ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: Cuantificar el cambio en el consumo de frutas y verduras en México entre 1994 y 2014, identificar su tendencia en el tiempo y segmentar el grupo de hogares por nivel de consumo, según la edad de la cabeza del hogar, con la intención de comprender la evolución del consumo de frutas y verduras de la población mexicana. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron datos sobre gasto en frutas y verduras, provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto en Hogares de 1994 a 2014; se realizó una prueba F sobre el consumo per cápita para identificar si el incremento es significativo y se llevó a cabo la modelación edad-cohorte-periodo de esta misma variable para anticipar cambios a largo plazo. Resultados: Los hábitos de compra de frutas y verduras entre 1994 y 2014 reflejan un incremento en el consumo de estos alimentos de 60 gramos (30.3%) en el periodo de observación. Se encontraron efectos edad-cohorte-periodo y una relación positiva entre el consumo de frutas y verduras y la edad. Conclusiones: El consumo de frutas y verduras se incrementó en forma significativa durante el periodo estudiado; se espera que continúe al alza como consecuencia del envejecimiento poblacional. Es necesario aumentar el consumo de estos alimentos en los jóvenes a fin de prevenir el desarrollo de padecimientos crónicos.
Abstract Objective: To quantify the change in the consumption of fruits and vegetables in Mexico between 1994 and 2014, to identify its trend over time and to segment the group of households by level of consumption, according to the age of the head of household, with the intention of understanding the evolution of the consumption of fruits and vegetables of the Mexican population. Material and methods: Data on fruit and vegetable expenditure from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey were used from 1994 to 2014; An F-test on per capita consumption was performed to identify if the increase was significant and the age-cohort-period modeling of this variable was carried out to anticipate long-term changes. Results: Fruit and vegetable purchase habits between 1994 and 2014 reflect an increase of 60 grams (30.3%) in the consumption of these foods in the period of observation. We found age-cohort-period effects, and a positive relation between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and age. Conclusions: Consumption of fruits and vegetables increased significantly during the studied period; this rising is expected to continue as a result of population aging. It is necessary to increase the consumption of these foods in young people in order to prevent the development of chronic diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vegetables , Eating , Intergeneration Interval , Fruit , MexicoABSTRACT
En la actualidad las modalidades lúdicas de los niños se han ido modificando. En las últimas décadas, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires se han producido cambios en los espacios lúdicos, que llevan a los niños a realizar cada vez más actividades en espacios privados o semipúblicos, haciendo variar su manera de jugar. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar las transformaciones lúdicas, a partir de los juegos de los niños, los espacios y la percepción, y el recuerdo de personas pertenecientes a distintas generaciones. Participaron 516 sujetos de estrato social medio, agrupados en cuatro franjas de edad: niños, adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos y se les administró el Cuestionario Semiestructurado sobre Juegos (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). Los datos obtenidos fueron clasificados de acuerdo a los diferentes tipos de juegos y espacios lúdicos, a fin de describir semejanzas y diferencias entre las respuestas dadas por los diferentes grupos de la muestra. Además se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes de los juegos y de los espacios predominantes por edad. A fin de evaluar la asociación entre las variables tipo de juegos y tipo de espacios con las distintas franjas de edad, se aplicó la prueba de independencia de atributos chi-cuadrado. Los resultados permiten observar que los juegos se fueron transformando junto con los espacios donde se desarrollan, llevando a los niños a realizar sus prácticas cada vez más puertas adentro.
Nowadays, children’s play culture has changed. Over the last few decades, in Buenos Aires City, there have been many changes in play settings, which lead children to carry out activities in private or semi-public environments, modifying the way in which they play. Children’s play, understood as a space where children formerly trained their different skills, is being increasingly influenced by new technologies. At the same time, these new environments allow children to have new experiences. Children’s play has been changing as time goes by; some games have been passed down, such as traditional games; some others have been modified, for example role-playing, and others have disappeared or tend to do so. Digital options for children, which offer play and interactivity, are fully in line with the logic of consumption and they vary according to social economical level. New generations incorporate these tools since their childhood, modifying childlike habits which held good for decades. We find that some decades ago, children used to play group games outdoors, on the streets around their neighborhood, at parks or at sport centers. Games such as elastics, hide and seek, skipping the rope, etc. were played on a daily basis while an adult was looking after the children. Nowadays, due to insecurity in the streets, children play indoors, in closed environments, or in private or institutional settings, and they play individually. The objective in conducting this study was to describe and analyze the changes in play habits which have been taking place, from information taken from research on children’s play, play settings, and perception and recollection from subjects belonging to different generations. In this study, 516 participants belonging to the middle class in Buenos Aires City (Argentina), who were grouped in four age ranges: young children, adolescents, young adults and adults, were given a semi-structured questionnaire (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). About play formats N and A which has been devised to build up knowledge about different types of play and play settings across generations. The constant comparison method was used to classify the obtained data into different types of play and play settings, in order to describe similarities and differences among the answers given by each study group. Furthermore, frequencies, averages, mean, median, and standard deviation prevailing in each age group were drawnfromthat. Statistically significant proof tests were per -ormed: analysis of factor variance for the variable Type of play, and Chi-square Attribute Independence Test for the variable Type of setting. The results allow us to observe that play habits have been changing together with the places where they are developed, leading children to carry out their playful activities primarily indoors. Traditional games are shared by all generations, with slight variations, but without altering their essence, many of them consist of physical play like chase (chasing games), and hide and seek. Pretend / role-play has changed, as children use technology to play, increasingly incorporating electronic devices that grown-ups use for their work and social activities. In this way it is observed that play reflects and reproduces society. We are in a moment of transition, changes in play habits and settings will make an impact on the way new generations build emotional and social skills. This leads us to think that this moment of transition, or experience crisis, comprises new possibilities, but at the same time, new risks such as individualism, isolation, negation of the other as a fellow human being, as the use of technology is basically an individual activity. A new virtual agora has been incorporated, with a new social order in which children are just one click away from socializing and opening the door to go out to play.