Hematological and immunological development from birth to six months of age in Holstein calves / Desenvolvimento hematológico e imunológico em bezerros Holandeses do nascimento aos seis meses de idade

The hematological and immunological development of calves from birth to 6 months of age was performed by hemogram and cellular phenotype. Ten male Holstein calves were assessed in 13 moments: before colostrum intake (D0), every 2 days until the 10th day of life (D2 to D10), at the 15th day after birth (D15), and then monthly up to 6 months (D180). Calves presented hemoconcentration on day (D) 0 and showed a gradual decrease in hematimetric rates until D180. The inversion of the neutrophilic for lymphocytic profile was observed on D4. The percentage of CD3+ cells on D10 was higher than D30 up to D180. The number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells did not change between time points. The number of CD21+ lymphocytes was significantly higher at early time points of D0 up to D15, compared on D30 until D150. In conclusion, the neonatal period was marked by stress leukogram in the first 4 days, and low number of B lymphocytes. These might be risk factors for bacterial infections responsible for navel inflammation and diarrhea. The increase in the number of B cells from 30 days of age demonstrated that the calves were functional and able to generate an immune response.(AU)

O desenvolvimento hematológico e o imunológico de bezerros do nascimento aos seis meses de idade foram avaliados por meio hemograma e imunofenotipagem dos linfócitos. Para tanto, 10 bezerros machos Holandeses foram avaliados em 13 momentos: antes da ingestão do colostro (D0), a cada dois dias até o 10º dia (D2 a D10), 15º dia (D15) e, em seguida, mensalmente até seis meses de idade (D180). Os bezerros apresentaram hemoconcentração em D0 e decréscimo gradual dos índices hematimétricos até D180. A inversão do perfil neutrofílico para linfocítico foi observada em D4. Os valores de CD3+ (%) em D10 foram maiores que aqueles observados em D30 até D180. CD4+ e CD8+ não apresentaram alterações entre os momentos. Os linfócitos B CD21+ aumentaram significativamente a partir dos primeiros momentos D0 até D15, em comparação com os momentos subsequentes D30 até D150. Em conclusão, o período neonatal foi caracterizado pelo leucograma de estresse nos primeiros quatro dias e o baixo número de linfócitos B. Esses fatos podem ser considerados como fatores de risco para infecções bacterianas responsáveis pelas inflamações umbilicais e pela diarreia. Por outro lado, o aumento de células B após os 30 dias de vida demonstrou que os bezerros foram capazes de gerar uma resposta imune.(AU)

The use of reduced glutathione (GSH) as antioxidant for cryopreserved sperm in dogs / O uso da glutationa reduzida (GSH) como antioxidante na criopreservação seminal em cães

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different concentrations of reduced glutathione GSH (0; 5; 7.5; 10mM) in the extender for cryopreservation in dogs with evaluations performed after glycerolization (chilled) and thawing (thawed). For this purpose, we used 8 dogs and two semen collections were performed in a weekly interval, totaling 16 semen samples. The sperm were analyzed by automatic sperm motility (CASA) and flow cytometry analysis of mitochondrial potential (JC1 dye) and membrane/acrosome integrity (FITC-PI dyes). We evaluated subjectively the membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and DNA integrity. Seminal plasma was evaluated for lipid peroxidation (TBARS concentration). Chilled and thawed samples supplemented with 7.5 and 10mM of GSH had lower percentage of sperm with high (DAB - Class I) and medium (DAB - Class II) mitochondrial activity. And 10mM of GSH had higher percentage of low mitochondrial activity (DAB - Class III). Moreover, thawed samples of 10mM of GSH had high DNA fragmentation rates. Probably by a reductive stress effect on mitochondria which lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species, and a mitochondrial malfunction.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes concentrações de glutationa reduzida (GSH - 0; 5; 7,5; 10mM) para criopreservação em cães com avaliações realizadas após glicerolização (refrigeração) e descongelação. Para tal, foram utilizados oito cães e foram realizadas duas coletas de sêmen em intervalo semanal, totalizando 16 amostras de sêmen. Foram avaliadas a motilidade espermática computadorizada (CASA) e a análise de citometria de fluxo do potencial mitocondrial (sonda JC-1) e integridade da membrana/acrossomal (sonda FITC-PI). Subjetivamente foi avaliada a integridade da membrana plasmática e do acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e integridade do DNA. O plasma seminal foi avaliado quanto à peroxidação lipídica (concentração de TBARS). As amostras refrigeradas e descongeladas suplementadas com 7,5 e 10mM de GSH apresentaram menor porcentagem de espermatozoides com alta atividade mitocondrial (DAB - Classe I) e média (DAB - Classe II). Na concentração de 10mM de GSH, apresentaram maior porcentagem de baixa atividade mitocondrial (DAB - Classe III). Além disso, amostras descongeladas de 10mM de GSH apresentaram taxas de fragmentação de DNA elevadas, provavelmente por efeito de estresse redutivo sobre as mitocôndrias que elevam as espécies reativas de oxigênio e disfunção mitocondrial.(AU)

Lung hyperinflation stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators in spontaneously breathing subjects

Lung hyperinflation up to vital capacity is used to re-expand collapsed lung areas and to improve gas exchange during general anesthesia. However, it may induce inflammation in normal lungs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a lung hyperinflation maneuver (LHM) on plasma cytokine release in 10 healthy subjects (age: 26.1 ± 1.2 years, BMI: 23.8 ± 3.6 kg/m²). LHM was performed applying continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with a face mask, increased by 3-cmH2O steps up to 20 cmH2O every 5 breaths. At CPAP 20 cmH2O, an inspiratory pressure of 20 cmH2O above CPAP was applied, reaching an airway pressure of 40 cmH2O for 10 breaths. CPAP was then decreased stepwise. Blood samples were collected before and 2 and 12 h after LHM. TNF-á, IL-1â, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured by flow cytometry. Lung hyperinflation significantly increased (P < 0.05) all measured cytokines (TNF-á: 1.2 ± 3.8 vs 6.4 ± 8.6 pg/mL; IL-1â: 4.9 ± 15.6 vs 22.4 ± 28.4 pg/mL; IL-6: 1.4 ± 3.3 vs 6.5 ± 5.6 pg/mL; IL-8: 13.2 ± 8.8 vs 33.4 ± 26.4 pg/mL; IL-10: 3.3 ± 3.3 vs 7.7 ± 6.5 pg/mL, and IL-12: 3.1 ± 7.9 vs 9 ± 11.4 pg/mL), which returned to basal levels 12 h later. A significant correlation was found between changes in pro- (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines (r = 0.89, P = 0.004). LHM-induced lung stretching was associated with an early inflammatory response in healthy spontaneously breathing subjects.

Técnica de citometria de fluxo para avaliação da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio pelas células do líquido sinovial de eqüinos / Cytometry flow techniques for evaluation of reactive oxygen species produced by equine synovial cells fluid

Using the cytometry flow analysis and adapting the method proposed by Hasui et al. (1985), it was possible to quantify the reactive oxygen species (ROE) produced by distinct cell populations of the synovial fluid from rigid and inflamed joints in horses, and to identify an increase in the polymorphonuclear cells population densities in the inflamed joints. These data strengthen the premise that cytometry flow techniques can contribute for future researches on the articular cartilage degeneration in horses.