Values of a combination of multiple less invasive or non-invasive examinations in the diagnosis of pediatric sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the values of a combination of multiple less invasive or non-invasive examinations including chest computed tomography (CT) scan, purified protein derivative (PPD) test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test, and C-reactive protein (CRP) test in the diagnosis of pediatric sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 269 children with confirmed pulmonary TB. Clinical symptoms and test results were analyzed and compared between the sputum-negative group (161 patients) and the sputum-positive group (108 patients).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The sputum-negative group had atypical clinical symptoms, with fewer typical or relatively specific imaging features compared with the sputum-positive group. The positive rates of PPD, ESR, and CRP tests for the sputum-negative group were 39.1%, 44.1%, and 56.5%, respectively, versus 55.6%, 79.6%, and 59.3% for the sputum-positive group. There were significant differences in the positive rates of PPD and ESR tests between the two groups (P<0.05). More than 80% of the patients in each group were diagnosed with pulmonary TB according to three or four less invasive or non-invasive tests, without significant difference in the positive rate between the two groups (P>0.05). Forty-six patients in the sputum-negative group underwent bronchoscopy, and morphological changes with a diagnostic value and/or etiological and pathological evidence were observed in 40 (87.0%) of them.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The diagnosis rate of pediatric sputum-negative pulmonary TB can be increased by combining tests including chest CT scan, PPD test, ESR test, and CRP test. Bronchoscopy is a reliable method for the auxiliary diagnosis of pediatric sputum-negative pulmonary TB if the combining tests cannot provide compelling evidence.</p>

Secretory expression and biological activity analysis of an anti-H5 single-chain antibody from Pichia pastoris / 病毒学报

In our previous study, a panel of 52 broadly cross-reactive H5-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated and characterized. The 13D4, one of these MAbs, has been demonstrated to protect mice against lethal challenge by 4 strains of H5N1 avian influenza virus representing the currently prevailing genetic populations, clades 1, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3. Here, we further cloned the gene of the 13D4 MAb and constructed a single-chain variable fragment. Then, the 13D4 single-chain antibody (scFv) was expressed in secretory maner in Pichia pastoris. The supernatant of the culture was concentrated and subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation. The purity of the 13D4 scFv was around 90% in SDS-PAGE following ion-exchange chromatography. We further investigated its binding property using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and blocking ELISA. The results indicated that the 13D4 scFv shared the same binding sites and comparable HI titer with the prototype murine 13D4 Mab. In conclusion, an anti-H5 single-chain wide-spectrum neutralizing antibody is prepared successfully in yeast system.

Identification of peptide mimotopes of an abroad-spectrum neutralizing epitope of highly pathogenic avian influenza hemagglutinin / 病毒学报

A monoclonal antibody (8H5), which showed strong neutralization activity against 33 strains of H5N1 viruses isolated from hosts at various regions from 2002 to 2006, was characterized in our lab recently. This result indicated the presence of highly conserved neutralizing site on hemagglutinin (HA) of various H5N1 subtypes. In the present study, the peptide phage display technique was applied to generate mimotope of the conserved neutralizing epitope recognized by 8H5 mAb. Five peptides displayed on phage were identified to specifically bind to 8H5 mAb. One of the five peptides, 123, was further displayed on the virus-like particle assembled from aa 1-149 fragment of HBcAg. The chimeric particle HBc-T123 conserved the specific binding to 8H5 mAb, and competed with H5N1 viruses for 8H5 mAb. The antiserum induced by HBc-T123 intensively stained on SF21 cells infected by recombinant baculovirus containing HA gene of YU22 virus, indicating the production of cross-reactive antibody to H5N1 HA.

Preparation and identification of a single-chain antibody fragment against high pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus / 生物工程学报

Previously, an mAb 10F7 was developed against H5N1 hemagglutinin, which was highly specific to 34 different H5N1 strains and showed good neutralizing activity. In the present study, the single-chain fragment of the antibody was cloned into a prokaryotic vector and then expressed in E. coli. The activity of the scFv was tested in hemagglution inhibition and neutralization experiment. Two H5N1 virus strains were inhibited to bind erythrocyte cells by the scFv while the H9 virus was not. Also, five H5N1 virus strains were neutralized during infecting MDCK cells. These results showed an approachable method for developing therapeutic antibody to H5N1 virus.

Isolation of human antibodies against hepatitis E virus from phage display library by immobilized metal affinity chromatography / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate human antibodies against hepatitis E virus from phage display library by a new method of panning phage antibody library based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Phage antibody library was allowed to mix with hex-His tagged expressed HEV specific antigen, NE2, in solution for adequate binding before affinity resin for hex-His was added. The non-specific phage antibodies were removed by extensive washing and the specific bound phage antibodies could then be eluted to infect TG1 or repeat the binding process for subsequent rounds of purification. The specificity of the selected human antibodies were tested by antigen competitive ELISA, human sera blocking ELISA, scFv expression, and sequence analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>His-NE2 specific recombinant phages were successfully enriched after panning procedure. Two individual phage clones, 126 and 138, showed 50% inhibition in NE2 antigen competition ELISA and obvious blocking effect by HEV positive serum in blocking ELISA. Soluble scFv of 126, 138 bound to NE2 specifically.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Two specific human phage antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) from phage display library were isolated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The immobilized metal affinity chromatography applied to phage antibody selection was a helpful supplement to the selection in solution.</p>

Progress of Epitope Vaccine / 中国生物工程杂志

Epitope vaccine is one of the emerging vaccine techniques developing in past decade years.Particularly the advantages of this vaccine on preventing and therapy illness,as cancer and virus,are espacially outstanding.The most importent elements about the vaccine,namely T/B-epitopes obtainment and identification,vehicles for epitope and vaccine construction,are reviewed.In addition,applications of the vaccine technique in some refractory diseases,such as cancer,virus and pathogen infection,are depicted.

Selection of a peptide mimic the neutralization epitope of hepatitis E virus with phage peptide display technology / 生物工程学报

Hepatitis E is an acute hepatitis casused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) in developing countries, where it occurs as cases sporadic and in epidemics form. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus, is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. HEV is icosahedron non-enveloped virus, and its genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense, 3'-polyadenylated RNA about 7.5 kb in length. It contains three open reading frames (ORFs). Of which ORF1 codes for a polyprotein of 1693 amino acids and contain domains homologous to a viral methyltransferase, a papainlike cysteine protease, an RNA helicasre, and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, besides the most hypervariable region of the HEV genome. And ORF3 codes for a 123-amino-acide-long polypeptide with unknown function. While the major viral capsid protein (pORF2, ORF2 codes) of 660 amino acid was showed to contain the protective epitope. The bacterially expressed polypeptide disignated as NE2 has been proved to be a protective antige. And the anti-NE2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was screend, two of these mAbs 8C11 and 8H3 were showed to be against separate conformational neutralization epitope of hepatitis E virus (HEV). And these two mAb were used to screen for binding peptides from a 7-peptides phage display library. After four rounds of panning, tweenty-one positive monoclonal phages (11 for 8C11, and 10 for 8H3) were selected and the inserted fragments were sequenced. The DNA sequence coding for the obtained dominant peptide 8C11 (N'-His-Pro-Thr-Leu-Leu-Arg-Ile-C', named 8C11A) and 8H3 (N'-Ser-Ile-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-C', named 8H3A) were then synthesized and cloned to insert between amino acid 78 to 83 of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), then expressed in E. coli. The recombinant proteins aggregate into homodimer or polymer on SDS-PAGE, and could bind with mAb 8C11 and 8H3 in Western blotting. Respectively, the recombinant protein C8C11A showed to be dimer mainly, which can bind with mAb 8C11. The monomer and dimer of C8H3A are in the same amount on SDS-PAGE, but only the dimer could bind with mAb 8H3 on Western blotting. The renatured recombinant proteins were all showed to aggregate into virus like particles which were similar as HBcAg on transmission electron micrograph. The dominant peptide 8H3A (N'-Ser-Ile-Leu-Pro-Tyr-ProTyr-C') that selected out by mAb 8H3 was further chemo-synthesized, and its binding activity was confirmed by BIAcore biosensor. The result showed that this 7-peptide can bind with mAb 8H3 in a big Ka and Kd form, which means the binding is not stable. These results implicated that conformational dependent neutralization epitope could be partially modeled by short peptide, which provided a feasible route for subunit vaccine development.

Orange fluorescent protein--modification of green fluorescent protein GFPxm / 生物工程学报

Recently, we have reported a new gfp gene isolated from Aequorea macrodactyla. The protein purified from expressed E. coli exhibited an excitation peak at 476 nm and an emission peak at 496 nm. However, the drawback of only maturing to fluorescence at low temperature limited its applications. In this paper, we further describe twelve mutants of GFPxm. Seven mutants produced enhanced fluorescence when expressed in E. coli at higher temperature (37 degrees C). After six hours of induction at 25 degrees C, 32 degrees C and 37 degrees C respectively, the relative fluorescent intensities of GFPxm16, GFPxm18 and GFPxm19 were higher than that of EGFP, moreover GFPxm16 and GFPxm163 could preserve high fluorescent intensity even expressed at 42 degrees C. Four mutants of the seven could reach high expression level in three kind of mammalian cells. Another 6 mutants had red-shift of excitation-emission maxima, and longest excitation-emission maxima were 514nm and 525nm. Another three mutants had two excitation peaks, and one mutant had only one UV-excitation peak. The most exciting result is the mutant of OFPxm with orange color. The mutant has an excitation peak at 509 nm and an emission peak at 523nm. 523nm is yellowish green but the protein is orange observed by eyes. The mutant could reach high expression level and matured at higher temperature but the fluorescent intensity was comparatively low because of low quantum yield.