ABSTRACT
Listeria monocytogenes is recognized as a significant foodborne pathogen, capable of causing listeriosis in humans, which is a global public health concern. This pathogen is particularly dangerous for pregnant women, as it can lead to invasive listeriosis in fetuses and neonates, posing a significant threat to both maternal and fetal health. Therefore, establishing suitable in vitro and in vivo models for L. monocytogenes placenta infection, as well as analyzing and exploring the infection process and its pathogenic mechanism, are important approaches to prevent and control L. monocytogenes infection in mothers and infants. In this study, we reviewed the in vitro and in vivo placental models used for studying the infection of L. monocytogenes in maternal and infant, summarized and discussed the advantages and limitations of each model, and explored the potential of in vitro cell models and organoids for the study of L. monocytogenes infection. This paper aims to support the study of the infection pathway and pathogenesis of listeriosis and provide scientific references for the prevention and control of L. monocytogenes infection.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeriosis/prevention & control , Placenta/pathology , Public HealthABSTRACT
β-lactam antibiotics are a class of antibiotics widely used in clinical treatment. The antibacterial mechanism of them is to inhibit the cell wall synthesis of bacteria. However, the widespread of β-lactam resistance genes among bacteria has posed a great challenge to the use of β-lactam antibiotics. One of the main genes encoding β-lactamase is blaTEM, and 243 subtypes of it have been identified to date. Studying blaTEM gene is of great significance in antibiotic resistance research. This review focused on the discovery, structure, promoter, distribution, spread, antibacterial mechanism and research status of blaTEM gene, hoping to provide reference for further research on the subtypes of β-lactam resistance genes in bacteria.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveThe contamination of foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai was analyzed to provide a scientific basis for food safety, risk assessment and related supervision. MethodsFrom June to September 2021, a total of 143 batches of12 kinds of ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables such as lettuce, chicory, and cherry tomatoes were collected from farmers’ markets, supermarkets, and e-commerce platforms. The total number of bacterial colonies, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the samples were tested according to National Food Contamination and Harmfulness Risk Monitoring Manual. ResultsAmong the 143 batches, foodborne pathogens were detected in 68 batches, with a total detection rate of 47.55% (68/143). A total of 79 strains of foodborne pathogens were detected. The detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest (32.87%, 47/143), followed by Cronobacter spp. (20.98%, 30/143), Salmonella (0.70%, 1/143), Listeria monocytogenes (0.70%, 1/143), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (0.00%). Furthermore, the detection rate was higher in different ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables: chicory (17.33%), cucumber (17.14%), cherry tomatoes (16.00%), and honeydew melon (15.38%), respectively. Meanwhile, the contamination rate of pathogens in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables from farmers’ markets, supermarkets, and e-commerce platforms was relatively high. ConclusionReady-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai are contaminated by foodborne pathogens. The prevention and control of the contamination of post-harvest fruits and vegetables should be strengthened to reduce the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.
ABSTRACT
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein gene system can limit the horizontal gene transfer, thereby effectively preventing the invasion of foreign gene elements such as bacteriophages. CRISPR arrays of different bacteria are diverse. Based on the differences in the CRISPR system, this review summarizes the application of CRISPR in food-borne pathogen evolution analysis, detection and typing, virulence and antibiotic resistance in recent years. We also address bacterial detection typing method developed based on the characteristics of CRISPR arrays and the association of CRISPR with virulence and drug resistance of food-borne pathogens. The shortcomings of CRISPR in evolution, detection and typing, virulence and resistance applications are analyzed. In addition, we suggest standardizing CRISPR typing methods, improving and expanding the CRISPR database of pathogenic bacteria, and further exploring the co-evolution relationship between phages and bacteria, to provide references for further exploration of CRISPR functions.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/genetics , Bacteriophages/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Virulence/geneticsABSTRACT
Strain variability is one of the most important factors to influence the accuracy of foodborne pathogens risk assessment, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. Strain-to-strain variation is defined as the inherent differences among identically treated strains of the same microbial species. The differences cannot be eliminated by changing test methods or improving test protocols. This review addresses presently related studies of strain variability. Based on the effect of strain variability on the outcome of risk assessment, we summarize sources of variabilities in food chain, strain phenotypic variabilities and the methods to integrate strain variability in growth and inactivation into predictive modelling, and indicate the inadequacies in the study of strain variability. We suggest further study the mechanism of strain variability, expand the comparison of variability among different sources, and integrate the variability of gene expression, protein and cell metabolism into the predictive modelling.
Subject(s)
Food Microbiology , Listeria monocytogenes/genetics , Risk Assessment , Salmonella/geneticsABSTRACT
Quorum sensing (QS) plays a major role in the outbreak mechanism of foodborne diseases caused by food poisoning and food spoilage. QS affects the formation of cell membrane and pathogenicity ofpathogenic bacteria. Through the in-depth understanding of QS molecules of food-borne pathogens, we describe here the types of signal molecules produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and the differences in QS molecules. Meanwhile, we introduce the detection of QS molecules by different technologies. According to the influence of QS on food, we propose also future research needs for the control of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.