony of Klebsiella pneumonia was quantified after enriched culture. Embedding organisms in agarose and genome DNA were lysed with Proteinase K and then digested by restriction endonuclease Xba Ⅰ , to produce agarose gel. Fingerprint was obtained through PFGE and bands were marked with their molecular weights and then analyzed by BioNumerics software. Using MLST to analyze the strains that were highly similar, by PFGE typing Results By comparing the four results from each Eps, fk3 (switch time from 6s to 36s,total run time is 18.5 hours) seemed to be better than the others.59 strains of Klebsiella pneumonia were divided into 47 PFGE types and 19 PFGE clusters. The highly similar strains could be typed into ST-340、ST-342、ST-343、ST-344、ST-345 by MLST. Among them, ST-342、 ST-343、 ST-344、 ST-345 types were all new MLST types that were reported in China.Conclusion Highly similar Klebsiella pneumonias typed by PFGE could also be typed by MLST.

Establishment and application of TaqMan Real-Time PCR in detection and serogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To establish TaqMan Real-Time PcR method for detection and identification of Neisseria meningitidis.Methods Seven sets of primers and FAM-labeled probes targeting different genes of Neisseria meningitidis were designed and synthesized.ctrA gene was used for identification of N.meningitidis species.Six serogruops(A,B,C,X,Y,W135)of N.meningitidis were detected with following genes:sacB(A),siaD(B),siaD(C),xcbB(X),synF(Y)and synG(W135)respectively.Sensitivity and specificity of Real-Time PCR were assessed for different primers and probes.121cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)specimens from suspected N.meningitidis invasive meningitis cases were detected by latex agglutination test and Real-Time PCR assay simultaneously.Resuits 79 N.meningitidis isolates of different serogroups could be detected and identified by seven sets of primers and probes in this study.Real-Time PCR seemed more sensitive than standard PCR bv 101-103 times.The respective sensitivities for ctrA,sacB,siaD(B),siaD(C),xcbB,synF and synG were 8,8,80,8,8,80,8 genomeDNA copies in each reaction.Of the 121 CSF specimens,11 were positive for Real-Time PCR and 6 for latex agglutination test.Conclusion Real-Time PCR could rapidly detect and identify N.meningitidis of different serogroups and seemed more sensitive.It could be widely used for diagnose of invasive meningitis caused bv N.meningitidis.

Molecular typing of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains with pulsed field gel electrophoresis in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the characteristics of epidemiology and molecular typing on Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains associated with outbreaks of Anhui province and sporadic cases in China, using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>212 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains were isolated from invasive meningococcal cases, close contacts and healthy carriers, including 48 strains from Anhui province with 38 strains associated with serogroup C outbreaks. PFGE were performed by genomic DNA digestion with Nhe I restriction enzyme. The results of PFGE were analyzed by BioNumerics software (Version 4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belgium).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total number of 212 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C isolates were typed by 43 patterns, named AH1 to AH43. In China, AH1 pattern was the major PFGE pattern with 69.3% (n = 147) of all strains, distributed in 11 provinces. Three types of PFGE patterns (AH1 to AH3) were found in 48 strains from Anhui province, in which, 93.8% (n = 45) belonged to AH1. 97.4% (n = 37) of 38 strains associated with serogroup C outbreaks in Anhui province showed AH1 pattern. A total of 53 serogroup C strains were isolated from invasive meningococcal cases with 67.9% (36/53) of AH pattern. 71.9% (87/121) of serogroup C strains isolated from contacts of invasive meningococcal cases was AH1 pattern and 63.2% (24/38) of the strains from healthy carriers showed AH1 pattern.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>By PFGE typing and analysis, AH1 pattern of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains was proved to be the main clone which causing the outbreaks in Anhui province and might be responsible for the sporadic serogroup C meningococcal disease epidemics else where in the country.</p>

Surveillance on severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus in animals at a live animal market of Guangzhou in 2004 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) like virus in animals at a live animal market of Guanzhou in 2004 before and after culling of wild animal action taken by the local authority, in order to predict the re-emerging of SARS from animal originals in this region.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Animals at live animal market were sampled for rectal and throat swabs in triplicate. A single step realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic kit was performed for screening SARS-CoV like virus, the manual nested RT- PCR and DNA sequencing were performed for confirmation. Only specimens which tested positive for both of the N and P genes by nested RT-PCR were scored as positive.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 31 animals sampled in January 5 2004 before culling of wild animals at Guangdong Province, including 20 cats (Felis catus), 5 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and 6 Lesser rice field rats (Rattus losea), 8 (25.8%) animals were tested positive for SARS-CoV like virus by RT-PCR methods, of which 4 cats, 3 red fox and one Lesser rice field rats were included. However, two weeks after culling of animals and disinfection of the market were implemented, in 119 animals sampled in January 20 2004, including 6 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 13 cats, 46 red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), 13 spotbill duck (Anas platyrhynchos), 10 greylag goose (Anser anser), 31 Chinese francolin (Franclinus pintadeanus), only rectal swab from one greylag goose was tested positive for SARS-CoV like virus. Furthermore, in 102 animals that including 14 greylag gooses, 3 cats, 5 rabbits, 9 spotbill duck (Anaspoecilorhyncha), 2 Chinese francolin (Franclinus pintadeanus), 8 common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 6 pigeons, 9 Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), 19 wild boar (Sus scrofa), 16 Lesser rice field rats, 5 dogs, 1 mink (Mustela vison), 3 goats, 2 green peafowl (Pavo muticus) sampled in April, May, June, July, August and November, only rectal swab from one pig was tested positive. However, of 12 and 10 palm civets sampled in November and December including five of which had been at the live animals market for 2 days, none of them was tested positive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This findings revealed that animals being sampled in April, May, June, July, August and November of 2004, only one rectal swab from a pig was tested positive as SARS-CoV like virus, much lower than the results from the previous year, suggesting that the possibility of re-emerging of human infection from animal origins is low for the winter of 2004-2005.</p>