Effect of aerobic exercise along with core muscle strengthening in young individuals with constipation: randomized controlled trial

Background: Constipation is traditionally defined as infrequent bowel movements or hard faeces. Patients report a variety of symptoms, including decreased bowel motion frequency, straining, hard stools, the sensation of incomplete emptying, the sensation of anal blockage, or the use of digitation or positioning to aid defecation. Physical health, mental health, and social functioning are all compromised in affected individuals. Despite this, only one-fifth of constipated people seek medical attention. Constipation symptoms are reported by 10% to 20% of adults worldwide. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise along with core muscle strengthening on young individuals with constipation. Methods: The study included 50 participants having constipation. The participants were randomly allocated in two groups. The intervention period was of 4 weeks. The exercises were explained to all individuals and pre and post treatment PAC SYM (patient assessment of constipation symptoms) and PAC-QOL (patient assessment of constipation quality of life) questionnaire scoring along with Rome IV criteria was taken. Results: In group A, post-treatment values of PAC SYM and PAC QOL were significantly lower than pre-treatment values. The post-treatment comparison of two groups revealed a significant difference in PAC SYM and PAC QOL, with group B showing a significant reduction in PAC SYM and PAC QOL compared to group A. Conclusions: The present study concluded that individuals who underwent both aerobic and core strengthening training showed more improvement than individuals who performed aerobic training alone.

Relationships between type and duration of training and well-being status of volleyball athletes / Relações entre tipo e duração do treinamento e status de bem-estar de atletas de voleibol

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe weekly variations in the type and duration of training, as well as wellness-related parameters, in elite volleyball players. Twenty-four youth elite volleyball players from the French national team (age: 17.8 ± 1.0 y.o.) were monitored daily, and the type of training, training duration, participation in matches, and wellness status were measured over 22 weeks. Volleyball training duration varied from 100 to 510 minutes per week, while strength and conditioning training duration varied from 97 to 262 minutes per week. Fatigue levels varied from 1.5 to 2.8 A.U., and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) varied from 1.5 to 2.5 A.U. Large positive correlation were found between sleep and match duration (r = 0.64) and between stress and weekly volume (r = 0.52). Additionally, moderate positive correlation were found between fatigue and match duration (r = 0.36); between sleep and weekly volume (r = 0.35); between DOMS and match duration (r = 0.43); between stress and strength training (r = 0.42), volleyball training (r = 0.35), and match duration (r = 0.47). The present study revealed natural variations in training volume across the season and moderate dependency between weekly training/match durations and wellness status.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as variações semanais no tipo e duração do treinamento, bem como parâmetros relacionados ao bem-estar, em jogadores de elite de voleibol. Vinte e quarto jovens jogadores de elite de voleibol da seleção Francesa (idade: 17,8 ± 1,0 anos) foram monitorados diariamente, e o tipo de treinamento, a duração do treinamento, a participação em partidas e o status de bem-estar foram medidos durante 22 semanas. A duração do treinamento de voleibol variou de 100 a 510 minutos por semana, enquanto a duração do treinamento de força e condicionamento variou de 97 a 262 minutos por semana. Os níveis de fadiga variaram de 1,5 a 2,8 A.U., e a dor muscular tardia (DMT) variou de 1,5 a 2,5 A.U. Correlação positiva grande foi encontrada entre sono e duração do jogo (r = 0,64) e entre estresse e volume semanal (r = 0,52). Além disso, uma correlação positiva moderada foi encontrada entre fadiga e duração da partida (r = 0,36), entre sono e volume semanal (r = 0,35), entre DMT e duração da partida (r = 0,43), entre estresse e treinamento de força (r = 0,42), treinamento de voleibol (r = 0,35), e duração da partida (r = 0,47). O presente estudo revelou variações naturais no volume de treinamento ao longo da temporada e dependência moderada entre treinamento semanal/duração da partida e status de bem-estar.

Efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento na melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos em corredores recreacionais: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of different training methods in improving cardiometabolic indicators in recreational runners: a systematic review

: O exercício físico, em especial a corrida de rua tem sido recomendada para prevenção e tratamento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento sobre os indicadores cardiometabólicos de corredores recreacionais. As bases de dados eletrônicas utilizadas na presente pesquisa foram: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS e COCHRANE LIBRARY, usando os descritores agrupados segundo o método PICO; População ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervenção ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparação ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome/Desfecho ("cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). Na seleção os artigos foram excluídos por título, resumo e texto. Obteve-se um total de 813 artigos encontrados, no qual nove (9) preencheram os critérios de inclusão e baixo risco de viés de acordo com a Escala Testex. Foram encontrados três métodos de treinamento: Combinado (Contínuo +Intervalado); Contínuo e Intervalado. Considerando a somatória das amostras dos nove estudos, um total de 604 indivíduos (466 homens e 138 mulheres) participaram dos ensaios. Os diferentes métodos de treinamentos resultaram na redução dos níveis de triglicerídeos, insulina e glicose e na redução do colesterol total e LDL, e consequentemente o aumento do HDL. Na composição corporal houve diminuição significativa do peso e da gordura corporal, do IMC, na medida da circunferência da cintura, e no aumento da capacidade aeróbia (VO2). Concluiu-se que os treinamentos combinado, contínuo e intervalado podem ser aplicados para melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos, cada um dentro da sua especificidade de frequência, volume e intensidade.(AU)

Physical exercise, especially running, has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to verify the effects of different training methods on the cardiometabolic indicators of recreational runners. The electronic databases used in the present research were: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS and COCHRANE LIBRARY, using the descriptors grouped according to the PICO method; Population ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervention ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparison ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome / Outcome ("Cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). In the selection, articles were excluded by title, abstract and text. A total of 813 articles were obtained, in which nine (9) met the inclusion criteria and low risk of bias according to the Testex Scale. Three training methods were found: Combined (Continuous + Interval); Continuous and Interval. Considering the sum of the samples from the nine studies, a total of 604 individuals (466 men and 138 women) participated in the trials. The different training methods resulted in a reduction in the levels of triglycerides, insulin and glucose and in the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL, and consequently an increase in HDL. In body composition, there was a significant decrease in weight and body fat, in BMI, as measured by waist circumference, and in increased aerobic capacity (VO2). It is concluded that combined, continuous and interval training can be applied to improve cardiometabolic indicators, each within its specific frequency, volume and intensity.(AU)

Acute effect of different orders of concurrent training on glycemia

The present study verified the effect of a concurrent training (CT) session in different orders, Strength + Endurance (SE) and Endurance + Strength (ES), on the glycemic control. The crossover study included 20 young men, 21.80 ± 2.90 years, IMC ≥ 23 kg/m2, 24.83 ± 3.68% of fat, who performed both CT sessions separated by 72 h. Capillary glycemia was measured at pre, immediately post the end of each exercise session, and during the recovery period at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The comparisons were performed using Two-way ANOVA (order and time), paired test-t for the area under the curve, as well as Cohen's d effect size. There was effect of exercise order (F = 5.973; p = 0.03), effect of time (F = 18.345; p = 0.001) and interaction between order and time (F = 2.835; p = 0.03). The area under the curve presented a significant reduction (p = 0.03, effect size = 0.51, moderate). The area under the curve was smaller in SE, as well as glucose concentrations at end and post 30 min of exercise, suggesting better efficiency in glycemic control compared to ES.

Reducing Dimension of Biomechanical Parameters of On-Water Rowing Technique and its Application in Rowing Training / 医用生物力学

Objective To extract key parameters from a series of biomechanical parameters of rowing technique, so as to provide useful information for coach training. Methods Based on rowing performance of 16 rowers in national team, the factor analysis was used to extract reducing dimension of biomechanical parameters of rowing technique of 80 oxygen utilisation 2 （UT2） training pieces. Results The biomechanical parameters of rowing techniques were classified as technical characteristic factors (angle of 70% peak force, work portion of per 25% stroke length, drive start time, finish slip, position of peak force and angle of peak force), power factor (rower power, average of boat power, port swivel power and stroke swivel power), stroke length factor (catch angle and finish angle) and oar’s motion factor (recovery time, stroke rate and distance of per stroke). Conclusions Monitoring and analyzing these biomechanical factors would contribute coaches and scientific researchers to accurately judge the technical characteristics and shortcomings of rowers.

Effect of combined physical exercise program on improving the functional capacity and the cardiac autonomic modulation of Chagas cardiomyopathy

Abstract Aims: Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC) could have a significant reduction in functional capacity (FC). This study aimed to report the effect of a 24-week combined physical exercise program on the FC of a patient with ChC. Methods: A woman, 44 years old, with positive serology for ChC in stage B2 has submitted the following assessments: i) Physical assessment: ii) Cardiopulmonary exercise test; iii) Test of 1-maximum Repetition, iv) Evaluation of cardiac autonomic modulation by heart rate variability (HRV). Results: The results obtained revealed a reduction in the anthropometric parameters and the SBP after training. Additionally, we observed an improvement in FC (aerobic and strength condiction) and cardiac autonomic modulation after 24 weeks of combined training. Conclusion: Our findings show that of a 24-week combined physical exercise program improved either FC or HRVof the patient with ChC.

Efecto de tres tipos de entrenamientos sobre indicadores bioquímicos y antropométricos en personas con prediabetes: una revisión sistemática / Effect of three types of training on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in prediabetes: a systematic review

Resumen La prediabetes es un trastorno metabólico que, si no se atiende, puede avanzar progresivamente hacia una diabetes tipo 2. Para poder revertir este proceso, el tratamiento es multidisciplinario e incluye mejora en el estilo de vida, alimentación y ejercicio. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue indagar acerca de cuál es la mejor alternativa de ejercicio para la remisión de la prediabetes. Se comparó entre el entrenamiento aeróbico continuo (EAC), entrenamiento contra resistencia (ER) y entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT, por sus siglas en inglés). La búsqueda se realizó en Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus y SportDiscus, en mayo de 2019, para estudios experimentales y pre-experimentales en sujetos con prediabetes que realizaran alguno de estos tres entrenamientos de forma crónica y midieran parámetros bioquímicos y/o antropométricos relacionados con la condición de prediabetes. Se obtuvo en total 231; de los cuales, 11 cumplieron los requisitos de inclusión. Los resultados arrojados indican que EAC, ER y HIIT mejoran los indicadores de prediabetes bioquímicos y antropométricos en estudios de 13 días a 16 semanas con frecuencias de 2 a 5 veces por semana. Algunas investigaciones no encontraron resultados significativos. Además, hay gran diversidad de metodologías utilizadas que pudieron haber causado sesgos en las mediciones. Se recomienda, para futuros estudios, el uso de la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) en intervenciones de al menos 12 semanas para disminuir el sesgo.

Abstract Prediabetes is a metabolic condition that, if untreated, can progressively develop into type 2 diabetes. To reverse the process, a multidisciplinary treatment is required including lifestyle improvement, a healthy diet and exercise. The aim of this systematic review was to study the best exercise alternatives for prediabetes remission. Continuous Aerobic Training (CAT), Resistance Training (RT), and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) were compared. The search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SportDiscus in May 2019 and included experimental and pre-experimental studies with prediabetic participants having any of the aforementioned types of training and using anthropometric and/or biochemical outcomes. A total of 231 records were obtained, from which 11 met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that CAT, RT, and HIIT improved in metabolic and anthropometric prediabetic indicators in trials from 13 days to 16 weeks with a frequency of 2 to 5 times/week. Some of the studies did not find any significant differences. In addition, the vast diversity of methodologies implemented could have caused bias. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is recommended for future trials with a minimum of a 12-week intervention to reduce the risk of bias.

Resumo A pré-diabetes é um transtorno metabólico que, se não for tratada, pode avançar progressivamente até o desenvolvimento de uma diabetes tipo 2. Para poder reverter o processo, o tratamento é multidisciplinar e inclui melhora no estilo de vida, na alimentação e no exercício. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo indagar sobre qual é a melhor alternativa de exercício para a remissão da pré-diabetes. Houve uma comparação entre o treinamento aeróbico contínuo (TAC), treinamento contrarresistência (TR) e treinamento por intervalos de alta intensidade (HIIT, por suas siglas em inglês). A busca foi realizada na Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus e SportDiscus em maio de 2019 para estudos experimentais e pré-experimentais em indivíduos com pré-diabetes que realizaram um dos três treinamentos repetidamente e mediram parâmetros bioquímicos e/ou antropométricos relacionados com a condição de pré-diabetes. Foram obtidos no total 231; dentre os quais, 11 atenderam às exigências de inclusão. Os resultados indicam que EAC, ER e HIIT melhoram os indicadores de pré-diabetes bioquímicos e antropométricos em estudos de 13 dias a 16 semanas com frequências de 2 a 5 vezes por semana. Algumas pesquisas não encontraram resultados significativos. Além disso, há grande diversidade de metodologias utilizadas que podem ter causado distorções nas medições. Recomenda-se, para futuros estudos, o uso da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) em intervenções de pelo menos 12 semanas para diminuir as distorções.

Efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza combinados vs entrenamiento aeróbico sobre capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular en pacientes con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias / Effects of combined aerobic and strength training vs aerobic training on aerobic capacity and muscular strength in patients with coronary artery disease

El objetivo de esta revisión fue comparar la influencia del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza combinados (EAFC) con el entrenamiento aeróbico (EA) sobre capacidad aeróbica, fuerza muscular y otras variables relevantes en la rehabilitación cardíaca (RC) de pacientes con enfermedad de las arterias coronaria (EAC). Realizamos una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas y meta análisis en PubMed hasta el 27 de abril de 2019. Se identificaron un total de 30 artículos y se seleccionaron finalmente 3 estudios para esta revisión. La calidad general de los estudios incluidos fue moderada (AMSTAR-2). El EAFC presentó mayores mejorías en comparación al EA sobre capacidad aeróbica, composición corporal y fuerza muscular en pacientes adultos (rango de edad media: 45-73 años) con EAC. Esta revisión agrega evidencia adicional que el EAFC presenta mejoras clínicamente significativas sobre capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular en comparación al EA. Son necesarios más estudios que permitan establecer conclusiones consistentes de los efectos del EAFC en comparación al EA sobre calidad de vida. Además, son necesarios más estudios que analicen diferentes protocolos del EAFC y que permitan establecer su prescripción más eficiente en la RC de esta población.

The objective of this review was to compare the influence of combined aerobic and strength training (EAFC) with aerobic training (EA) on aerobic capacity, muscle strength and other relevant variables in cardiac rehabilitation (RC) of patients with coronary artery disease (EAC). We conducted a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes in PubMed up to 27 April 2019. A total of 30 articles were identified and 3 studies were finally selected for this review. The overall quality of the included studies was moderate (AMSTAR-2). EAFC showed greater improvements compared to EA on aerobic capacity, body composition and muscle strength in adult patients (mean age range: 45-73 years) with EAC. This review adds additional evidence that EAFC presents clinically significant improvements in aerobic capacity and muscular strength compared to EA. More studies are needed to establish consistent conclusions about the effects of EAFC compared to EA on quality of life. In addition, more studies are needed to analyze different protocols of the EAFC and to establish their most efficient prescription in CR of this population.

Are there relationship between internal and external load of aerobic training with heart rate variability in women? / Há relação da carga interna e externa do treinamento aeróbio com variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres?

ABSTRACT The purpose was to investigate the relationship between internal training load (ITL), external training load (ETL) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women. 16 women (48.2 ± 6.4 yrs) performed HRV recordings (i.e. lnRMSSD - cardiovagal modulation) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) before and after 12 aerobic training sessions. HRV threshold (HRVT) were used to prescribe aerobic ETL. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was analyzed and served as the measure of ITL. The score found for ITL in the 12 sessions was 2878 ± 380 arbitrary units and ETL were 36822 ± 5852 m. A significant difference was observed in the lnRMSSD (3.14 ± 0.30 vs. 3.43 ± 0.38 ms−1; P = 0.001). There were observed large correlation between lnRMSSD at baseline vs ISWT (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), HRVT (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) and ITL (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Very large correlation between individual smallest worthwhile change lnRMSSD after training and ITL (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001) was observed. There is a strong association between the HRV and aerobic performance (HRVT and ISWTdistance) and strong relationship between HRV and the potential to accumulate ITL, but not aerobic ETL in women.

RESUMO O objetivo foi investigar a relação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT), carga externa de treinamento (CET) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em mulheres. 16 mulheres (48,2 ± 6,4 anos) realizaram medidas de VFC em repouso (variável lnRMSSD - modulação cardiovagal) e o teste incremental de caminhada (TIC) antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O limiar da VFC (LVFC) foi utilizado para prescrição da CET. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foi utilizada para cálculo da CIT. O valor de CIT encontrado nas 12 sessões foi de 2878 ± 380 unidades arbitrárias e para CET de 36822 ± 5852 m. Foi observada diferença significativa para lnRMSSD (3,14 ± 0,30 vs. 3,43 ± 0,38 ms−1; P = 0.001). Verificou-se uma correlação grande entre lnRMSSD basal e TIC (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), LVFC (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) e CIT (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Foi encontrada uma correlação muito grande entre a mínima diferença detectável individual do lnRMSSD após treinamento e CIT. Conclui-se que há uma forte relação entre VFC e performance aeróbia (LVFC e TICdistância), VFC e acúmulo de CIT, porém, sem relação com a CET acumulada nas 12 semanas nas mulheres estudadas.

The effect of aquatic and treadmill exercise in individuals with chronic stroke / Efeito do treinamento aeróbio em piscina e em esteira em hemiparéticos crônicos / El efecto del ejercicio en piscina y en cinta de correr en pacientes hemiparéticos crónicos

ABSTRACT We compared the effect of gait training on treadmill versus deep water on balance and gait in 12 ischemic stroke chronic survivors randomly sorted to the Pool or Treadmill Groups. Berg Scale (BBS) and timed up and go test (TUG) were applied before and after the interventions. Just one person applied all tests and she was blinded for the aims of the study. Surface EMG of the paretic and non-paretic (NP) side muscles were recorded during walking on a treadmill. Three 100-ms epochs were extracted from the EMG related to gait phases: weight acceptance; propulsion; and pre-strike. For each epoch, we calculated the RMS of the EMG signal. Participants did gait training for 9 weeks (3 times/week, 40 minutes/session). The Pool group did the deep-water walking with a swimming belt. The Treadmill group walked on the treadmill at the maximum speed they could stand. The Manova group compared the effect of training, group, side, muscles, and gait phase into the EMG. Anova was used to test the effect of training, group side, and gait phase into BBS, TUG and EMG variables. Pool and Treadmill had increased balance and agility. The highest EMG RMS occurred at the paretic side, for the Treadmill and after training. The mm. tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius lateralis, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris presented the highest RMS for the NP side; while for mm. rectus femoris and semitendinosus, the paretic side presented the highest RMS. Thus, the both types of exercise lead to similar functional adaptations with different muscular activations during walking.

RESUMO Comparamos o efeito do treinamento de marcha em esteira versus piscina no equilíbrio e na marcha em 12 sobreviventes crônicos de AVC isquêmico separados aleatoriamente nos grupos piscina ou esteira. A escala de Berg (EEB) e timed up and go test (TUG) foram aplicados antes e após as intervenções. A EMG de superfície dos músculos do lado parético e não parético foi registrada na caminhada em esteira. Três janelas de 100 ms foram extraídas da EMG relacionada às fases da marcha: aceitação de peso; propulsão; e pré-contato do pé. Para cada fase, calculou-se o RMS do sinal EMG. Os participantes treinaram 9 semanas (3 vezes/semana, 40 minutos/sessão). O grupo piscina fez marcha na água com cinto de natação. O grupo esteira fez treinamento de marcha na na velocidade máxima confortável. A Manova comparou o efeito do treinamento, grupo, lado, músculos e fase da marcha na EMG. A Anova testou o efeito do treinamento, lado do grupo e fase da marcha nas variáveis BBS, TUG e EMG. Os grupos piscina e esteira aumentaram o equilíbrio e a agilidade. O maior EMG RMS ocorreu no lado parético, no grupo esteira e após o treinamento. Os músculos: tibial anterior, gastrocnêmio lateral, vasto lateral e bíceps femoral apresentaram o maior RMS para o lado não parético; enquanto para os músculos reto femoral e semitendíneo, o lado parético apresentou o maior RMS. Assim, os dois tipos de exercício levaram a adaptações funcionais semelhantes com diferentes ativações musculares durante a caminhada.

RESUMEN Se comparó el efecto del entrenamiento de la marcha en cinta de correr y en piscina en el equilibrio y la marcha de 12 sobrevivientes crónicos de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, quienes fueron clasificados aleatoriamente en los grupos piscina o cinta de correr. Se aplicaron la Escala de Equilibrio de Berg (BBS) y la Timed up and go test (TUG) antes y después de las intervenciones. Solo una persona aplicó todas las pruebas con evaluación ciega para los objetivos del estudio. Se registró la EMG de superficie de los músculos laterales paréticos y no paréticos durante la caminata en la cinta. Se extrajeron tres momentos de 100 ms de la EMG relacionadas con las etapas de la marcha: aceptación de peso; propulsión; y precontacto del pie. Para cada momento, se calculó el RMS de la señal EMG. Los participantes realizaron entrenamientos de marcha durante 9 semanas (3 veces/semana, 40 minutos/sesión). El grupo piscina caminó con un cinturón de natación. El grupo cinta de correr caminó en la cinta a la velocidad máxima confortable. Utilizando la Manova se comparó el efecto del entrenamiento, el grupo, los músculos laterales y la fase de la marcha en la EMG. Con la ANOVA se probó el efecto del entrenamiento, el lado grupal y la fase de marcha en las variables BBS, TUG y EMG. El equilibrio y la agilidad aumentaron en ambos grupos. El EMG RMS más alto ocurrió en el lado parético del grupo cinta de correr y después del entrenamiento. Los músculos tibial anterior, gastrocnemio lateral, vasto lateral y bíceps femoral presentaron el RMS más alto en el lado no parético; mientras que en los músculos recto femoral y semitendinoso, el lado parético presentó el RMS más alto. Por lo tanto, los dos tipos de ejercicio conducen a adaptaciones funcionales similares con diferentes activaciones musculares durante la marcha.

Effect of Structured Exercise Training on Old Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Complicated with Sarcopenia / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of low and medium intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated with sarcopenia. Methods:From 2018 to 2019, 11 elderly patients with CKD complicated with sarcopenia were enrolled in this study. All the patients received low and medium intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise intervention on the basis of regular internal medical treatment. Each exercise section included 30 to 50 minutes of aerobic exercise and 20 to 30 minutes of resistance exercise, and was conducted three times a week for twelve weeks. Before exercise, and 24 hours, six weeks and twelve weeks after exercise, the related indicators were measured. Results:No statistical difference in serum lipids and renal function indicators was found 24 hours after exercise, and six and twelve weeks post exercise (P > 0.05). Compared with pre-exercise condition, the reach in seat increased six weeks after exercise (P < 0.05); the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, the grip strength index, the 6-meter walking speed, the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the one-leg standing time and the reach in seat improved twelve weeks after exercise (P < 0.05). Compared with the results six weeks after exercise, the grip strength index, the 6-meter walking speed, VO2peak and the one-leg standing time improved twelve weeks after exercise (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Structured exercise training of low and medium intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise training would not worsen the renal function of patients with CKD complicated with sarcopenia; however, it could improve the muscle mass, strength and motor function of them.

Aerobic training and L-arginine supplement attenuates myocardial infarction-induced kidney and liver injury in rats via reduced oxidative stress

Introduction The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of exercise training and l-arginine supplementation on kidney and liver injury in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). Material and methods Four weeks after MI, 50 male wistar rats randomly divided into five followed groups: sham surgery without MI (Sham, n = 10), Sedentary-MI (Sed-MI, n = 10) 3: L-Arginine-MI (La-MI, n = 10) 4: Exercise training-MI (Ex-MI, n = 10) and 5: Exercise and L-arginine-MI (Ex + La-MI). Ex-MI and Ex + La-MI groups running on a treadmill for 10 weeks with moderate intensity. Rats in the L-arginine-treated groups drank water containing 4% L-arginine. Tissues oxidative stress and kidney and liver functional indices were measured after treatments. Result Urea as a kidney function indexes, increased in Sed-MI group in compared to sham group and decreased significantly in Ex-MI and Ex + La-MI groups. The level of catalase (CAT) and glutathione stimulating hormone (GSH) of kidney were significantly lower in the MI-groups compared with the Sham group and kidney Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased after MI and significantly decreased in response to aerobic training and L-arginine. As well as, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as liver injury indices, increased in MI-groups and decreased by training and L-arginine. In this regards, liver MDA and CAT respectively increased and decreased in MI-groups, but aerobic training and L-arginine increased liver glutathione per-oxidase (GPx) and decreased liver MDA. Conclusion These results demonstrated that kidney and liver function impaired 14 weeks after MI and aerobic training and L-arginine supplementation synergistically ameliorated kidneys and liver injury in myocardial infarction rats through oxidative stress reduction.

Application of SWOT Analysis in Postoperative Rehabilitation of Breast Cancer / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To analyze the effect of SWOT analytical method on the activities of daily living, shoulder mobility and quality of life of patients with aerobic training after oncoplastic breast surgery.Methods From January to December 2017, 80 patients after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer in the breast surgery of our hospital were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 40 cases in each group. Both groups were performed aerobic training of the affected extremity, and the observation group were performed with evaluations and detailed analysis on the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats using SWOT analytical method, so that the corresponding solutions to the rehabilitation exercise of the affected extremity could be used to instruct postoperative patients. They were assessed with Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL), shoulder mobility and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) three days, four weeks and eight weeks after operation.Results Three days after operation, there was no significant difference in the scores of ADL, shoulder mobility and quality of life between two groups (t<0.23, P>0.05). Four weeks and eight weeks after operation, the scores of ADL, shoulder mobility and quality of life were significantly better in the observation group than in the control group (t>6.14, P<0.001).Conclusion The application of SWOT analytical method in the analysis and guidance on the rehabilitation exercise of the affected extremity is beneficial to the postoperative rehabilitation of patients, in aspects of activities of daily living, shoulder mobility and quality of life.

Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Motor Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To observe the effects of aerobic training and aerobic combined with resistance training on motor function, like muscle strength,cardiopulmonary endurance and so on,in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD). Methods From July,2015 to August,2016,60 patients with CKD were randomly divided into control group(A,n=20), aerobic training group(B,n=20)and aerobic combined with resistance training group(C,n=20).Group B per-formed cycle ergometer at 50% peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak)for 30 minutes a time,and group C performed one section of Thera-Band resistance training based on group B, three times a week for twelve weeks.All patients were evaluated with one repetition maximum-upper limb (1 RM-U), one repetition maximum-lower limb (1 RM-L),Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test(CPET),Arm Curl Test(ACT),30-second Chair Stand(CS-30),Six-Min-ute Walk Test(6MWT),and estimated gomerular filtration rate(eGFR)and serum creatinine(sCr)were calculat-ed and recorded before and after training. Results There was no significant difference in all indexes among three groups before training(F<1.841,P>0.05).After training,all indexes improved in groups B and C(t>2.162,P<0.05),and were better in groups B and C than in group A(t>2.132, P<0.05).After training, 1 RM-U, 1 RM-L, VO2peak,ACT, CS-30 and 6MWT were better in group C than in group B(t>2.081,P<0.05). Conclusion Aerobic training could improve the motor function of patients with CKD,and it is more effective combined with resistance training.

Aerobic Swim Training Restores Aortic Endothelial Function by Decreasing Superoxide Levels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether aerobic training decreases superoxide levels, increases nitric oxide levels, and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were distributed into 2 groups: sedentary (SHRsd and WKYsd, n=10 each) and swimming-trained (SHRtr, n=10 and WKYtr, n=10, respectively). The trained group participated in training sessions 5 days/week for 1 h/day with an additional work load of 4% of the animal’s body weight. After a 10-week sedentary or aerobic training period, the rats were euthanized. The thoracic aortas were removed to evaluate the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (10-10 to 10-4 M) with or without preincubation with L-NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 10-4 M) in vitro. The aortic tissue was also used to assess the levels of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoforms 1 and 4 proteins, as well as the superoxide and nitrite contents. Blood pressure was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. RESULTS: Aerobic training significantly increased the acetylcholine-induced maximum vasodilation observed in the SHRtr group compared with the SHRsd group (85.9±4.3 vs. 71.6±5.2%). Additionally, in the SHRtr group, superoxide levels were significantly decreased, nitric oxide bioavailability was improved, and the levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 protein were decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Moreover, after training, the blood pressure of the SHRtr group decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Exercise training had no effect on the blood pressure of the WKYtr group. CONCLUSIONS: In SHR, aerobic swim training decreased vascular superoxide generation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 and increased nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby improving endothelial function.

An After-School, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children

Abstract Health problems related to a low level of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents have prompted research into extracurricular PA programs. This study was designed to determine the effects of two different levels of PA on the health-related fitness of school children. Ninety-four girls and boys (7-9 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or intervention group (IG). Over a 12 week study period, children in the CG participated in a similar PA program to that of a standard school physical education program while those in the IG completed a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program. Both programs involved two 40 minute extracurricular sessions per week. Our findings indicate that the HIIT intervention improved motor capacity (speed/agility), Vpeak, VO2 max and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) (p < 0.05) along with the musculoskeletal capacity of the lower trunk (mean propulsive velocity and standing long jump, p < 0.05). The PA program had no effect on anthropometric variables or hand-grip strength. The data indicate that a 12 week strength training program using workloads adapted to children may significantly improve several markers of health and physical fitness compared to a standard school PA program.

Changes in blood insulin resistance, GLUT4 & AMPK after continuous and interval aerobic training in normal and diabetic rats.

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is now seen as a worldwide epidemic disease with prevalent and incidence data. Exercise training is known to promote beneficial changes in diabetic patient.Materials & Methods: A number of 60 male rats weighing 180 to 310 grams, 13 weeks old were divided into six groups. The exercise protocol was aerobic training for six weeks. In this study, factors like Insulin resistance, glucose transporter type 4 and AMP-activated protein kinase were measured. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test in P< 0.05 level. Results: The results showed a significant difference in insulin resistance (P=0.001, F5, 37= 10.80), Glucose transporter type 4 (P=0.001, F5, 37= 20.14) and AMP-activated protein kinase (F5, 37 = 16.2, P= 0.001) levels among different groups. There was no significant difference between the impact of continuous and interval training on these indices (P=1.00).Conclusions: The continuous and interval training by increasing the Glucose transporter type4 protein content and AMP-activated protein kinase lead to reduced blood glucose levels and improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, we could use conducting interval training as a therapeutic approach to manage diabetes for the participants who were not able to perform the continuous training due to fatigue.

Efeito da carga interna de treinamento sobre o VO2máx de mulheres adultas / Effect of internal training load on VO2max of adult women

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da magnitude da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) sobre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) de mulheres adultas. A amostra investigada foi constituída de 44 mulheres sedentárias de meia idade (51,3±3,7 anos; 1,60±0,01 m; 71,4±3,1 kg; %G= 34,3 ± 1,0; VO2máx = 22,6 ± 4,6 mL.kg.min-1), pertencentes ao programa sistemático de atividade física conduzido em Unidade Básica de Saúde. As voluntárias foram divididas em 2 grupos (G1 e G2) com base na CIT acumulada, em unidade arbitrárias (u.a.), calculada a posteriori, pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão. Para determinar o VO2máx, foi utilizado o protocolo indireto do teste de 12 minutos. A CIT de cada sessão foi contabilizada para a determinação da CIT acumulada durante todo o período de investigação. O programa de treinamento foi composto de 36 sessões de treinamento, 3 vezes por semana, com intervalo de 48 horas, durante 12 semanas. As voluntárias foram divididas em 2 grupos, considerando a magnitude da CIT. Foi observada diferença (p<0,001) entre os grupos (G1 = 10541 ± 332 u.a. ­ G2 = 11398 ± 343 u.a.). O aprimoramento do VO2máx também foi diferente entre G1 e G2 (p<0,001) (Δ%G1= 14,0%, Δ%G2= 23,9%), sendo que o G2 apresentou o maior ganho percentual (p<0,01). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a magnitude da CIT acumulada nas 36 sessões induziu o maior ganho em relação ao VO2máx durante as 12 semanas de treinamento. Estes resultados reforçam a hipótese de que a magnitude da CIT influencia o resultado do processo de treinamento físico.(AU)

The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the effect internal training load (ITL) magnitude on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in adult women. The sample investigated in the present was composed by 44 middle-age women (51.3 ± 3.7 years; 1.60 ±0.01 m; 71.4 ± 3.1 kg; %G = 34.3 ± 1.0; VO2max = 22.6 ± 4.6 mL.kg-1.min-1), belonging to a systematic programme of physical activity of a Basic Health Unit. The participants were divided in 2 groups (G1 e G2) based on the accumulated ITL, assessed by session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) Method. For the determination of the VO2máx, a 12-minute test protocol was implemented. The training programme was composed by 36 training sessions, 3 times per week, with 48-hours recovery period, during 12 weeks. The participants were divided in to 2 groups considering the magnitude of accumulated ITL. A significant difference was detected among the groups (p<0.001) (G1 = 10541 ± 332 a.u. ­ G2 = 11398 ± 343 a.u). The VO2máx gain was significantly different (p<0.001) among groups (Δ%G1= 14.0%, Δ%G2= 23.9%), being greater for the G2 group (p<0.01). The results of the present study suggest that the magnitude of ITL accumulated in the 36 training sessions induced a greater VO2máx gain during the 12 weeks of training. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the magnitude of ITL influences the outcomes (i.e. VO2max) related to the physical training process.(AU)

Resistance Training Combined with Aerobic Training for Pregnancy-related Low Back Pain / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of resistance training (RT) and aerobic exercise (AT) for low back pain during pregnancy. Methods From June to October, 2015, 34 women gestated 20-23 weeks with low back pain accepted resistance training and aero-bic gymnastics exercises twice a week for 12 weeks. They were measured with blood pressure and body mass index (BMI), and assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) before and after treatment. They were investigated the injury and symptoms with questionnaire. Results No musculoskeletal injuries and groin bleeding occurred. Symptoms, such as dizziness and pelvic pain were infrequent (1.5%). The BMI increased (t=-5.791, P<0.001) and the blood pressure did not obviously change (t=1.441, P=0.159). The muscle strength (t=-5.081, P<0.001) and endurance (t=-5.019, P<0.001) increased, and the scores of VAS (t=-5.179, P<0.001), ODI (t=-5.206, P<0.001) and SAS (t=-5.024, P<0.001) significantly improved after treatment. Con-clusion The resistance training combined with aerobic training program during pregnancy is safe and efficacious for pregnant women with low back pain.

The Effect of Regular Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of regular exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the pooled data available from randomised controlled trials. In addition, we sought to determine whether short-term periods of physical inactivity diminish the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity. Eligible trials included exercise interventions that involved ≥3 exercise sessions, and reported a dynamic measurement of insulin sensitivity. There was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity (ES, –0.588; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.816 to –0.359; P<0.001). Of the 14 studies included for meta-analyses, nine studies reported the time of data collection from the last exercise bout. There was a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in favour of exercise versus control between 48 and 72 hours after exercise (ES, –0.702; 95% CI, –1.392 to –0.012; P=0.046); and this persisted when insulin sensitivity was measured more than 72 hours after the last exercise session (ES, –0.890; 95% CI, –1.675 to –0.105; P=0.026). Regular exercise has a significant benefit on insulin sensitivity in adults with T2DM and this may persist beyond 72 hours after the last exercise session.